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Zhang C, Li Y, Wang J, Xue X, Beuchat G, Chen LQ. Two evolutionarily duplicated domains individually and post-transcriptionally control SWEET expression for phloem transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1793-1807. [PMID: 34431115 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific gene expression is critical for the specialized functions within multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, SWEET11 and SWEET12 sugar transporters are specifically expressed in phloem parenchyma (PP) cells and are responsible for sucrose efflux from the PP, the first step of a two-step apoplasmic phloem-loading strategy that initiates the long-distance transport of sugar from leaves to nonphotosynthetic sink tissues. However, we know nothing about what determines the PP cell-specific expression of these SWEETs. Sequence deletions, histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis, cross-sectioning, live-cell imaging, and evolutionary analysis were used to elucidate domains responsible for PP specificity, while a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor-based transport assay was used to determine whether substrate specificity coevolved with PP specificity. We identified two domains in the Arabidopsis SWEET11 coding sequence that, along with its promoter (including 5' UTR), regulate PP-specific expression at the post-transcriptional level, probably involving RNA-binding proteins. This mechanism is conserved among vascular plants but independent of transport substrate specificity. We conclude that two evolutionarily duplicated coding sequence domains are essential and individually sufficient for PP-specific expression of SWEET11. We also provide a crucial experimental tool to study PP physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xueyi Xue
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gabriel Beuchat
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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2
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Wei XY, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Review: More than sweet: New insights into the biology of phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110990. [PMID: 34315604 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) develop extensive wall ingrowths to facilitate enhanced rates of membrane transport. In Arabidopsis, TCs trans-differentiate from phloem parenchyma (PP) cells abutting the sieve element/companion cell complex in minor veins of foliar tissues and, based on anatomy and expression of SWEET sucrose uniporters, are assumed to play pivotal roles in phloem loading. While wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs is a dynamic process responding to abiotic stresses such as high light and cold, the transcriptional control of PP TC development, including deposition of the wall ingrowths themselves, is not understood. PP TC development is a trait of vegetative phase change, potentially linking wall ingrowth deposition with floral induction. Transcript profiling by RNA-seq identified NAC056 and NAC018 (NARS1 and NARS2) as putative regulators of wall ingrowth deposition, while recent single cell RNA-seq analysis of leaf vasculature identified PP-specific expression of NAC056. Numerous membrane transporters, particularly of the UmamiT family of amino acid efflux carriers, were also identified. Collectively, these findings, and the recent discovery that wall ingrowth deposition is regulated by sucrose-dependent loading activity of these cells, provide new insights into the biology of PP TCs and their importance to phloem loading in Arabidopsis, establishing these cells as a key transport hub for phloem loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Wei
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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3
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Xia X, Shi B, Wang L, Liu Y, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Duan J, Guo S, Jang HW, Miao Y, Fan K, Bai F, Tao W, Zhao Y, Yan Q, Cheng G, Liu H, Jiao Y, Liu S, Huang Y, Ling D, Kang W, Xue X, Cui D, Huang Y, Cui Z, Sun X, Qian Z, Gu Z, Han G, Yang Z, Leong DT, Wu A, Liu G, Qu X, Shen Y, Wang Q, Lowry GV, Wang E, Liang X, Gardea‐Torresdey J, Chen G, Parak WJ, Weiss PS, Zhang L, Stenzel MM, Fan C, Bush AI, Zhang G, Grof CPL, Wang X, Galbraith DW, Tang BZ, Offler CE, Patrick JW, Song C. From mouse to mouse‐ear cress: Nanomaterials as vehicles in plant biotechnology. EXPLORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Kelong Fan
- Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Qingyu Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Gang Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Centre for Materials in Energy and Catalysis (CMEC), School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Shanhu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yongwei Huang
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega‐Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhen Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano‐Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i‐Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou China
| | - Gregory V. Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT) Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xing‐Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jorge Gardea‐Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas USA
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Martina M. Stenzel
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou China
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen China
| | - Christina E. Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Chun‐Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
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4
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Xiao Z, Chin S, White RG, Gourieroux AM, Pagay V, Tyerman SD, Schmidtke LM, Rogiers SY. Vascular Connections Into the Grape Berry: The Link of Structural Investment to Seededness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662433. [PMID: 33936151 PMCID: PMC8083876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular bundles in the grape pedicel and berry contain the conduits, phloem and xylem, for transport of water, sugar, nutrients and signals into and through the grape berry and play a critical role in berry growth and composition. Here, we assess the vascular anatomy within the proximal region of the berry. Guided using a 3D berry model generated by micro-CT, differential staining of transverse sections of berries and receptacles was followed by fluorescent microscopy. Morphometric and vascular characteristics were analyzed within the central proximal region (brush zone, a fibrous extension from the pedicel vascular system into the berry) of the seeded cultivars Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc, as well as the stenospermocarpic cultivars Ruby Seedless and Flame Seedless. Observations revealed a change in vascular arrangement from the receptacle into the berry brush zone and differences in xylem element size as well as xylem and phloem area relationships. Xylem anatomical and derived hydraulic parameters, as well as total tissue area of xylem and phloem varied between cultivars and in receptacle and berry components. Variation in vascular growth between grape pedicels and berries was independent of seededness. Differences in receptacle xylem vessel size and distribution could contribute to cultivar-dependent xylem backflow constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiao
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Rosemary G. White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Aude M. Gourieroux
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Wine Science, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Department of Wine Science, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Leigh M. Schmidtke
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzy Y. Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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5
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Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transfer cells: what regulates the development of their intricate wall labyrinths? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:427-444. [PMID: 32463520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high nutrient rates into, or at symplasmic discontinuities within, the plant body. Their transport capacity is conferred by an amplified plasma membrane surface area, enriched in nutrient transporters, supported on an intricately invaginated wall labyrinth (WL). Thus, development of the WL is at the heart of TC function. Enquiry has shifted from describing WL architecture and formation to discovering mechanisms regulating WL assembly. Experimental systems used to examine these phenomena are critiqued. Considerable progress has been made in identifying master regulators that commit stem cells to a TC fate (e.g. the maize Myeloblastosis (MYB)-related R1-type transcription factor) and signals that induce differentiated cells to undergo trans-differentiation to a TC phenotype (e.g. sugar, auxin and ethylene). In addition, signals that provide positional information for assembly of the WL include apoplasmic hydrogen peroxide and cytosolic Ca2+ plumes. The former switches on, and specifies the intracellular site for WL construction, while the latter creates subdomains to direct assembly of WL invaginations. Less is known about macromolecule species and their spatial organization essential for WL assembly. Emerging evidence points to a dependency on methyl-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation, unique patterns of cellulose and callose deposition and spatial positioning of arabinogalactan proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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6
