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Warneke K, Plöschberger G, Lohmann LH, Lichtenstein E, Jochum D, Siegel SD, Zech A, Behm DG. Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:509-520. [PMID: 38244921 PMCID: PMC11184403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute improvement in range of motion (ROM) is a widely reported effect of stretching and foam rolling, which is commonly explained by changes in pain threshold and/or musculotendinous stiffness. Interestingly, these effects were also reported in response to various other active and passive interventions that induce responses such as enhanced muscle temperature. Therefore, we hypothesized that acute ROM enhancements could be induced by a wide variety of interventions other than stretching or foam rolling that promote an increase in muscle temperature. METHODS After a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, 38 studies comparing the effects of stretching and foam rolling with several other interventions on ROM and passive properties were included. These studies had 1134 participants in total, and the data analysis resulted in 140 effect sizes (ESs). ES calculations were performed using robust variance estimation model with R-package. RESULTS Study quality of the included studies was classified as fair (PEDro score = 4.58) with low to moderate certainty of evidence. Results showed no significant differences in ROM (ES = 0.01, p = 0.88), stiffness (ES = 0.09, p = 0.67), or passive peak torque (ES = -0.30, p = 0.14) between stretching or foam rolling and the other identified activities. Funnel plots revealed no publication bias. CONCLUSION Based on current literature, our results challenge the established view on stretching and foam rolling as a recommended component of warm-up programs. The lack of significant difference between interventions suggests there is no need to emphasize stretching or foam rolling to induce acute ROM, passive peak torque increases, or stiffness reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria.
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - Eric Lichtenstein
- Department Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jochum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav D Siegel
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Gautam A, Singh P, Varghese V. Effects of Postactivation Potentiation enhacement on sprint and change-of-direction performance in athletes: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:243-250. [PMID: 38876634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training interventions like Resisted Sled Training, Complex Training, Plyometric training, and recently, Postactivation Potentiation Enhancement (PAPE) protocols are being employed by sportsmen for performance enhancement. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of the PAPE protocols and methods to integrate them into the training. The current systematic review aims to critically summarize the current evidence on PAPE protocols' effect on Sprint and Change of Direction (COD) performance in Athletes and study the influence of the Type of PAPE protocols, Recovery duration, Volumes, and loads of PAPE protocols. METHODS A systematic computerized literature search was performed from December 2020 to June 2022 on the databases: MEDLINE (assessed by PubMed), CENTRAL (Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials), PeDro, and Science direct. The major criteria for inclusion were Athletes (Population) who performed PAPE protocol as Intervention before Sprint and/or COD assessment tests. The studies were individually assessed for Risk of Bias using EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project) Tool. RESULTS A total of sixteen studies were included. For Linear sprint, nine studies reported a significant PAPE effect whereas, six studies reported insignificant effects. Whereas, for COD performance, two studies reported insignificant results and one study reported significant CODS enhancements The recovery duration ranged from 15 s up to 16 min. CONCLUSION PAPE protocols can be incorporated provided the recovery duration is of Moderate duration (3-8mins) or Individualized durations, using multiple sets (2-6), moderate-high loads (>85% 1-RM), type of protocol is Barbell Hip Thrust, Plyometrics or Unilateral biomechanically similar exercises to Running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Gautam
- Indian Spinal Injuries Centre- Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, opp. Vasant Valley School, IAA Colony, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Piyush Singh
- Indian Spinal Injuries Centre- Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, opp. Vasant Valley School, IAA Colony, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Vicky Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computing, American International University, Kuwait.
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Pryor JL, Sweet D, Rosbrook P, Qiao J, Hess HW, Looney DP. Resistance Training in the Heat: Mechanisms of Hypertrophy and Performance Enhancement. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1350-1357. [PMID: 38775794 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pryor, JL, Sweet, D, Rosbrook, P, Qiao, J, Hess, HW, and Looney, DP. Resistance training in the heat: Mechanisms of hypertrophy and performance enhancement. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1350-1357, 2024-The addition of heat stress to resistance exercise or heated resistance exercise (HRE) is growing in popularity as emerging evidence indicates altered neuromuscular function and an amplification of several mechanistic targets of protein synthesis. Studies demonstrating increased protein synthesis activity have shown temperature-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, supplemental calcium release, augmented heat shock protein expression, and altered immune and hormone activity. These intriguing observations have largely stemmed from myotube, isolated muscle fiber, or rodent models using passive heating alone or in combination with immobilization or injury models. A growing number of translational studies in humans show comparable results employing local tissue or whole-body heat with and without resistance exercise. While few, these translational studies are immensely valuable as they are most applicable to sport and exercise. As such, this brief narrative review aims to discuss evidence primarily from human HRE studies detailing the neuromuscular, hormonal, and molecular responses to HRE and subsequent strength and hypertrophy adaptations. Much remains unknown in this exciting new area of inquiry from both a mechanistic and functional perspective warranting continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luke Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Daniel Sweet
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Paul Rosbrook
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - JianBo Qiao
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Hayden W Hess
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - David P Looney
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts
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Gallardo P, Giakas G, Sakkas GK, Tsaklis PV. Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:106. [PMID: 38921642 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis V Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Masel S, Maciejczyk M. No effects of post-activation performance enhancement in elite male volleyball players under complex training. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13708. [PMID: 38877057 PMCID: PMC11178877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish reliability of post-activation performance enhancement in three manners: (1) interday morning and afternoon reliability; (2) intraday morning and afternoon reliability; (3) intraday set-to-set reliability. Twelve elite male volleyball players experienced in resistance training performed four identical experimental sessions-two in the morning and two in the afternoon. During each session participants performed a mini complex training session-three sets of a conditioning activity (CA) (3 repetitions of a trap bar deadlift at 80% 1RM with 15% of accommodating resistance) and 90 s after a CA performed squat jump (SJ) with 4 min intra-set rest interval. The ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess significance of the effect of a CA and ICC to assess reliability of measurements. The PAPE protocol was found to be ineffective to subsequently enhance JH on various occasions. Also, the results of this study suggest that the practitioners may effectively implement appropriately organized complex training as both intraday set-to-set (0.87 and 0.82 for morning sessions; 0.83 and 0.58 for afternoon sessions) and interday morning (0.67) and afternoon (0.8) reliabilities seem to be acceptable. However, introducing two CT sessions within one day is highly questionable as at the moment intraday morning and afternoon reliability is vague (0.88 and 0.48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Masel
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Li L, Mo L, Liu Y, Mei T. The Impact of Different Velocity Losses on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Effects in Sprint Athletes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:157. [PMID: 38921851 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) can significantly improve athletic performance. This study investigated the effects of two different velocity loss (10% VL and 20% VL) protocols on PAPE in 20 m sprint performance among sprint athletes. Twenty-four male sprint athletes (100 m sprint time: 10.96 ± 0.15 s) participated in the study. A randomized crossover experimental design was used to compare the traditional group (TG) and 10% VL and 20% VL interventions. Sprint tests were conducted at 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-intervention. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between group and time on 20 m sprint performance (F = 2.817, p = 0.037, partial η2 = 0.585). Simple main effects analysis revealed significant improvements at 4 min for the 20% VL group (p < 0.05). Cohen's d values indicated improvements in 10 m sprint times at 8 min for all groups (TG: effect size (ES) = -0.270, 10% VL: ES = -0.038, 20% VL: ES = -0.279). Improvements in 20 m sprint times were observed at 4 min for the 20% VL group (ES = -0.296) and at 16 min for the 10% VL group (ES = -0.276). In conclusion, the velocity loss-based PAPE protocol (20% VL) demonstrated a superior induction of PAPE effects in sprint athletes at 4 min compared to traditional 1RM-based PAPE protocols. However, no significant differences were observed between the two protocols at 8, 12, and 16 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Faculty of Sport Science and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malin 35900, Malaysia
| | - Ling Mo
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Yamashita Y, Umemura Y. Effect of High-Intensity With Short-Duration Re-Warm-Up on Subsequent Performance in a Cold Environment. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e280-e287. [PMID: 38595296 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yamashita, Y and Umemura, Y. Effect of high-intensity with short-duration re-warm up on subsequent performance in a cold environment. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e280-e287, 2024-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity, short-duration re-warm-up (RW) during half time (HT) on subsequent performance in a cold environment. Eleven male subjects (age, 21 ± 2 years; height, 172.4 ± 4.5 cm; body mass, 65.6 ± 7.1 kg; V̇ o2 max, 47.5 ± 4.8 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) performed 2 experimental trials comprising 40 minutes of intermittent cycling exercise, which consisted of 15-second rest, 25-second unloading cycling, 10-second high-intensity cycling, and 70-second moderate-intensity cycling as the first half. In the second half, a cycling intermittent-sprint protocol (CISP) was performed, separated by a 15-minute HT period in cold conditions (5 °C, 50% relative humidity). Two experimental trials were included in a random order: (a) approximately 1 minute of high-intensity, short-duration RW (3 sets of 3-second maximal pedaling [body weight × 0.075 kp]) trial high-intensity intermittent cycling trials (HII); (b) 15 minutes of seated rest trial (CON). Cycling intermittent-sprint protocol consisted of 10 sets of a 2-minute exercise protocol, and each set consisted of 10-second rest, 5-second maximal pedaling (body weight × 0.075 kp), and 105-second active recovery at 50% maximum oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 max). Peak power output of 5-second maximal pedaling during CISP was higher in HII trials than in CON trials (HII: 807 ± 81 W, CON: 791 ± 78 W, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in rectal temperature between trial types ( p > 0.05). These results suggest that high-intensity, short-duration RW may be a useful HT strategy for improving subsequent performance in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamashita
- Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
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8
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Finlay MJ, Greig M, Bridge CA, Page RM. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Punch Force and Neuromuscular Performance in Amateur Boxing: Toward a More Individualized and "Real-World" Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1063-1071. [PMID: 38349345 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Finlay, MJ, Greig, M, Bridge, CA, and Page, RM. Post-activation performance enhancement of punch force and neuromuscular performance in amateur boxing: Toward a more individualized and "real-world" approach. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1063-1071, 2024-Previous research on post-activation performance enhancement has been applied in several sporting settings, although this is lacking in a boxing setting. This study explored the effectiveness of 2 upper-body conditioning activities in improving punch-specific performance during an amateur boxing-simulated bout. On 3 separate occasions, 10 male senior elite amateur boxers performed the following conditioning activities before a boxing-specific simulation protocol: isometric (ISO) punch, elastic resistance (ER) punch, and a control trial. Boxers performed maximal punches against a vertically mounted force plate, and countermovement jumps (CMJ) at baseline, before round 1, after each round, and 4 minutes after the simulation. Both conditioning activities, but not the control trial, produced small worthwhile increases (effect size ≥ 0.20; equal to or greater than the smallest worthwhile change) in punch force, although worthwhile increases in rate of force development were limited to the cross during the ISO trial. No group-based improvements in CMJ performance were observed. Individual analysis revealed that 6 boxers improved punch-specific performance to the greatest extent in the ISO trial; in contrast, only 1 boxer did so in the ER trial. Three boxers exhibited similar performance increases across trials. In conclusion, both conditioning activities may be applied to an amateur boxer's warm-up to acutely enhance punch-specific performance. The ISO conditioning activity seems most effective; however, the interindividual variability suggests a need for protocols to be individualized to each athlete. The conditioning activities in the present study may be applied to sparring, competitive bouts, or to other combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell James Finlay
