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Biino V, Giustino V, Gallotta MC, Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Lanza M, Baldari C, Giuriato M, Figlioli F, Guidetti L, Schena F. Effects of sports experience on children's gross motor coordination level. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1310074. [PMID: 38186401 PMCID: PMC10766855 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1310074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gross motor coordination (GMC) development could be influenced by age, gender, weight status, geographical area, living setting, home environment, socio-economic status, sports practice. Purpose To verify whether practicing sports and practicing different sports could influence children's GMC level. Methods A total of 295 children aged 8-11 years were involved in the study and divided into 5 groups in relation to the sport they practiced: gymnastics group (n = 67; 51F, 16M), cycling group (n = 64; 15F, 49M), athletics group (n = 47; 22F, 25M), swimming group (n = 35; 20F, 15M), control group (n = 82; 42F, 40M). The four subtests of the Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder (KTK) assessed children's GMC level. The scores from each of the four subtests were summed into the KTK total raw score (RS) and then converted into a gender- and age-specific motor quotient (MQ). Results Children practicing sports showed significantly higher RS and MQ score than children of control group (203.14 ± 38.55 vs. 163.63 ± 43.50 and 98.56 ± 15.79 vs. 83.01 ± 16.71, respectively; p < 0.001). Children practicing gymnastics had a significantly higher RS and MQ than children of cycling, swimming, and control groups (p < 0.05), children of control group had a significantly lower RS and MQ than children of all other groups (p < 0.05). Children practicing gymnastics performed better walking backwards subtest than all other children's groups (p < 0.001). Children of control group performed worse jumping sideways subtest than children of gymnastics, athletics and swimming groups (p < 0.01). Children practicing gymnastics performed better moving sideways subtest than children of athletics, cycling and control groups (p < 0.01); children of control group performed worse than children of all other groups (p < 0.01). Children of control group performed worse hopping for height subtest than children of gymnastics, athletics and cycling groups (p < 0.05); children practicing gymnastics performed better than children of swimming and control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions The performance model and therefore the specialized training that each sport discipline required, could justified the differences in children's GMC level among sports groups. Thus, coaches should plan individualized interventions and choose activity contents to support children's GMC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Biino
- Department of Human Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Lanza
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università Telematica eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Human Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Figlioli
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Humanities, Movement, and Education Sciences, Università Telematica degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, Roma, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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Biino V, Pellegrini B, Zoppirolli C, Lanza M, Gilli F, Giuriato M, Schena F. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status: a longitudinal study in children and pre-adolescents. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1242712. [PMID: 38235161 PMCID: PMC10792555 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1242712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gross Motor Coordination (GMC) is crucial for the adequate development of motor competence. Our purpose in this semi-longitudinal study was to evaluate the influence of BMI on GMC in children and pre-adolescents of both sexes, across school years (classes). Methods We evaluated 117 subjects (aged 8-13 years) belonging to three different cohorts for 4 consecutive years, providing data over 6 years (classes). GMC was assessed through the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) test. Class and weight status effects were then evaluated by dividing the subjects into a normal weight group and an overweight group based on their weight status. Results A significant increase across classes was found for BMI (p < 0.001) and KTK raw score (p < 0.001) and a decrease was found for KTK normalized score (MQ) (p = 0.043). Significantly lower MQ values were found for girls. Absolute GMC increased across the years and there was no difference between boys and girls. Correlations between GMC scores and BMI were negative and significant in 5 of 6 classes. It was confirmed that overweight subjects had lower MQ and RAW values than normal-weight subjects, with no class-by-weight status interaction. Discussion The level of competence and its development are strictly dependent on weight status during childhood and pre-adolescence. The present investigation suggests that the adequate development of GMC requires not only targeted physical education programs but also the promotion of healthy habits aimed at maintaining a normal weight status during childhood and pre-adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Biino
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Human Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Lanza
