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Sator C, Lico C, Pannucci E, Marchetti L, Baschieri S, Warzecha H, Santi L. Plant-Produced Viral Nanoparticles as a Functionalized Catalytic Support for Metabolic Engineering. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:503. [PMID: 38498408 PMCID: PMC10893517 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Substrate channeling could be very useful for plant metabolic engineering; hence, we propose that functionalized supramolecular self-assembly scaffolds can act as enzymatic hubs able to perform reactions in close contiguity. Virus nanoparticles (VNPs) offer an opportunity in this context, and we present a functionalization strategy to display different enzymes on the outer surface of three different VNPs produced in plants. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and Potato virus X (PVX) plant viruses were functionalized by the genetic fusion of the E-coil peptide coding sequence to their respective coat proteins genes, while the enzyme lichenase was tagged with the K-coil peptide. Immobilized E-coil VNPs were able to interact in vitro with the plant-produced functionalized lichenase, and catalysis was demonstrated by employing a lichenase assay. To prove this concept in planta, the Hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLPs) were similarly functionalized by genetic fusion with the E-coil sequence, while acyl-activating enzyme 1, olivetolic acid synthase, and olivetolic acid cyclase enzymes were tagged with the K-coil. The transient co-expression of the K-coil-enzymes together with E-coil-VLPs allowed the establishment of the heterologous cannabinoid precursor biosynthetic pathway. Noteworthy, a significantly higher yield of olivetolic acid glucoside was achieved when the scaffold E-coil-VLPs were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sator
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 65287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 65287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Elisa Pannucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.); (L.S.)
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 65287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 65287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.); (L.S.)
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Wendlandt T, Koch C, Britz B, Liedek A, Schmidt N, Werner S, Gleba Y, Vahidpour F, Welden M, Poghossian A, Schöning MJ, Eber FJ, Jeske H, Wege C. Facile Purification and Use of Tobamoviral Nanocarriers for Antibody-Mediated Display of a Two-Enzyme System. Viruses 2023; 15:1951. [PMID: 37766357 PMCID: PMC10536799 DOI: 10.3390/v15091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wild-type subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP, and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers via a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as a target, yielding synthetic multi-enzyme complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was also achieved on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing via modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Beate Britz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Anke Liedek
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nora Schmidt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Stefan Werner
- Nambawan Biotech GmbH/Now at Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Farnoosh Vahidpour
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Melanie Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | | | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany;
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
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Villanueva-Flores F, Pastor AR, Palomares LA, Huerta-Saquero A. A Novel Formulation of Asparaginase Encapsulated into Virus-like Particles of Brome Mosaic Virus: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2260. [PMID: 37765229 PMCID: PMC10535207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in plant-derived virus-like particles (pVLPs) for the design of a new generation of nanocarriers is based on their lack of infection for humans, their immunostimulatory properties to fight cancer cells, and their capability to contain and release cargo molecules. Asparaginase (ASNase) is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLA); however, it exhibits high immunogenicity which often leads to discontinuation of treatment. In previous work, we encapsulated ASNase into bacteriophage P22-based VLPs through genetic-directed design to form the ASNase-P22 nanobioreactors. In this work, a commercial ASNase was encapsulated into brome mosaic virus-like particles (BMV-VLPs) to form stable ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors. According to our results, we observed that ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors had similar cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 and Reh cells as the commercial drug. In vivo assays showed a higher specific anti-ASNase IgG response in BALB/c mice immunized with ASNase encapsulated into BMV-VLPs compared with those immunized with free ASNase. Nevertheless, we also detected a high and specific IgG response against BMV capsids on both ASNase-filled capsids (ASNase-BMV) and empty BMV capsids. Despite the fact that our in vivo studies showed that the BMV-VLPs stimulate the immune response either empty or with cargo proteins, the specific cytotoxicity against leukemic cells allows us to propose ASNase-BMV as a potential novel formulation for LLA treatment where in vitro and in vivo evidence of functionality is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Villanueva-Flores
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, CH, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Pastor
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
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De Angelis G, Badiali C, Chronopoulou L, Palocci C, Pasqua G. Confocal Microscopy Investigations of Biopolymeric PLGA Nanoparticle Uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Cultured Cells and Plantlet Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2397. [PMID: 37446957 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, most endocytosis studies in plant cells have focused on clathrin-dependent endocytosis, while limited evidence is available on clathrin-independent pathways. Since dynamin a is a key protein both in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and in clathrin-independent endocytic processes, this study investigated its role in the uptake of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The experiments were performed on cultured cells and roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Dynasore was used to inhibit the activity of dynamin-like proteins to investigate whether PLGA NPs enter plant cells through a dynamin-like-dependent or dynamin-like-independent endocytic pathway. Observations were performed by confocal microscopy using a fluorescent probe, coumarin 6, loaded in PLGA NPs. The results showed that both cells and roots of A. thaliana rapidly take up PLGA NPs. Dynasore was administered at different concentrations and exposure times in order to identify the effective ones for inhibitory activity. Treatments with dynasore did not prevent the NPs uptake, as revealed by the presence of fluorescence emission detected in the cytoplasm. At the highest concentration and the longest exposure time to dynasore, the fluorescence of NPs was not visible due to cell death. Thus, the results suggest that, because the NPs' uptake is unaffected by dynasore exposure, NPs can enter cells and roots by following a dynamin-like-independent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Angelis