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Wei X, Nguyen STT, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Sucrose regulates wall ingrowth deposition in phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis via affecting phloem loading activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4690-4702. [PMID: 32433727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, phloem parenchyma transfer cells (PPTCs) occur in leaf minor veins and play a pivotal role in phloem loading. Wall ingrowth formation in PPTCs is induced by the phloem loading activity of these cells, which is regulated by sucrose (Suc). The effects of endogenous versus exogenous Suc on wall ingrowth deposition, however, differ. Elevating endogenous Suc levels by increased light enhanced wall ingrowth formation, whereas lowering endogenous Suc levels by dark treatment or genetically in ch-1 resulted in lower levels of deposition. In contrast, exogenously applied Suc, or Suc derived from other organs, repressed wall ingrowth deposition. Analysis of pAtSUC2::GFP plants, used as a marker for phloem loading status, suggested that wall ingrowth formation is correlated with phloem loading activity. Gene expression analysis revealed that exogenous Suc down-regulated expression of AtSWEET11 and 12, whereas endogenous Suc up-regulated AtSWEET11 expression. Analysis of a TREHALOSE 6-PHOSPHATE (T6P) SYNTHASE overexpression line and the hexokinase (HXK)-null mutant, gin2-1, suggested that Suc signalling of wall ingrowth formation is independent of T6P and HXK. Collectively, these results are consistent with the conclusion that Suc regulates wall ingrowth formation via affecting Suc exporting activity in PPTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wei
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Suong T T Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
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Zhang MJ, Zhang XS, Gao XQ. ROS in the Male-Female Interactions During Pollination: Function and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32180782 PMCID: PMC7059789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The male-female interactions in pollination mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth and fertilization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from both male and female tissues play regulatory roles for the communication between the pollen/pollen tube and female tissues at various stages, such as pollen hydration and germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the pistil and pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. In this minireview, we primarily summarize the recent progress on the roles of ROS signaling in male-female interactions during pollination and discuss several ROS-regulated downstream signaling pathways for these interactions. Furthermore, several ROS-involved downstream pathways are outlined, such as Ca2+ signaling, cell wall cytomechanics, the redox modification of CRP, and cell PCD. At the end, we address the roles of ROS in pollen tube guidance and fertilization as future questions that merit study.
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8
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Xia X, Zhang HM, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Enzymes contributing to the hydrogen peroxide signal dynamics that regulate wall labyrinth formation in transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:219-233. [PMID: 31587068 PMCID: PMC6913738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are characterized by an amplified plasma membrane area supported on a wall labyrinth composed of a uniform wall layer (UWL) from which wall ingrowth (WI) papillae arise. Adaxial epidermal cells of developing Vicia faba cotyledons, when placed in culture, undergo a rapid (hours) trans-differentiation to a functional epidermal transfer cell (ETC) phenotype. The trans-differentiation event is controlled by a signalling cascade comprising auxin, ethylene, apoplasmic reactive oxygen species (apoROS), and cytosolic Ca2+. Apoplasmic hydrogen peroxide (apoH2O2) was confirmed as the apoROS regulating UWL and WI papillae formation. Informed by an ETC-specific transcriptome, a pharmacological approach identified a temporally changing cohort of H2O2 biosynthetic enzymes. The cohort contained a respiratory burst oxidase homologue, polyamine oxidase, copper amine oxidase, and a suite of class III peroxidases. Collectively these generated two consecutive bursts in apoH2O2 production. Spatial organization of biosynthetic/catabolic enzymes was deduced from responses to pharmacologically blocking their activities on the cellular and subcellular distribution of apoH2O2. The findings were consistent with catalase activity constraining the apoH2O2 signal to the outer periclinal wall of the ETCs. Strategic positioning of class III peroxidases in this outer domain shaped subcellular apoH2O2 signatures that differed during assembly of the UWL and WI papillae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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9
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Zhang HM, Devine LB, Xia X, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide regulate formation of a sterol-enriched domain essential for wall labyrinth assembly in transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1469-1482. [PMID: 30649402 PMCID: PMC6411373 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) facilitate high rates of nutrient transport into, and within, the plant body. Their transport function is conferred by polarized wall ingrowth papillae, deposited upon a specialized uniform wall layer, that form a scaffold supporting an amplified area of plasma membrane enriched in nutrient transporters. We explored the question of whether lipid-enriched domains of the TC plasma membrane could serve as organizational platforms for proteins regulating the construction of the intricate TC wall labyrinth using developing Vicia faba cotyledons. When these cotyledons are placed in culture, their adaxial epidermal cells trans-differentiate to a TC phenotype regulated by auxin, ethylene, extracellular hydrogen peroxide (apoH2O2), and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) arranged in series. Staining cultured cotyledons with the sterol-specific dye, Filipin III, detected a polarized sterol-enriched domain in the plasma membrane of their trans-differentiating epidermal transfer cells (ETCs). Ethylene activated sterol biosynthesis while extracellular apoH2O2 directed sterol-enriched vesicles to fuse with the outer periclinal region of the ETC plasma membrane. The sterol-enriched domain was essential for generating the [Ca2+]cyt signal and orchestrating construction of both the uniform wall layer and wall ingrowth papillae. A model is presented outlining how the sterol-enriched plasma membrane domain forms and functions to regulate wall labyrinth assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
| | - Luke B Devine
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: or
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: or
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Surface chemical defence of the eelgrass Zostera marina against microbial foulers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3323. [PMID: 30804483 PMCID: PMC6389981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on both mechanical and chemical defence mechanisms to protect their surfaces against microorganisms. The recently completed genome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, a marine angiosperm with fundamental importance for coastal ecosystems, showed that its re-adaptation from land to the sea has led to the loss of essential genes (for chemical communication and defence) and structural features (stomata and thick cuticle) that are typical of terrestrial plants. This study was designed to understand the molecular nature of surface protection and fouling-control strategy of eelgrass against marine epiphytic yeasts. Different surface extraction methods and comparative metabolomics by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for targeted and untargeted identification of the metabolite profiles of the leaf surface and the whole tissue extracts. Desorption electrospray ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (DESI-IMS) coupled with traditional bioassays revealed, for the first time, the unique spatial distribution of the eelgrass surface-associated phenolics and fatty acids, as well as their differential bioactivity against the growth and settlement of epiphytic yeasts. This study provides insights into the complex chemical defence system of the eelgrass leaf surface. It suggests that surface-associated metabolites modulate biotic interactions and provide chemical defence and structural protection to eelgrass in its marine environment.
