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Li Y, Song S, Chen B, Zhang Y, Sun T, Ma X, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang X. Deleting an xylosidase-encoding gene VdxyL3 increases growth and pathogenicity of Verticillium dahlia. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428780. [PMID: 39104581 PMCID: PMC11298495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Verticillium dahliae causes a devastating Verticillium wilt disease on hundreds of plant species worldwide, including cotton. Understanding the interaction mechanism between V. dahliae and its hosts is the prerequisite for developing effective strategies for disease prevention. Methods Here, based on the previous observation of an xylosidase-encoding gene (VdxyL3) in V. dahliae being obviously up-regulated after sensing root exudates from a cotton variety susceptible to this pathogen, we investigated the function of VdxyL3 in the growth and pathogenesis of V. dahliae by generating its deletion-mutant strains (ΔVdxyL3). Results Deleting VdxyL3 led to increased colony expansion rate, conidial production, mycelial growth, carbon and nitrogen utilization capacities, and enhanced stress tolerance and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. VdxyL3 is a secretory protein; however, VdxyL3 failed to induce cell death in N. benthamiana based on transient expression experiment. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1300 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between wild-type (Vd952) and ΔVdxyL3 during infection, including 348 DEGs encoding secretory proteins, among which contained 122 classical secreted proteins and 226 non-classical secreted proteins. It was notable that of the 122 classical secretory proteins, 50 were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and 58 were small cysteine rich proteins (SCRPs), which were required for the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. Conclusion The RNA-seq data thus potentially connected the genes encoding these proteins to the pathogenesis of V. dahliae. This study provides an experimental basis for further studies on the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton and the pathogenic mechanism of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shenglong Song
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Invasive Alien Species in Agriculture and Forestry of the North-western Desert Oasis (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Chaudhari AA, Sharma AM, Rastogi L, Dewangan BP, Sharma R, Singh D, Sah RK, Das S, Bhattacharjee S, Mellerowicz EJ, Pawar PAM. Modifying lignin composition and xylan O-acetylation induces changes in cell wall composition, extractability, and digestibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:73. [PMID: 38822388 PMCID: PMC11141020 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin and xylan are important determinants of cell wall structure and lignocellulosic biomass digestibility. Genetic manipulations that individually modify either lignin or xylan structure improve polysaccharide digestibility. However, the effects of their simultaneous modifications have not been explored in a similar context. Here, both individual and combinatorial modification in xylan and lignin was studied by analysing the effect on plant cell wall properties, biotic stress responses and integrity sensing. RESULTS Arabidopsis plant co-harbouring mutation in FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H) and overexpressing Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase (35S:AnAXE1) were generated and displayed normal growth attributes with intact xylem architecture. This fah1-2/35S:AnAXE1 cross was named as hyper G lignin and hypoacetylated (HrGHypAc) line. The HrGHypAc plants showed increased crystalline cellulose content with enhanced digestibility after chemical and enzymatic pre-treatment. Moreover, both parents and HrGHypAc without and after pre-treating with glucuronyl esterase and alpha glucuronidase exhibited an increase in xylose release after xylanase digestion as compared to wild type. The de-pectinated fraction in HrGHypAc displayed elevated levels of xylan and cellulose. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression in cell wall biosynthetic, transcription factors and wall-associated kinases genes implying the role of lignin and xylan modification on cellular regulatory processes. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous modification in xylan and lignin enhances cellulose content with improved saccharification efficiency. These modifications loosen cell wall complexity and hence resulted in enhanced xylose and xylobiose release with or without pretreatment after xylanase digestion in both parent and HrGHypAc. This study also revealed that the disruption of xylan and lignin structure is possible without compromising either growth and development or defense responses against Pseudomonas syringae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Anant Chaudhari
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Anant Mohan Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Lavi Rastogi
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhagwat Prasad Dewangan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Raunak Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Sah
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shouvik Das
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Prashant Anupama-Mohan Pawar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
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Liu X, Ma Z, Tran TM, Rautengarten C, Cheng Y, Yang L, Ebert B, Persson S, Miao Y. Balanced callose and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis quorum-sensing signaling and pattern-triggered immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:137-152. [PMID: 37647538 PMCID: PMC10756761 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is one of the most important physical barriers that phytopathogens must conquer to invade their hosts. This barrier is a dynamic structure that responds to pathogen infection through a complex network of immune receptors, together with CW-synthesizing and CW-degrading enzymes. Callose deposition in the primary CW is a well-known physical response to pathogen infection. Notably, callose and cellulose biosynthesis share an initial substrate, UDP-glucose, which is the main load-bearing component of the CW. However, how these 2 critical biosynthetic processes are balanced during plant-pathogen interactions remains unclear. Here, using 2 different pathogen-derived molecules, bacterial flagellin (flg22) and the diffusible signal factor (DSF) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, we show a negative correlation between cellulose and callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By quantifying the abundance of callose and cellulose under DSF or flg22 elicitation and characterizing the dynamics of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of these 2 polymers, we show that the balance of these 2 CW components is mediated by the activity of a β-1,3-glucanase (BG2). Our data demonstrate balanced cellulose and callose biosynthesis during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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da Camara N, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Proteome Analysis of Nicotiana tabacum Cells following Isonitrosoacetophenone Treatment Reveals Defence-Related Responses Associated with Priming. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1137. [PMID: 36903995 PMCID: PMC10005295 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play an essential regulatory role in the innate immune response of host plants following elicitation by either biotic or abiotic stresses. Isonitrosoacetophenone (INAP), an unusual oxime-containing stress metabolite, has been investigated as a chemical inducer of plant defence responses. Both transcriptomic and metabolomic studies of various INAP-treated plant systems have provided substantial insight into this compound's defence-inducing and priming capabilities. To complement previous 'omics' work in this regard, a proteomic approach of time-dependent responses to INAP was followed. As such, Nicotiana tabacum (N. tabacum) cell suspensions were induced with INAP and changes monitored over a 24-h period. Protein isolation and proteome analysis at 0, 8, 16 and 24 h post-treatment were performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by the gel-free eight-plex isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Of the identified differentially abundant proteins, 125 were determined to be significant and further investigated. INAP treatment elicited changes to the proteome that affected proteins from a wide range of functional categories: defence, biosynthesis, transport, DNA and transcription, metabolism and energy, translation and signalling and response regulation. The possible roles of the differentially synthesised proteins in these functional classes are discussed. Results indicate up-regulated defence-related activity within the investigated time period, further highlighting a role for proteomic changes in priming as induced by INAP treatment.