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Badiali
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Chronopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Marchetti L, Simon-Gracia L, Lico C, Mancuso M, Baschieri S, Santi L, Teesalu T. Targeting of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus with a Genetically Fused C-End Rule Peptide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1428. [PMID: 37111013 PMCID: PMC10143547 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Homing peptides are widely used to improve the delivery of drugs, imaging agents, and nanoparticles (NPs) to their target sites. Plant virus-based particles represent an emerging class of structurally diverse nanocarriers that are biocompatible, biodegradable, safe, and cost-effective. Similar to synthetic NPs, these particles can be loaded with imaging agents and/or drugs and functionalized with affinity ligands for targeted delivery. Here we report the development of a peptide-guided Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV)-based nanocarrier platform for affinity targeting with the C-terminal C-end rule (CendR) peptide, RPARPAR (RPAR). Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the TBSV-RPAR NPs bind specifically to and internalize in cells positive for the peptide receptor neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). TBSV-RPAR particles loaded with a widely used anticancer anthracycline, doxorubicin, showed selective cytotoxicity on NRP-1-expressing cells. Following systemic administration in mice, RPAR functionalization conferred TBSV particles the ability to accumulate in the lung tissue. Collectively, these studies show the feasibility of the CendR-targeted TBSV platform for the precision delivery of payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marchetti
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorena Simon-Gracia
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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6
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Mínguez-Toral M, Pacios LF, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Structural intrinsic disorder in a functionalized potyviral coat protein as a main viability determinant of its assembled nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123958. [PMID: 36906197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The viability of viral-derived nanoparticles (virions and VLPs) aimed to nanobiotechnological functionalizations of the coat protein (CP) of turnip mosaic virus has been studied by means of advanced computational methodologies that include molecular dynamics. The study has allowed to model the structure of the complete CP and its functionalization with three different peptides and obtain essential structural features such as order/disorder, interactions, and electrostatic potentials of their constituent domains. The results provide for the first time a dynamic view of a complete potyvirus CP, since experimental available structures so far obtained lack N- and C-terminal segments. The relevance of disorder in the most distal N-terminal subdomain, and the interaction of the less distal N-terminal subdomain with the highly ordered CP core, stand out as crucial characteristic for a viable CP. Preserving them proved of outmost importance to obtain viable potyviral CPs presenting peptides at their N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mínguez-Toral
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Wijesundara YH, Herbert FC, Kumari S, Howlett T, Koirala S, Trashi O, Trashi I, Al-Kharji NM, Gassensmith JJ. Rip it, stitch it, click it: A Chemist's guide to VLP manipulation. Virology 2022; 577:105-123. [PMID: 36343470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are some of nature's most ubiquitous self-assembled molecular containers. Evolutionary pressures have created some incredibly robust, thermally, and enzymatically resistant carriers to transport delicate genetic information safely. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are human-engineered non-infectious systems that inherit the parent virus' ability to self-assemble under controlled conditions while being non-infectious. VLPs and plant-based viral nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular in medicine as their self-assembly properties are exploitable for applications ranging from diagnostic tools to targeted drug delivery. Understanding the basic structure and principles underlying the assembly of higher-order structures has allowed researchers to disassemble (rip it), reassemble (stitch it), and functionalize (click it) these systems on demand. This review focuses on the current toolbox of strategies developed to manipulate these systems by ripping, stitching, and clicking to create new technologies in the biomedical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Thomas Howlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Orikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Noora M Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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Baró A, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Montesinos E, Montesinos L. Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant host for Xylella fastidiosa: Control of infections by transient expression and endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1061463. [PMID: 36531347 PMCID: PMC9752042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of genes encoding peptides BP134 and BP178 by means of a Potato virus X (PVX) based-vector system, and treatment with synthetic peptides by endotherapy, were evaluated in the control of Xylella fastidiosa infections, in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient production of BP178 significantly decreased disease severity compared to PVX and non-treated control (NTC) plants, without adverse effects. Plants treated with synthetic BP134 and BP178 showed consistently lower levels of disease than NTC plants. However, the coinfection with PVX-BP134 and X. fastidiosa caused detrimental effects resulting in plant death. The levels of X. fastidiosa in three zones sampled, upwards and downwards of the inoculation/treatment point, significantly decreased compared to the NTC plants, after the treatment with BP178, but not when BP178 was produced transiently. The effect of treatment and transient production of BP178 in the induction of defense-related genes was also studied. Synthetic BP178 applied by endotherapy induced the expression of ERF1, PR1a, PAL, PALII and WRKY25, while the transient expression of BP178 overexpressed the Cath, Cyc, PR4a, 9-LOX and Endochitinase B genes. Both treatments upregulated the expression of PR1, PR3, PR4 and CycT9299 genes compared to the NTC or PVX plants. It was concluded that the effect of BP178, either by endotherapy or by transient expression, on the control of the X. fastidiosa infections in N. benthamiana, was due in part to the induction of the plant defense system in addition to its bactericidal activity reported in previous studies. However, the protection observed when BP178 was transiently produced seems mainly mediated by the induction of plant defense, because the levels of X. fastidiosa were not significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Baró