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Wu Y, Hou J, Yu F, Nguyen STT, McCurdy DW. Transcript Profiling Identifies NAC-Domain Genes Involved in Regulating Wall Ingrowth Deposition in Phloem Parenchyma Transfer Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29599795 PMCID: PMC5862824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) play important roles in facilitating enhanced rates of nutrient transport at key apoplasmic/symplasmic junctions along the nutrient acquisition and transport pathways in plants. TCs achieve this capacity by developing elaborate wall ingrowth networks which serve to increase plasma membrane surface area thus increasing the cell's surface area-to-volume ratio to achieve increased flux of nutrients across the plasma membrane. Phloem parenchyma (PP) cells of Arabidopsis leaf veins trans-differentiate to become PP TCs which likely function in a two-step phloem loading mechanism by facilitating unloading of photoassimilates into the apoplasm for subsequent energy-dependent uptake into the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. We are using PP TCs in Arabidopsis as a genetic model to identify transcription factors involved in coordinating deposition of the wall ingrowth network. Confocal imaging of pseudo-Schiff propidium iodide-stained tissue revealed different profiles of temporal development of wall ingrowth deposition across maturing cotyledons and juvenile leaves, and a basipetal gradient of deposition across mature adult leaves. RNA-Seq analysis was undertaken to identify differentially expressed genes common to these three different profiles of wall ingrowth deposition. This analysis identified 68 transcription factors up-regulated two-fold or more in at least two of the three experimental comparisons, with six of these transcription factors belonging to Clade III of the NAC-domain family. Phenotypic analysis of these NAC genes using insertional mutants revealed significant reductions in levels of wall ingrowth deposition, particularly in a double mutant of NAC056 and NAC018, as well as compromised sucrose-dependent root growth, indicating impaired capacity for phloem loading. Collectively, these results support the proposition that Clade III members of the NAC-domain family in Arabidopsis play important roles in regulating wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiexi Hou
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Fen Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Suong T. T. Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - David W. McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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12
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Bergareche D, Royo J, Muñiz LM, Hueros G. Cell wall invertase activity regulates the expression of the transfer cell-specific transcription factor ZmMRP-1. PLANTA 2018; 247:429-442. [PMID: 29071379 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies in cell wall bound invertase mutants indicate that the promoter of the transfer cell-specific transcription factor, ZmMRP - 1 , is modulated by the carbohydrate balance. Transfer cells are highly specialized plant cells located at the surfaces that need to support an intensive exchange of nutrients, such as the entrance of fruits, seeds and nodules or the young branching points along the stem. ZmMRP-1 is a one-domain MYB-related transcription factor specifically expressed at the transfer cell layer of the maize endosperm. Previous studies demonstrated that this factor regulates the expression of a large number of transfer cell-specific genes, and suggested that ZmMRP-1 is a key regulator of the differentiation of this tissue. The expression of this gene is largely dominated by positional cues, but within the ZmMRP-1 expressing cells the promoter appears to be modulated by sugars. Here we have investigated in vivo this modulation. Using maize and Arabidopsis mutants for cell wall invertase genes, we found that the absence of cell wall invertase activity is a major inductive signal of the ZmMRP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bergareche
- Dpto. Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Royo
- Dpto. Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Muñiz
- Dpto. Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Dpto. Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Tegeder M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:35-53. [PMID: 29120059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 35 I. Introduction 35 II. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation 36 III. Root-to-shoot transport of nitrogen 38 IV. Nitrogen storage pools in vegetative tissues 39 V. Nitrogen transport from source leaf to sink 40 VI. Nitrogen import into sinks 42 VII. Relationship between source and sink nitrogen transport processes and metabolism 43 VIII. Regulation of nitrogen transport 43 IX. Strategies for crop improvement 44 X. Conclusions 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 SUMMARY: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. World-wide, large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizer are applied to ensure maximum crop productivity. However, nitrogen fertilizer application is expensive and negatively affects the environment, and subsequently human health. A strategy to address this problem is the development of crops that are efficient in acquiring and using nitrogen and that can achieve high seed yields with reduced nitrogen input. This review integrates the current knowledge regarding inorganic and organic nitrogen management at the whole-plant level, spanning from nitrogen uptake to remobilization and utilization in source and sink organs. Plant partitioning and transient storage of inorganic and organic nitrogen forms are evaluated, as is how they affect nitrogen availability, metabolism and mobilization. Essential functions of nitrogen transporters in source and sink organs and their importance in regulating nitrogen movement in support of metabolism, and vegetative and reproductive growth are assessed. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant engineering, demonstrating that nitrogen transporters are effective targets to improve crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. While inorganic and organic nitrogen transporters were examined separately in these studies, they provide valuable clues about how to successfully combine approaches for future crop engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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14
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Xia X, Zhang HM, Offler CE, Patrick JW. A Structurally Specialized Uniform Wall Layer is Essential for Constructing Wall Ingrowth Papillae in Transfer Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2035. [PMID: 29259611 PMCID: PMC5723425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are characterized by wall labyrinths with either a flange or reticulate architecture. A literature survey established that reticulate wall ingrowth papillae ubiquitously arise from a modified component of their wall labyrinth, termed the uniform wall layer; a structure absent from flange transfer cells. This finding sparked an investigation of the deposition characteristics and role of the uniform wall layer using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system. On transfer of cotyledons to culture, their adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously trans-differentiate to a reticulate architecture comparable to their abaxial epidermal transfer cell counterparts formed in planta. Uniform wall layer construction commenced once adaxial epidermal cell expansion had ceased to overlay the original outer periclinal wall on its inner surface. In contrast to the dense ring-like lattice of cellulose microfibrils in the original primary wall, the uniform wall layer was characterized by a sparsely dispersed array of linear cellulose microfibrils. A re-modeled cortical microtubule array exerted no influence on uniform wall layer formation or on its cellulose microfibril organization. Surprisingly, formation of the uniform wall layer was not dependent upon depositing a cellulose scaffold. In contrast, uniform wall cellulose microfibrils were essential precursors for constructing wall ingrowth papillae. On converging to form wall ingrowth papillae, the cellulose microfibril diameters increased 3-fold. This event correlated with up-regulated differential, and transfer-cell specific, expression of VfCesA3B while transcript levels of other cellulose biosynthetic-related genes linked with primary wall construction were substantially down-regulated.