- Sport Department, University Academy 92, Old Trafford, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Blazevich AJ, Mesquita RNO, Pinto RS, Pulverenti T, Ratel S. Reduction and recovery of self-sustained muscle activity after fatiguing plantar flexor contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1781-1794. [PMID: 38340155 PMCID: PMC11130039 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent inward calcium and sodium currents (PICs) are crucial for initiation and maintenance of motoneuron firing, and thus muscular force. However, there is a lack of data describing the effects of fatiguing exercise on PIC activity in humans. We simultaneously applied tendon vibration and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (VibStim) before and after fatiguing exercise. VibStim induces self-sustained muscle activity that is proposed to result from PIC activation. METHODS Twelve men performed 5-s maximal isometric plantar flexor contractions (MVC) with 5-s rests until joint torque was reduced to 70%MVC. VibStim trials consisted of five 2-s trains of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (20 Hz, evoking 10% MVC) of triceps surae with simultaneous Achilles tendon vibration (115 Hz) without voluntary muscle activation. VibStim was applied before (PRE), immediately (POST), 5-min (POST-5), and 10-min (POST-10) after exercise completion. RESULTS Sustained torque (Tsust) and soleus electromyogram amplitudes (EMG) measured 3 s after VibStim were reduced (Tsust: -59.0%, p < 0.001; soleus EMG: -38.4%, p < 0.001) but largely recovered by POST-5, and changes in MVC and Tsust were correlated across the four time points (r = 0.69; p < 0.001). After normalisation to values obtained at the end of the vibration phase to control for changes in fibre-specific force and EMG signal characteristics, decreases in Tsust (-42.9%) and soleus EMG (-22.6%) remained significant and were each correlated with loss and recovery of MVC (r = 0.41 and 0.46, respectively). CONCLUSION The parallel changes observed in evoked self-sustained muscle activity and force generation capacity provide motivation for future examinations on the potential influence of fatigue-induced PIC changes on motoneuron output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
| | - Ricardo N O Mesquita
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Timothy Pulverenti
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- UFR STAPS - Laboratoire AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 3 Rue de la Chebarde, 63170, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Yen Yeh T, Wimmenauer HM, Lamont HS, Smith JC. Acute Effect of Heavy Load Back Squat and Foam Rolling on Vertical Jump Performance. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:416-422. [PMID: 37466935 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2230282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In a rested state, foam rolling has been shown to improve blood flow to the working tissues. When inducing post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), previous research suggests a longer recovery period between the conditioning activity and performance assessment in weaker participants (back squat <2.0 × body mass). It is possible that a cool-down effect may take place between the conditioning activity and performance assessment for these participants. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine if foam rolling could help mitigate any cool-down effect to help participants capitalize on PAPE. Methods: Seventeen physically active participants completed baseline jumps followed by rest (control), back squat exercise (heavy squats), rest and foam rolling (FR), and heavy squats followed by foam rolling (combo). VJ performance was assessed three times post-treatment with 2 min between each assessment. Results: VJ height and impulse were greater at baseline than at any other time point across all sessions (p < .001). Impulse for the control and FR sessions were greater than the squats session (p < .015). Impulse for the combo session was less than the FR session (p = .04). Conclusions: Foam rolling did not have a significant impact on attenuating any cool-down effect. In addition, our heavy squats protocol appears to induce too much fatigue that possibly masked the effects of PAPE.
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McKiel A, Woods S, Gabriel DA, Vandenboom R, Falk B. Post-activation potentiation and potentiated motor unit firing patterns in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1561-1574. [PMID: 38159138 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-activation potentiation (PAP) describes the enhancement of twitch torque following a conditioning contraction (CC) in skeletal muscle. In adults, PAP may be related to muscle fibre composition and is accompanied by a decrease in motor unit (MU) firing rates (MUFRs). Muscle fibre composition and/or activation is different between children and adults. This study examined PAP and MU firing patterns of the potentiated knee extensors in boys and men. METHODS Twenty-three boys (10.5 ± 1.3 years) and 20 men (23.1 ± 3.3 years) completed familiarization and experimental sessions. Maximal isometric evoked-twitch torque and MU firing patterns during submaximal contractions (20% and 70% maximal voluntary isometric contraction, MVIC) were recorded before and after a CC (5 s MVIC). PAP was calculated as the percent-increase in evoked-twitch torque after the CC. MU firing patterns were examined during submaximal contractions before and after the CC using Trigno Galileo surface electrodes (Delsys Inc) and decomposition algorithms (NeuroMap, Delsys Inc). MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPamp) and MUFRs were calculated for each MU and exponential MUFR-MUAPamp relationships were calculated for each participant and trial. RESULTS PAP was higher in men than in boys (98.3 ± 37.1% vs. 68.8 ± 18.3%, respectively; p = 0.002). Following potentiation, the rate of decay of the MUFR-MUAPamps relationship decreased in both contractions, with a greater decrease among boys during the high-intensity contractions. CONCLUSION Lower PAP in the boys did not coincide with smaller changes in potentiated MU firing patterns, as boys had greater reductions in MUFRs with potentiation compared with men in high-intensity contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKiel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rene Vandenboom
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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Chen CF, Chuang CY, Wang CC, Liu SA, Chang HW, Chan KH. Lower Repetition Induces Similar Postactivation Performance Enhancement to Repetition Maximum After a Single Set of Heavy-Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:848-855. [PMID: 38039426 PMCID: PMC11042524 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chen, C-F, Chuang, C-Y, Wang, C-C, Liu, S-A, Chang, H-W, and Chan, K-H. Lower repetition induces similar postactivation performance enhancement to repetition maximum after a single set of heavy-resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 848-855, 2024-The study was divided into 2 parts to investigate the acute postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) responses to lower repetitions at the same load of 87% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the upper and lower body. In part 1, 14 athletes performed plyometric push-up (PPU) after the conditioning activity (CA) of bench press (BP). In part 2, 13 athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) after the CA of parallel squat (PS). Subjects completed 3, 4, or 5 repetitions (trials CA-3, CA-4, or CA-5) of BP or PS in randomized and counterbalanced order. The velocity of each movement of the trial was recorded. The PPU or CMJ was tested every 2 minutes after the trial up to 12 minutes to assess the Post-Max and optimal individual PAPE time. The mean velocity of the last movement of BP in CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.23 ± 0.06 vs. 0.28 ± 0.06 m·second -1 , p < 0.05), and the velocity of PS in CA-4 or CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.53 ± 0.07 and 0.50 ± 0.05 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07 m·second -1 , p < 0.05). The peak force of PPU and jump height of CMJ at Post-Max in the 3 trials were significantly greater than those at Pre ( p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among trials in the optimal individual PAPE times in either part of the study. A single set of 87% 1RM resistance exercises with 3 or 4 repetitions in both the upper body and the lower body induces similar PAPE to repetition maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Office of General Affairs, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan; and
| | - Chih-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-An Liu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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McKiel A, Woods S, Faragher M, Taylor G, Vandenboom R, Falk B. Optimization of post-activation potentiation in girls and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05475-6. [PMID: 38652270 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximal conditioning contractions (CCs) can lead to the enhancement of evoked-twitch characteristics in human skeletal muscle. This phenomenon is termed post-activation potentiation (PAP). In the knee extensors, PAP is greater in men compared with boys. In adults, the optimal CC duration for PAP is ~ 10 s. We examined child-adult differences in PAP among females and aimed to determine the optimal CC duration in girls and women. METHODS Eleven girls (9.3 ± 1.4 years) and 13 women (23.4 ± 2.7 years) participated in this study. Maximal isometric evoked twitches were recorded in the knee extensors before and after 4 maximal CCs of different durations (5, 10, 20, and 30 s), in a random order. PAP was calculated as the percent-change in peak torque (Tpeak) and peak rate of torque development (RTDpeak) after each CC. RESULTS There was a group-by-duration interaction (p < 0.001), reflecting greater Tpeak PAP in women compared with girls following 5 and 10 s CCs, and lower RTDpeak PAP in women following the 30 s CC. The 5 and 10 s CCs lead to the greatest Tpeak and RTDpeak PAP amongst the women while there were no differences between CC durations in girls. CONCLUSION After both a 5 and 10 s CC, women have greater PAP compared with girls. The optimal CC duration for the knee extensors in women appears to be ~ 5-10 s, while CC durations between 5 and 30 s do not appear to affect levels of PAP in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKiel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - McKenna Faragher
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gregory Taylor
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rene Vandenboom
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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Yoon W, Shin G. Muscle fatigue tracking during dynamic elbow flexion-extension movements with a varying hand load. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 116:104217. [PMID: 38160628 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Muscle fatigue monitoring, an important element in a fatigue risk management process, can help optimize work intensity and reduce risks for musculoskeletal injuries. An experiment was conducted to determine whether myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue can reflect the pace of fatigue development associated with varying load intensity. Twenty male participants performed elbow flexion-extension movements with alternating hand loads (2 kg vs. 1 kg) for 16 min. The pace of fatigue in the biceps brachii in response to load variation was quantified by electromyographic (EMG) fatigue measures collected during the dynamic elbow flexion-extension movements and periodic submaximal isometric elbow flexion trials. The isometric and dynamic EMG measures, except for the amplitude of dynamic EMG, indicated fatigue development during the 2-kg isotonic movements and partial recovery with the 1 kg load. Study results suggest the potential of EMG measures for fatigue monitoring during dynamic work tasks with varying load intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Gwanseob Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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Nasser I, Willardson JM, Monteiro W, Miranda H. Postactivation performance enhancement in the vertical jump using loads above or below the optimum-power load for a jump squat. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:348-354. [PMID: 38093641 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an acute response of increased muscle performance following a conditioning activity (CA), generally prescribed based on the percentage of a one-repetition maximum. However, it is unknown how the PAPE response is affected when the CA is performed near the optimum power zone. The purpose of this study was to examine PAPE using loads that were 20% above or below the optimum-power load (OPL). METHODS Fifteen recreationally trained subjects, with at least one-year resistance training experience participated in this study. First, the OPL for the JS was determined. Then, subjects performed two protocols in a counterbalanced order: 20% above (+20%OPL) or below (-20%OPL). To examine PAPE on performance, the vertical jump was performed prior to and seven times following each jump squat protocol, with a 2-min rest interval between trials. RESULTS The two-way ANOVA revealed main effects for condition (F=4.978; P<0.001) for jump height and jump power (F=2.589; P=0.017), but post-hoc comparisons did not show differences. Between baseline and the best trial following each jump squat protocol, two-way ANOVA did not reveal main effects (F=3.048; P=0.103) or interactions (F=0.304; P=0.590). Paired t-tests did not show significant differences between conditions for relative changes in jump height (P=0.543) or jump power (P=0.233). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed similar results between 20% above or below the OPL on subsequent vertical jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Nasser
