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Cohen AB, Cai G, Price DC, Molnar TJ, Zhang N, Hillman BI. The massive 340 megabase genome of Anisogramma anomala, a biotrophic ascomycete that causes eastern filbert blight of hazelnut. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:347. [PMID: 38580927 PMCID: PMC10998396 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascomycete fungus Anisogramma anomala causes Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) on hazelnut (Corylus spp.) trees. It is a minor disease on its native host, the American hazelnut (C. americana), but is highly destructive on the commercially important European hazelnut (C. avellana). In North America, EFB has historically limited commercial production of hazelnut to west of the Rocky Mountains. A. anomala is an obligately biotrophic fungus that has not been grown in continuous culture, rendering its study challenging. There is a 15-month latency before symptoms appear on infected hazelnut trees, and only a sexual reproductive stage has been observed. Here we report the sequencing, annotation, and characterization of its genome. RESULTS The genome of A. anomala was assembled into 108 scaffolds totaling 342,498,352 nt with a GC content of 34.46%. Scaffold N50 was 33.3 Mb and L50 was 5. Nineteen scaffolds with lengths over 1 Mb constituted 99% of the assembly. Telomere sequences were identified on both ends of two scaffolds and on one end of another 10 scaffolds. Flow cytometry estimated the genome size of A. anomala at 370 Mb. The genome exhibits two-speed evolution, with 93% of the assembly as AT-rich regions (32.9% GC) and the other 7% as GC-rich (57.1% GC). The AT-rich regions consist predominantly of repeats with low gene content, while 90% of predicted protein coding genes were identified in GC-rich regions. Copia-like retrotransposons accounted for more than half of the genome. Evidence of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) was identified throughout the AT-rich regions, and two copies of the rid gene and one of dim-2, the key genes in the RIP mutation pathway, were identified in the genome. Consistent with its homothallic sexual reproduction cycle, both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs were found. We identified a large suite of genes likely involved in pathogenicity, including 614 carbohydrate active enzymes, 762 secreted proteins and 165 effectors. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the genomic structure, composition, and putative gene function of the important pathogen A. anomala. It provides insight into the molecular basis of the pathogen's life cycle and a solid foundation for studying EFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna B Cohen
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Guohong Cai
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Dana C Price
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Thomas J Molnar
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bradley I Hillman
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Qian J, Ibrahim HMM, Erz M, Kümmel F, Panstruga R, Kusch S. Long noncoding RNAs emerge from transposon-derived antisense sequences and may contribute to infection stage-specific transposon regulation in a fungal phytopathogen. Mob DNA 2023; 14:17. [PMID: 37964319 PMCID: PMC10648671 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-023-00305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of the obligate biotrophic phytopathogenic barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria hordei is inflated due to highly abundant and possibly active transposable elements (TEs). In the absence of the otherwise common repeat-induced point mutation transposon defense mechanism, noncoding RNAs could be key for regulating the activity of TEs and coding genes during the pathogenic life cycle. RESULTS We performed time-course whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) of total RNA derived from infected barley leaf epidermis at various stages of fungal pathogenesis and observed significant transcript accumulation and time point-dependent regulation of TEs in B. hordei. Using a manually curated consensus database of 344 TEs, we discovered phased small RNAs mapping to 104 consensus transposons, suggesting that RNA interference contributes significantly to their regulation. Further, we identified 5,127 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) genome-wide in B. hordei, of which 823 originated from the antisense strand of a TE. Co-expression network analysis of lncRNAs, TEs, and coding genes throughout the asexual life cycle of B. hordei points at extensive positive and negative co-regulation of lncRNAs, subsets of TEs and coding genes. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that similar to mammals and plants, fungal lncRNAs support the dynamic modulation of transcript levels, including TEs, during pivotal stages of host infection. The lncRNAs may support transcriptional diversity and plasticity amid loss of coding genes in powdery mildew fungi and may give rise to novel regulatory elements and virulence peptides, thus representing key drivers of rapid evolutionary adaptation to promote pathogenicity and overcome host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhao Qian
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heba M M Ibrahim
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Plant Biotechnics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Present address: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Myriam Erz
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Kümmel