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15
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Zhang HM, Wheeler SL, Xia X, Colyvas K, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transcript Profiling Identifies Gene Cohorts Controlled by Each Signal Regulating Trans-Differentiation of Epidermal Cells of Vicia faba Cotyledons to a Transfer Cell Phenotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2021. [PMID: 29234338 PMCID: PMC5712318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high rates of membrane transport of nutrients conferred by a plasma membrane area amplified by lining a wall labyrinth comprised of an uniform wall layer (UWL) upon which intricate wall ingrowth (WI) papillae are deposited. A signal cascade of auxin, ethylene, extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cytosolic Ca2+ regulates wall labyrinth assembly. To identify gene cohorts regulated by each signal, a RNA- sequencing study was undertaken using Vicia faba cotyledons. When cotyledons are placed in culture, their adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously undergo trans-differentiation to epidermal TCs (ETCs). Expressed genes encoding proteins central to wall labyrinth formation (signaling, intracellular organization, cell wall) and TC function of nutrient transport were assembled. Transcriptional profiles identified 9,742 annotated ETC-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs; Log2fold change > 1; FDR p ≤ 0.05) of which 1,371 belonged to signaling (50%), intracellular organization (27%), cell wall (15%) and nutrient transporters (9%) functional categories. Expression levels of 941 ETC-specific DEGs were found to be sensitive to the known signals regulating ETC trans-differentiation. Significantly, signals acting alone, or in various combinations, impacted similar numbers of ETC-specific DEGs across the four functional gene categories. Amongst the signals acting alone, H2O2 exerted most influence affecting expression levels of 56% of the ETC-specific DEGs followed by Ca2+ (21%), auxin (18%) and ethylene (5%). The dominance by H2O2 was evident across all functional categories, but became more attenuated once trans-differentiation transitioned into WI papillae formation. Amongst the eleven signal combinations, H2O2/Ca2+ elicited the greatest impact across all functional categories accounting for 20% of the ETC-specific DEG cohort. The relative influence of the other signals acting alone, or in various combinations, varied across the four functional categories and two phases of wall labyrinth construction. These transcriptome data provide a powerful information platform from which to examine signal transduction pathways and how these regulate expression of genes encoding proteins engaged in intracellular organization, cell wall construction and nutrient transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon L. Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina E. Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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16
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Ohtsu M, Sato Y, Kurihara D, Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M, Maruyama D, Higashiyama T. Spatiotemporal deep imaging of syncytium induced by the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2107-2115. [PMID: 28343256 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasite infections cause dramatic anatomical and ultrastructural changes in host plants. Cyst nematodes are parasites that invade host roots and induce a specific feeding structure called a syncytium. A syncytium is a large multinucleate cell formed by cell wall dissolution-mediated cell fusion. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is a major soybean pathogen. To investigate SCN infection and the syncytium structure, we established an in planta deep imaging system using a clearing solution ClearSee and two-photon excitation microscopy (2PEM). Using this system, we found that several cells were incorporated into the syncytium; the nuclei increased in size and the cell wall openings began to be visible at 2 days after inoculation (DAI). Moreover, at 14 DAI, in the syncytium developed in the cortex, there were thickened concave cell wall pillars that resembled "Parthenon pillars." In contrast, there were many thick board-like cell walls and rarely Parthenon pillars in the syncytium developed in the stele. We revealed that the syncytia were classified into two types based on the pattern of the cell wall structures, which appeared to be determined by the position of the syncytium inside roots. Our results provide new insights into the developmental process of syncytium induced by cyst nematode and a better understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the syncytium in host roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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17
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Zhang HM, Colyvas K, Patrick JW, Offler CE. A Ca2+-dependent remodelled actin network directs vesicle trafficking to build wall ingrowth papillae in transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4749-4764. [PMID: 29048561 PMCID: PMC5853249 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transport function of transfer cells is conferred by an enlarged plasma membrane area, enriched in nutrient transporters, that is supported on a scaffold of wall ingrowth (WI) papillae. Polarized plumes of elevated cytosolic Ca2+ define loci at which WI papillae form in developing adaxial epidermal transfer cells of Vicia faba cotyledons that are induced to trans-differentiate when the cotyledons are placed on culture medium. We evaluated the hypothesis that vesicle trafficking along a Ca2+-regulated remodelled actin network is the mechanism that underpins this outcome. Polarized to the outer periclinal cytoplasm, a Ca2+-dependent remodelling of long actin bundles into short, thin bundles was found to be essential for assembling WI papillae but not the underlying uniform wall layer. The remodelled actin network directed polarized vesicle trafficking to sites of WI papillae construction, and a pharmacological study indicated that both exo- and endocytosis contributed to assembly of the papillae. Potential candidates responsible for the Ca2+-dependent actin remodelling, along with those underpinning polarized exo- and endocyotosis, were identified in a transcriptome RNAseq database generated from the trans-differentiating epidermal cells. Of most significance, endocytosis was controlled by up-regulated expression of a dynamin-like isoform. How a cycle of localized exo- and endocytosis, regulated by Ca2+-dependent actin remodelling, assembles WI papillae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- Correspondence: or
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18
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McAdam EL, Meitzel T, Quittenden LJ, Davidson SE, Dalmais M, Bendahmane AI, Thompson R, Smith JJ, Nichols DS, Urquhart S, Gélinas-Marion A, Aubert G, Ross JJ. Evidence that auxin is required for normal seed size and starch synthesis in pea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:193-204. [PMID: 28748561 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the biosynthesis of auxin has been clarified with the aid of mutations in auxin biosynthesis genes. However, we know little about the effects of these mutations on the seed-filling stage of seed development. Here we investigate a key auxin biosynthesis mutation of the garden pea, which results in auxin deficiency in developing seeds. We exploit the large seed size of this model species, which facilitates the measurement of compounds in individual seeds. The mutation results in small seeds with reduced starch content and a wrinkled phenotype at the dry stage. The phenotypic effects of the mutation were fully reversed by introduction of the wild-type gene as a transgene, and partially reversed by auxin application. The results indicate that auxin is required for normal seed size and starch accumulation in pea, an important grain legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - Tobias Meitzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Laura J Quittenden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - Sandra E Davidson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - Marion Dalmais
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon Rue Noetzlin CS 80004, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Abdelhafid I Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon Rue Noetzlin CS 80004, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Richard Thompson