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
| | - Jeffrey M Willardson
- Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Walace Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Miranda
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pojskic H, Zombra Ž, Washif JA, Pagaduan J. Acute Effects of Loaded and Unloaded Whole-Body Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance in Karate Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:203-212. [PMID: 38736596 PMCID: PMC11079925 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/172637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the acute effects of different whole-body vibration (WBV) interventions on the jump height of highly trained karate practitioners. Fifteen male karate club athletes (age: 20.0 ± 3.8 years; stature: 177.3 ± 4.7 cm; body mass: 76.9 ± 11.2 kg; % body fat: 9.2 ± 4.3) performed six randomized interventions: [a] static half-squat (SHS); [b] SHS with external loads at 30% of the body weight (SHS + 30%BW); [c] WBV at frequency (f) 25 Hz, and 2 mm amplitude (A) (WBV 25/2); [d] WBV 25/2 with external loads of 30% of the body weight (WBV 25/2 + 30% BW); [e] WBV at f = 50 Hz, and A = 4 mm (WBV 50/4), and [f] WBV 50/4 with external loads of 30% of the body weight (WBV 50/4 + 30% BW). Each intervention was performed for 5 sets at 60 s/set, with a rest interval of 30 s between sets. Countermovement jump (CMJ) data were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min after each preconditioning intervention. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a non-significant main effect of intervention [F(5, 10) = 1.44, η2 = 0.42, p = 0.29)] and a significant main effect of the rest interval [F(4, 11) = 3.51, η2 = 0.56, p = 0.04)] on CMJ height. A rest interval of 4 min resulted in significantly higher CMJ values than a rest interval of 2 min (p = 0.031). In conclusion, utilizing a 4-min rest interval irrespective of the intervention schemes may have potential for enhancing jumping performance among highly trained karate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskic
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Željko Zombra
- Institute for Kinesiology, Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Pagaduan
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Raeder C, Kämper M, Praetorius A, Tennler JS, Schoepp C. Metabolic, cognitive and neuromuscular responses to different multidirectional agility-like sprint protocols in elite female soccer players - a randomised crossover study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:64. [PMID: 38448940 PMCID: PMC10916312 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to fatigue is a key factor in injury prevention that needs to be considered in return-to-sport (RTS) scenarios, especially after severe knee ligament injuries. Fatigue should be induced under game-like conditions. The SpeedCourt (SC) is a movement platform for assessing multidirectional sprint performance, typical of game-sports, due to change-of-direction movements in response to a visual stimulus. Designing adequate fatigue protocols requires the suitable arrangement of several loading variables such as number of intervals, sprint distance or work/relief ratio (W:R). Therefore, this study analysed the acute fatigue effects of different SC protocols on metabolic load, cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. METHODS Eighteen female soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 23.1 ± 4.6 years) of the 1st German Division participated in this randomised, crossover study. Using a random allocation sequence, players completed four volume-equated protocols differing in W:R and sprint distance per interval (P1:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P2:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:3 s; P3:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P4:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:3 s). Pre- and post-exercise, metabolic load was measured per blood lactate concentration (BLaC), cognitive function per reaction time (RT), and neuromuscular performance including multiple rebound jumps (MRJ height, primary outcome variable; Reactive Strength Index, RSI) and 5 m sprint times (SP5). RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main time effects (p < .05) with improved performance post-exercise in RT (504 vs. 482 ms, d = 1.95), MRJ height (24.0 vs. 24.8 cm, d = 0.77), RSI (1.39 vs. 1.43, d = 0.52), and SP5 (1.19 vs. 1.17 s, d = 0.56). There was significant main time (p < .001) and time x protocol interaction effects in BLaC (p < .001). P1 induced higher BLaC values (4.52 ± 1.83 mmol/L) compared to P2 (3.79 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 0.74) and P4 (3.12 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 1.06), whereas P3 (4.23 ± 1.69 mmol/L) elicited higher BLaC values compared to P4 (d = 0.74). CONCLUSION All protocols caused an improved cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. The former may be related to enhanced noradrenergic activation or exercise specificity which induced an improved stimulus processing. The latter may be explained by a possible post-activation performance enhancement effect on jump and sprint performance. A shorter relief duration in W:R as opposed to sprint distance per interval produced higher BLaC values. The protocols may serve as reference data for improved RTS decision-making in elite female soccer players. TRIAL REGISTRATION Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS), No.: DRKS00033496 , Registered 19. Februar 2024, Retrospectively Registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Raeder
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Kämper
- Women´s Soccer Department, MSV Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Praetorius
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Janina-Sophie Tennler
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schoepp
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Fischer J, Paternoster FK. Post-Activation-Performance Enhancement: Possible Contributing Factors. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:34-45. [PMID: 38455437 PMCID: PMC10915613 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to narrow down the possible mechanisms of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE), especially if they are exclusively found in the muscle. It was therefore investigated whether (1) the PAPE effect is influenced by neural factors and (2) if Post-Activation-Potentiation (PAP) influences PAPE. Thirteen strength-trained participants (26.5 ± 3.2 years) took part in at least one of three interventions (PAP, PAPE-Electrical (PAPEE), and PAPE-Voluntary (PAPEV)). Conditioning contractions (CC) and testing involved isometric knee extensions performed on an isokinetic device at an 80° knee flexion angle. The CC was either performed voluntarily (PAP, PAPEV) or was evoked through electrical stimulation (PAPEE). Testing was performed at baseline and after two seconds, four minutes, eight minutes, and twelve minutes of the CC. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) for the PAPE trials and supramaximal twitches for the PAP trial were used for testing. Parameters of interest were peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD), and electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the quadriceps (only PAPE). Repeated measures ANOVA and simple contrast comparisons were used for statistical analysis. Peak torque (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.715) and RTD (p = 0. 005, η2p = 0.570) increased significantly during the PAP protocol immediately two seconds after the CC and decreased to near baseline values for the following time points (p > 0.05). Peak torque, RTD, and peak EMG showed no significant differences during PAPEE and PAPEV trials (p > 0.05). Due to the lack of a visible PAPE effect, the question of whether neural mechanisms influence PAPE cannot be answered. Due to the time course of the PAP analysis, it is questionable if these mechanisms play a role in PAPE. The assumption that the PAP mechanism influences PAPE cannot be confirmed for the same reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fischer
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria
| | - Florian K Paternoster
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Koźlenia D, Domaradzki J. Postsubmaximal Isometric Full Squat Jump Potentiation in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:459-464. [PMID: 37656774 PMCID: PMC10880928 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Koźlenia, D, and Domaradzki, J. Postsubmaximal isometric full squat jump potentiation in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 459-464, 2024-This study investigated the effects of postsubmaximal isometric full squats on jump height (JH). The study included 45 men aged 20-27 years with at least 6 years of resistance training experience that had been continuous for at least 2 years and a minimum relative strength of 120% of body mass in the full-back squat. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). After a standard warm-up, subjects performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) to ascertain a baseline value. A conditioning activity (CA) introduced in the EG involved three 4-second sets of a high bar isometric full-back squat at 70% repetition maximum, with a 1-minute break. Five CMJs were performed in the following 9 minutes. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. A 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (group-time), with baseline CMJ as a covariable, revealed statistically significant differences between groups ( p < 0.0001). The Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed higher results in the EG at the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth minutes ( p < 0.05). A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that time was statistically significant within groups ( p < 0.0001). The post hoc tests indicated JH improvement after 3 minutes compared with the baseline, and the trend persisted in the following 6 minutes ( p < 0.05) in the EG. The postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol based on a submaximal isometric full squat enhanced JH in the third minute after CA, which persisted for at least 6 minutes. These results indicate a requirement to evoke performance enhancement in response to an isometric CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Koźlenia
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Domaradzki
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Yu W, Feng D, Zhong Y, Luo X, Xu Q, Yu J. Examining the Influence of Warm-Up Static and Dynamic Stretching, as well as Post-Activation Potentiation Effects, on the Acute Enhancement of Gymnastic Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:156-176. [PMID: 38455430 PMCID: PMC10915619 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The primary objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to methodically discern and compare the impact of diverse warm-up strategies, including both static and dynamic stretching, as well as post-activation potentiation techniques, on the immediate performance of gymnasts. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this paper evaluated studies that examined the gymnasts' performance after different warm-up strategies namely stretching (static [SS] or dynamic), vibration platforms (VP) or post-activation, in comparison to control conditions (e.g., mixed warm-up routines; no warm-up). The principal outcomes were centered on technical performance metrics (e.g., split, gymnastic jumps) and physical performance metrics (e.g., squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, balance, range of motion). Methodological assessments of the included studies were conducted using the Downs and Black Checklist. From the initial search across PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases, a total of 591 titles were retrieved, and 19 articles were ultimately incorporated in the analysis. The results revealed a non-significant differences (p > 0.05) between the SS condition and control conditions in squat jump performance, countermovement jump and gymnastic technical performance (e.g., split; split jump). Despite the difference in warm-up strategies and outcomes analyzed, the results suggest that there is no significant impairment of lower-limb power after SS. Additionally, technical elements dependent on flexibility appear to be enhanced by SS. Conversely, dynamic stretching and VP seem to be more effective for augmenting power-related and dynamic performance in gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Yu
- Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - DeSen Feng
- ChengDu Sports University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Zhong
- The Affiliated Elementary School of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Gutiérrez-Flores D, Alcaraz PE, Cormier P, Martínez-Serrano A, Freitas TT. Do Activities Performed within the Intra-Contrast Rest Interval Affect Neuromuscular Performance during Complex-Contrast Training Protocols? J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:33-46. [PMID: 38689590 PMCID: PMC11057618 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/184168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of including different exercises within the intra-contrast rest interval (ICRI) of a complex-contrast training (CCT) session. Seventeen recreationally active males completed three different CCT protocols. Programs consisted of a contrast pair combining a moderate-intensity conditioning activity (i.e., a back squat) with a lower-body high-velocity exercise (i.e., a vertical jump) and only differed in the activities performed during the ICRI: 1) passive recovery (CCTPASS); 2) a mobility exercise (CCTMOB); and 3) an upper-body high-intensity strength exercise (i.e., a bench press) (CCTSTR). Countermovement jump and bench press throw metrics were evaluated at baseline and after each set during the workout. The rate of perceived exertion was recorded post-session. Non-significant differences in performance were found between CCTPASS, CCTMOB and CCTSTR throughout the session. Significant declines (p < 0.05) were observed for CMJ peak power in the last 2-3 repetitions of each set, irrespective of the protocol. CCTSTR was perceived as more intense than CCTPASS and CCTMOB (p < 0.05). From a neuromuscular performance perspective, including activities during the ICRI (mobility drills or high-intensity strength exercises) may be a suitable strategy to optimize CCT prescription since the acute responses were similar to those found with passive rest periods. Finally, prescribing a lower number of repetitions per set is recommended to attenuate mechanical performance impairment during CCT protocols, irrespective of the activities completed within the ICRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gutiérrez-Flores