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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Canli T, Canli U, Taskin C, Aldhahi MI. Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1524. [PMID: 37761485 PMCID: PMC10528536 DOI: 10.3390/children10091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Motor coordination (MC) is an essential skill underpinning precise and controlled movements, contributing significantly to daily functioning and overall performance. The developmental trajectory of MC in children is intricately shaped by a spectrum of factors encompassing age, gender, and physical activity engagement. Delving into the complex interrelation of these variables holds the potential to unravel nuanced developmental trends and offer targeted avenues for interventions aimed at augmenting motor proficiency in the pediatric population. This study aimed to assess the differences in MC of primary school students based on sex, age, and physical activity participation (PAP). A total of 848 students from public primary schools, aged between 6-9 years, including 412 boys and 436 girls. The MC was measured using Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK3+) test battery, which included Jumping sideways (JS), Balancing backward (BB), Moving sideways (MS), and Eye-Hand Coordination (EHC). One-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to determine the binary and triple interactions of sex, age, and PAP variables on the MC parameters of the participants. The study revealed that boys aged 6-9 had higher scores than girls on eye-hand coordination (EHC) (p < 0.02). No significant gender-related differences in balancing backward (BB), jumping sideways (JS), and moving sideways (MS) were found. When the subtests of KTK3+ were compared by age, a significant difference was observed between the groups in all subtests (p < 0.05). With respect to PAP, students with PAP had a significant advantage in all subtests of the KTK3+ (p < 0.05). The double co-effects or triple co-effects of age, sex, and PAP parameters do not influence the KTK parameters. This study presents evidence supporting sex differences in the motor skills of children within this age range and highlights the potential impact of age and physical activity on motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Canli
- Institute of Health Sciences, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag 59010, Turkey;
| | - Umut Canli
- Sports Science Faculty, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59010, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Taskin
- Kirkpinar Faculty of Sport Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne 22000, Turkey;
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
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Stanković D, Horvatin M, Vlašić J, Pekas D, Trajković N. Motor Coordination in Children: A Comparison between Children Engaged in Multisport Activities and Swimming. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:139. [PMID: 37624119 PMCID: PMC10457925 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor coordination has a crucial role in various physical activities and sports, highlighting its significance in overall movement proficiency and performance. This study aimed to compare motor coordination in children engaged in multisport versus swimming activities. The participants of this study included 180 boys and girls (girls = 87) aged 8.25 years ± 0.89. A total of three groups were included: group 1 consisted of inactive children, group 2 included children participating in swimming, and group 3 included children enrolled in multisport. Motor coordination was assessed using the Kiphard-Schilling body coordination test, evaluated by motor quotient (MQ): walking backwards, hopping for height, jumping sideways, and moving sideways. Additionally, a total motor quotient (Total MQ) was calculated based on the performance in all four tests. ANOVA revealed a significant difference in Total MQ and all subtests between the groups (p < 0.01). A significant difference in Total MQ was found not only between the inactive and multisport groups (Diff = 19.8000; 95%CI = 13.1848 to 26.4152; p = 0.001) but also between the multisport and swimming groups (Diff = 12.8000; 95%CI = 6.3456 to 19.2544; p = 0.001). In conclusion, the results revealed that children involved in multisport activities exhibited significantly better motor coordination compared to both the swimming group and the inactive group. Therefore, to enhance the growth of motor coordination abilities, it is crucial that parents, instructors, and coaches encourage kids to engage in multisport physical activities on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Maja Horvatin
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.H.); (J.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Jadranka Vlašić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.H.); (J.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Damir Pekas
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.H.); (J.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
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5