- INRA (National Institute for Agronomic Research), UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, Dijon, France
| | - Jennifer J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - Shelley Urquhart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Gregoire Aubert
- INRA (National Institute for Agronomic Research), UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, Dijon, France
| | - John J Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
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19
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Borowska-Wykręt D, Rypień A, Dulski M, Grelowski M, Wrzalik R, Kwiatkowska D. Gradient of structural traits drives hygroscopic movements of scarious bracts surrounding Helichrysum bracteatum capitulum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1365-1383. [PMID: 28334385 PMCID: PMC5604587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The capitulum of Helichrysum bracteatum is surrounded by scarious involucral bracts that perform hygroscopic movements leading to bract bending toward or away from the capitulum, depending on cell wall water status. The present investigation aimed at explaining the mechanism of these movements. Methods Surface strain and bract shape changes accompanying the movements were quantified using the replica method. Dissection experiments were used to assess the contribution of different tissues in bract deformation. Cell wall structure and composition were examined with the aid of light and electron microscopy as well as confocal Raman spectroscopy. Key Results At the bract hinge (organ actuator) longitudinal strains at opposite surfaces differ profoundly. This results in changes of hinge curvature that drive passive displacement of distal bract portions. The distal portions in turn undergo nearly uniform strain on both surfaces and also minute shape changes. The hinge is built of sclerenchyma-like abaxial tissue, parenchyma and adaxial epidermis with thickened outer walls. Cell wall composition is rather uniform but tissue fraction occupied by cell walls, cell wall thickness, compactness and cellulose microfibril orientation change gradually from abaxial to adaxial hinge surface. Dissection experiments show that the presence of part of the hinge tissues is enough for movements. Conclusions Differential strain at the hinge is due to adaxial-abaxial gradient in structural traits of hinge tissues and cell walls. Thus, the bract hinge of H. bracteatum is a structure comprising gradually changing tissues, from highly resisting to highly active, rather than a bi-layered structure with distinct active and resistance parts, often ascribed for hygroscopically moving organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rypień
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Michał Grelowski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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20
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González-Guerrero M, Escudero V, Saéz Á, Tejada-Jiménez M. Transition Metal Transport in Plants and Associated Endosymbionts: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1088. [PMID: 27524990 PMCID: PMC4965479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals such as iron, copper, zinc, or molybdenum are essential nutrients for plants. These elements are involved in almost every biological process, including photosynthesis, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, or symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, plants often grow in soils with limiting metallic oligonutrient bioavailability. Consequently, to ensure the proper metal levels, plants have developed a complex metal uptake and distribution system, that not only involves the plant itself, but also its associated microorganisms. These microorganisms can simply increase metal solubility in soils and making them more accessible to the host plant, as well as induce the plant metal deficiency response, or directly deliver transition elements to cortical cells. Other, instead of providing metals, can act as metal sinks, such as endosymbiotic rhizobia in legume nodules that requires relatively large amounts to carry out nitrogen fixation. In this review, we propose to do an overview of metal transport mechanisms in the plant-microbe system, emphasizing the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endosymbiotic rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid, Spain
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21
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Rolletschek H, Grafahrend-Belau E, Munz E, Radchuk V, Kartäusch R, Tschiersch H, Melkus G, Schreiber F, Jakob PM, Borisjuk L. Metabolic Architecture of the Cereal Grain and Its Relevance to Maximize Carbon Use Efficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1698-713. [PMID: 26395842 PMCID: PMC4634074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have characterized the spatial heterogeneity of the cereal grain's metabolism and demonstrated how, by integrating a distinct set of metabolic strategies, the grain has evolved to become an almost perfect entity for carbon storage. In vivo imaging revealed light-induced cycles in assimilate supply toward the ear/grain of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). In silico modeling predicted that, in the two grain storage organs (the endosperm and embryo), the light-induced shift in solute influx does cause adjustment in metabolic flux without changes in pathway utilization patterns. The enveloping, leaf-like pericarp, in contrast, shows major shifts in flux distribution (starch metabolism, photosynthesis, remobilization, and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity) allow to refix 79% of the CO2 released by the endosperm and embryo, allowing the grain to achieve an extraordinary high carbon conversion efficiency of 95%. Shading experiments demonstrated that ears are autonomously able to raise the influx of solutes in response to light, but with little effect on the steady-state levels of metabolites or transcripts or on the pattern of sugar distribution within the grain. The finding suggests the presence of a mechanism(s) able to ensure metabolic homeostasis in the face of short-term environmental fluctuation. The proposed multicomponent modeling approach is informative for predicting the metabolic effects of either an altered level of incident light or a momentary change in the supply of sucrose. It is therefore of potential value for assessing the impact of either breeding and/or biotechnological interventions aimed at increasing grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Eva Grafahrend-Belau
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Ralf Kartäusch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Henning Tschiersch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Peter M Jakob
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
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Zhang HM, van Helden DF, McCurdy DW, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Plasma Membrane Ca2+-Permeable Channels are Differentially Regulated by Ethylene and Hydrogen Peroxide to Generate Persistent Plumes of Elevated Cytosolic Ca2+ During Transfer Cell Trans-Differentiation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1711-20. [PMID: 26139237 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced transport capability of transfer cells (TCs) arises from their ingrowth wall architecture comprised of a uniform wall on which wall ingrowths are deposited. The wall ingrowth papillae provide scaffolds to amplify plasma membranes that are enriched in nutrient transporters. Using Vicia faba cotyledons, whose adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously and rapidly (hours) undergo a synchronous TC trans-differentiation upon transfer to culture, has led to the discovery of a cascade of inductive signals orchestrating deposition of ingrowth wall papillae. Auxin-induced ethylene biosynthesis initiates the cascade. This in turn drives a burst in extracellular H2O2 production that triggers uniform wall deposition. Thereafter, a persistent and elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, resulting from Ca(2+) influx through plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels, generates a Ca(2+) signal that directs formation of wall ingrowth papillae to specific loci. We now report how these Ca(2+)-permeable channels are regulated using the proportionate responses in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration as a proxy measure of their transport activity. Culturing cotyledons on various combinations of pharmacological agents allowed the regulatory influence of each upstream signal on Ca(2+) channel activity to be evaluated. The findings demonstrated that Ca(2+)-permeable channel activity was insensitive to auxin, but up-regulated by ethylene through two independent routes. In one route ethylene acts directly on Ca(2+)-permeable channel activity at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, through an ethylene receptor-dependent pathway. The other route is mediated by an ethylene-induced production of extracellular H2O2 which then acts translationally and post-translationally to up-regulate Ca(2+)-permeable channel activity. A model describing the differential regulation of Ca(2+)-permeable channel activity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Dirk F van Helden