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-Von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
- Present address: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Zaccaron AZ, Neill T, Corcoran J, Mahaffee WF, Stergiopoulos I. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of the grape powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe necator reveals its genomic architecture and previously unknown features of its biology. mBio 2023; 14:e0064523. [PMID: 37341476 PMCID: PMC10470754 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00645-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysiphe necator is an obligate fungal pathogen that causes grape powdery mildew, globally the most important disease on grapevines. Previous attempts to obtain a quality genome assembly for this pathogen were hindered by its high repetitive DNA content. Here, chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) with long-read PacBio sequencing was combined to obtain a chromosome-scale assembly and a high-quality annotation for E. necator isolate EnFRAME01. The resulting 81.1 Mb genome assembly is 98% complete and consists of 34 scaffolds, 11 of which represent complete chromosomes. All chromosomes contain large centromeric-like regions and lack synteny to the 11 chromosomes of the cereal PM pathogen Blumeria graminis. Further analysis of their composition showed that repeats and transposable elements (TEs) occupy 62.7% of their content. TEs were almost evenly interspersed outside centromeric and telomeric regions and massively overlapped with regions of annotated genes, suggesting that they could have a significant functional impact. Abundant gene duplicates were observed as well, particularly in genes encoding candidate secreted effector proteins. Moreover, younger in age gene duplicates exhibited more relaxed selection pressure and were more likely to be located physically close in the genome than older duplicates. A total of 122 genes with copy number variations among six isolates of E. necator were also identified and were enriched in genes that were duplicated in EnFRAME01, indicating they may reflect an adaptive variation. Taken together, our study illuminates higher-order genomic architectural features of E. necator and provides a valuable resource for studying genomic structural variations in this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Grape powdery mildew caused by the ascomycete fungus Erysiphe necator is economically the most important and recurrent disease in vineyards across the world. The obligate biotrophic nature of E. necator hinders the use of typical genetic methods to elucidate its pathogenicity and adaptation to adverse conditions, and thus comparative genomics has been a major method to study its genome biology. However, the current reference genome of E. necator isolate C-strain is highly fragmented with many non-coding regions left unassembled. This incompleteness prohibits in-depth comparative genomic analyses and the study of genomic structural variations (SVs) that are known to affect several aspects of microbial life, including fitness, virulence, and host adaptation. By obtaining a chromosome-scale genome assembly and a high-quality gene annotation for E. necator, we reveal the organization of its chromosomal content, unearth previously unknown features of its biology, and provide a reference for studying genomic SVs in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tara Neill
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob Corcoran
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Walter F. Mahaffee
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Mapuranga J, Chang J, Yang W. Combating powdery mildew: Advances in molecular interactions between Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1102908. [PMID: 36589137 PMCID: PMC9800938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew caused by a biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a widespread airborne disease which continues to threaten global wheat production. One of the most chemical-free and cost-effective approaches for the management of wheat powdery mildew is the exploitation of resistant cultivars. Accumulating evidence has reported that more than 100 powdery mildew resistance genes or alleles mapping to 63 different loci (Pm1-Pm68) have been identified from common wheat and its wild relatives, and only a few of them have been cloned so far. However, continuous emergence of new pathogen races with novel degrees of virulence renders wheat resistance genes ineffective. An essential breeding strategy for achieving more durable resistance is the pyramiding of resistance genes into a single genotype. The genetics of host-pathogen interactions integrated with temperature conditions and the interaction between resistance genes and their corresponding pathogen a virulence genes or other resistance genes within the wheat genome determine the expression of resistance genes. Considerable progress has been made in revealing Bgt pathogenesis mechanisms, identification of resistance genes and breeding of wheat powdery mildew resistant cultivars. A detailed understanding of the molecular interactions between wheat and Bgt will facilitate the development of novel and effective approaches for controlling powdery mildew. This review gives a succinct overview of the molecular basis of interactions between wheat and Bgt, and wheat defense mechanisms against Bgt infection. It will also unleash the unsung roles of epigenetic processes, autophagy and silicon in wheat resistance to Bgt.