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Li K, Bao R, Kim H, Ma J, Song C, Chen S, Cai Y. Reliability and validity of the Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder in Chinese children. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15447. [PMID: 37312879 PMCID: PMC10259440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK) is a reliable and low-cost motor coordination test tool that has been used in several countries. However, whether the KTK is a reliable and valid instrument for use in Chinese children has not been assessed. Additionally, because the KTK was designed to incorporate locomotor, object control, and stability skills, and there is a lack of measurement tools that include stability skills assessment for Chinese children, the KTK's value and validity are worth discussing. Methods A total of 249 primary school children (131 boys; 118 girls) aged 9-10 years from Shanghai were recruited in this study. Against the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), the concurrent validity of the KTK was assessed. We also tested the retest reliability and internal consistency of the KTK. Results The test-retest reliability of the KTK was excellent (overall: r = 0.951; balancing backwards: r = 0.869; hopping for height: r = 0.918; jumping sideways: r = 0.877; moving sideways: r = 0.647). Except for the boys, the internal consistency of the KTK was higher than the acceptable level of Cronbach's α > 0.60 (overall: α = 0.618; boys: α = 0.583; girls: α = 0.664). Acceptable concurrent validity was found between the total scores for the KTK and TGMD-3 (overall: r = 0.420, p < 0.001; boys: r = 0.411, p < 0.001; girls: r = 0.437, p < 0.001). Discussion The KTK is a reliable instrument for assessing the motor coordination of children in China. As such, the KTK can be used to monitor the level of motor coordination in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Bao
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hyunshik Kim
- Faculty of Sports Education, Sendai University, Shibata‑machi, Japan
| | - Jiameng Ma
- Faculty of Sports Education, Sendai University, Shibata‑machi, Japan
| | - Ci Song
- Shanghai Datong High School, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yujun Cai
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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6
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Hulteen RM, Terlizzi B, Abrams TC, Sacko RS, De Meester A, Pesce C, Stodden DF. Reinvest to Assess: Advancing Approaches to Motor Competence Measurement Across the Lifespan. Sports Med 2023; 53:33-50. [PMID: 35997861 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of motor competence is a vital process to advancing knowledge in the field of motor development. As motor competence is being more widely linked to research in other academic domains (e.g., public health, neuroscience, behavioral health), it is imperative that measurement methodology and protocols are reproducible with high degrees of validity and reliability. When addressing the plethora of available assessments, mostly developed for youth populations, there are potential questions and concerns that need to be addressed and/or clarified. One of the most prominent issues is the lack of a lifespan measure of motor competence, which is at odds with the premise of the field of motor development-studying changes in motor behavior across the lifespan. We address six areas of concern in lifespan assessment which include: (1) lack of assessment feasibility for conducting research with large samples, (2) lack of accountability for cultural significance of skills assessed, (3) limited sensitivity and discriminatory capabilities of assessments, (4) developmental and ecological validity limitations, (5) a problematic definition of 'success' in skill performance, and (6) task complexity and adaptability limitations. It is important to critically analyze current assessment methodologies as it will help us to envision the development and application of potential new assessments through a more comprehensive lens. Ultimately, we propose that reinvesting in how we think about assessment will be highly beneficial for integrating motor development from a holistic perspective, impact scientific advancements in other developmental domains, and increase global and lifespan surveillance of motor competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hulteen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 2229 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA.
| | - Bryan Terlizzi
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - T Cade Abrams
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie Street, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
| | - An De Meester
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - David F Stodden
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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7
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The Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder for Iranian Youth: Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Covariates. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Körperkoordinations Test Für Kinder (KTK) and covariates of motor competence in a sample of Iranian children aged 5–14 years. Methods: Participants were children aged 5–14 years (N = 432, 61% boys). Age, sex, and body mass index were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to investigate the factorial structure of KTK and multigroup CFA carried out to test measurement invariance across sexes and age groups. In addition, we calculated a model with covariates to identify the association between KTK items with age, sex, and body mass index z score. Results: CFA supported the construct validity of a one-factor model with an appropriate fit indices that the four subtests loaded on the same factor namely motor competence. Furthermore, according to the magnitude of changes in root mean square error of approximation and comparative fit index between nested models, the assumption of KTK measurement invariance across age-groups and sex were valid. Finally, adequate fit indices were found for the multigroup CFA path model of KTK with the covariates sex, age, and body mass index z score. Conclusion: The KTK is a valid, reliable, and valuable instrument for assessing motor competence of Iranian children and adolescents.