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Affonso de Oliveira JF, Chan SK, Omole AO, Agrawal V, Steinmetz NF. In Vivo Fate of Cowpea Mosaic Virus In Situ Vaccine: Biodistribution and Clearance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18315-18328. [PMID: 36264973 PMCID: PMC9840517 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a nucleoprotein nanoparticle that functions as a highly potent immunomodulator when administered intratumorally and is used as an in situ vaccine. CPMV in situ vaccination remodels the tumor microenvironment and primes a highly potent, systemic, and durable antitumor immune response against the treated and untreated, distant metastatic sites (abscopal effect). Potent efficacy was demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and, most importantly, in canine cancer patients with spontaneous tumors. Data indicate that presence of anti-CPMV antibodies are not neutralizing and that in fact opsonization leads to enhanced efficacy. Plant viruses are part of the food chain, but to date, there is no information on human exposure to CPMV. Therefore, patient sera were tested for the presence of immunoglobulins against CPMV, and indeed, >50% of deidentified patient samples tested positive for CPMV antibodies. To get a broader sense of plant virus exposure and immunogenicity in humans, we also tested sera for antibodies against tobacco mosaic virus (>90% patients tested positive), potato virus X (<20% patients tested positive), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (no antibodies were detected). Further, patient sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the coliphage Qβ, a platform technology currently undergoing clinical trials for in situ vaccination; we found that 60% of patients present with anti-Qβ antibodies. Thus, data indicate human exposure to CPMV and other plant viruses and phages. Next, we thought to address agronomical safety; i.e., we examined the fate of CPMV after intratumoral treatment and oral gavage (to mimic consumption by food). Because live CPMV is used, an important question is whether there is any evidence of shedding of infectious particles from mice or patients. CPMV is noninfectious toward mammals; however, it is infectious toward plants including black-eyed peas and other legumes. Biodistribution data in tumor-bearing and healthy mice indicate little leaching from tumors and clearance via the reticuloendothelial system followed by biliary excretion. While there was evidence of shedding of RNA in stool, there was no evidence of infectious particles when plants were challenged with stool extracts, thus indicating agronomical safety. Together these data aid the translational development of CPMV as a drug candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Anthony O Omole
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Vanshika Agrawal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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10
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Selma S, Gianoglio S, Uranga M, Vázquez‐Vilar M, Espinosa‐Ruiz A, Drapal M, Fraser PD, Daròs J, Orzáez D. Potato virus X-delivered CRISPR activation programs lead to strong endogenous gene induction and transient metabolic reprogramming in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1550-1564. [PMID: 35822533 PMCID: PMC9541417 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmable transcriptional regulators based on CRISPR architecture are promising tools for the induction of plant gene expression. In plants, CRISPR gene activation is effective with respect to modulating development processes, such as the flowering time or customizing biochemical composition. The most widely used method for delivering CRISPR components into the plant is Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation, either transient or stable. However, as a result of their versatility and their ability to move, virus-derived systems have emerged as an interesting alternative for supplying the CRISPR components to the plant, in particular guide RNA (gRNA), which represents the variable component in CRISPR strategies. In the present study, we describe a Potato virus X-derived vector that, upon agroinfection in Nicotiana benthamiana, serves as a vehicle for delivery of gRNAs, producing highly specific virus-induced gene activation. The system works in combination with a N. benthamiana transgenic line carrying the remaining complementary CRISPR gene activation components, specifically the dCasEV2.1 cassette, which has been shown previously to mediate strong programmable transcriptional activation in plants. Using an easily scalable, non-invasive spraying method, we show that gRNA-mediated activation programs move locally and systemically, generating a strong activation response in different target genes. Furthermore, by activating three different endogenous MYB transcription factors, we demonstrate that this Potato virus X-based virus-induced gene reprogramming strategy results in program-specific metabolic fingerprints in N. benthamiana leaves characterized by distinctive phenylpropanoid-enriched metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Selma
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Mireia Uranga
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Marta Vázquez‐Vilar
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa‐Ruiz
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | | | | | - José‐Antonio Daròs
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto Biología Molecular y celular de PlantasCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
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11
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Proença PL, Carvalho LB, Campos EV, Fraceto LF. Fluorescent labeling as a strategy to evaluate uptake and transport of polymeric nanoparticles in plants. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102695. [PMID: 35598536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of biodegradable nanopolymers in agriculture offers an excellent alternative for the efficient delivery of agrochemicals that promote plant protection and development. However, tracking of these systems inside plants requires complex probe tagging strategies. In addition to providing a basis for better understanding such nanostructures to optimize delivery system design, these probes allow monitoring the migration of nanoparticles through plant tissues, and determine accumulation sites. Thus, these probes are powerful tools that can be used to quantify and visualize nanoparticle accumulation in plant cells and tissues. This review is an overview of the methods involved in labeling nanocarriers, mainly based on polymeric matrices, for the delivery of nanoagrochemicals and the recent advances in this field.