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SCS—Strength & Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SCS—Strength & Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SCS—Strength & Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lum D, Yang Ong K, Haischer MH. Postactivation Performance Enhancement With Maximal Isometric Contraction on Power-Clean Performance Across Multiple Sets. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:265-270. [PMID: 38157842 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the postactivation performance-enhancement effect of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at the starting position on power-clean performance over a series of contrast sets. METHODS Eighteen male (age: 31 [3.7] y, body mass: 76.8 [9.1] kg, height: 175.0 [5.2] cm) and 2 female (age: 27.5 [3.5] y, body mass: 53.3.8 [2.0] kg, height: 158.5 [4.9] cm) resistance-trained individuals performed a contrast postactivation performance-enhancement protocol (isometric contrast training condition [ISO]) consisting of 3 sets of 3 MVICs alternated with 3 power cleans, with an intracontrast rest period of 1 minute. A control protocol consisted of 3 sets of 3 power cleans were performed in a separate session. Barbell velocity during the power clean was measured as an indicator of performance. RESULTS A significant time effect was observed for both mean velocity (MV; P < .001) and peak velocity (PV; P = .008). Time × group (P = .415-.444) and group (P = .158-.210) effects showed no significant difference for either MV or PV. However, differences in MV and PV between the corresponding sets of ISO and control condition exceeded the minimum worthwhile change, showing a small to moderate effect (MV: d = 0.38-0.50, PV: d = 0.35-0.50) in favor of ISO. There was no significant difference in rating of perceived exertion between conditions (P = .385, d = 0.22). CONCLUSION Power-clean performance was potentiated after 1 minute of rest following 3 repetitions of MVIC across 3 sets. Furthermore, the ISO protocol did not result in greater perception of exertion. These results indicate that coaches may incorporate MVICs as the postactivation performance-enhancement stimulus during contrast training involving the power-clean exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keng Yang Ong
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore
| | - Michael H Haischer
- Athletic and Human Performance Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Furlan MR, Machado E, do Nascimento Petter G, Barbosa IM, Geremia JM, Glänzel MH. Self-Massage Acute Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold, Muscular Electrical Activity, and Muscle Force Production: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:620-635. [PMID: 38416448 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Furlan, MR, Machado, E, Petter, GdN, Barbosa, IM, Geremia, JM, and Glänzel, MH. Self-massage acute effects on pressure pain threshold, muscular electrical activity, and muscle force production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 620-635, 2024-Self-massage (SM) is often used in physiotherapy and sports training programs. However, the SM acute effects on pressure pain threshold (PPT), muscle electrical activity (MEA), and muscle force production remain unclear. A meta-analytical review was performed to verify the SM acute effects on neuromuscular responses in healthy adults or athletes. The review (CRD42021254656) was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. A synthesis of the included studies was performed, and both the risk of bias and the evidence certainty level were assessed through the PEDro scale and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach, respectively. Nineteen studies were included, 5 evaluated the PPT, 7 the thigh muscles' MEA, and 15 the lower-limb strength. The SM application induces moderate increases in quadriceps' PPT (5 studies; standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.487; 95% CI 0.251-0.723; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). We found no SM effects on the hamstrings and plantar flexors' MEA. Also, we observed small increases in knee extensors' concentric torque (2 studies; SMD: 0.288; 95% CI 0.088-0.489; p = 0.005; I2 = 0%), without effects in isometric muscle strength, eccentric torque, and rate of force development. Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation analysis showed high and low certainty levels for the SM effects on quadriceps' PPT and muscle strength, respectively. Self-massage pressure-volume application seems to be a determining factor in inducing changes in these parameters, and it may vary among the treated muscles, where a higher pressure-volume application is required for increasing knee flexors and plantar flexors' PPT and strength. Thus, new studies with better methodological quality should be performed to strengthen this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus R Furlan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
| | - Esthevan Machado
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo do Nascimento Petter
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor M Barbosa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
| | - Jeam M Geremia
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Glänzel
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; and
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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24
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Stastny P, Kolinger D, Pisz A, Wilk M, Petruzela J, Krzysztofik M. Effects of Eccentric Speed during Front Squat Conditioning Activity on Post-activation Performance Enhancement of Hip and Thigh Muscles. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:5-18. [PMID: 38689578 PMCID: PMC11057616 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/183917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of post-activation performance enhancement plays an unidentified role in movement eccentric speed and individual muscle group responses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the loaded front squat (FSq) speed of the eccentric phase would influence the post-activation performance enhancement effect and whether the FSq would elicit similar performance enhancement of knee flexion, knee extension, hip flexion, and hip extension muscles. Twenty resistance-trained handball players performed the FSq under maximum eccentric-concentric speed and 2-s eccentric speed (only the eccentric phase performed), while pre- and post-front squat countermovement jump, knee, and hip isokinetic flexion/extension performance were tested. The FSq conditioning activity was performed in a single set of three repetitions with either 90% (maximum eccentric-concentric speed) or 120% (2-s eccentric speed) of one repetition maximum, and post-performance was measured 4-12 min after the FSq. Athletes randomly changed the FSq eccentric speed and tested the hip or knee isokinetic flexion/extension strength at 180°/s. ANOVA showed that the rate of force development during the jump increased (Cohen d = 0.59-0.77) with no differences between 2-s eccentric and maximum speed eccentric protocols. Isokinetic strength increased after the 2-s eccentric FSq in hip extension (d = 0.76-0.86), knee flexion (d = 0.74-0.88), and hip flexion (d = 0.82), with no differences in knee extension strength. After maximum eccentric-concentric speed, isokinetic strength increased in hip extension (d = 1.25). In conclusion, the FSq conditioning activity enhances hip extensors' performance more than knee extensors' performance. Different eccentric types of muscle action during a conditioning activity alter the level of local muscle enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michał Wilk
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Sports Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jan Petruzela
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sports Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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25
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Santinelli FB, Prieto Silveira-Ciola A, Moreno VC, Kuroda MH, Barbieri FA. The acute effects of a stretching and conditioning exercise protocol for the lower limbs on gait performance- a proof of concept and single-blind study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1285247. [PMID: 38390231 PMCID: PMC10881821 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1285247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Due to improvement in movement performance, post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) may open new possibilities to improve gait performance. However, no study has attempted to translate this phenomenon into walking. Therefore, the study aimed to test whether acute stretching followed by a conditioning exercise can improve subsequent gait performance in healthy adults. Research question Can an exercise protocol subsequently improve gait performance? Methods Sixteen individuals walked four 10-m trials (in each period) before and after 7 min of an exercise protocol composed of stretching (focusing on the lower limb) and a conditioning exercise (standing calf-raise wearing a vest of 20 kg). Gait spatialtemporal parameters and muscle activity of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscles were obtained by a 3D-motion system and wireless electromyography, respectively. Before and after the exercise protocol, kinematic and muscle activity parameters were compared by a one-way ANOVA and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively. Results After the exercise protocol, the participants walked with a faster step velocity (p < 0.018) and with a lower step duration (p < 0.025). Also, higher peak muscle activity (p < 0.008) and low-frequency (p < 0.034) activation of the anterior tibial muscle after the exercise protocol were observed. Significance In conclusion, the protocol improves the stability and the muscles' efficiency during gait, contributing to a new approach to enhancing gait rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe B Santinelli
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Aline Prieto Silveira-Ciola
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Vinicius C Moreno
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marina H Kuroda
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
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26
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Santos da Silva V, Nakamura FY, Gantois P, Nogueira Gouveia JN, Peña J, Beato M, Abade E. Effects of Upper-Body and Lower-Body Conditioning Activities on Postactivation Performance Enhancement During Sprinting and Jumping Tasks in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:342-349. [PMID: 37815258 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos da Silva, V, Nakamura, FY, Gantois, P, Nogueira Gouveia, JN, Peña, J, Beato, M, and Abade, E. Effects of upper-body and lower-body conditioning activities on postactivation performance enhancement during sprinting and jumping tasks in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 342-349, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of "specific" (half-back squat) and "nonspecific" (bench press) conditioning activities on sprinting and jumping performances in female soccer players. Fourteen players (mean ± SD : age = 22.3 ± 4.0 years; body mass = 60.2 ± 7.8 kg; height = 164.1 ± 4.2 cm) competing at national level (first League) participated in this within-subject crossover study. The players performed a warm-up protocol including 3 sets of 3 repetitions of half-back-squat or bench press exercises at 90% 1RM or a warm-up protocol without lifting weights (i.e., control condition). Forty-meter shuttle sprints (20 + 20 m with change of direction [COD-180°]), countermovement jump (CMJ), and horizontal jump (HJ) performances were recorded 6 minutes after the conditioning activities protocols or the control condition. Nonsignificant large positive effects were found for the HJ after the half-back-squat (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) and bench press (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) protocols. Although nonsignificant, HJ changes ( Δ = 0.07 m) were greater than the smallest worthwhile change (0.02 m) and standard error of measurement (0.03 m) after both conditioning activities. Moreover, no significant changes were found for sprint and CMJ performance after neither half-back-squat nor bench press protocols ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, both specific and nonspecific conditioning activities using heavy loads (i.e., 90% 1RM) may be suitable to enhance individual HJ. Finally, both conditioning activities are potentially ineffective for increasing sprint and CMJ performance in the context of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Santos da Silva
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - João Nuno Nogueira Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Portugal
- Club Sport Marítimo, SAD, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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27