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
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23
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Zhang HM, Talbot MJ, McCurdy DW, Patrick JW, Offler CE. Calcium-dependent depletion zones in the cortical microtubule array coincide with sites of, but do not regulate, wall ingrowth papillae deposition in epidermal transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6021-33. [PMID: 26136268 PMCID: PMC4566988 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trans-differentiation to a transfer-cell morphology is characterized by the localized deposition of wall ingrowth papillae that protrude into the cytosol. Whether the cortical microtubule array directs wall ingrowth papillae formation was investigated using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system in which their adaxial epidermal cells were spontaneously induced to trans-differentiate to transfer cells. During deposition of wall ingrowth papillae, the aligned cortical microtubule arrays in precursor epidermal cells were reorganized into a randomized array characterized by circular depletion zones. Concurrence of the temporal appearance, spatial pattern, and size of depletion zones and wall ingrowth papillae was consistent with each papilla occupying a depletion zone. Surprisingly, microtubules appeared not to regulate construction of wall ingrowth papillae, as neither depolymerization nor stabilization of cortical microtubules changed their deposition pattern or morphology. Moreover, the size and spatial pattern of depletion zones was unaltered when the formation of wall ingrowth papillae was blocked by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. In contrast, the depletion zones were absent when the cytosolic calcium plumes, responsible for directing wall ingrowth papillae formation, were blocked or dissipated. Thus, we conclude that the depletion zones within the cortical microtubule array result from localized depolymerization of microtubules initiated by elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels at loci where wall ingrowth papillae are deposited. The physiological significance of the depletion zones as a mechanism to accommodate the construction of wall ingrowth papillae without compromising maintenance of the plasma membrane-microtubule inter-relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mark J Talbot
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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24
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Nguyen STT, McCurdy DW. High-resolution confocal imaging of wall ingrowth deposition in plant transfer cells: Semi-quantitative analysis of phloem parenchyma transfer cell development in leaf minor veins of Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:109. [PMID: 25899055 PMCID: PMC4416241 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer cells (TCs) are trans-differentiated versions of existing cell types designed to facilitate enhanced membrane transport of nutrients at symplasmic/apoplasmic interfaces. This transport capacity is conferred by intricate wall ingrowths deposited secondarily on the inner face of the primary cell wall, hence promoting the potential trans-membrane flux of solutes and consequently assigning TCs as having key roles in plant growth and productivity. However, TCs are typically positioned deep within tissues and have been studied mostly by electron microscopy. Recent advances in fluorophore labelling of plant cell walls using a modified pseudo-Schiff-propidium iodide (mPS-PI) staining procedure in combination with high-resolution confocal microscopy have allowed visualization of cellular details of individual tissue layers in whole mounts, hence enabling study of tissue and cellular architecture without the need for tissue sectioning. Here we apply a simplified version of the mPS-PI procedure for confocal imaging of cellulose-enriched wall ingrowths in vascular TCs at the whole tissue level. RESULTS The simplified mPS-PI staining procedure produced high-resolution three-dimensional images of individual cell types in vascular bundles and, importantly, wall ingrowths in phloem parenchyma (PP) TCs in minor veins of Arabidopsis leaves and companion cell TCs in pea. More efficient staining of tissues was obtained by replacing complex clearing procedures with a simple post-fixation bleaching step. We used this modified procedure to survey the presence of PP TCs in other tissues of Arabidopsis including cotyledons, cauline leaves and sepals. This high-resolution imaging enabled us to classify different stages of wall ingrowth development in Arabidopsis leaves, hence enabling semi-quantitative assessment of the extent of wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs at the whole leaf level. Finally, we conducted a defoliation experiment as an example of using this approach to statistically analyze responses of PP TC development to leaf ablation. CONCLUSIONS Use of a modified mPS-PI staining technique resulted in high-resolution confocal imaging of polarized wall ingrowth deposition in TCs. This technique can be used in place of conventional electron microscopy and opens new possibilities to study mechanisms determining polarized deposition of wall ingrowths and use reverse genetics to identify regulatory genes controlling TC trans-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong T T Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - David W McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Zhang HM, Wheeler S, Xia X, Radchuk R, Weber H, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Differential transcriptional networks associated with key phases of ingrowth wall construction in trans-differentiating epidermal transfer cells of Vicia faba cotyledons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:103. [PMID: 25887034 PMCID: PMC4437447 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer cells are characterized by intricate ingrowth walls, comprising an uniform wall upon which wall ingrowths are deposited. The ingrowth wall forms a scaffold to support an amplified plasma membrane surface area enriched in membrane transporters that collectively confers transfer cells with an enhanced capacity for membrane transport at bottlenecks for apo-/symplasmic exchange of nutrients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating polarized construction of the ingrowth wall and membrane transporter profile are poorly understood. RESULTS An RNAseq study of an inducible epidermal transfer cell system in cultured Vicia faba cotyledons identified transfer cell specific transcriptomes associated with uniform wall and wall ingrowth deposition. All functional groups of genes examined were expressed before and following transition to a transfer cell fate. What changed were the isoform profiles of expressed genes within functional groups. Genes encoding ethylene and Ca(2+) signal generation and transduction pathways were enriched during uniform wall construction. Auxin-and reactive oxygen species-related genes dominated during wall ingrowth formation and ABA genes were evenly expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Expression of genes encoding kinesins, formins and villins was consistent with reorganization of cytoskeletal components. Uniform wall and wall ingrowth specific expression of exocyst complex components and SNAREs suggested specific patterns of exocytosis while dynamin mediated endocytotic activity was consistent with establishing wall ingrowth loci. Key regulatory genes of biosynthetic pathways for sphingolipids and sterols were expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Transfer cell specific expression of cellulose synthases was absent. Rather xyloglucan, xylan and pectin biosynthetic genes were selectively expressed during uniform wall construction. More striking was expression of genes encoding enzymes for re-modelling/degradation of