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12
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Martí M, Merwaiss F, Butković A, Daròs JA. Production of Potyvirus-Derived Nanoparticles Decorated with a Nanobody in Biofactory Plants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:877363. [PMID: 35433643 PMCID: PMC9008781 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.877363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have recently attracted attention for their use as building blocks for novel materials to support a range of functions of potential interest in nanotechnology and medicine. Viral capsids are ideal for presenting small epitopes by inserting them at an appropriate site on the selected coat protein (CP). VNPs presenting antibodies on their surfaces are considered highly promising tools for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Due to their size, nanobodies are an interesting alternative to classic antibodies for surface presentation. Nanobodies are the variable domains of heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies from animals belonging to the family Camelidae, which have several properties that make them attractive therapeutic molecules, such as their small size, simple structure, and high affinity and specificity. In this work, we have produced genetically encoded VNPs derived from two different potyviruses—the largest group of RNA viruses that infect plants—decorated with nanobodies. We have created a VNP derived from zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) decorated with a nanobody against the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) plants. As reported for other viruses, the expression of ZYMV-derived VNPs decorated with this nanobody was only made possible by including a picornavirus 2A splicing peptide between the fused proteins, which resulted in a mixed population of unmodified and decorated CPs. We have also produced tobacco etch virus (TEV)-derived VNPs in Nicotiana benthamiana plants decorated with the same nanobody against GFP. Strikingly, in this case, VNPs could be assembled by direct fusion of the nanobody to the viral CP with no 2A splicing involved, likely resulting in fully decorated VNPs. For both expression systems, correct assembly and purification of the recombinant VNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscope; the functionality of the CP-fused nanobody was assessed by western blot and binding assays. In sum, here we report the production of genetically encoded plant-derived VNPs decorated with a nanobody. This system may be an attractive alternative for the sustainable production in plants of nanobody-containing nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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13
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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14
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Long-Term Potato Virus X (PVX)-Based Transient Expression of Recombinant GFP Protein in Nicotiana benthamiana Culture In Vitro. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102187. [PMID: 34685995 PMCID: PMC8537016 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming has a great potential to produce valuable proteins. Transient expression technology provides high yields of recombinant proteins in greenhouse-grown plants, but every plant must be artificially agroinfiltrated, and open greenhouse systems are less controlled. Here, we propose to propagate agrobacteria-free plants with high-efficient long-term self-replicated transient gene expression in a well-controlled closed in vitro system. Nicotiana benthamiana plant tissue culture in vitro, with transient expression of recombinant GFP, was obtained through shoot induction from leaf explants infected by a PVX-based vector. The transient expression occurs in new tissues and regenerants due to the natural systemic distribution of viral RNA carrying the target gene. Gene silencing was delayed in plants grown in vitro, and GFP was detected in plants for five to six months. Agrobacteria-free, GFP-expressing plants can be micropropagated in vitro (avoiding an agroinfiltration step), "rejuvenated" through regeneration (maintaining culture for years), or transferred in soil. The mean GFP in the regenerants was 18% of the total soluble proteins (TSP) (0.52 mg/g of fresh leaf weight (FW). The highest value reached 47% TSP (2 mg/g FW). This study proposes a new method for recombinant protein production combining the advantages of transient expression technology and closed cultural systems.
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15
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Xia X, Shi B, Wang L, Liu Y, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Duan J, Guo S, Jang HW, Miao Y, Fan K, Bai F, Tao W, Zhao Y, Yan Q, Cheng G, Liu H, Jiao Y, Liu S, Huang Y, Ling D, Kang W, Xue X, Cui D, Huang Y, Cui Z, Sun X, Qian Z, Gu Z, Han G, Yang Z, Leong DT, Wu A, Liu G, Qu X, Shen Y, Wang Q, Lowry GV, Wang E, Liang X, Gardea‐Torresdey J, Chen G, Parak WJ, Weiss PS, Zhang L, Stenzel MM, Fan C, Bush AI, Zhang G, Grof CPL, Wang X, Galbraith DW, Tang BZ, Offler CE, Patrick JW, Song C. From mouse to mouse‐ear cress: Nanomaterials as vehicles in plant biotechnology. EXPLORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Kelong Fan
- Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Qingyu Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Gang Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‐efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Centre for Materials in Energy and Catalysis (CMEC), School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Shanhu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yongwei Huang
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega‐Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhen Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano‐Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i‐Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou China
| | - Gregory V. Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT) Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xing‐Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jorge Gardea‐Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas USA
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Martina M. Stenzel
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou China
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen China
| | - Christina E. Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Chun‐Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
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16
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Schuphan J, Commandeur U. Analysis of Engineered Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus X Nanoparticles as Carriers for Biocatalysts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710869. [PMID: 34421958 PMCID: PMC8377429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles are promising candidates for the development of novel materials, including nanocomposites and scaffolds/carriers for functional molecules such as enzymes. Their advantages for enzyme immobilization include a modular organization, a robust and programmable structure, and a simple, cost-effective production. However, the activity of many enzymes relies on posttranslational modification and most plant viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, so functional enzymes cannot be displayed on the virus surface by direct coat protein fusions. An alternative display system to present the Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase Cel12A on potato virus X (PVX) using SpyTag/SpyCatcher (ST/SC) technology was recently developed by the authors, which allows the carrier and enzyme to be produced separately before isopeptide conjugation. Although kinetic analysis clearly indicated efficient biocatalyst activity, the PVX carrier interfered with substrate binding. To overcome this, the suitability of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was tested, which can also accommodate a larger number of ST peptides. We produced TMV particles displaying ST as a new platform for the immobilization of enzymes such as Cel12A, and compared its performance to the established PVX-ST platform in terms of catalytic efficiency. Although more enzyme molecules were immobilized on the TMV-ST particles, we found that the rigid scaffold and helical spacing significantly affected enzyme activity.