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Ibarra-Laclette E, Venancio-Rodríguez CA, Vásquez-Aguilar AA, Alonso-Sánchez AG, Pérez-Torres CA, Villafán E, Ramírez-Barahona S, Galicia S, Sosa V, Rebollar EA, Lara C, González-Rodríguez A, Díaz-Fleisher F, Ornelas JF. Transcriptional Basis for Haustorium Formation and Host Establishment in Hemiparasitic Psittacanthus schiedeanus Mistletoes. Front Genet 2022; 13:929490. [PMID: 35769994 PMCID: PMC9235361 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mistletoe Psittacanthus schiedeanus, a keystone species in interaction networks between plants, pollinators, and seed dispersers, infects a wide range of native and non-native tree species of commercial interest. Here, using RNA-seq methodology we assembled the whole circularized quadripartite structure of P. schiedeanus chloroplast genome and described changes in the gene expression of the nuclear genomes across time of experimentally inoculated seeds. Of the 140,467 assembled and annotated uniGenes, 2,000 were identified as differentially expressed (DEGs) and were classified in six distinct clusters according to their expression profiles. DEGs were also classified in enriched functional categories related to synthesis, signaling, homoeostasis, and response to auxin and jasmonic acid. Since many orthologs are involved in lateral or adventitious root formation in other plant species, we propose that in P. schiedeanus (and perhaps in other rootless mistletoe species), these genes participate in haustorium formation by complex regulatory networks here described. Lastly, and according to the structural similarities of P. schiedeanus enzymes with those that are involved in host cell wall degradation in fungi, we suggest that a similar enzymatic arsenal is secreted extracellularly and used by mistletoes species to easily parasitize and break through tissues of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
- Investigador por Mexico-CONACyT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Villafán
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ramírez-Barahona
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sonia Galicia
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Biología Evolutiva, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Biología Evolutiva, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Eria A. Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carlos Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Morelia, Mexico
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Coexpression of Fungal Cell Wall-Modifying Enzymes Reveals Their Additive Impact on Arabidopsis Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101070. [PMID: 34681168 PMCID: PMC8533531 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we created transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two fungal acetylesterases and a fungal feruloylesterase that acts on cell wall polysaccharides and studied their possible complementary additive effects on host defense reactions against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Our results showed that the Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two acetylesterases together contributed significantly higher resistance to B. cinerea in comparison with single protein expression. Conversely, coexpression of either of the acetyl esterases together with feruloylesterase compensates the latter’s negative impact on plant resistance. The results also provided evidence that combinatorial coexpression of some cell wall polysaccharide-modifying enzymes might exert an additive effect on plant immune response by constitutively priming plant defense pathways even before pathogen invasion. These findings have potential uses in protecting valuable crops against pathogens. Abstract The plant cell wall (CW) is an outer cell skeleton that plays an important role in plant growth and protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Signals and molecules produced during host–pathogen interactions have been proven to be involved in plant stress responses initiating signal pathways. Based on our previous research findings, the present study explored the possibility of additively or synergistically increasing plant stress resistance by stacking beneficial genes. In order to prove our hypothesis, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing three different Aspergillus nidulans CW-modifying enzymes: a xylan acetylesterase, a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase and a feruloylesterase. The two acetylesterases were expressed either together or in combination with the feruloylesterase to study the effect of CW polysaccharide deacetylation and deferuloylation on Arabidopsis defense reactions against a fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing two acetylesterases together showed higher CW deacetylation and increased resistance to B. cinerea in comparison to wild-type (WT) Col-0 and plants expressing single acetylesterases. While the expression of feruloylesterase alone compromised plant resistance, coexpression of feruloylesterase together with either one of the two acetylesterases restored plant resistance to the pathogen. These CW modifications induced several defense-related genes in uninfected healthy plants, confirming their impact on plant resistance. These results demonstrated that coexpression of complementary CW-modifying enzymes in different combinations have an additive effect on plant stress response by constitutively priming the plant defense pathways. These findings might be useful for generating valuable crops with higher protections against biotic stresses.
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The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179359. [PMID: 34502268 PMCID: PMC8431085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.
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Tsitsekian D, Daras G, Karamanou K, Templalexis D, Koudounas K, Malliarakis D, Koufakis T, Chatzopoulos D, Goumas D, Ntoukakis V, Hatzopoulos P, Rigas S. Clavibacter michiganensis Downregulates Photosynthesis and Modifies Monolignols Metabolism Revealing a Crosstalk with Tomato Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8442. [PMID: 34445148 PMCID: PMC8395114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial canker disease in tomato, affecting crop yield and fruit quality. To understand how tomato plants respond, the dynamic expression profile of host genes was analyzed upon Cmm infection. Symptoms of bacterial canker became evident from the third day. As the disease progressed, the bacterial population increased in planta, reaching the highest level at six days and remained constant till the twelfth day post inoculation. These two time points were selected for transcriptomics. A progressive down-regulation of key genes encoding for components of the photosynthetic apparatus was observed. Two temporally separated defense responses were observed, which were to an extent interdependent. During the primary response, genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were diverted towards the synthesis of monolignols away from S-lignin. In dicots, lignin polymers mainly consist of G- and S-units, playing an important role in defense. The twist towards G-lignin enrichment is consistent with previous findings, highlighting a response to generate an early protective barrier and to achieve a tight interplay between lignin recomposition and the primary defense response mechanism. Upon progression of Cmm infection, the temporal deactivation of phenylpropanoids coincided with the upregulation of genes that belong in a secondary response mechanism, supporting an elegant reprogramming of the host transcriptome to establish a robust defense apparatus and suppress pathogen invasion. This high-throughput analysis reveals a dynamic reorganization of plant defense mechanisms upon bacterial infection to implement an array of barriers preventing pathogen invasion and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikran Tsitsekian
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantina Karamanou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Dimitris Templalexis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Dimitris Malliarakis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology-Bacteriology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklio, Greece; (D.M.); (D.G.)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Goumas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology-Bacteriology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklio, Greece; (D.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
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De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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11
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Vega-Muñoz I, Duran-Flores D, Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Heyman J, Ritter A, Stael S. Breaking Bad News: Dynamic Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610445. [PMID: 33363562 PMCID: PMC7752953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular pathways of wound recognition and response. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the fate of damaged cells and damage recognition in plants. Damaged cells release the so-called damage associated molecular patterns to warn the surrounding tissue. Local signaling through calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones, such as jasmonic acid, activates defense gene expression and local reinforcement of cell walls to seal off the wound and prevent evaporation and pathogen colonization. Depending on the severity of damage, Ca2+, ROS, and electrical signals can also spread throughout the plant to elicit a systemic defense response. Special emphasis is placed on the spatiotemporal dimension in order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of wound signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Dalia Duran-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Sun A, Yu B, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Yang J, Sun Y, Qin P, Jia T, Smeekens S, Teng S. MYC2-Activated TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE37 Acetylates Cell Walls and Enhances Herbivore Resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1083-1096. [PMID: 32732351 PMCID: PMC7536677 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetylation of polysaccharides predominantly modifies plant cell walls by changing the physicochemical properties and, consequently, the structure and function of the cell wall. Expression regulation and specific function of cell wall-acetylating enzymes remain to be fully understood. In this report, we cloned a previously identified stunted growth mutant named sucrose uncoupled1 (sun1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). SUN1 encodes a member of the TRICHOME BIREFRINGEN-LIKE family, AtTBL37 AtTBL37 is highly expressed in fast-growing plant tissues and encodes a Golgi apparatus-localized protein that regulates secondary cell wall thickening and acetylation. In sun1, jasmonate signaling and expression of downstream chemical defense genes, including VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 and BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINOTRANSFERASE4, are increased but, unexpectedly, sun1 is more susceptible to insect feeding. The central transcription factor in jasmonate signaling, MYC2, binds to and induces AtTBL37 expression. MYC2 also promotes the expression of many other TBLs Moreover, MYC activity enhances cell wall acetylation. Overexpression of AtTBL37 in the myc2-2 background reduces herbivore feeding. Our study highlights the role of O-acetylation in controlling plant cell wall properties, plant development, and herbivore defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Sun