cellulose, xyloglucans, pectins and callose. Extensins dominated the cohort of expressed wall structural proteins and particularly so across wall ingrowth development. Ion transporters were selectively expressed throughout ingrowth wall development along with organic nitrogen transporters and a large group of ABC transporters. Sugar transporters were less represented. CONCLUSIONS Pathways regulating signalling and intracellular organization were fine tuned whilst cell wall construction and membrane transporter profiles were altered substantially upon transiting to a transfer cell fate. Each phase of ingrowth wall construction was linked with unique cohorts of expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Simon Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Zhang HM, Imtiaz MS, Laver DR, McCurdy DW, Offler CE, van Helden DF, Patrick JW. Polarized and persistent Ca²⁺ plumes define loci for formation of wall ingrowth papillae in transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1179-90. [PMID: 25504137 PMCID: PMC4339585 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cell morphology is characterized by a polarized ingrowth wall comprising a uniform wall upon which wall ingrowth papillae develop at right angles into the cytoplasm. The hypothesis that positional information directing construction of wall ingrowth papillae is mediated by Ca(2+) signals generated by spatiotemporal alterations in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyt) of cells trans-differentiating to a transfer cell morphology was tested. This hypothesis was examined using Vicia faba cotyledons. On transferring cotyledons to culture, their adaxial epidermal cells synchronously trans-differentiate to epidermal transfer cells. A polarized and persistent Ca(2+) signal, generated during epidermal cell trans-differentiation, was found to co-localize with the site of ingrowth wall formation. Dampening Ca(2+) signal intensity, by withdrawing extracellular Ca(2+) or blocking Ca(2+) channel activity, inhibited formation of wall ingrowth papillae. Maintenance of Ca(2+) signal polarity and persistence depended upon a rapid turnover (minutes) of cytosolic Ca(2+) by co-operative functioning of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels and Ca(2+)-ATPases. Viewed paradermally, and proximal to the cytosol-plasma membrane interface, the Ca(2+) signal was organized into discrete patches that aligned spatially with clusters of Ca(2+)-permeable channels. Mathematical modelling demonstrated that these patches of cytosolic Ca(2+) were consistent with inward-directed plumes of elevated [Ca(2+)]cyt. Plume formation depended upon an alternating distribution of Ca(2+)-permeable channels and Ca(2+)-ATPase clusters. On further inward diffusion, the Ca(2+) plumes coalesced into a uniform Ca(2+) signal. Blocking or dispersing the Ca(2+) plumes inhibited deposition of wall ingrowth papillae, while uniform wall formation remained unaltered. A working model envisages that cytosolic Ca(2+) plumes define the loci at which wall ingrowth papillae are deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammad S Imtiaz
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Derek R Laver
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dirk F van Helden
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Schulz A. Diffusion or bulk flow: how plasmodesmata facilitate pre-phloem transport of assimilates. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:49-61. [PMID: 25516499 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Assimilates synthesized in the mesophyll of mature leaves move along the pre-phloem transport pathway to the bundle sheath of the minor veins from which they are loaded into the phloem. The present review discusses the most probable driving force(s) for the pre-phloem pathway, diffusion down the concentration gradient or bulk flow along a pressure gradient. The driving force seems to depend on the mode of phloem loading. In a majority of plant species phloem loading is a thermodynamically active process, involving the activity of membrane transporters in the sieve-element companion cell complex. Since assimilate movement includes an apoplasmic step, this mode is called apoplasmic loading. Well established is also the polymer-trap loading mode, where the phloem-transport sugars are raffinose-family oligomers in herbaceous plants. Also this mode depends on the investment of energy, here for sugar oligomerization, and leads to a high sugar accumulation in the phloem, even though the phloem is not symplasmically isolated, but well coupled by plasmodesmata (PD). Hence the mode polymer-trap mode is also designated active symplasmic loading. For woody angiosperms and gymnosperms an alternate loading mode is currently matter of discussion, called passive symplasmic loading. Based on the limited material available, this review compares the different loading modes and suggests that diffusion is the driving force in apoplasmic loaders, while bulk flow plays an increasing role in plants having a continuous symplasmic pathway from mesophyll to sieve elements. Crucial for the driving force is the question where water enters the pre-phloem pathway. Surprisingly, the role of PD in water movement has not been addressed so far appropriately. Modeling of assimilate and water fluxes indicates that in symplasmic loaders a considerable part of water flux happens through the PD between bundle sheath and phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark,
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Radchuk V, Borisjuk L. Physical, metabolic and developmental functions of the seed coat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:510. [PMID: 25346737 PMCID: PMC4193196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The conventional understanding of the role of the seed coat is that it provides a protective layer for the developing zygote. Recent data show that the picture is more nuanced. The seed coat certainly represents a first line of defense against adverse external factors, but it also acts as channel for transmitting environmental cues to the interior of the seed. The latter function primes the seed to adjust its metabolism in response to changes in its external environment. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of the structure and functionality of the seed coat, and to expose its hidden interaction with both the endosperm and embryo. Any breeding and/or biotechnology intervention seeking to increase seed size or modify seed features will have to consider the implications on this tripartite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Heterosis, Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und KulturpflanzenforschungGatersleben, Germany
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29
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Rodiuc N, Vieira P, Banora MY, de Almeida Engler J. On the track of transfer cell formation by specialized plant-parasitic nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:160. [PMID: 24847336 PMCID: PMC4017147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are ubiquitous plant cells that play an important role in plant development as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are highly specialized and differentiated cells playing a central role in the acquisition, distribution and exchange of nutrients. Their unique structural traits are characterized by augmented ingrowths of invaginated secondary wall material, unsheathed by an amplified area of plasma membrane enriched in a suite of solute transporters. Similar morphological features can be perceived in vascular root feeding cells induced by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, such as root-knot and cyst nematodes, in a wide range of plant hosts. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, these obligatory biotrophic plant pathogens engage different approaches when reprogramming root cells into giant cells or syncytia, respectively. Both nematode feeding-cells types will serve as the main source of nutrients until the end of the nematode life cycle. In both cases, these nematodes are able to remarkably maneuver and reprogram plant host cells. In this review we will discuss the structure, function and formation of these specialized multinucleate cells that act as nutrient transfer cells accumulating and synthesizing components needed for survival and successful offspring of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant cells with transfer-like functions are also a renowned subject of interest involving still poorly understood molecular and cellular transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodiuc