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17
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Yuste-Calvo C, Ibort P, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Turnip Mosaic Virus Coat Protein Deletion Mutants Allow Defining Dispensable Protein Domains for 'in Planta' eVLP Formation. Viruses 2020; 12:E661. [PMID: 32575409 PMCID: PMC7354486 DOI: 10.3390/v12060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of different structural domains of the coat protein (CP) of turnip mosaic virus, a potyvirus, in establishing and/or maintaining particle assembly was analyzed through deletion mutants of the protein. In order to identify exclusively those domains involved in protein-protein interactions within the particle, the analysis was performed by agroinfiltration "in planta", followed by the assessment of CP accumulation in leaves and the assembly of virus-like particles lacking nucleic acids, also known as empty virus-like particles (eVLP). Thus, the interactions involving viral RNA could be excluded. It was found that deletions precluding eVLP assembly did not allow for protein accumulation either, probably indicating that non-assembled CP protein was degraded in the plant leaves. Deletions involving the CP structural core were incompatible with particle assembly. On the N-terminal domain, only the deletion avoiding the subdomain involved in interactions with other CP subunits was incorporated into eVLPs. The C-terminal domain was shown to be more permissive to deletions. Assembled eVLPs were found for mutants, eliminating the whole domain. The C-terminal domain mutants were unusually long, suggesting some role of the domain in the regulation of particle length. The identification of the CP domains responsible for eVLP formation will allow for new approaches to protein stretch replacement with peptides or proteins of nanobiotechnological interest. Finally, specific cases of application are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (C.Y.-C.); (P.I.); (F.S.)
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18
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Leon K, Ott M. An 'Arms Race' between the Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Pathway and Viral Infections. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:101-107. [PMID: 32553580 PMCID: PMC7295464 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway is an RNA quality control pathway conserved among eukaryotic cells. While historically thought to predominantly recognize transcripts with premature termination codons, it is now known that the NMD pathway plays a variety of roles, from homeostatic events to control of viral pathogens. In this review we highlight the reciprocal interactions between the host NMD pathway and viral pathogens, which have shaped both the host antiviral defense and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Leon
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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19
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Bapat G, Zinjarde S, Tamhane V. Evaluation of silica nanoparticle mediated delivery of protease inhibitor in tomato plants and its effect on insect pest Helicoverpa armigera. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111079. [PMID: 32361552 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The inert and surface tunable nature of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) makes them suitable for different applications. We have evaluated the potential of SiNPs for delivering proteins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. SiNPs of 20 and 100 nm (Si20 and Si100) were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain Si20APT and Si100APT, respectively, that were non-toxic toward plants. The functionalized nanoparticles were taken up by plants through roots as well as leaf surfaces. They were seen to be localized near the vasculature, particularly around the xylem. Si20APT and Si100APT nanoparticles were conjugated with soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) to yield Si20APT-STI and Si100APT-STI, respectively. Based on the trypsin inhibitory activity of loaded nanoparticles, optimum loading was obtained for 0.4 mg of STI per 0.8 mg of NPs. Si20APT nanoparticles retained higher contents of STI than Si100APT. Exposure of STI-conjugated nanoparticles to 25°C or pH 8.0 aided release of the inhibitor. The particle bound STI inhibited bovine trypsin by 80% and Helicoverpa armigera gut proteinase (HGP) activity by 50%. Second instar H. armigera larvae ingesting STI-loaded particles (incorporated in artificial diet or leaves) showed significant retardation in growth. In choice assays, Si20APT-STI applied leaf discs were strikingly avoided by insect larvae. On the basis of the results obtained in this investigation, we recommend the use of Si20 nanoparticles for developing plant delivery vehicles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhali Bapat
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Vaijayanti Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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Grinzato A, Kandiah E, Lico C, Betti C, Baschieri S, Zanotti G. Atomic structure of potato virus X, the prototype of the Alphaflexiviridae family. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:564-569. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Mobility assays coupled with RNA profiling have revealed the presence of hundreds of full-length non-cell-autonomous messenger RNAs that move through the whole plant via the phloem cell system. Monitoring the movement of these RNA signals can be difficult and time consuming. Here we describe a simple, virus-based system for surveying RNA movement by replacing specific sequences within the viral RNA genome of potato virus X (PVX) that are critical for movement with other sequences that facilitate movement. PVX is a RNA virus dependent on three small proteins that facilitate cell-to-cell transport and a coat protein (CP) required for long-distance spread of PVX. Deletion of the CP blocks movement, whereas replacing the CP with phloem-mobile RNA sequences reinstates mobility. Two experimental models validating this assay system are discussed. One involves the movement of the flowering locus T RNA that regulates floral induction and the second involves movement of StBEL5, a long-distance RNA signal that regulates tuber formation in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
- Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK.