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Qin
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sjef Smeekens
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sheng Teng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Lee S, Kim MH, Lee JH, Jeon J, Kwak JM, Kim YJ. Glycosyltransferase-Like RSE1 Negatively Regulates Leaf Senescence Through Salicylic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 32499801 PMCID: PMC7242760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process designed for nutrient recycling and relocation to maximize growth competence and reproductive capacity of plants. Thus, plants integrate developmental and environmental signals to precisely control senescence. To genetically dissect the complex regulatory mechanism underlying leaf senescence, we identified an early leaf senescence mutant, rse1. RSE1 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase. Loss-of-function mutations in RSE1 resulted in precocious leaf yellowing and up-regulation of senescence marker genes, indicating enhanced leaf senescence. Transcriptome analysis revealed that salicylic acid (SA) and defense signaling cascades were up-regulated in rse1 prior to the onset of leaf senescence. We found that SA accumulation was significantly increased in rse1. The rse1 phenotypes are dependent on SA-INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2), supporting a role of SA in accelerated leaf senescence in rse1. Furthermore, RSE1 protein was localized to the cell wall, implying a possible link between the cell wall and RSE1 function. Together, we show that RSE1 negatively modulates leaf senescence through an SID2-dependent SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulbee Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun Ju Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Narváez-Barragán DA, Tovar-Herrera OE, Torres M, Rodríguez M, Humphris S, Toth IK, Segovia L, Serrano M, Martínez-Anaya C. Expansin-like Exl1 from Pectobacterium is a virulence factor required for host infection, and induces a defence plant response involving ROS, and jasmonate, ethylene and salicylic acid signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7747. [PMID: 32385404 PMCID: PMC7210985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansins are encoded by some phytopathogenic bacteria and evidence indicates that they act as virulence factors for host infection. Here we analysed the expression of exl1 by Pectobacterium brasiliense and Pectobacterium atrosepticum. In both, exl1 gene appears to be under quorum sensing control, and protein Exl1 can be observed in culture medium and during plant infection. Expression of exl1 correlates with pathogen virulence, where symptoms are reduced in a Δexl1 mutant strain of P. atrosepticum. As well as Δexl1 exhibiting less maceration of potato plants, fewer bacteria are observed at distance from the inoculation site. However, bacteria infiltrated into the plant tissue are as virulent as the wild type, suggesting that this is due to alterations in the initial invasion of the tissue. Additionally, swarming from colonies grown on MacConkey soft agar was delayed in the mutant in comparison to the wild type. We found that Exl1 acts on the plant tissue, probably by remodelling of a cell wall component or altering the barrier properties of the cell wall inducing a plant defence response, which results in the production of ROS and the induction of marker genes of the JA, ET and SA signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exl1 inactive mutants fail to trigger such responses. This defence response is protective against Pectobacterium brasiliense and Botrytis cinerea in more than one plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia A Narváez-Barragán
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Omar E Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62110, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mabel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sonia Humphris
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ian K Toth
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Lorenzo Segovia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62110, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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15
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Wei C, Amo A, Ahmed B, Yang X, Zhang X. Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040312. [PMID: 32340374 PMCID: PMC7238016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of an enormous array of compounds based on the few intermediates of the shikimate pathway in response to cell wall breaches by pathogens. The whole metabolomic pathway is a complex network regulated by multiple gene families and it exhibits refined regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The pathway genes are involved in the production of anti-microbial compounds as well as signaling molecules. The engineering in the metabolic pathway has led to a new plant defense system of which various mechanisms have been proposed including salicylic acid and antimicrobial mediated compounds. In recent years, some key players like phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from the phenylpropanoid pathway are proposed to have broad spectrum disease resistance (BSR) without yield penalties. Now we have more evidence than ever, yet little understanding about the pathway-based genes that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction of phenylpropanoid defenses in response to microbial attack. It is not astonishing that mutants of pathway regulator genes can show conflicting results. Therefore, precise engineering of the pathway is an interesting strategy to aim at profitably tailored plants. Here, this review portrays the current progress and challenges for phenylpropanoid pathway-based resistance from the current prospective to provide a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8708-2613
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16
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Shanmukhan AP, Mathew MM, Radhakrishnan D, Aiyaz M, Prasad K. Regrowing the damaged or lost body parts. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:117-127. [PMID: 31962252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants display extraordinary ability to revive tissues and organs lost or damaged in injury. This is evident from the root tip restoration and classical experiments in stem demonstrating re-establishment of vascular continuity. While recent studies have begun to unravel the mechanistic understanding of tissue restoration in response to injury in underground plant organs, the molecular mechanisms of the same in aerial organs remain to be ventured deeper. Here, we discuss the possibility of unearthing the regulatory mechanism that can confer universal regeneration potential to plant body and further provide a comprehensive understanding of how tissue and organ regeneration gets triggered in response to mechanical injury and later gets terminated after re-patterning and regaining the appropriate size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mabel Maria Mathew
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Dhanya Radhakrishnan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India.
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17
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Alova A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Bibikova T, Korchev Y, Majouga A, Bulychev A. Prolonged oxygen depletion in microwounded cells of Chara corallina detected with novel oxygen nanosensors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:386-398. [PMID: 31563950 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary physicochemical steps in microwounding of plants were investigated using electrochemical nano- and microprobes, with a focus on the role of oxygen in the wounding responses of individual plant cells. Electrochemical measurements of cell oxygen content were made with carbon-filled quartz micropipettes with platinum-coated tips (oxygen nanosensors). These novel platinum nanoelectrodes are useful for understanding cell oxygen metabolism and can be employed to study the redox biochemistry and biology of cells, tissues and organisms. We show here that microinjury of Chara corallina internodal cells with the tip of a glass micropipette is associated with a drastic decrease in oxygen concentration at the vicinity of the stimulation site. This decrease is reversible and lasts for up to 40 minutes. Membrane stretching, calcium influx, and cytoskeleton rearrangements were found to be essential for the localized oxygen depletion induced by cell wall microwounding. Inhibition of electron transport in chloroplasts or mitochondria did not affect the magnitude or timing of the observed response. In contrast, the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity caused a significant reduction in the amplitude of the decrease in oxygen concentration. We suggest that the observed creation of localized anoxic conditions in response to cell wall puncture might be mediated by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, Moscow, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology 'MISIS', Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Gorelkin