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Vaghefi N, Kusch S, Németh MZ, Seress D, Braun U, Takamatsu S, Panstruga R, Kiss L. Beyond Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences: Evolution, Taxonomy, and Closest Known Saprobic Relatives of Powdery Mildew Fungi ( Erysiphaceae) Inferred From Their First Comprehensive Genome-Scale Phylogenetic Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903024. [PMID: 35756050 PMCID: PMC9218914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae), common obligate biotrophic pathogens of many plants, including important agricultural and horticultural crops, represent a monophyletic lineage within the Ascomycota. Within the Erysiphaceae, molecular phylogenetic relationships and DNA-based species and genera delimitations were up to now mostly based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) phylogenies. This is the first comprehensive genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of this group using 751 single-copy orthologous sequences extracted from 24 selected powdery mildew genomes and 14 additional genomes from Helotiales, the fungal order that includes the Erysiphaceae. Representative genomes of all powdery mildew species with publicly available whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data that were of sufficient quality were included in the analyses. The 24 powdery mildew genomes included in the analysis represented 17 species belonging to eight out of 19 genera recognized within the Erysiphaceae. The epiphytic genera, all but one represented by multiple genomes, belonged each to distinct, well-supported lineages. Three hemiendophytic genera, each represented by a single genome, together formed the hemiendophytic lineage. Out of the 14 other taxa from the Helotiales, Arachnopeziza araneosa, a saprobic species, was the only taxon that grouped together with the 24 genome-sequenced powdery mildew fungi in a monophyletic clade. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Erysiphaceae and Arachnopeziza was revealed earlier by a phylogenomic study of the Leotiomycetes. Further analyses of powdery mildew and Arachnopeziza genomes may discover signatures of the evolutionary processes that have led to obligate biotrophy from a saprobic way of life. A separate phylogeny was produced using the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S nrDNA sequences of the same set of powdery mildew specimens and compared to the genome-scale phylogeny. The nrDNA phylogeny was largely congruent to the phylogeny produced using 751 orthologs. This part of the study has revealed multiple contamination and other quality issues in some powdery mildew genomes. We recommend that the presence of 28S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 18S nrDNA sequences in powdery mildew WGS datasets that are identical to those determined by Sanger sequencing should be used to assess the quality of assemblies, in addition to the commonly used Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Márk Z. Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Seress
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Levente Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Kusch S, Vaghefi N, Takamatsu S, Liu SY, Németh MZ, Seress D, Frantzeskakis L, Chiu PE, Panstruga R, Kiss L. First Draft Genome Assemblies of Pleochaeta shiraiana and Phyllactinia moricola, Two Tree-Parasitic Powdery Mildew Fungi with Hemiendophytic Mycelia. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:961-967. [PMID: 34524883 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0337-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae) are widespread obligate biotrophic plant pathogens. Thus, applying genetic and omics approaches to study these fungi remains a major challenge, particularly for species with hemiendophytic mycelium. These belong to a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the family Erysiphaceae. To date, only a single draft genome assembly is available for this clade, obtained for Leveillula taurica. Here, we generated the first draft genome assemblies of Pleochaeta shiraiana and Phyllactinia moricola, two tree-parasitic powdery mildew species with hemiendophytic mycelium, representing two genera that have not yet been investigated with genomics tools. The Pleochaeta shiraiana assembly was 96,769,103 bp in length and consisted of 14,447 scaffolds, and the Phyllactinia moricola assembly was 180,382,532 bp in length on 45,569 scaffolds. Together with the draft genome of L. taurica, these resources will be pivotal for understanding the molecular basis of the lifestyle of these fungi, which is unique within the family Erysiphaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Márk Z Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Seress
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Pin-En Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Levente Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Liu B, Stevens-Green R, Johal D, Buchanan R, Geddes-McAlister J. Fungal pathogens of cereal crops: Proteomic insights into fungal pathogenesis, host defense, and resistance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153593. [PMID: 34915227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections of cereal crops pose a significant risk to global food security through reduced grain production and quality, as well as contamination of animal feed and human products for consumption. To combat fungal disease, we need to understand how the pathogen adapts and survives within the hostile environment of the host and how the host's defense response can be modulated for protection from disease. Such investigations offer insight into fungal pathogenesis, host immunity, the development of resistance, and mechanisms of action for currently-used control strategies. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics provides a technologically-advanced platform to define differences among fungal pathogens and their hosts at the protein level, supporting the discovery of proteins critical for disease, and uncovering novel host responses driving susceptibly or resistance of the host. In this Review, we explore the role of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in defining the intricate relationship between a pathogen and host during fungal disease of cereal crops with a focus on recent discoveries derived from the globally-devastating diseases of Fusarium head blight, Rice blast, and Powdery mildew. We highlight advances made for each of these diseases and discuss opportunities to extrapolate findings to further our fight against fungal pathogens on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R Stevens-Green
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Johal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R Buchanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Proteomics and Artificial Intelligence Research and Training Consortium, Canada.