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Vasconcelos GC, Brietzke C, Cesario JCS, Douetts CDB, Canestri R, Vinicius Í, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Pires FO. No Evidence of Postactivation Performance Enhancement on Endurance Exercises: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:315-327. [PMID: 37796168 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Narrative reviews have suggested that postactivation induced by warm-up routines is effective to increase endurance exercise performance in real-world scenarios. However, systematic reviews with meta-analysis rather than narrative ones are required to provide an up-to-date summary of the evidence and provide directions for practical decisions. Therefore, we systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature to determine the certainty of evidence and the relative effects of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) in endurance exercises. METHODS The effects of PAPE on endurance performance were meta-analyzed as a standardized mean difference (SMD) from control conditions within a random-effects model considering polled data and subgroups (PAPE strategies, endurance test modalities, and V̇O 2max -based endurance level). RESULTS Eligible studies ( n = 35) showed a high risk of bias due to methodological flaws in randomization and blinding procedures. A meta-analysis including 57 comparisons (432 participants) revealed a significant but very small PAPE effect on endurance performance ( Z = 2.49, SMD = 0.15-very small, 95% confidence interval = 0.03 to 0.28) due to exceptional effect sizes reported by two studies (SMD of 2.85 and 2.14). We also observed that neither PAPE strategies nor endurance test modalities or V̇O 2max -based endurance levels influenced the PAPE effects on endurance performance. Meta-regression showed that PAPE effects were correlated neither with the time interval between conditioning routines and endurance exercise nor with endurance exercise duration. We found a very low certainty of evidence that PAPE potentiates endurance performance. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyses of bias and certainty of evidence, we found no support to recommend PAPE strategies to improve endurance exercise performance. Significant but very small PAPE effects on endurance performance were due to two exceptional effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julio Cesar Silva Cesario
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Daniel Bento Douetts
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Ítalo Vinicius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
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Schamne JC, Marinho AH, Cristina-Souza G, Santos PS, Santos-Mariano AC, Rodacki A, Coelho DB, DE-Oliveira FR, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Effects of exhaustive whole-body exercise and caffeine ingestion on muscle contractile properties in healthy men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:111-120. [PMID: 37902802 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of exhaustive whole-body exercise and caffeine ingestion on electromechanical delay (EMD) has been underexplored. This study investigated the effect of exhaustive cycling exercise on EMD and other parameters of muscle contractile properties and the potential ability of caffeine to attenuate the exercise-induced impairments in EMD and muscle contractile properties. METHODS Ten healthy men cycled until exhaustion (88±2% of V̇O2max) on two separate days after ingesting caffeine (5 mg.kg-1 of body mass) or cellulose (placebo). Parameters of muscle contractile properties of the quadriceps muscles were assessed via volitional and electrically evoked isometric contractions, performed before and 50 minutes after ingestion of the capsules, and after exercise. Muscle recruitment during volitional contractions was determined via surface electromyography. RESULTS Exhaustive cycling exercise did not affect volitional and relaxation EMD (P>0.05) but increased evoked EMD. In addition, the exhaustive cycling exercise also increased muscle recruitment at the beginning of volitional isometric muscle contraction (P<0.05). The peak twitch force, maximal rate of twitch force development, and twitch contraction time were all compromised after exhaustive cycling exercise (P<0.05). Acute caffeine ingestion had no effect on muscle contractile properties (P>0.05), except that caffeine increased twitch contraction time at postexercise (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced decline in peripheral components of the EMD might be compensated by an increase in the muscle recruitment. In addition, acute caffeine ingestion had minimal influence on exercise-induced changes in muscle contractile proprieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Schamne
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil -
| | - Alisson H Marinho
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Brazil
| | - Pâmela S Santos
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Brazil
| | - Ana C Santos-Mariano
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - André Rodacki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Coelho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Messaoudi H, Ouergui I, Delleli S, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Acute effects of plyometric-based conditioning activity and warm-up music stimuli on physical performance and affective state in male taekwondo athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1335794. [PMID: 38287965 PMCID: PMC10822913 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1335794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study assesses the acute effects of combining a plyometric-based conditioning activity (CA) with different musical stimuli during warm-up on taekwondo (TKD) performance and related psychological aspects. Methods In a randomized cross-over study design, 16 male TKD athletes (age: 19.94 ± 1.12 years) performed the TKD-specific agility test (TSAT), frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and its multiple version (FSKT-mult) under 7 experimental and one control condition. For the experimental conditions, participants experienced varying combinations of music selection process [self-selected (SSM) vs. pre-selected (PSM)], and music tempo [fast (F) vs. slow (S)], within preferred (PG) and non-preferred (NPG) music genre; all in the presence of a plyometric based-CA. Athletes were instructed to rate their perceived exertion (RPE) after each test and their felt arousal (FAS), feeling scale (FS), and motivation after testing completion. Results Findings showed that combining a plyometric-based CA with SSMPG at both fast and slow tempo improved TSAT, FSK-10s, FSKT-mult, FAS, motivation, and RPE post-TSAT greater than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Additionally, FSSMPG combined with CA improved FS, and RPE after both FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult better than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, listening to fast self-selected music from a preferred genre in combination with a plyometric-based CA during warm-up setups an individualized warm-up strategy and serves to improve the subsequent specific performances and the related psychological aspects in TKD athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Messaoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Delleli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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30
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Zhang Y, Diao P, Wang J, Li S, Fan Q, Han Y, Liang Y, Wang Z, Del Coso J. The Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation Enhancement Alone or in Combination with Caffeine on Anaerobic Performance in Boxers: A Double-Blind, Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38257128 PMCID: PMC10820078 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a physiological phenomenon that refers to an acute excitation of the neuromuscular system following intense exercise that ends in enhanced physical performance in a subsequent bout of exercise. The scientific literature has primarily examined the effectiveness of PAPE alone or combined with caffeine (CAF) intake in all-out tests lasting ≤10 s, as the effect of PAPE is transitory. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a protocol to induce PAPE alone or in combination with caffeine intake on the 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test in highly trained boxers. Twenty-five male and highly trained boxers (mean age: 20 ± 1 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover study consisting of three different experimental conditions: (i) control (CON), with no substance intake and no PAPE protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; (ii) PAPE + PLA, involving the intake of a placebo 60 min before and a PAPE protocol comprising a 10 s cycling sprint overloaded with 8.5% of the participants' body weight 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; and (iii) PAPE + CAF, involving the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min before and the same PAPE protocol used in the (ii) protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test. In all conditions, the participants performed the 30 s version of the Wingate Anaerobic Test with a load equivalent to 7.5% of their body weight, while the cycle ergometer setting was replicated. Immediately following the Wingate test, heart rate (HR), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate concentration (Bla) were measured. In comparison to CON, PAPE + PLA enhanced mean power (p = 0.024; Effect size [ES] = 0.37) and total work (p = 0.022; ES = 0.38) during the Wingate test, accompanied by an increase in post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.01; ES = 0.83). In comparison to CON, PAPE + CAF enhanced mean power (p = 0.001; ES = 0.57), peak power (p = 0.013; ES = 0.57), total work (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.001; ES = 1.43) and participants' subjective perception of power (p = 0.041). There were no differences in any variable between PAPE + PLA and PAPE + CAF. In summary, a PAPE protocol that involves a 10 s all-out sprint 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test was effective in enhancing Wingate mean power in highly trained boxers. The addition of 3 mg/kg of caffeine to the PAPE protocol produced an effect on mean power of a higher magnitude than PAPE alone, and it enhanced peak power along with participants' subjective perception of power. From a practical point of view, PAPE before exercise seems to be an effective approach for increasing Wingate performance in highly trained boxers, while the addition of caffeine can increase some benefits, especially peak power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkai Zhang
- China Wushu School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Penglin Diao
- China Swimming College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Wushu Instructor Training Base for International Promotion of Chinese Language, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingmin Fan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Han
- School of Humanities, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yapu Liang
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- China Swimming College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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31
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Lee S, Lim J, Park J. A warm-up strategy with or without voluntary contraction on athletic performance, lower-leg temperature, and blood lactate concentration. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295537. [PMID: 38206907 PMCID: PMC10783781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether temperature-related warm-up effects can be accomplished by passive warm-up (e.g., by external heat). Therefore, this study compared the effects of two different warm-up protocols with and without voluntary contraction on subsequent sprinting and jumping performance. Eighteen healthy male collegiate students (23.3 ± 2.4 years, 173.8 ± 7.2 cm, 70.5 ± 9.3 kg) randomly experienced 10 min of active (jogging on a treadmill; belt speed: 9.0 km/h at a 1% incline) and passive warm-up (lying down in the warm-up chamber; inner ambient temperature set at 35°C) protocols, followed by ten sets of intermittent exercises in two separate sessions. Athletic performance, lower-leg muscle temperature, and blood lactate concentration were statistically compared using analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc comparisons. Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) were also calculated. There was no warm-up protocol effect over time on 20 m sprint times (condition × time: F9,323 = 1.26, p = 0.25). Maximal vertical jump heights were different (condition × time: F9,323 = 2.0, p = 0.04) such that subjects who performed the active warm-up protocol jumped higher (51.4 cm) than those who did the passive warm-up (49.2 cm, p = 0.04). There was a warm-up protocol effect over time on lower-leg muscle temperature (condition × time: F12,425 = 13.99, p<0.0001) in that there was a 5.5% and 5.8% increase after active (32.8 to 34.6°C, ES = 2.91) and passive (32.9 to 34.9°C, ES = 3.28) warm-up protocols, respectively. Blood lactate concentration was different (condition × time: F2,85 = 3.61, p = 0.03) since the values at the post-warm-up measurements were different between warm-up conditions (active: 4.1 mmol/L; passive: 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.004, ES = 1.69). Subsequent sprint and jump performance did not differ between the duration- and muscle temperature-matched active and passive warm-up protocols. Non-thermal effects from the warm-up activity may be minimal for sprinting and jumping performance in recreationally active males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Lee
- Division of Sports Science & Medicine, Graduate School of Physical Education, Athletic Training Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Junhyeong Lim
- Physical Education, Graduate School, Athletic Training Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jihong Park
- Department of Sports Medicine, Athletic Training Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Heynen R, Gross M, Betschen T, Hübner K. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Jumping Power in Elite Female Volleyball Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:22. [PMID: 38251296 PMCID: PMC10821489 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated PAPE effects of two conditioning activities (CA) and recovery times on the peak jumping power (PP) of elite female volleyball athletes. Players performed CA separately: three sets of three repetitions of back squats with 85% of 1RM (BS) or one set of five depth drops (DD). PP was measured with countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ) before (pre-test) and two minutes (post-test 1) and six hours (post-test 2) after each CA. BS significantly reduced PP at post-test 1 (CMJ and SJ: p < 0.04, d between -0.36 and -0.28). At post-test 2, following BS, PP for both jump forms was significantly greater than at post-test 1 (p < 0.001, d between 0.54 and 0.55) and at pre-test (p < 0.048, d between 0.21 and 0.30). DD increased PP significantly (CMJ and SJ p < 0.05, d between 0.40 and 0.41) relative to pre-test at post-test 2 (there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test 1). Comparing BS with DD, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05). The greatest PAPE effects were observed six hours after BS. CA are recommended for female athletes to improve jumping performance, but individual responses should be determined prior to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Heynen
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.B.); (K.H.)