- Medical Nanotechnology LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Bibikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Bulychev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Wang G, Xu J, Li L, Guo Z, Si Q, Zhu G, Wang X, Guo W. GbCYP86A1-1 from Gossypium barbadense positively regulates defence against Verticillium dahliae by cell wall modification and activation of immune pathways. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:222-238. [PMID: 31207065 PMCID: PMC6920168 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Suberin acts as stress-induced antipathogen barrier in the root cell wall. CYP86A1 encodes cytochrome P450 fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, which has been reported to be a key enzyme for suberin biosynthesis; however, its role in resistance to fungi and the mechanisms related to immune responses remain unknown. Here, we identified a disease resistance-related gene, GbCYP86A1-1, from Gossypium barbadense cv. Hai7124. There were three homologs of GbCYP86A1 in cotton, which are specifically expressed in roots and induced by Verticillium dahliae. Among them, GbCYP86A1-1 contributed the most significantly to resistance. Silencing of GbCYP86A1-1 in Hai7124 resulted in severely compromised resistance to V. dahliae, while heterologous overexpression of GbCYP86A1-1 in Arabidopsis improved tolerance. Tissue sections showed that the roots of GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic Arabidopsis had more suberin accumulation and significantly higher C16-C18 fatty acid content than control. Transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of GbCYP86A1-1 not only affected lipid biosynthesis in roots, but also activated the disease-resistant immune pathway; genes encoding the receptor-like kinases (RLKs), receptor-like proteins (RLPs), hormone-related transcription factors, and pathogenesis-related protein genes (PRs) were more highly expressed in the GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic line than control. Furthermore, we found that when comparing V. dahliae -inoculated and noninoculated plants, few differential genes related to disease immunity were detected in the GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic line; however, a large number of resistance genes were activated in the control. This study highlights the role of GbCYP86A1-1 in the defence against fungi and its underlying molecular immune mechanisms in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Lechen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Qingxin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Guozhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
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19
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Hoermayer L, Friml J. Targeted cell ablation-based insights into wound healing and restorative patterning. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:124-130. [PMID: 31585333 PMCID: PMC6900583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms are constantly under attack by herbivores, rough environmental situations, or mechanical pressure. These challenges often lead to the induction of wounds or destruction of already specified and developed tissues. Additionally, wounding makes plants vulnerable to invasion by pathogens, which is why wound signalling often triggers specific defence responses. To stay competitive or, eventually, survive under these circumstances, plants need to regenerate efficiently, which in rigid, tissue migration-incompatible plant tissues requires post-embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Now, several studies used laser-assisted single cell ablation in the Arabidopsis root tip as a minimal wounding proxy. Here, we discuss their findings and put them into context of a broader spectrum of wound signalling, pathogen responses and tissue as well as organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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20
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Elhasi T, Blomberg A. Integrins in disguise - mechanosensors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as functional integrin analogues. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:335-355. [PMID: 31404395 PMCID: PMC6685044 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.08.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense external mechanical stimuli is vital for all organisms. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate bidirectional signalling between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton in animals. Thus, integrins can sense changes in ECM mechanics and can translate these into internal biochemical responses through different signalling pathways. In the model yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are no proteins with sequence similarity to mammalian integrins. However, we here emphasise that the WSC-type (Wsc1, Wsc2, and Wsc3) and the MID-type (Mid2 and Mtl1) mechanosensors in yeast act as partial functional integrin analogues. Various environmental cues recognised by these mechanosensors are transmitted by a conserved signal transduction cascade commonly referred to as the PKC1-SLT1 cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. We exemplify the WSC- and MID-type mechanosensors functional analogy to integrins with a number of studies where they resemble the integrins in terms of both mechanistic and molecular features as well as in the overall phenotypic consequences of their activity. In addition, many important components in integrin-dependent signalling in humans are conserved in yeast; for example, Sla1 and Sla2 are homologous to different parts of human talin, and we propose that they together might be functionally similar to talin. We also propose that the yeast cell wall is a prominent cellular feature involved in sensing a number of external factors and subsequently activating different signalling pathways. In a hypothetical model, we propose that nutrient limitations modulate cell wall elasticity, which is sensed by the mechanosensors and results in filamentous growth. We believe that mechanosensing is a somewhat neglected aspect of yeast biology, and we argue that the physiological and molecular consequences of signal transduction initiated at the cell wall deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Elhasi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Li H, Wang H, Jing M, Zhu J, Guo B, Wang Y, Lin Y, Chen H, Kong L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Tyler B, Wang Y. A Phytophthora effector recruits a host cytoplasmic transacetylase into nuclear speckles to enhance plant susceptibility. eLife 2018; 7:e40039. [PMID: 30346270 PMCID: PMC6249003 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete host cell-entering effector proteins to manipulate host immunity during infection. We previously showed that PsAvh52, an early-induced RxLR effector secreted from the soybean root rot pathogen, Phytophthora sojae, could suppress plant immunity. Here, we found that PsAvh52 is required for full virulence on soybean and binds to a novel soybean transacetylase, GmTAP1, in vivo and in vitro. PsAvh52 could cause GmTAP1 to relocate into the nucleus where GmTAP1 could acetylate histones H2A and H3 during early infection, thereby promoting susceptibility to P. sojae. In the absence of PsAvh52, GmTAP1 remained confined to the cytoplasm and did not modify plant susceptibility. These results demonstrate that GmTAP1 is a susceptibility factor that is hijacked by PsAvh52 in order to promote epigenetic modifications that enhance the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Jinyi Zhu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yachun Lin
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Brett Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and BiocomputingOregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
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22
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Gallego-Giraldo L, Posé S, Pattathil S, Peralta AG, Hahn MG, Ayre BG, Sunuwar J, Hernandez J, Patel M, Shah J, Rao X, Knox JP, Dixon RA. Elicitors and defense gene induction in plants with altered lignin compositions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1235-1251. [PMID: 29949660 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in the lignin content in transgenic plants induces the ectopic expression of defense genes, but the importance of altered lignin composition in such phenomena remains unclear. Two Arabidopsis lines with similar lignin contents, but strikingly different lignin compositions, exhibited different quantitative and qualitative transcriptional responses. Plants with lignin composed primarily of guaiacyl units overexpressed genes responsive to oomycete and bacterial pathogen attack, whereas plants with lignin composed primarily of syringyl units expressed a far greater number of defense genes, including some associated with cis-jasmone-mediated responses to aphids; these plants exhibited altered responsiveness to bacterial and aphid inoculation. Several of the defense genes were differentially induced by water-soluble extracts from cell walls of plants of the two lines. Glycome profiling, fractionation and enzymatic digestion studies indicated that the different lignin compositions led to differential extractability of a range of heterogeneous oligosaccharide epitopes, with elicitor activity originating from different cell wall polymers. Alteration of lignin composition affects interactions with plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides to alter the sequestration of multiple latent defense signal molecules with an impact on biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gallego-Giraldo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Sara Posé
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Angelo Gabriel Peralta
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Janak Sunuwar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Monika Patel
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - J Paul Knox
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Center for Biotechnology Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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23
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Engelsdorf T, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Veerabagu M, McKenna JF, Vaahtera L, Augstein F, Van der Does D, Zipfel C, Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance and immune signaling systems cooperate to control stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/536/eaao3070. [PMID: 29945884 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell walls surround all plant cells, and their composition and structure are modified in a tightly controlled, adaptive manner to meet sometimes opposing functional requirements during growth and development. The plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism controls these functional modifications, as well as responses to cell wall damage (CWD). We investigated how the CWI system mediates responses to CWD in Arabidopsis thaliana CWD induced by cell wall-degrading enzymes or an inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis elicited similar, turgor-sensitive stress responses. Phenotypic clustering with 27 genotypes identified a core group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and ion channels required for the activation of CWD responses. A genetic analysis showed that the RLK FEI2 and the plasma membrane-localized mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel MCA1 functioned downstream of the RLK THE1 in CWD perception. In contrast, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling components, including the receptors for plant elicitor peptides (AtPeps) PEPR1 and PEPR2, repressed responses to CWD. CWD induced the expression of PROPEP1 and PROPEP3, which encode the precursors of AtPep1 and AtPep3, and the release of PROPEP3 into the growth medium. Application of AtPep1 and AtPep3 repressed CWD-induced phytohormone accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that AtPep-mediated signaling suppresses CWD-induced defense responses controlled by the CWI mechanism. This suppression was alleviated when PTI signaling downstream of PEPR1 and PEPR2 was impaired. Defense responses controlled by the CWI maintenance mechanism might thus compensate to some extent for the loss of PTI signaling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manikandan Veerabagu