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Thompson S, Neill T, Mahaffee W, Miles T. Bridging the gap between powdery mildew genomics and valuable culturing methods of Erysiphe necator and Podosphaera aphanis. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Langstroff A, Heuermann MC, Stahl A, Junker A. Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1-16. [PMID: 34302493 PMCID: PMC8741719 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant's phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Langstroff
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc C Heuermann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
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Yuan H, Jin C, Pei H, Zhao L, Li X, Li J, Huang W, Fan R, Liu W, Shen QH. The Powdery Mildew Effector CSEP0027 Interacts With Barley Catalase to Regulate Host Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733237. [PMID: 34567043 PMCID: PMC8458882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important fungal pathogen diseases. The genome of barley mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), encodes a large number of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). So far, the function and mechanism of most CSEPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a Bgh effector CSEP0027, a member of family 41, triggering cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CSEP0027 contains a functional signal peptide (SP), verified by yeast secretion assay. We show that CSEP0027 promotes Bgh virulence in barley infection using transient gene expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Barley catalase HvCAT1 is identified as a CSEP0027 interactor by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction is verified in yeast, in vitro and in vivo. The coexpression of CSEP0027 and HvCAT1 in barley cells results in altered localization of HvCAT1 from the peroxisome to the nucleus. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-silencing and transiently-induced gene silencing (TIGS) assays reveal that HvCAT1 is required for barley immunity against Bgh. We propose that CSEP0027 interacts with barley HvCAT1 to regulate the host immunity and likely reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to promote fungal virulence during barley infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Kim S, Subramaniyam S, Jung M, Oh EA, Kim TH, Kim JG. Genome Resource of Podosphaera xanthii, the Host-Specific Fungal Pathogen That Causes Cucurbit Powdery Mildew. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:457-459. [PMID: 33264046 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0307-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 33 types of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables are members of the family Cucurbitaceae, making it an important crop family worldwide. However, pathogen resistance to pesticides and fungicides has become a growing problem in cultivation practices. The identification of the effector proteins in each unique fungus-host pair would help toward the development of strategies for preventing the infection of important crops. In this study, we characterized the genome of Podosphaera xanthii, the fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease in cucurbitaceous plants. A first-draft genome of 209.08 MB was assembled and compared with those of 25 other fungal pathogens, particularly for identifying candidate secreted effector proteins. This draft genome can serve as a valuable resource for future genomic and proteomic studies of P. xanthii and its host-specific pathogenesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Myunghee Jung
- Research and Development Center, Insilicogen Inc., Yongin-si 16954, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-A Oh
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
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12
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Farinas C, Jourdan PS, Paul PA, Slot JC, Daughtrey ML, Ganeshan VD, Baysal-Gurel F, Hand FP. Phlox Species Show Quantitative and Qualitative Resistance to a Population of Powdery Mildew Isolates from the Eastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1410-1418. [PMID: 32252592 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0473-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental plants in the genus Phlox are extensively planted in landscapes and home gardens around the world. A major limitation to a more widespread use of these plants is their susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM). In this study, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis to gain insights into the population diversity of 32 Phlox PM pathogen (Golovinomyces magnicellulatus and Podosphaera sp.) isolates collected from the eastern United States and relate it to the ability to overcome host resistance. Low genetic diversity and a lack of structure were found within our population. Whole genome comparison of two isolates was used to support low genetic diversity evidence found with the MLST analysis. Recombination was suggested by the incongruences observed in the six phylogenetic trees generated from the housekeeping genes TEF-1α, CSI, ITS, IGS, H3, and TUB. Contrasting with low genetic diversity, we found high phenotypic diversity when using 10 of the 32 isolates to evaluate host resistance in four different Phlox species (P. paniculata 'Dunbar Creek', P. amoena OPGC 3598, P. glaberrima OPGC 3594, and P. subulata OPGC 4185) using in vitro bioassays. We observed quantitative and qualitative resistance in all Phlox species and a consistent low disease severity in our control, P. paniculata 'Dunbar Creek'. Taken together, the results generated in this study constitute a robust screening of popular Phlox germplasm that can be incorporated into breeding programs for PM resistance and provides significant information on the evolution of PM pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Farinas
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Pablo S Jourdan
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Margery L Daughtrey
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - Veena Devi Ganeshan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Fulya Baysal-Gurel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN 37110