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Collins KS, Bradley AP, Christensen BK, Waldera RW, Klawitter LA, Ogren L, Salatto RW. Bench Press Range-of-Motion and Velocity-based Repetition Control: Effects on Ballistic Push-up Performance in Males. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2024; 17:38-53. [PMID: 38665164 PMCID: PMC11042900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ballistic push-up (BPU) is responsive to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a bench press conditioning exercise using velocity-based repetition control. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the effects of range of motion (ROM) conditions on subsequent BPU performance. In a randomized crossover design, 18 males performed two conditions (full ROM and self-selected partial ROM) of bench press at 80% of their 1RM until mean concentric velocity dropped 10%. Each participant performed two pre- and six post-test BPUs to assess the PAPE effect. Paired sample t-tests assessed bench press performance measures. Multiple two-way repeated measures ANOVAs assessed differences in flight time, impulse, and peak power for the pre- and post-test BPUs. No significant differences existed between ROM conditions for total repetitions, volume load, or peak velocity. Compared to partial ROM, full ROM showed greater displacement (0.42 ± 0.05 vs. 0.34 ± 0.05 m), work (331.99 ± 67.72 vs. 270.92 ± 61.42 J), and mean velocity (0.46 ± 0.09 vs. 0.44 ± 0.08 m/s). Neither bench press ROM condition enhanced the BPU and were detrimental in some cases. Several time points showed partial ROM (flight time: 2 min post, impulse: 12 min post, peak power: 12 min post) significantly greater than full ROM, possibly indicating less fatigue accumulation. The BPU may require a different stimulus or may not be practical for PAPE effects in college-aged males. Partial ROM can be an alternative that achieves similar peak velocities while requiring less overall work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Collins
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Adam P Bradley
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bryan K Christensen
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Roman W Waldera
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Lukus A Klawitter
- School of Health and Human Performance, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Liam Ogren
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - R W Salatto
- Department of Kinesiology, Vanguard University, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
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Masel S, Maciejczyk M. Accommodating resistance is more effective than free weight resistance to induce post-activation performance enhancement in squat jump performance after a short rest interval. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:59-65. [PMID: 38173797 PMCID: PMC10762470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Prior work regarding post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has shown that various resistance training methods and conditioning activities may induce a PAPE effect such as free weight resistance, accommodating resistance or isoinertial resistance. However, the accommodating resistance and other types of resistance have rarely been directly compared. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different conditioning activities (CA) - a trap bar deadlift with (FW + AR condition) or without (FW condition) accommodating resistance - on subsequent squat jump (SJ) performance after a short rest interval of 90s. Methods The study had a cross-over design and fifteen strength trained males (mean age: 22.9 ± 2.1 years; mean relative strength level 2.01 ± 0.27 kg/body mass) participated in one familiarization, two experimental and one control session (CNTR condition). Two CAs were implemented throughout the study - a single set of 3 repetitions of a trap bar deadlift at 80 % of 1RM using solely free weight resistance or with the addition of approximately 15 % of 1RM elastic band tension. The SJ measurements were performed at the baseline and 90s after CAs. Results The FW + AR condition significantly improved subsequent SJ performance (p < 0.05, effect size 0.34) whereas the FW and CNTR conditions were found to be ineffective to acutely enhance performance. Conclusions Our results suggest that the addition of accommodating resistance is superior to free weight resistance in order to acutely improve jump performance after a 90s rest interval. To observe the performance enhancement effect with solely free weight resistance it should be considered to introduce alteration in loading strategies or possibly lengthening the rest interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Masel
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
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Afonso J, Brito J, Abade E, Rendeiro-Pinho G, Baptista I, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY. Revisiting the 'Whys' and 'Hows' of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions? Sports Med 2024; 54:23-30. [PMID: 37658965 PMCID: PMC10798919 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The warm-up is considered beneficial for increasing body temperature, stimulating the neuromuscular system and overall preparing the athletes for the demands of training sessions and competitions. Even when warm-up-derived benefits are slight and transient, they may still benefit preparedness for subsequent efforts. However, sports training and competition performance are highly affected by contextual factors (e.g., how is the opponent acting?), and it is not always clear what should be the preferred warm-up modalities, structure and load for each athlete and context. Further, we propose that the warm-up can also be used as a pedagogical and training moment. The warm-up may serve several different (albeit complementary) goals (e.g., rising body temperature, neuromuscular activation, attentional focus) and be performed under a plethora of different structures, modalities, and loads. The current commentary highlights the warm-up period as an opportunity to teach or improve certain skills or physical capacities, and not only as a preparation for the subsequent efforts. Moreover, the (justified) call for individualized warm-ups would benefit from educating athletes about exploring different warm-up tasks and loads, providing a broad foundation for future individualization of the warm-up and for more active, engaged, and well-informed participation of the athletes in deciding their own warm-up practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Ivan Baptista
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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Kolinger D, Stastny P, Pisz A, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC. High-Intensity Conditioning Activity Causes Localized Postactivation Performance Enhancement and Nonlocalized Performance Reduction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e1-e7. [PMID: 38085631 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kolinger D, Stastny P, Pisz A, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Tsoukos A, and Bogdanis GC. High-intensity conditioning activity causes localized postactivation performance enhancement and nonlocalized performance reduction. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): e1-e7, 2024-This study aimed to examine whether a conditioning activity (CA) performed by the legs (barbell back squat) may cause postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) on muscle groups other than leg extensors in isokinetic (eccentric [ECC] and concentric [CON]) and dynamic movement. Twelve male basketball players (age: 21.3 ± 3.2, body mass: 89.6 ± 14.1 kg, height: 187.4 ± 4.6 cm, and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) barbell back squat: 113 ± 21 kg) with previous resistance-training experience of at least 2 years, performed 3 sets of 3-4 repetitions of back-squats with submaximal load (60, 90, and 90% 1RM) as CA. Before and after the CA, they performed pretest and post-test in the form of countermovement jumps (CMJs) (localized) or explosive push-ups (EPUs) (nonlocalized) along with isokinetic flexion and extension at the knee (localized) or at the elbow (nonlocalized). The localized and nonlocalized protocols were divided into 2 days in a randomized order. The back squat as CA significantly increased peak torque (PT) (p < 0.05) in all CON and ECC muscle actions and average power per repetition (APPR) (p < 0.05) (all muscle actions except ECC flexion) of the localized isokinetic tests with large (>0.8) and medium (0.4-0.79) effect sizes and significantly decreased (p < 0.01) the PT and APPR (p < 0.01) of the nonlocalized isokinetic test in the ECC flexion. The CMJ and EPU tests showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between premeasures and postmeasures of take-off height. The effect of PAPE seems to be specific to the muscles most involved in the CA, and the CA inhibits PT of subsequent muscle ECC contractions in muscles not involved in the CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Michal Wilk
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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37
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Nwachukwu OI, Debeliso M, Lawrence MM. Effects of Supramaximal Anderson Quarter-squats as a Potentiating Stimulus on Discus Performance in Division I Throwers: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2024; 17:99-114. [PMID: 38665682 PMCID: PMC11042899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
No study has assessed supramaximal (over 100% 1RM) back squat variations as a potentiating stimulus in collegiate throwers. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a supramaximal Anderson (bottom-up) quarter squat potentiating stimulus would improve discus throw performance in Division I throwers compared to a dynamic warm-up alone. Nine NCAA division I thrower athletes (age: 20.1±1.4 years; 1RM back squat/body weight: 2.5±0.4 kg) randomly completed two sessions separated by at least 72 hours. One session involved a standardized dynamic warm-up alone (DyWU) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. The other session involved a dynamic warm-up with a supramaximal (105% 1RM) Anderson (bottom-up) quarter-squat set of 5 repetitions post activation performance enhancement stimulus (DyWU+PAPE) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. A two-way (warm-up strategy x time) ANOVA with repeated measures for each time point was used, with significance set at p< 0.05. There were no significant (p> 0.05) differences between DyWU alone versus DyWU+PAPE stimulus for discus throw distances at either 8 min. (31.7±5.6 vs 30.6±6.5 meters, respectively; d = -0.18), 11 min. (33.4±3.6 vs 31.3±4.7 meters, respectively; d = -0.52), or 14 min. post warm-up (34.1±3.9 vs 32.3±5.3 meters, respectively; d = -0.40). Compared to a dynamic warm-up alone, supramaximal Anderson quarter-squats following a dynamic warm-up had trivial/small to moderate detrimental effects on discus throw performance between 8-14 minutes post stimuli in Division I trained throwers, likely due to excess fatigue/PAPE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu I Nwachukwu
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Debeliso
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