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joseph F McKenna
- Department of Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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24
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Kijpornyongpan T, Mondo SJ, Barry K, Sandor L, Lee J, Lipzen A, Pangilinan J, LaButti K, Hainaut M, Henrissat B, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Aime MC. Broad Genomic Sampling Reveals a Smut Pathogenic Ancestry of the Fungal Clade Ustilaginomycotina. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:1840-1854. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Mondo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Laura Sandor
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Juna Lee
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | | | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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25
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Ajengui A, Bertolini E, Ligorio A, Chebil S, Ippolito A, Sanzani SM. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two citrus germplasms with contrasting susceptibility to Phytophthora nicotianae provides new insights into tolerance mechanisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:483-499. [PMID: 29290008 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Host perception of Phytophthora nicotianae switching to necrotrophy is fundamental for disease tolerance of citrus. It involves an HR-like response, strengthening of the cell wall structure and hormonal signaling. Stem rot caused by P. nicotianae is a worldwide disease of several important crops, including citrus. Given the growing awareness of chemical fungicides drawbacks, genetic improvement of citrus rootstocks remains the best alternative. However, the molecular basis underlying the successful response of resistant and/or tolerant genotypes remains poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to examine the differential defense response to P. nicotianae of two germplasms-tolerant sour orange (SO, Citrus aurantium) and susceptible Madam Vinous (MV, C. sinensis)-in both the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of host-pathogen interaction. Our results revealed the necrotrophic phase as a decisive turning point, since it included stronger modulation of a number of genes implicated in pathogen perception, signal transduction, HR-like response, transcriptional reprogramming, hormone signaling, and cell wall modifications. In particular, the pathogen perception category reflected the ability of SO to perceive the pathogen even after its switch to necrotrophy, and thus to cope successfully with the infection, while MV failed. The concomitant changes in genes involved in the remaining functional categories seemed to prevent pathogen spread. This investigation provided further understanding of the successful defense mechanisms of C. aurantium against P. nicotianae, which might be exploited in post-genomic strategies to develop resistant Citrus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Ajengui
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Ligorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Samir Chebil
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Marianna Sanzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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26
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Miedes E, Molina A. Plant cell wall-mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:614-636. [PMID: 29266460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Ruiz C, Nadal A, Foix L, Montesinos L, Montesinos E, Pla M. Diversity of plant defense elicitor peptides within the Rosaceae. BMC Genet 2018; 19:11. [PMID: 29361905 PMCID: PMC5782389 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are endogenous molecules that induce and amplify the first line of inducible plant defense, known as pattern-triggered immunity, contributing to protect plants against attack by bacteria, fungi and herbivores. Pep topic application and transgenic expression have been found to enhance disease resistance in a small number of model plant-pathogen systems. The action of Peps relies on perception by specific receptors, so displaying a family-specific activity. Recently, the presence and activity of Peps within the Rosaceae has been demonstrated. Here we characterized the population of Pep sequences within the economically important plant family of Rosaceae, with special emphasis on the Amygdaleae and Pyreae tribes, which include the most relevant edible species such as apple, pear and peach, and numerous ornamental and wild species (e.g. photinia, firethorn and hawthorn). RESULTS The systematic experimental search for Pep and the corresponding precursor PROPEP sequences within 36 Amygdaleae and Pyreae species, and 100 cultivars had a highly homogeneous pattern, with two tribe-specific Pep types per plant, i.e. Pep1 and Pep2 (Amygdaleae) or Pep3 and Pep4 (Pyreae). Pep2 and Pep3 are highly conserved, reaching identity percentages similar to those of genes used in plant phylogenetic analyses, while Pep1 and Pep4 are somewhat more variable, with similar values to the corresponding PROPEPs. In contrast to Pep3 and Pep4, Pep1 and Pep2 sequences of different species paralleled their phylogenetic relationships, and putative ancestor sequences were identified. The large amount of sequences allowed refining of a C-terminal consensus sequence that would support the protective activity of Pep1-4 in a Prunus spp. and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni system. Moreover, tribe-specific consensus sequences were deduced at the center and C-terminal regions of Peps, which might explain the higher protection efficiencies described upon topic treatments with Peps from the same tribe. CONCLUSIONS The present study substantially enhances the knowledge on Peps within the Amygdaleae and Pyreae species. It can be the basis to design and fine-tune new control tools against important plant pathogens affecting Prunus, Pyrus and Malus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Foix
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003, Girona, Spain.
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28
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Balagué C, Gouget A, Bouchez O, Souriac C, Haget N, Boutet‐Mercey S, Govers F, Roby D, Canut H. The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase LecRK-I.9 is required for full resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:937-948. [PMID: 27399963 PMCID: PMC6638305 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
On microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. For the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. Cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. Here, the function of LecRK-I.9 (At5g60300), a legume-type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall-plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular ATP (eATP) perception, was studied through biochemical, gene expression and reverse genetics approaches. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LecRK-I.9 expression is rapidly, highly and locally induced on inoculation with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Two allelic lecrk-I.9 knock-out mutants showed decreased resistance to Pst. Conversely, over-expression of LecRK-I.9 led to increased resistance to Pst. The analysis of defence gene expression suggests an alteration of both the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways. In particular, LecRK-I.9 expression during plant-pathogen interaction was dependent on COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1) and JAR1 (JASMONATE RESISTANT 1) components, and JA-responsive transcription factors (TFs) showed altered levels of expression in plants over-expressing LecRK-I.9. A similar misregulation of these TFs was obtained by JA treatment. This study identified LecRK-I.9 as necessary for full resistance to Pst and demonstrated its involvement in the control of defence against pathogens through a regulation of JA signalling components. The role of LecRK-I.9 is discussed with regard to the potential molecular mechanisms linking JA signalling to cell wall damage and/or eATP perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Balagué
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Anne Gouget
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Camille Souriac
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Nathalie Haget
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet‐Mercey
- AgroParisTechInstitut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant ScienceVersailles78000France
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyPlant Sciences Group, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB6708the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Roby
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Hervé Canut
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
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Plant Lectins and Lectin Receptor-Like Kinases: How Do They Sense the Outside? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061164. [PMID: 28561754 PMCID: PMC5485988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are fundamental to plant life and have important roles in cell-to-cell communication; development and defence strategies. At the cell surface; lectins are present both as soluble proteins (LecPs) and as chimeric proteins: lectins are then the extracellular domains of receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LecRLPs). In this review; we first describe the domain architectures of proteins harbouring G-type; L-type; LysM and malectin carbohydrate-binding domains. We then focus on the functions of LecPs; LecRLKs and LecRLPs referring to the biological processes they are involved in and to the ligands they recognize. Together; LecPs; LecRLKs and LecRLPs constitute versatile recognition systems at the cell surface contributing to the detection of symbionts and pathogens; and/or involved in monitoring of the cell wall structure and cell growth.