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13
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Kiss L, Vaghefi N, Bransgrove K, Dearnaley JDW, Takamatsu S, Tan YP, Marston C, Liu SY, Jin DN, Adorada DL, Bailey J, Cabrera de Álvarez MG, Daly A, Dirchwolf PM, Jones L, Nguyen TD, Edwards J, Ho W, Kelly L, Mintoff SJL, Morrison J, Németh MZ, Perkins S, Shivas RG, Smith R, Stuart K, Southwell R, Turaganivalu U, Váczy KZ, Blommestein AV, Wright D, Young A, Braun U. Australia: A Continent Without Native Powdery Mildews? The First Comprehensive Catalog Indicates Recent Introductions and Multiple Host Range Expansion Events, and Leads to the Re-discovery of Salmonomyces as a New Lineage of the Erysiphales. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1571. [PMID: 32765452 PMCID: PMC7378747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to Eurasia and North America, powdery mildews (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are understudied in Australia. There are over 900 species known globally, with fewer than currently 60 recorded from Australia. Some of the Australian records are doubtful as the identifications were presumptive, being based on host plant-pathogen lists from overseas. The goal of this study was to provide the first comprehensive catalog of all powdery mildew species present in Australia. The project resulted in (i) an up-to-date list of all the taxa that have been identified in Australia based on published DNA barcode sequences prior to this study; (ii) the precise identification of 117 specimens freshly collected from across the country; and (iii) the precise identification of 30 herbarium specimens collected between 1975 and 2013. This study confirmed 42 species representing 10 genera, including two genera and 13 species recorded for the first time in Australia. In Eurasia and North America, the number of powdery mildew species is much higher. Phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews collected from Acalypha spp. resulted in the transfer of Erysiphe acalyphae to Salmonomyces, a resurrected genus. Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov. represents a newly discovered lineage of the Erysiphales. Another taxonomic change is the transfer of Oidium ixodiae to Golovinomyces. Powdery mildew infections have been confirmed on 13 native Australian plant species in the genera Acacia, Acalypha, Cephalotus, Convolvulus, Eucalyptus, Hardenbergia, Ixodia, Jagera, Senecio, and Trema. Most of the causal agents were polyphagous species that infect many other host plants both overseas and in Australia. All powdery mildews infecting native plants in Australia were phylogenetically closely related to species known overseas. The data indicate that Australia is a continent without native powdery mildews, and most, if not all, species have been introduced since the European colonization of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kaylene Bransgrove
- Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. W. Dearnaley
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yu Pei Tan
- Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - Craig Marston
- Science and Surveillance Group, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan-Ni Jin
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dante L. Adorada
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jordan Bailey
- Plant Pathology & Mycology Herbarium, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Daly
- Plant Health Diagnostic Service, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Pamela Maia Dirchwolf
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Lynne Jones
- Science and Surveillance Group, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Jacqueline Edwards
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wellcome Ho
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Kelly
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharl J. L. Mintoff
- Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Jennifer Morrison
- Science and Surveillance Group, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Márk Z. Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandy Perkins
- Science and Surveillance Group, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - Reannon Smith
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kara Stuart
- Ecosciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronald Southwell
- Science and Surveillance Group, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kálmán Zoltán Váczy
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Annie Van Blommestein
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dominie Wright
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Young
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Uwe Braun
- Herbarium, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University, Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Kusch S, Németh MZ, Vaghefi N, Ibrahim HMM, Panstruga R, Kiss L. A Short-Read Genome Assembly Resource for Leveillula taurica Causing Powdery Mildew Disease of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:782-786. [PMID: 32150511 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-20-0029-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) is an economically important disease. It is caused by Leveillula taurica, an obligate biotrophic ascomycete with a partly endophytic mycelium and haustoria, i.e., feeding structures formed in the mesophyll cells of infected host plant tissues. The molecular basis of its pathogenesis is largely unknown because genomic resources only exist for epiphytically growing powdery mildew fungi with haustoria formed exclusively in epidermal cells of their plant hosts. Here, we present the first reference genome assembly for an isolate of L. taurica isolated from sweet pepper in Hungary. The short read-based assembly consists of 23,599 contigs with a total length of 187.2 Mbp; the scaffold N50 is 13,899 kbp and N90 is 3,522 kbp; and the average GC content is 39.2%. We detected at least 92,881 transposable elements covering 55.5 Mbp (30.4%). BRAKER predicted 19,751 protein-coding gene models in this assembly. Our reference genome assembly of L. taurica is the first resource to study the molecular pathogenesis and evolution of a powdery mildew fungus with a partly endophytic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Márk Z Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Heba M M Ibrahim