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Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Moré CR, Moré RAS, Boullosa D, Dellagrana RA. Influence of Intensity on Post-Running Jump Potentiation in Recreational Runners vs. Physically Active Individuals. J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:137-150. [PMID: 38380299 PMCID: PMC10875703 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/172268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in jumping and sprinting after two endurance volume-equated running protocols with different intensities, in runners vs. active individuals. Nine recreational runners (age: 34.5 ± 9.3 years, body mass: 73.1 ± 11.9 kg, body height: 1.76 ± 0.06 m, 17.4 ± 4.4 %body fat; maximum aerobic speed [MAS]: 16.4 ± 1.0 km•h-1), and 9 active individuals (age: 34.1 ± 9.4 years; body mass: 83.2 ± 7.7 kg; body height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m; 25.6 ± 5.4 %body fat; MAS: 13.3 ± 1.2 km•h-1) volunteered for participation. The evaluations were performed over three days as follows: 1) anthropometric measures, physical fitness tests, and the University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT) to determine MAS and the distance to be covered in the running protocols; 2 and 3) the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the flying 20-m sprint (SPRINT) were assessed pre- and post-running at 70% of MAS or a time trial race (TTR), equated by volume and completed in random order. A three-way ANOVA (time*group*running) was performed to analyze the PAPE effects. The results showed a time effect (F = 10 .716; p < 0.01) and a group*running interaction (F = 12.094; p < 0.01) for the CMJ, indicating that active individuals demonstrated PAPE after running at 70% of MAS, while for runners both running interventions (70% of MAS and TTR) induced PAPE in CMJ performances. For the SPRINT, a time*group interaction (F = 4.790; p = 0.044) and a group effect were observed, with runners showing greater SPRINT performances than active individuals. From the current results, it can be suggested that training background and intensity can modulate PAPE responses in jumping and sprinting after volume-equated running protocols at different intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Rafael Moré
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Rodolfo André Dellagrana
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Physical Education Department, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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Bonilla CP, Ryan GA, Casey JC, Spradley BD, Herron RL. Acute Effects of Post-activation Performance Enhancement Exercises on Army Combat Fitness Test Performance in Male ROTC Cadets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2024; 17:154-171. [PMID: 38665852 PMCID: PMC11042893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing task-specific, post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) strategies, to acutely improve Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) performance. Nineteen ROTC cadets completed two ACFTs, separated by 72 hours. Approximately half (n = 10) completed the traditional "Preparation Drill" as their warm-up prior to the first session and added PAPE warm-up strategies as part of their second session. The other group (n = 9) completed the treatments in the opposite order to facilitate a repeated-measures, crossover design. The participants' composite ACFT score was used as the primary outcome measure of interest to explore mean difference in a two-way (Time x Treatment), repeated measures ANOVA. There was no interaction [F(1,8) = 0.075, p = 0.79] nor main effect of treatment [F(1,8) = 0.084, p = 0.78]. However, there was a main effect of Time [F(1,8) = 58.87, p < 0.001, d = 0.25] (mean ACFT score ± SD: Session 1 = 527 ± 43, Session 2 = 537 ± 39). The results of this study did not support the use of additional PAPE strategies to improve ACFT performance. However, there was a practice effect when the test was completed twice, separated by 72 hours in those with ACFT experience. The effect of Time was present for ACFT cumulative score, as well as event-level differences in three out of six events. Further research should implement familiarization sessions to minimize a practice effect from influencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason C Casey
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Robert L Herron
- United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, USA
- University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL, USA
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Christensen PM, Andreasen JJ, Lyngholm J, Søgaard O, Lykkestrup J, Hostrup M, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. Importance of training volume during intensified training in elite cyclists: Maintained vs. reduced volume at moderate intensity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14362. [PMID: 37002854 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male elite cyclists (average VO2 -max: 71 mL/min/kg, n = 18) completed 7 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) (3×/week; 4-min and 30-s intervals) during the competitive part of the season. The influence of a maintained or lowered total training volume combined with HIT was evaluated in a two-group design. Weekly moderate-intensity training was lowered by ~33% (~5 h) (LOW, n = 8) or maintained at normal volume (NOR, n = 10). Endurance performance and fatigue resistance were evaluated via 400 kcal time-trials (~20 min) commenced either with or without prior completion of a 120-min preload (including repeated 20-s sprints to simulate physiologic demands during road races). RESULTS Time-trial performance without preload was improved after the intervention (p = 0.006) with a 3% increase in LOW (p = 0.04) and a 2% increase in NOR (p = 0.07). Preloaded time-trial was not significantly improved (p = 0.19). In the preload, average power during repeated sprinting increased by 6% in LOW (p < 0.01) and fatigue resistance in sprinting (start vs end of preload) was improved (p < 0.05) in both groups. Blood lactate during the preload was lowered (p < 0.001) solely in NOR. Measures of oxidative enzyme activity remained unchanged, whereas the glycolytic enzyme PFK increased by 22% for LOW (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that elite cyclists can benefit from intensified training during the competitive season both with maintained and lowered training volume at moderate intensity. In addition to benchmarking the effects of such training in ecological elite settings, the results also indicate how some performance and physiological parameters may interact with training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Team Danmark (Danish elite sport organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Juul Andreasen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jonas Lyngholm
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Ole Søgaard
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lykkestrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Di Martino G, Della Valle C, Di Claudio G, Di Fonza D, Di Zazzo E, Calcagno G, di Cagno A, Fiorilli G. Acute Effects of Combining Whole-Body Electromyostimulation with Resistance Training in Active Women. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 38249087 PMCID: PMC10801553 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Strength training elicits benefits both in performance and on a psychological level in women, such as increased muscle strength and improved self-esteem. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) could be a training strategy for enhancing muscular strength. The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of a single session of WB-EMS superimposed over classic resistance training on isometric strength, endurance strength and flexibility. Furthermore, the safety of the protocol was assessed by monitoring the levels of creatine kinase (CK) 48 h after the training protocol was completed. Sixteen active women (aged 22.06 ± 1.88) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) (n = 8) and a control group (CG) (n = 8). The EG performed four sets of 12 repetitions of three strength exercises with superimposed WB-EMS, while the CG performed the same protocol without WB-EMS. RM-ANOVA showed a significant time*group interaction on posterior kinetic chain extensors' mean and peak strength in the EG (F(1,14) = 10.036; p = 0.007; and F(1,14) = 20.719; p < 0.001; respectively). A significant time*group interaction was found in the sit and reach test for the EG (F(1,14) = 10.362; p = 0.006). Finally, ANOVA performed on the CK levels showed no significant difference between the groups (F(1,14) = 0.715; p = 0.412). WB-EMS training led to an immediate improvement in strength performance and flexibility, and this protocol was shown to be safe in terms of CK levels, 48 h after completing the training protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Di Martino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Carlo Della Valle
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Di Claudio
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Domenico Di Fonza
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (G.D.M.); (C.D.V.); (G.D.C.); (D.D.F.); (E.D.Z.); (G.C.); (G.F.)
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Jirovska R, Kay AD, Tsatalas T, Van Enis AJ, Kokkotis C, Giakas G, Mina MA. The Influence of Unstable Load and Traditional Free-Weight Back Squat Exercise on Subsequent Countermovement Jump Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:167. [PMID: 38132722 PMCID: PMC10744151 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a back squat exercise with unstable load (UN) and traditional free-weight resistance (FWR) on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. After familiarisation, thirteen physically active males with experience in resistance training visited the laboratory on two occasions during either experimental (UN) or control (FWR) conditions separated by at least 72 h. In both sessions, participants completed a task-specific warm-up routine followed by three maximum CMJs (pre-intervention; baseline) and a set of three repetitions of either UN or FWR back squat exercise at 85% 1-RM. During the UN condition, the unstable load was suspended from the bar with elastic bands and accounted for 15% of the total load. Post-intervention, three maximum CMJs were performed at 30 s, 4 min, 8 min and 12 min after the last repetition of the intervention. The highest CMJ for each participant was identified for each timepoint. No significant increases (p > 0.05) in jump height, peak concentric power, or peak rate of force development (RFD) were found after the FWR or UN conditions at any timepoint. The lack of improvements following both FWR and UN conditions may be a consequence of the low percentage of unstable load and the inclusion of a comprehensive task-specific warm-up. Further research is required to explore higher UN load percentages (>15%) and the chronic effects following the implementation of a resistance training programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Jirovska
- Department of Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, School of Human Sciences & Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.J.); (A.J.V.E.)
| | - Anthony D. Kay
- Sport, Exercise & Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK;
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Alex J. Van Enis
- Department of Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, School of Human Sciences & Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.J.); (A.J.V.E.)
| | - Christos Kokkotis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece;
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Minas A. Mina
- Department of Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, School of Human Sciences & Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.J.); (A.J.V.E.)