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Santoni M, Zampieri R, Avesani L. Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Vaccine Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:344-356. [PMID: 32048964 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200212100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology, plant virus nanoparticles (pVNPs) are emerging as powerful tools in diverse applications ranging from biomedicine to materials science. The proteinaceous structure of plant viruses allows the capsid structure to be modified by genetic engineering and/or chemical conjugation with nanoscale precision. This means that pVNPs can be engineered to display peptides and proteins on their external surface, including immunodominant peptides derived from pathogens allowing pVNPs to be used for active immunization. In this context, pVNPs are safer than VNPs derived from mammalian viruses because there is no risk of infection or reversion to pathogenicity. Furthermore, pVNPs can be produced rapidly and inexpensively in natural host plants or heterologous production platforms. In this review, we discuss the use of pVNPs for the delivery of peptide antigens to the host immune in pre-clinical studies with the final aim of promoting systemic immunity against the corresponding pathogens. Furthermore, we described the versatility of plant viruses, with innate immunostimulatory properties, in providing a huge natural resource of carriers that can be used to develop the next generation of sustainable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Santoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
- Diamante srl. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
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23
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Yuste-Calvo C, López-Santalla M, Zurita L, Cruz-Fernández CF, Sánchez F, Garín MI, Ponz F. Elongated Flexuous Plant Virus-Derived Nanoparticles Functionalized for Autoantibody Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1438. [PMID: 31658770 PMCID: PMC6835482 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles derived from the elongated flexuous capsids of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) have been shown to be efficient tools for antibody sensing with a very high sensitivity if adequately functionalized with the corresponding epitopes. Taking advantage of this possibility, TuMV virus-like particles (VLPs) have been genetically derivatized with a peptide from the chaperonin Hsp60, a protein described to be involved in inflammation processes and autoimmune diseases. Antibodies against the peptide have been previously shown to have a diagnostic value in at least one autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis. The functionalized Hsp60-VLPs showed their significant increase in sensing potency when compared to monoclonal antibody detection of the peptide in a conventional immunoassay. Additionally, the developed Hsp60-VLPs allowed the detection of autoantibodies against the Hsp60 peptide in an in vivo mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The detection of minute amounts of the autoantibodies allowed us to perform the analysis of their evolution during the progression of the disease. The anti-Hsp60 autoantibody levels in the sera of the inflamed mice went down during the induction phase of the disease. Increased levels of the anti-HSP60 autoantibodies were detected during the resolution phase of the disease. An extension of a previously proposed model for the involvement of Hsp60 in inflammatory processes is considered, incorporating a role for Hsp60 autoantibodies. This, and related models, can now be experimentally tested thanks to the autoantibody detection hypersensitivity provided by the functionalized VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Yuste-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes López-Santalla
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Zurita
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - César F Cruz-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina I Garín
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Autopista M-40, km 38. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Commandeur U. Small, Smaller, Nano: New Applications for Potato Virus X in Nanotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:158. [PMID: 30838013 PMCID: PMC6390637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an expanding interdisciplinary field concerning the development and application of nanostructured materials derived from inorganic compounds or organic polymers and peptides. Among these latter materials, proteinaceous plant virus nanoparticles have emerged as a key platform for the introduction of tailored functionalities by genetic engineering and conjugation chemistry. Tobacco mosaic virus and Cowpea mosaic virus have already been developed for bioimaging, vaccination and electronics applications, but the flexible and filamentous Potato virus X (PVX) has received comparatively little attention. The filamentous structure of PVX particles allows them to carry large payloads, which are advantageous for applications such as biomedical imaging in which multi-functional scaffolds with a high aspect ratio are required. In this context, PVX achieves superior tumor homing and retention properties compared to spherical nanoparticles. Because PVX is a protein-based nanoparticle, its unique functional properties are combined with enhanced biocompatibility, making it much more suitable for biomedical applications than synthetic nanomaterials. Moreover, PVX nanoparticles have very low toxicity in vivo, and superior pharmacokinetic profiles. This review focuses on the production of PVX nanoparticles engineered using chemical and/or biological techniques, and describes current and future opportunities and challenges for the application of PVX nanoparticles in medicine, diagnostics, materials science, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Esfandiari N, Sefidbakht Y. An isolate of Potato Virus X capsid protein from N. benthamiana: Insights from homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:939-946. [PMID: 29777803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since Potato Virus X (PVX) is easily transmitted mechanically between their hosts, its control is difficult. We have previously reported new isolate of this virus (PVX-Iran, GenBank Accession number FJ461343). However, the molecular basis of resistance breaking activity and its relation to capsid protein structure are still not well-understood. SDS-PAGE, ELISA, Western blot and RT-PCR molecular examinations were performed on the inoculated plants Nicotiana benthamiana. The pathological symptoms were related to the PVX isolate. The capsid protein (CP) structure were modeled based on homology and subjected to three independent 80 ns molecular dynamics minimization (GROMACS, OPLS force field) in the SPC water box. The RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and electrostatic properties were retrieved from the trajectories. Flexibility and hydrophilic nature of the N-terminal residues (1-34) of solvated CP could be observed in conformational changes upon minimization. The obtained structure was then docked with NbPCIP1 using ClusPro 2.0. The strong binding affinity of these two proteins (≈-16.0 Kcal mol-1) represents the formation of inclusion body and hence appearance of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Esfandiari
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yahya Sefidbakht