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Spruijtenburg GE, van Abswoude F, Platvoet S, de Niet M, Bekhuis H, Steenbergen B. Factors Related to Adolescents' Participation in Organized Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15872. [PMID: 36497944 PMCID: PMC9735911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Participation in organized sports has important health benefits in adolescence, yet participation rates are concerning. A better understanding of factors influencing adolescents' participation in organized sports offers opportunities to improve participation rates. The aim of this study was to examine to what extent motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were associated with participation in organized sports in a sample of first-year secondary school students. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 386 Dutch adolescents (11-14 years) in October and November 2020. A series of multilevel logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of adolescents' participating in organized sports. First, we examined whether motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were independently associated with the likelihood of participation. Second, we examined whether these factors were concurrently associated with the likelihood of participation. When considered individually, motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were significantly associated with participation. When considered together, only motives were significantly associated with participation and the associations of all other factors with sport disappeared. These findings show the importance of motivation for participation in sports over other factors. These findings inform the development of interventions aimed at improving adolescents' participation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke van Abswoude
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Platvoet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Niet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Bekhuis
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) Scoring Method. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111769. [DOI: 10.3390/children9111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) is a quantitative test battery that assesses motor competence across the whole lifespan. It is composed of three sub-scales: locomotor, stability, and manipulative, each of them assessed by two different objectively measured tests. The MCA construct validity for children and adolescents, having normative values from 3 to 23 years of age, and the configural invariance between age groups, were recently established. The aim of this study is to expand the MCA’s development and validation by defining the best and leanest method to score and classify MCA sub-scales and total score. One thousand participants from 3 to 22 years of age, randomly selected from the Portuguese database on MC, participated in the study. Three different procedures to calculate the sub-scales and total MCA values were tested according to alternative models. Results were compared to the reference method, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Cronbach’s Alpha, and Bland–Altman statistics were used to describe agreement between the three methods. The analysis showed no substantial differences between the three methods. Reliability values were perfect (0.999 to 1.000) for all models, implying that all the methods were able to classify everyone in the same way. We recommend implementing the most economic and efficient algorithm, i.e., the configural model algorithm, averaging the percentile scores of the two tests to assess each MCA sub-scale and total scores.
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10
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Is Motor Coordination the Key to Success in Youth Cycling? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1489-1498. [PMID: 35894883 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the predictive value of a (non-)sport-specific test battery on the future success of young cyclists, test scores were compared with competition performances 2-3 years later. METHODS Three motor coordination, 5 physical performance, and 2 cycling-specific measurements were collected in 111 U15 (13.0-14.9 y) and 67 U17 (15.0-16.9 y) male road cyclists. In addition, maturity status, relative age, and competition history were assessed. National and provincial competition results 2-3 years later, in the U17year2 and U19year2 categories, were submitted to 2 separate 4-stage hierarchical regressions. RESULTS The results of the model of the U15 group revealed that maturity, relative age, competition history, motor coordination, physical performance, and cycling-specific performance accounted for 22.6% of the variance in competitive success. For the U15 category, only maturity and motor coordination were significant predictors of competitive success in the U17year2 category. Maturity and motor coordination each uniquely explained ±5% of the variance. However, for the U17 group-neither motor coordination, physical performance, nor cycling-specific performance could predict competitive success in the U19year2 category. CONCLUSIONS The current study underlines the importance of general motor coordination as a building block necessary for optimal development in youth cycling. However, considering the lack of predictive value from the U17 category onward, other features may determine further development of youth athletes. Nevertheless, it is questioned why athletes need to possess a minimum level of all physical, motor coordination, and cycling-specific characteristics to experience success and enjoyment in their sport.
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11
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Silva AF, Nobari H, Badicu G, Ceylan HI, Lima R, Lagoa MJ, Luz C, Clemente FM. Reliability levels of motor competence in youth athletes. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:430. [PMID: 35854239 PMCID: PMC9297583 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the reliability of the tests included in the motor competence assessment (MCA) battery and compare the effects of the number of trials per test. Thirty female volleyball players (14.6 ± 1.3 years of age) were tested. The participants performed two or three trials of each test. Intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated, and a paired sample t-test analyzed the variations between trials (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd). Results revealed a significant difference between the first and the second trials for jumping sideways [t(29) = -4.108, p < 0.01], standing long jump [t(29) = -3.643, p < 0.01], and shuttle run [t(29) = -3.139, p < 0.01]. No significant result was registered in the shifting platforms, ball throwing and kicking between the first and second trials. Hence, any difference was recorded between the second and third trial. High ICC values were registered in lateral jumps, among the three repetitions of ball kicking and ball throwing, and between the last two repetitions of shuttle run. Almost perfect values were recorded for the shifting platforms and standing long jump. Nevertheless, there seems to be a learning effect between the first and the second repetition-no differences were registered only considering the two manipulative tests. In conclusion, except for jumping sideways, the MCA tests are reliable and only need to be performed two times instead of three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 5619911367, Iran.