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Li M, Meng X, Guan L, Kim Y, Kim S. Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:769-777. [PMID: 38045747 PMCID: PMC10690507 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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Foqha BM, Schwesig R, Ltifi MA, Bartels T, Hermassi S, Aouadi R. A 10-week FIFA 11+ program improves the short-sprint and modified agility T-test performance in elite seven-a-side soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1236223. [PMID: 38098808 PMCID: PMC10719933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1236223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of 10 weeks of FIFA 11+ training on the physical performance of elite seven-a-side soccer players. Methods: Twenty-five seven-a-side soccer players were recruited from two senior national teams. The players completed the following protocols during 10 weeks of training: a) FIFA 11+: The FIFA group (n = 13) underwent the FIFA 11+ program combined with regular soccer training; b) Dynamic conventional warm-up: The control group (n = 12) underwent regular soccer training. Their ability was validated using a pre-test followed by a post-test to measure the sprint performance (5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints), a modified agility T-test (MAT), and a five-jump test (FJT). Results: A comparison of pre- and post-tests for physical performance in each group demonstrated that the FIFA 11+ warm-up significantly improved the 10-m sprinting performance (p = 0.034; F = 5.04; ηp 2 = 0.17) and reduced the time spent to perform the MAT (p = 0.000; F = 23.16; ηp 2 = 0.52) in the FIFA group compared with the control group; however, no significant changes were observed in the 5- and 20-m sprints and FJT. Conclusion: The main findings of this research showed that the 10-week FIFA 11+ program led to significant improvements in the 10-m sprint and MAT compared to regular training among elite seven-a-side soccer players. Given these positive outcomes, further studies on the practical implementation and optimization of the FIFA 11+ program are warranted to provide valuable guidance for coaches and athletes, seeking to maximize its benefits in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Mohammed Foqha
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mohamed Amine Ltifi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Bartels
- Center of Joint Surgery, MVZ Sports Clinic Halle GmbH, Halle, Germany
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ridha Aouadi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
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Urbański R, Biel P, Kot S, Perenc D, Aschenbrenner P, Stastny P, Krzysztofik M. Impact of active intra-complex rest intervals on post-back squat versus hip thrust jumping potentiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19593. [PMID: 37950054 PMCID: PMC10638422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of active rest intervals within a lower body complex training session on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) response in amateur soccer players. Twelve soccer players took part in four different experimental conditions. These sessions included 2 sets of lower body complex-paired exercises, each involving 3 repetitions of either back squats or hip thrusts at 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM) as a conditioning activity paired with a broad jump and countermovement jump. Between those exercises in active intra-complex rest interval conditions, participants were performing 8 repetitions of bench press at 75%1RM or, in passive intra-complex rest interval conditions, rested while seated. A significant main effect of a set to increase broad jump length (p = 0.002), countermovement jump height (p = 0.002), and modified reactive strength index (p = 0.005) was revealed, without any significant differences between conditions. Post-hoc comparisons showed a significant increase in broad jump length from baseline to Set-2 (231 ± 13 vs. 234 ± 13 cm; p = 0.003; ES = 0.22). On the other hand, countermovement jump height and modified reactive strength index significantly increased from baseline to Set-1 (34.4 ± 3.6 vs. 35.6 ± 3.9 cm; p = 0.027; ES = 0.31 and 0.4 ± 0.05 vs. 0.45 ± 0.09; p = 0.005; ES = 0.66). Results of this study showed that to sustain a high training density, sports practitioners may incorporate upper body exercises within the intra-complex rest interval during lower limb complex training sessions and still elicit a significant PAPE effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Urbański
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Biel
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kot
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Perenc
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland, Mikołowska 72A str., 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
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Márquez G, González-Hernandez J, Jiménez-Reyes P, Colomer-Poveda D, Boullosa D. Co-existence of peripheral fatigue of the knee extensors and jump potentiation after an incremental running test to exhaustion in endurance trained male runners. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1267593. [PMID: 38022781 PMCID: PMC10670794 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1267593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an incremental running exercise until exhaustion on twitch responses and jump capacity in endurance trained runners. For this purpose, 8 experienced endurance male runners were required to perform neuromuscular function tests before and after a submaximal running bout (control condition -CTR-) or an incremental running test to volitional exhaustion (experimental conditions -EXP-). The twitch interpolation technique was used to assess voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties before and after each condition (CTR and EXP). Countermovement jump was also used to assess the stretch-shortening cycle function before and after both conditions. In addition, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate and skin temperature were also recorded. Only EXP improved jump performance, however, it was also accompanied by a reduction in maximal voluntary contraction and the peak twitch force of the knee extensors evoked by electrical stimulation at 10 Hz (Db10). It is likely that reductions in maximal voluntary contraction may be related to an excitation-contraction coupling failure (i.e. low-frequency fatigue) as suggest the reduction in the Db10. The current results confirm that acute changes in jump performance may not be appropriate to evaluate acute fatigue in endurance trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | - David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Fleming A, Coates A, La Spina O, Coratella G, McErlain-Naylor SA. Post flywheel squat vs. flywheel deadlift potentiation of lower limb isokinetic peak torques in male athletes. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1514-1527. [PMID: 33112722 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1810750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings torque after flywheel (FW)-squat vs. FW-deadlift in comparison to a control condition. Fifteen male athletes were enrolled in this randomised, crossover study. Each protocol consisted of 3 sets of 6 repetitions, with an inertial load of 0.029 kg.m2. Isokinetic quadriceps (knee extension) and hamstrings (knee flexion) concentric peak torque (60º/s) and hamstring eccentric peak torque (-60º/s) were measured 5 min after experimental or control conditions. A significant condition (PAPE) effect was reported (f = 4.067, p = 0.008) for isokinetic hamstrings eccentric peak torque following FW-squat and FW-deadlift, but no significant differences were found for quadriceps and hamstrings concentric peak torques. The significant difference averaged 14 Nm between FW-squat vs. control (95% CI: 2, 28; d = 0.75, moderate; p = 0.033), and 13 Nm between FW-deadlift vs. control (95% CI: 1, 25; d = 0.68, moderate; p = 0.038). This study reported that both FW-squat and FW-deadlift exercises are equivalently capable of generating PAPE of isokinetic hamstrings eccentric torque. Practitioners may use these findings to inform strength and power development during complex training sessions consisting of flywheel-based exercises prior to a sport-specific task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Adam Fleming
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Alexander Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Oscar La Spina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Varesco G, Pageaux B, Cattagni T, Sarcher A, Martinent G, Doron J, Jubeau M. Fatigue in elite fencing: Effects of a simulated competition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2250-2260. [PMID: 37574844 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The fatigue induced by fencing remains scarcely investigated. We aimed to investigate both objective (neuromuscular performance fatigability) and subjective (perceived fatigue, effort, and workload) manifestations of fatigue in elite fencers following a five-bout simulated competition. Changes in countermovement jump height, knee extensors maximal isometric torque, rate of torque development, voluntary activation, and contractile response to muscular electrical stimulation were measured in 29 elite fencers [12 epee (6 women), 11 saber (5 women), and 6 foil]. Perceived fatigue and effort were evaluated with visual analog scales, and the perceived workload with the NASA Task Load Index scale. During the competition, maximal torque and rate of torque development decreased by 1.6% (p = 0.017) and 2.4% (p < 0.001) per bout, respectively. Perceived fatigue before each bout increased (12% per bout), with similar values observed at the end of all bouts (bout × period interaction: p < 0.001). Perceived effort increased during the bouts (10% per period, p < 0.001) and during the competition (3% per bout, p = 0.011). Perceived mental demand increased during the competition (2% per bout, p = 0.024). These results suggest that elite fencers needed to increase the allocation of mental rather than physical resources to the task to counterbalance the deleterious effect of fatigue on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Varesco
- Nantes Université, Laboratory Movement - Interactions - Performance (MIP), UR4334, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- Université de Montréal, École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montréal, Canada
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Nantes Université, Laboratory Movement - Interactions - Performance (MIP), UR4334, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Sarcher
- Nantes Université, Laboratory Movement - Interactions - Performance (MIP), UR4334, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Laboratory on Vulnerabilities and Innovation in Sport (LVIS), EA 7428, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Doron
- Nantes Université, Laboratory Movement - Interactions - Performance (MIP), UR4334, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes Université, Laboratory Movement - Interactions - Performance (MIP), UR4334, Nantes, France
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50
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Dos Santos Silva D, Boullosa D, Moura Pereira EV, de Jesus Alves MD, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Badicu G, Yagin FH, Aidar FJ, Dos Santos LF, do Nascimento HR, Ardigò LP, de Souza RF. Post-activation performance enhancement effect of drop jump on long jump performance during competition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16993. [PMID: 37813947 PMCID: PMC10562427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drop jump is widely used in training sessions, aiming for chronic effects on long jump performance. However, the acute effect of drop jump on long jump performance through its use as a Conditioning Activity (CA) has not been explored. The objective of this study was to verify the Post-activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) responses induced by successive Drop Jumps (DJ) on competitive long jump performance. Eleven male jumpers (19.0 ± 2.0 years; 178.0 ± 9.0 cm; 73.1 ± 8.9 kg; and personal record 5.78 ± 0.44 m) volunteered for participation. The athletes performed 5 drop jumps 2 min (1'45-2'15 min) before the second, and fourth attempt during official competition of state level, the attempts without the use of CA were considered controls. The performance of the second (5.63 ± 0.43 m), third (5.65 ± 0.46, g = 0.24) and fourth (5.71 ± 0.34 m) jumps performed after activation were higher than the first (5.54 ± 0.45 m) in the control condition, p = 0.02, and p = 0.01 respectively. Differences were also found in the take-off vertical velocity of the jump between the fourth (1.55 ± 0.21) and the first jump (1.30 ± 0.40), p = 0.006. Jump performance showed positive correlation with approach velocity, r = 0.731, vertical take-off velocity, r = 0.412, and take-off duration, r = 0.508. The mean performance in jumping post-activation (5.67 ± 0.38 m) was higher than that without the use of previous CA (5.59 ± 0.44 m), p = 0.02, g = 0.19. The use of DJs as a CA prior to the long jump promotes improvements in the performance of the jump, which can be explained by the increase in the take-off vertical velocity in the athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devisson Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Micael Deivison de Jesus Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Graduate Program, Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania.
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Leila Fernanda Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
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