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Cao Y, Zhai J, Wang Q, Yuan H, Huang X. Function of Hevea brasiliensis NAC1 in dehydration-induced laticifer differentiation and latex biosynthesis. PLANTA 2017; 245:31-44. [PMID: 27544199 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSIONS HbNAC1 is a transcription factor in rubber plants whose expression is induced by dehydration, leading to latex biosynthesis. Laticifer is a special tissue in Hevea brasiliensis where natural rubber is biosynthesized and accumulated. In young stems of epicormic shoots, the differentiation of secondary laticifers can be induced by wounding, which can be prevented when the wounding site is wrapped. Using this system, differentially expressed genes were screened by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and macroarray analyses. This led to the identification of several dehydration-related genes that could be involved in laticifer differentiation and/or latex biosynthesis, including a NAC transcription factor (termed as HbNAC1). Tissue sections confirmed that local tissue dehydration was a key signal for laticifer differentiation. HbNAC1 was localized at the nucleus and showed strong transcriptional activity in yeast, suggesting that HbNAC1 is a transcription factor. Furthermore, HbNAC1 was found to bind to the cis-element CACG in the promoter region of the gene encoding the small rubber particle protein (SRPP). Transgenic experiments also confirmed that HbNAC1 interacted with the SRPP promoter when co-expressed, and enhanced expression of the reporter gene β-glucuronidase occurred in planta. In addition, overexpression of HbNAC1 in tobacco plants conferred drought tolerance. Together, the data suggest that HbNAC1 might be involved in dehydration-induced laticifer differentiation and latex biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Cao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Zhai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichao Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Melnyk CW. Plant grafting: insights into tissue regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:3-14. [PMID: 28316790 PMCID: PMC5350079 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plants together through a process known as grafting. The severed tissues adhere, the cells divide and the vasculature differentiates through a remarkable process of regeneration between two genetically distinct organisms as they become one. Grafting is becoming increasingly important in horticulture where it provides an efficient means for asexual propagation. Grafting also combines desirable roots and shoots to generate chimeras that are more vigorous, more pathogen resistant and more abiotic stress resistant. Thus, it presents an elegant and efficient way to improve plant productivity in vegetables and trees using traditional techniques. Despite this horticultural importance, we are only beginning to understand how plants regenerate tissues at the graft junction. By understanding grafting better, we can shed light on fundamental regeneration pathways and the basis for self/non‐self recognition. We can also better understand why many plants efficiently graft whereas others cannot, with the goal of improving grafting so as to broaden the range of grafted plants to create even more desirable chimeras. Here, I review the latest findings describing how plants graft and provide insight into future directions in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Melnyk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory University of Cambridge Bateman Street Cambridge CB2 1LR United Kingdom
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32
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The Late S-Phase Transcription Factor Hcm1 Is Regulated through Phosphorylation by the Cell Wall Integrity Checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:941-53. [PMID: 26729465 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00952-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall integrity (CWI) checkpoint in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae coordinates cell wall construction and cell cycle progression. In this study, we showed that the regulation of Hcm1, a late-S-phase transcription factor, arrests the cell cycle via the cell wall integrity checkpoint. Although the HCM1 mRNA level remained unaffected when the cell wall integrity checkpoint was induced, the protein level decreased. The overproduction of Hcm1 resulted in the failure of the cell wall integrity checkpoint. We identified 39 Hcm1 phosphorylation sites, including 26 novel sites, by tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A mutational analysis revealed that phosphorylation of Hcm1 at S61, S65, and S66 is required for the proper onset of the cell wall integrity checkpoint by regulating the timely decrease in its protein level. Hyperactivation of the CWI mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway significantly reduced the Hcm1 protein level, and the deletion of CWI MAPK Slt2 resulted in a failure to decrease Hcm1 protein levels in response to stress, suggesting that phosphorylation is regulated by CWI MAPK. In conclusion, we suggest that Hcm1 is regulated negatively by the cell wall integrity checkpoint through timely phosphorylation and degradation under stress to properly control budding yeast proliferation.
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Mattei B, Spinelli F, Pontiggia D, De Lorenzo G. Comprehensive Analysis of the Membrane Phosphoproteome Regulated by Oligogalacturonides in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1107. [PMID: 27532006 PMCID: PMC4969306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Early changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana membrane phosphoproteome in response to oligogalacturonides (OGs), a class of plant damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), were analyzed by two complementary proteomic approaches. Differentially phosphorylated sites were determined through phosphopeptide enrichment followed by LC-MS/MS using label-free quantification; differentially phosphorylated proteins were identified by 2D-DIGE combined with phospho-specific fluorescent staining (phospho-DIGE). This large-scale phosphoproteome analysis of early OG-signaling enabled us to determine 100 regulated phosphosites using LC-MS/MS and 46 differential spots corresponding to 34 pdhosphoproteins using phospho-DIGE. Functional classification showed that the OG-responsive phosphoproteins include kinases, phosphatases and receptor-like kinases, heat shock proteins (HSPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, proteins related to cellular trafficking, transport, defense and signaling as well as novel candidates for a role in immunity, for which elicitor-induced phosphorylation changes have not been shown before. A comparison with previously identified elicitor-regulated phosphosites shows only a very limited overlap, uncovering the immune-related regulation of 70 phosphorylation sites and revealing novel potential players in the regulation of elicitor-dependent immunity.
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34
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Johnsen HR, Striberny B, Olsen S, Vidal-Melgosa S, Fangel JU, Willats WGT, Rose JKC, Krause K. Cell wall composition profiling of parasitic giant dodder (Cuscuta reflexa) and its hosts: a priori differences and induced changes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:805-16. [PMID: 25808919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Host plant penetration is the gateway to survival for holoparasitic Cuscuta and requires host cell wall degradation. Compositional differences of cell walls may explain why some hosts are amenable to such degradation while others can resist infection. Antibody-based techniques for comprehensive profiling of cell wall epitopes and cell wall-modifying enzymes were applied to several susceptible hosts and a resistant host of Cuscuta reflexa and to the parasite itself. Infected tissue of Pelargonium zonale contained high concentrations of de-esterified homogalacturonans in the cell walls, particularly adjacent to the parasite's haustoria. High pectinolytic activity in haustorial extracts and high expression levels of pectate lyase genes suggest that the parasite contributes directly to wall remodeling. Mannan and xylan concentrations were low in P. zonale and in five susceptible tomato introgression lines, but high in the resistant Solanum lycopersicum cv M82, and in C. reflexa itself. Knowledge of the composition of resistant host cell walls and the parasite's own cell walls is useful in developing strategies to prevent infection by parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne R Johnsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bernd Striberny
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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35
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Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism--a case study of a cell wall plasma membrane signaling network. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:100-9. [PMID: 25446233 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most important functions of plant cell walls are protection against biotic/abiotic stress and structural support during growth and development. A prerequisite for plant cell walls to perform these functions is the ability to perceive different types of stimuli in both qualitative and quantitative manners and initiate appropriate responses. The responses in turn involve adaptive changes in cellular and cell wall metabolism leading to modifications in the structures originally required for perception. While our knowledge about the underlying plant mechanisms is limited, results from Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism represents an excellent example to illustrate how the molecular mechanisms responsible for stimulus perception, signal transduction and integration can function. Here I will review the available knowledge about the yeast cell wall integrity maintenance system for illustration purposes, summarize the limited knowledge available about the corresponding plant mechanism and discuss the relevance of the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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36
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Costa A, Barbaro MR, Sicilia F, Preger V, Krieger-Liszkay A, Sparla F, De Lorenzo G, Trost P. AIR12, a b-type cytochrome of the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana is a negative regulator of resistance against Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:32-43. [PMID: 25711811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIR12 (Auxin Induced in Root culture) is a single gene of Arabidopsis that codes for a mono-heme cytochrome b. Recombinant AIR12 from Arabidopsis accepted electrons from ascorbate or superoxide, and donated electrons to either monodehydroascorbate or oxygen. AIR12 was found associated in vivo to the plasma membrane. Though linked to the membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor, AIR12 is a hydrophilic and glycosylated protein predicted to be fully exposed to the apoplast. The expression pattern of AIR12 in Arabidopsis is developmentally regulated and correlated to sites of controlled cell separation (e.g. micropilar endosperm during germination, epidermal cells surrounding the emerging lateral root) and cells around wounds. Arabidopsis (Landsberg erecta-0) mutants with altered levels of AIR12 did not show any obvious phenotype. However, AIR12-overexpressing plants accumulated ROS (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) and lipid peroxides in leaves, indicating that AIR12 may alter the redox state of the apoplast under particular conditions. On the other hand, AIR12-knock out plants displayed a strongly decreased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection, which in turn induced AIR12 expression in susceptible wild type plants. Altogether, the results suggest that AIR12 plays a role in the regulation of the apoplastic redox state and in the response to necrotrophic pathogens. Possible relationships between these functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via G. Celoria 24, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "C. Darwin," Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Preger
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8221, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "C. Darwin," Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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37
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Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), along with many other economically valuable species, belongs to the Solanaceae family. Understanding how plants in this family defend themselves against pathogens offers the opportunity of improving yield and quality of their edible products. The use of functional genomics has contributed to this purpose through both traditional and recently developed techniques that allow determination of changes in transcript abundance during pathogen attack. Such changes can implicate the affected gene as participating in plant defense. Testing the involvement of these candidate genes in defense has relied largely on posttranscriptional gene silencing, particularly virus-induced gene silencing. We discuss how functional genomics has played a key role in our current understanding of the defense response in tomato and related species and what are the challenges and opportunities for the future.