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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MacDonald J. History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals. PROSPECTS OF PLANT-BASED VACCINES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122757 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90137-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Hefferon KL. Repurposing Plant Virus Nanoparticles. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010011. [PMID: 29443902 PMCID: PMC5874652 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been explored for many years as inexpensive and versatile platforms for the generation of vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals. Plant viruses have also been engineered to either express subunit vaccines or act as epitope presentation systems. Both icosahedral and helical, filamentous-shaped plant viruses have been used for these purposes. More recently, plant viruses have been utilized as nanoparticles to transport drugs and active molecules into cancer cells. The following review describes the use of both icosahedral and helical plant viruses in a variety of new functions against cancer. The review illustrates the breadth of variation among different plant virus nanoparticles and how this impacts the immune response.
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28
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Systemic Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X Nanoparticles Presenting a Fluorescent iLOV Polypeptide Fused Directly to the Coat Protein. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9328671. [PMID: 29662905 PMCID: PMC5831704 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9328671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus-based nanoparticles can be produced in plants on a large scale and are easily modified to introduce new functions, making them suitable for applications such as vaccination and drug delivery, tissue engineering, and in vivo imaging. The latter is often achieved using green fluorescent protein and its derivatives, but the monovalent fluorescent protein iLOV is smaller and more robust. Here, we fused the iLOV polypeptide to the N-terminus of the Potato virus X (PVX) coat protein, directly or via the Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A sequence, for expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Direct fusion of the iLOV polypeptide did not prevent the assembly or systemic spread of the virus and we verified the presence of fusion proteins and iLOV hybrid virus particles in leaf extracts. Compared to wild-type PVX virions, the PVX particles displaying the iLOV peptide showed an atypical, intertwined morphology. Our results confirm that a direct fusion of the iLOV fluorescent protein to filamentous PVX nanoparticles offers a promising tool for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Esfandiari N, Arzanani MK, Koohi-Habibi M. The study of toxicity and pathogenicity risk of Potato Virus X/Herceptin nanoparticles as agents for cancer therapy. Cancer Nanotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-018-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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30
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Shukla S, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U, Steinmetz NF. In Planta Production of Fluorescent Filamentous Plant Virus-Based Nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:61-84. [PMID: 29869235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are attractive platforms for biomedical applications and are frequently employed for optical imaging in tissue culture and preclinical animal models as fluorescent probes. Chemical modification with organic dyes remains the most common strategy to develop such fluorescent probes. Here we report a genetic engineering approach to incorporate fluorescent proteins in viral nanoparticles, which can be propagated in their plant host. The fluorescent viral nanoparticles so obtained obviate post-harvest modifications and thereby maximize yields. Our engineering approach transforms filamentous potato virus X (PVX) to display green fluorescent protein (GFP) or mCherry as N-terminal coat protein (CP) fusions at a 1:3 fusion protein to CP ratio through integration of the foot-and-mouth disease 2A sequence. The in planta propagation of recombinant GFP-PVX or mCherry-PVX thus produced in Nicotiana benthamiana can be easily documented using fluorescence imaging. Molecular farming protocols can be accordingly optimized by monitoring chimera stability over the course of the infection cycle. Moreover, we also demonstrate the utility of recombinant mCherry-PVX in optical imaging of human cancer cells and tumor tissue in preclinical mice model. Together, these features make genetically engineered fluorescent PVX particles ideally suited for molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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31
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Röder J, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Engineering Potato Virus X Particles for a Covalent Protein Based Attachment of Enzymes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702151. [PMID: 29125698 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles are often used to display functional amino acids or small peptides, thus serving as building blocks in application areas as diverse as nanoelectronics, bioimaging, vaccination, drug delivery, and bone differentiation. This is most easily achieved by expressing coat protein fusions, but the assembly of the corresponding virus particles can be hampered by factors such as the fusion protein size, amino acid composition, and post-translational modifications. Size constraints can be overcome by using the Foot and mouth disease virus 2A sequence, but the compositional limitations cannot be avoided without the introduction of time-consuming chemical modifications. SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology is used in the present study to covalently attach the Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase Cel12A to Potato virus X (PVX) nanoparticles. The formation of PVX particles is confirmed by western blot, and the ability of the particles to display Cel12A is demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and transmission electron microscopy. Enzymatic assays show optimal reaction conditions of 50 °C and pH 6.5, and an increased substrate conversion rate compared to free enzymes. It is concluded that PVX displaying the SpyTag can serve as new scaffold for protein display, most notably for proteins with post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Plant Virus Expression Vectors: A Powerhouse for Global Health. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030044. [PMID: 28758953 PMCID: PMC5618302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-made biopharmaceuticals have long been considered a promising technology for providing inexpensive and efficacious medicines for developing countries, as well as for combating pandemic infectious diseases and for use in personalized medicine. Plant virus expression vectors produce high levels of pharmaceutical proteins within a very short time period. Recently, plant viruses have been employed as nanoparticles for novel forms of cancer treatment. This review provides a glimpse into the development of plant virus expression systems both for pharmaceutical production as well as for immunotherapy.