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500086, Brasov, Romania
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ricardo Lima
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Maria João Lagoa
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,University of Maia, UMAIA, Maia, Portugal
| | - Carlos Luz
- Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos Educacionais, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sport Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9070964. [PMID: 35883949 PMCID: PMC9319405 DOI: 10.3390/children9070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gross motor coordination (GMC) is essential for the development of specific motor skills and long-term participation in physical activities and sports. Group analysis reveals that, on average, children develop these skills gradually; however, how individuals develop GMC is less clear. The main aim of this study is to increase the understanding of developmental patterns within one school year, and whether children’s grade, gender, or baseline GMC proficiency are associated with these developmental patterns. In total, 2594 Dutch children aged 6−12 years performed the modified Körper Koordinations Test für Kinder (KTK3+) twice in one school year (autumn and spring). The KTK3+ includes four subtests: walking backwards, moving sideways, jumping sideways, and eye-hand coordination (EHC) test. On average, children developed significantly on all subtests (p < 0.001). At baseline, children in higher grades scored significantly higher than children in lower grades, and children in grades 5 and 6 (age 9 and 10 years) showed most development (raw scores on average, p < 0.001). Boys outperformed girls on EHC across all grades, whereas girls outperformed boys on walking backwards. Nevertheless, both boys and girls developed similarly. Children with lower scores at baseline developed more quickly across all grades. Noteworthy is that 12.1−24% (depending on the test item) of the children scored lower in the spring than in the autumn tests. On average, children develop their GMC; however, we report large differences in their individual trajectories and note that a substantial number did not show a positive GMC development. Further research should examine GMC development with more possible influencing factors as well as over a longer time span to better understand differences in children’s GMC development. This may result in more individualized programs in PE lessons, enabling children to optimally develop their GMC, and better use of GMC assessment tools to monitor children’s development.
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Giuriato M, Biino V, Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Palma A, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Gallotta MC, Schena F, Lanza M. Gross Motor Coordination: We Have a Problem! A Study With the Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder in Youth (6-13 Years). Front Pediatr 2021; 9:785990. [PMID: 34956988 PMCID: PMC8704119 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.785990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of our cross-sectional research was to determine the current values of gross motor coordination (GMC) of Italian boys and girls between 6 and 13 years of age. Secondary goals were to study gender differences, and the four subtests trend with ages. Results were compared with the references proposed by KTK authors and with similar searches. Anthropometric measurements and KTK data from 2,206 schoolchildren (girls: n = 1,050; boys: n = 1,156) were collected. The KTK raw score (RS) increased with the age of the subjects (r = 0.678; p < 0.001). In 11-13-year-old subjects, the increase in results is less than in younger subjects. RS showed differences by gender (F = 5.899; p = 0.015) and age (F = 269.193; p < 0.001) without interaction gender × age. Motor quotient (MQ) tended to decrease with age (r = -0.148; p < 0.001); it showed differences by gender (F = 79.228; p < 0.001), age (F = 14.217; p < 0.001), and an interaction gender × age (F = 2.249; p < 0.05). Boys showed better performance than did girls in the raw scores of three of four subtests (JS: F = 24.529; MS: F = 9.052; HH: F = 11.105). Girls show better performances than did boys in the WB (F = 14.52). Differences between genders make us believe it appropriate to maintain a differentiated standardization. RS increased with age, and it seems reasonable, therefore, to maintain a GMC age-based normalization. On the contrary, MQ tended to decrease. All this makes us speculate that today's young people accumulate less significant motor experiences over the years compared to those achieved by their peers in the 1970s. Italian data were lower than German references and Belgian results but slightly higher than the Brazilian ones. The comparison among these four searches confirmed a worrying downward trend in GMC and its characterization by geographical and sociocultural areas. Updated parameters of the KTK can provide helpful references to improve policies to support physical activity, sport, and physical education in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Unit of Molecular Biology, Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Valentina Biino
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,School University of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Lanza
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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