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38
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Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism-concepts for organization and mode of action. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:215-23. [PMID: 25416836 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the main differences between plant and animal cells are the walls surrounding plant cells providing structural support during development and protection like an adaptive armor against biotic and abiotic stress. During recent years it has become widely accepted that plant cells use a dedicated system to monitor and maintain the functional integrity of their walls. Maintenance of integrity is achieved by modifying the cell wall and cellular metabolism in order to permit tightly controlled changes in wall composition and structure. While a substantial amount of evidence supporting the existence of the mechanism has been reported, knowledge regarding its precise mode of action is still limited. The currently available evidence suggests similarities of the plant mechanism with respect to both design principles and molecular components involved to the very well characterized system active in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There the system has been implicated in cell morphogenesis as well as response to abiotic stresses such as osmotic challenges. Here the currently available knowledge on the yeast system will be reviewed initially to provide a framework for the subsequent discussion of the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. The review will then end with a discussion on possible design principles for the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and the function of the plant turgor pressure in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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39
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Chang YH, Yan HZ, Liou RF. A novel elicitor protein from Phytophthora parasitica induces plant basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:123-36. [PMID: 24965864 PMCID: PMC6638464 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between Phytophthora pathogens and host plants involves the exchange of complex molecular signals from both sides. Recent studies of Phytophthora have led to the identification of various apoplastic elicitors known to trigger plant immunity. Here, we provide evidence that the protein encoded by OPEL of Phytophthora parasitica is a novel elicitor. Homologues of OPEL were identified only in oomycetes, but not in fungi and other organisms. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that OPEL is expressed throughout the development of P. parasitica and is especially highly induced after plant infection. Infiltration of OPEL recombinant protein from Escherichia coli into leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Samsun NN) resulted in cell death, callose deposition, the production of reactive oxygen species and induced expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity markers and salicylic acid-responsive defence genes. Moreover, the infiltration conferred systemic resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including Tobacco mosaic virus, the bacteria wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and P. parasitica. In addition to the signal peptide, OPEL contains three conserved domains: a thaumatin-like domain, a glycine-rich protein domain and a glycosyl hydrolase (GH) domain. Intriguingly, mutation of a putative laminarinase active site motif in the predicted GH domain abolished its elicitor activity, which suggests enzymatic activity of OPEL in triggering the defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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40
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Mitsumasu K, Seto Y, Yoshida S. Apoplastic interactions between plants and plant root intruders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:617. [PMID: 26322059 PMCID: PMC4536382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic or parasitic organisms attack plant roots to obtain nutrients, and the apoplast including the plant cell wall is where the plant cell meets such organisms. Root parasitic angiosperms and nematodes are two distinct types of plant root parasites but share some common features in their strategies for breaking into plant roots. Striga and Orobanche are obligate root parasitic angiosperms that cause devastating agricultural problems worldwide. Parasitic plants form an invasion organ called a haustorium, where plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) are highly expressed. Plant-parasitic nematodes are another type of agriculturally important plant root parasite. These nematodes breach the plant cell walls by protruding a sclerotized stylet from which PCWDEs are secreted. Responding to such parasitic invasion, host plants activate their own defense responses against parasites. Endoparasitic nematodes secrete apoplastic effectors to modulate host immune responses and to facilitate the formation of a feeding site. Apoplastic communication between hosts and parasitic plants also contributes to their interaction. Parasitic plant germination stimulants, strigolactones, are recently identified apoplastic signals that are transmitted over long distances from biosynthetic sites to functioning sites. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the importance of apoplastic signals and cell walls for plant-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mitsumasu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Seto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoko Yoshida, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan,
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Park J, Cui Y, Kang BH. AtPGL3 is an Arabidopsis BURP domain protein that is localized to the cell wall and promotes cell enlargement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:412. [PMID: 26106400 PMCID: PMC4460304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The BURP domain is a plant-specific domain that has been identified in secretory proteins, and some of these are involved in cell wall modification. The tomato polygalacturonase I complex involved in pectin degradation in ripening fruits has a non-catalytic subunit that has a BURP domain. This protein is called polygalacturonase 1 beta (PG1β) and the Arabidopsis genome encodes three proteins that exhibit strong amino acid similarities with PG1β? We generated Arabidopsis lines in which expression levels of AtPGLs are altered in order to investigate the biological roles of the Arabidopsis PG1β-like proteins (AtPGLs). Among the three AtPGLs (AtPGL1-3), AtPGL3 exhibited the highest transcriptional activity throughout all developmental stages. AtPGL triple mutant plants have smaller rosette leaves than those of wild type plants because the leaf cells are smaller in the mutant plants. Interestingly, when we overexpressed AtPGL3 using a 35S promoter, leaf cells in transgenic plants grew larger than those of the wild type. A C-terminal GFP fusion protein of AtPGL3 complemented phenotypes of the triple mutant plants and it localized to the cell wall. A truncated AtPGL3-GFP fusion protein lacking the BURP domain failed to rescue the mutant phenotypes even though the GFP protein was targeted to the cell wall, indicating that the BURP domain is required for the protein's effect on cell expansion. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses indicated that the α-expansin 6 gene is up-regulated in the overexpressor plants. Taken together, these results indicate that AtPGL3 is an apoplastic BURP domain protein playing a role in cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Plant Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Plant Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Byung-Ho Kang, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 409 East Block Science Center, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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42
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Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. An update on receptor-like kinase involvement in the maintenance of plant cell wall integrity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1339-47. [PMID: 24723447 PMCID: PMC4195549 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls form the interface between the cells and their environment. They perform different functions, such as protecting cells from biotic and abiotic stress and providing structural support during development. Maintenance of the functional integrity of cell walls during these different processes is a prerequisite that enables the walls to perform their particular functions. The available evidence suggests that an integrity maintenance mechanism exists in plants that is capable of both detecting wall integrity impairment caused by cell wall damage and initiating compensatory responses to maintain functional integrity. The responses involve 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), jasmonic acid, reactive oxygen species and calcium-based signal transduction cascades as well as the production of lignin and other cell wall components. Experimental evidence implicates clearly different signalling molecules, but knowledge regarding contributions of receptor-like kinases to this process is less clear. Different receptor-like kinase families have been considered as possible sensors for perception of cell wall damage; however, strong experimental evidence that provides insights into functioning exists for very few kinases. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS This review examines the involvement of cell wall integrity maintenance in different biological processes, defines what constitutes plant cell wall damage that impairs functional integrity, clarifies which stimulus perception and signal transduction mechanisms are required for integrity maintenance and assesses the available evidence regarding the functions of receptor-like kinases during cell wall integrity maintenance. The review concludes by discussing how the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism could form an essential component of biotic stress responses and of plant development, functions that have not been fully recognized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Lectin domains at the frontiers of plant defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:397. [PMID: 25165467 PMCID: PMC4131498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. To protect and defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate immune system. Plants sense their encounters upon perception of conserved microbial structures and damage-associated patterns using cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. Plant lectins and proteins with one or more lectin domains represent a major part of these receptors. The whole group of plant lectins comprises an elaborate collection of proteins capable of recognizing and interacting with specific carbohydrate structures, either originating from the invading organisms or from damaged plant cell wall structures. Due to the vast diversity in protein structures, carbohydrate recognition domains and glycan binding specificities, plant lectins constitute a very diverse protein superfamily. In the last decade, new types of nucleocytoplasmic plant lectins have been identified and characterized, in particular lectins expressed inside the nucleus and the cytoplasm of plant cells often as part of a specific plant response upon exposure to different stress factors or changing environmental conditions. In this review, we provide an overview on plant lectin motifs used in the constant battle against pathogens and predators during plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Malinovsky FG, Fangel JU, Willats WGT. The role of the cell wall in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:178. [PMID: 24834069 PMCID: PMC4018530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often co-dependent. A primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell walls whilst avoiding detection by the plant's immune receptors. While some receptors sense conserved microbial features, others monitor physical changes caused by an infection attempt. Detection of microbes leads to activation of appropriate defense responses that then challenge the attack. Plant cell walls are formidable and dynamic barriers. They are constructed primarily of complex carbohydrates joined by numerous distinct connection types, and are subject to extensive post-synthetic modification to suit prevailing local requirements. Multiple changes can be triggered in cell walls in response to microbial attack. Some of these are well described, but many remain obscure. The study of the myriad of subtle processes underlying cell wall modification poses special challenges for plant glycobiology. In this review we describe the major molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cell walls in plant defense against pathogen attack. In so doing, we also highlight some of the challenges inherent in studying these interactions, and briefly describe the analytical potential of molecular probes used in conjunction with carbohydrate microarray technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke G. Malinovsky
- DNRF Center DynaMo and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Rodiuc N, Vieira P, Banora MY, de Almeida Engler J. On the track of transfer cell formation by specialized plant-parasitic nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:160. [PMID: 24847336 PMCID: PMC4017147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are ubiquitous plant cells that play an important role in plant development as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are highly specialized and differentiated cells playing a central role in the acquisition, distribution and exchange of nutrients. Their unique structural traits are characterized by augmented ingrowths of invaginated secondary wall material, unsheathed by an amplified area of plasma membrane enriched in a suite of solute transporters. Similar morphological features can be perceived in vascular root feeding cells induced by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, such as root-knot and cyst nematodes, in a wide range of plant hosts. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, these obligatory biotrophic plant pathogens engage different approaches when reprogramming root cells into giant cells or syncytia, respectively. Both nematode feeding-cells types will serve as the main source of nutrients until the end of the nematode life cycle. In both cases, these nematodes are able to remarkably maneuver and reprogram plant host cells. In this review we will discuss the structure, function and formation of these specialized multinucleate cells that act as nutrient transfer cells accumulating and synthesizing components needed for survival and successful offspring of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant cells with transfer-like functions are also a renowned subject of interest involving still poorly understood molecular and cellular transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodiuc
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEBBrasília, Brasil
| | - Paulo Vieira
- NemaLab – Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de ÉvoraÉvora, Portugal
| | | | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEBBrasília, Brasil
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plant, Health and Environment, Plant-Nematodes Interaction Team, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISASophia-Antipolis, France
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García-Guzmán G, Heil M. Life histories of hosts and pathogens predict patterns in tropical fungal plant diseases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1106-1120. [PMID: 24171899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens affect the fitness of their hosts and maintain biodiversity. However, we lack theories to predict the type and intensity of infections in wild plants. Here we demonstrate using fungal pathogens of tropical plants that an examination of the life histories of hosts and pathogens can reveal general patterns in their interactions. Fungal infections were more commonly reported for light-demanding than for shade-tolerant species and for evergreen rather than for deciduous hosts. Both patterns are consistent with classical defence theory, which predicts lower resistance in fast-growing species and suggests that the deciduous habit can reduce enemy populations. In our literature survey, necrotrophs were found mainly to infect shade-tolerant woody species whereas biotrophs dominated in light-demanding herbaceous hosts. Far-red signalling and its inhibitory effects on jasmonic acid signalling are likely to explain this phenomenon. Multiple changes between the necrotrophic and the symptomless endophytic lifestyle at the ecological and evolutionary scale indicate that endophytes should be considered when trying to understand large-scale patterns in the fungal infections of plants. Combining knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of pathogen resistance with classical defence theory enables the formulation of testable predictions concerning general patterns in the infections of wild plants by fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Savatin DV, Gramegna G, Modesti V, Cervone F. Wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:470. [PMID: 25278948 PMCID: PMC4165286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. Wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. Plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. The constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle or lignin, or by metabolites that act as toxins or deterrents for herbivores. Plants are also able to sense the injured tissue as an altered self and induce responses similar to those activated by pathogen infection. Endogenous molecules released from wounded tissue may act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate the plant innate immunity. Wound-induced responses are both rapid, such as the oxidative burst and the expression of defense-related genes, and late, such as the callose deposition, the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and of hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., chitinases and gluganases). Typical examples of DAMPs involved in the response to wounding are the peptide systemin, and the oligogalacturonides, which are oligosaccharides released from the pectic component of the cell wall. Responses to wounding take place both at the site of damage (local response) and systemically (systemic response) and are mediated by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Cervone
- *Correspondence: Felice Cervone, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza–University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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Transcriptomics-based screen for genes induced by flagellin and repressed by pathogen effectors identifies a cell wall-associated kinase involved in plant immunity. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R139. [PMID: 24359686 PMCID: PMC4053735 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbe-associated molecular patterns, such as those present in bacterial flagellin, are powerful inducers of the innate immune response in plants. Successful pathogens deliver virulence proteins, termed effectors, into the plant cell where they can interfere with the immune response and promote disease. Engineering the plant immune system to enhance disease resistance requires a thorough understanding of its components. Results We describe a high-throughput screen, using RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, to identify tomato genes whose expression is enhanced by the flagellin microbe-associated molecular pattern flgII-28, but reduced by activities of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) type III effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Gene ontology terms for this category of Flagellin-induced repressed by effectors (FIRE) genes showed enrichment for genes encoding certain subfamilies of protein kinases and transcription factors. At least 25 of the FIRE genes have been implicated previously in plant immunity. Of the 92 protein kinase-encoding FIRE genes, 33 were subjected to virus-induced gene silencing and their involvement in pattern-triggered immunity was tested with a leaf-based assay. Silencing of one FIRE gene, which encodes the cell wall-associated kinase SlWAK1, compromised the plant immune response resulting in increased growth of Pst and enhanced disease symptoms. Conclusions Our transcriptomic approach identifies FIRE genes that represent a pathogen-defined core set of immune-related genes. The analysis of this set of candidate genes led to the discovery of a cell wall-associated kinase that participates in plant defense. The FIRE genes will be useful for further elucidation of the plant immune system.
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Abstract
Plants are confronted with several biotic stresses such as microbial pathogens and other herbivores. To defend against such attackers, plants possess an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense the danger and consequently initiate a defence programme that prevents further damage and spreading of the pest. Characteristic pathogenic structures, so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), serve as signals that allow the plant to sense invaders. Additionally, pathogens wound or damage the plant and the resulting release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) serves as a warning signal. This review focuses on peptides that serve as triggers or amplifiers of plant defence and thus follow the definition of a MAMP or a DAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albert
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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50
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Bulychev AA, Alova AV, Bibikova TN. Strong alkalinization of Chara cell surface in the area of cell wall incision as an early event in mechanoperception. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2359-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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