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Reconceptualizing cancer immunotherapy based on plant production systems. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO217. [PMID: 28884013 PMCID: PMC5583679 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can be used as inexpensive and facile production platforms for vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals. More recently, plant-based biologics have expanded to include cancer immunotherapy agents. The following review describes the current state of the art for plant-derived strategies to prevent or reduce cancers. The review discusses avenues taken to prevent infection by oncogenic viruses, solid tumors and lymphomas. Strategies including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and virus nanoparticles are described, and examples are provided. The review ends with a discussion of the implications of plant-based cancer immunotherapy for developing countries. Cancer immunotherapy has made great strides over recent years. This review describes the use of plants as production systems to produce biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and antibodies to treat a wide variety of cancers. The use of nanoparticle technology based on plant viruses as a novel strategy to target and combat cancers is also included. The review concludes with a discussion of plant production platforms and their relevance for the generation of cheap and effective cancer immunotherapies for developing countries.
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González-Gamboa I, Manrique P, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Plant-made potyvirus-like particles used for log-increasing antibody sensing capacity. J Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Beloborodov SS, Panferov VG, Safenkova IV, Krylova SM, Dzantiev BB, Krylov SN. Unexpected Electrophoretic Behavior of Complexes between Rod-like Virions and Bivalent Antibodies. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11908-11912. [PMID: 27934118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the unexpected electrophoretic behavior of complexes between rod-like virus particles (virions) and bivalent antibodies. The multiple complexes formed by the virions and antibodies migrated with electrophoretic mobilities of much greater absolute values than those of the unbound virions or antibodies while typically complexes have mobilities intermediate to those of their components. We hypothesized that the mobilities of unusually high absolute values are caused by the cross-linking of virions by bivalent antibodies into aggregates with prominent side-to-side binding. Theoretically, the mobility of such aggregates should be proportional to the square root of the number of cross-linked virions. The formation of virion aggregates with prominent side-to-side binding was confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The dependence of the aggregate mobility on the number of cross-linked virions can be used to estimate this number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S Beloborodov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Vasily G Panferov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Svetlana M Krylova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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36
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Lico C, Giardullo P, Mancuso M, Benvenuto E, Santi L, Baschieri S. A biodistribution study of two differently shaped plant virus nanoparticles reveals new peculiar traits. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:431-439. [PMID: 27648774 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling plant virus nanoparticles (pVNPs) have started to be explored as nanometre-sized objects for biomedical applications, such as vaccine or drug delivery and imaging. Plant VNPs may be ideal tools in terms of biocompatibility and biodegradability endowed with a wide diversity of symmetries and dimensions, easy chemical/biological engineering, and rapid production in plants. Recently, we defined that icosahedral Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and filamentous Potato virus X (PVX) are neither toxic nor teratogenic. We report here the results of an interdisciplinary study aimed to define for the first time the biodistribution of unlabelled, unpegylated, underivatized TBSV and PVX by proved detecting antibodies. These data add new insights on the in vivo behaviour of these nano-objects and demonstrate that the pVNPs under scrutiny are each intrinsically endowed with peculiar properties foreshadowing different applications in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Benvenuto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
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37
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Nikitin NA, Trifonova EA, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. Biosafety of plant viruses for human and animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392516030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Abstract
For over two decades now, plants have been explored for their potential to act as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. More recently, plant viruses have been designed as nontoxic nanoparticles that can target a variety of cancers and thus empower the immune system to slow or even reverse tumor progression. The following paper describes the employment of plant virus expression vectors for the treatment of some of the most challenging diseases known today. The paper concludes with a projection of the multiple avenues by which virus nanoparticles could impact developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Food Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14886, USA
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