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEBBrasília, Brasil
| | - Paulo Vieira
- NemaLab – Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de ÉvoraÉvora, Portugal
| | | | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEBBrasília, Brasil
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plant, Health and Environment, Plant-Nematodes Interaction Team, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISASophia-Antipolis, France
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30
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Zhai Z, Gayomba SR, Jung HI, Vimalakumari NK, Piñeros M, Craft E, Rutzke MA, Danku J, Lahner B, Punshon T, Guerinot ML, Salt DE, Kochian LV, Vatamaniuk OK. OPT3 Is a Phloem-Specific Iron Transporter That Is Essential for Systemic Iron Signaling and Redistribution of Iron and Cadmium in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2249-2264. [PMID: 24867923 PMCID: PMC4079381 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for both plant growth and human health and nutrition. Knowledge of the signaling mechanisms that communicate iron demand from shoots to roots to regulate iron uptake as well as the transport systems mediating iron partitioning into edible plant tissues is critical for the development of crop biofortification strategies. Here, we report that OPT3, previously classified as an oligopeptide transporter, is a plasma membrane transporter capable of transporting transition ions in vitro. Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana show that OPT3 loads iron into the phloem, facilitates iron recirculation from the xylem to the phloem, and regulates both shoot-to-root iron signaling and iron redistribution from mature to developing tissues. We also uncovered an aspect of crosstalk between iron homeostasis and cadmium partitioning that is mediated by OPT3. Together, these discoveries provide promising avenues for targeted strategies directed at increasing iron while decreasing cadmium density in the edible portions of crops and improving agricultural productivity in iron deficient soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhai
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sheena R Gayomba
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Ha-Il Jung
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Miguel Piñeros
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Eric Craft
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Michael A Rutzke
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - John Danku
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AS24 3UU Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Lahner
- Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - David E Salt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AS24 3UU Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Leon V Kochian
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Olena K Vatamaniuk
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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31
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Burton RA, Fincher GB. Evolution and development of cell walls in cereal grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:456. [PMID: 25309555 PMCID: PMC4161051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of cell walls in cereal grains and other grass species differs markedly from walls in seeds of other plants. In the maternal tissues that surround the embryo and endosperm of the grain, walls contain higher levels of cellulose and in many cases are heavily lignified. This may be contrasted with walls of the endosperm, where the amount of cellulose is relatively low, and the walls are generally not lignified. The low cellulose and lignin contents are possible because the walls of the endosperm perform no load-bearing function in the mature grain and indeed the low levels of these relatively intractable wall components are necessary because they allow rapid degradation of the walls following germination of the grain. The major non-cellulosic components of endosperm walls are usually heteroxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, with lower levels of xyloglucans, glucomannans, and pectic polysaccharides. Pectic polysaccharides and xyloglucans are the major non-cellulosic wall constituents in most dicot species, in which (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans are usually absent and heteroxylans are found at relatively low levels. Thus, the "core" non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain of the cereals and other grasses are the heteroxylans and, more specifically, arabinoxylans. The (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans appear in the endosperm of some grass species but are essentially absent from others; they may constitute from zero to more than 45% of the cell walls of the endosperm, depending on the species. It is clear that in some cases these (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans function as a major store of metabolizable glucose in the grain. Cereal grains and their constituent cell wall polysaccharides are centrally important as a source of dietary fiber in human societies and breeders have started to select for high levels of non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain. To meet end-user requirements, it is important that we understand cell wall biology in the grain both during development and following germination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls – School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia e-mail:
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32
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Smýkal P, Vernoud V, Blair MW, Soukup A, Thompson RD. The role of the testa during development and in establishment of dormancy of the legume seed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:351. [PMID: 25101104 PMCID: PMC4102250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Timing of seed germination is one of the key steps in plant life cycles. It determines the beginning of plant growth in natural or agricultural ecosystems. In the wild, many seeds exhibit dormancy and will only germinate after exposure to certain environmental conditions. In contrast, crop seeds germinate as soon as they are imbibed usually at planting time. These domestication-triggered changes represent adaptations to cultivation and human harvesting. Germination is one of the common sets of traits recorded in different crops and termed the "domestication syndrome." Moreover, legume seed imbibition has a crucial role in cooking properties. Different seed dormancy classes exist among plant species. Physical dormancy (often called hardseededness), as found in legumes, involves the development of a water-impermeable seed coat, caused by the presence of phenolics- and suberin-impregnated layers of palisade cells. The dormancy release mechanism primarily involves seed responses to temperature changes in the habitat, resulting in testa permeability to water. The underlying genetic controls in legumes have not been identified yet. However, positive correlation was shown between phenolics content (e.g., pigmentation), the requirement for oxidation and the activity of catechol oxidase in relation to pea seed dormancy, while epicatechin levels showed a significant positive correlation with soybean hardseededness. myeloblastosis family of transcription factors, WD40 proteins and enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were involved in seed testa color in soybean, pea and Medicago, but were not tested directly in relation to seed dormancy. These phenolic compounds play important roles in defense against pathogens, as well as affecting the nutritional quality of products, and because of their health benefits, they are of industrial and medicinal interest. In this review, we discuss the role of the testa in mediating legume seed germination, with a focus on structural and chemical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University in OlomoucOlomouc, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Petr Smýkal, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic e-mail:
| | | | - Matthew W. Blair
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
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van Bel AJE, Helariutta Y, Thompson GA, Ton J, Dinant S, Ding B, Patrick JW. Phloem: the integrative avenue for resource distribution, signaling, and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:471. [PMID: 24324476 PMCID: PMC3838965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Biao Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
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