- Division of Plant Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Levente Kiss
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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15
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Pirrello C, Mizzotti C, Tomazetti TC, Colombo M, Bettinelli P, Prodorutti D, Peressotti E, Zulini L, Stefanini M, Angeli G, Masiero S, Welter LJ, Hausmann L, Vezzulli S. Emergent Ascomycetes in Viticulture: An Interdisciplinary Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1394. [PMID: 31824521 PMCID: PMC6883492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of pesticide usage is a current imperative and the implementation of sustainable viticulture is an urgent necessity. A potential solution, which is being increasingly adopted, is offered by the use of grapevine cultivars resistant to its main pathogenic threats. This, however, has contributed to changes in defense strategies resulting in the occurrence of secondary diseases, which were previously controlled. Concomitantly, the ongoing climate crisis is contributing to destabilizing the increasingly dynamic viticultural context. In this review, we explore the available knowledge on three Ascomycetes which are considered emergent and causal agents of powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose. We also aim to provide a survey on methods for phenotyping disease symptoms in fields, greenhouse and lab conditions, and for disease control underlying the insurgence of pathogen resistance to fungicide. Thus, we discuss fungal genetic variability, highlighting the usage and development of molecular markers and barcoding, coupled with genome sequencing. Moreover, we extensively report on the current knowledge available on grapevine-ascomycete interactions, as well as the mechanisms developed by the host to counteract the attack. Indeed, to better understand these resistance mechanisms, it is relevant to identify pathogen effectors which are involved in the infection process and how grapevine resistance genes function and impact the downstream cascade. Dealing with such a wealth of information on both pathogens and the host, the horizon is now represented by multidisciplinary approaches, combining traditional and innovative methods of cultivation. This will support the translation from theory to practice, in an attempt to understand biology very deeply and manage the spread of these Ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pirrello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiago C. Tomazetti
- Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Monica Colombo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paola Bettinelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Prodorutti
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elisa Peressotti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Gino Angeli
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leocir J. Welter
- Department of Natural and Social Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus of Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Curitibanos, Brazil
| | - Ludger Hausmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vezzulli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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16
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Lambertucci S, Orman KM, Das Gupta S, Fisher JP, Gazal S, Williamson RJ, Cramer R, Bindschedler LV. Analysis of Barley Leaf Epidermis and Extrahaustorial Proteomes During Powdery Mildew Infection Reveals That the PR5 Thaumatin-Like Protein TLP5 Is Required for Susceptibility Towards Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1138. [PMID: 31736984 PMCID: PMC6831746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildews are biotrophic pathogens causing fungal diseases in many economically important crops, including cereals, which are affected by Blumeria graminis. Powdery mildews only invade the epidermal cell layer of leaf tissues, in which they form haustorial structures. Haustoria are at the center of the biotrophic interaction by taking up nutrients from the host and by delivering effectors in the invaded cells to jeopardize plant immunity. Haustoria are composed of a fungal core delimited by a haustorial plasma membrane and cell wall. Surrounding these is the extrahaustorial complex, of which the extrahaustorial membrane is of plant origin. Although haustoria transcriptomes and proteomes have been investigated for Blumeria, the proteomes of barley epidermis upon infection and the barley components of the extrahaustorial complex remains unexplored. When comparing proteomes of infected and non-infected epidermis, several classical pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were more abundant in infected epidermis. These included peroxidases, chitinases, cysteine-rich venom secreted proteins/PR1 and two thaumatin-like PR5 protein isoforms, of which TLP5 was previously shown to interact with the Blumeria effector BEC1054 (CSEP0064). Against expectations, transient TLP5 gene silencing suggested that TLP5 does not contribute to resistance but modulates susceptibility towards B. graminis. In a second proteomics comparison, haustorial structures were enriched from infected epidermal strips to identify plant proteins closely associated with the extrahaustorial complex. In these haustoria-enriched samples, relative abundances were higher for several V-type ATP synthase/ATPase subunits, suggesting the generation of proton gradients in the extrahaustorial space. Other haustoria-associated proteins included secreted or membrane proteins such as a PIP2 aquaporin, an early nodulin-like protein 9, an aspartate protease and other proteases, a lipase, and a lipid transfer protein, all of which are potential modulators of immunity, or the targets of pathogen effectors. Moreover, the ER BIP-like HSP70, may link ER stress responses and the idea of ER-like properties previously attributed to the extrahaustorial membrane. This initial investigation exploring the barley proteomes of Blumeria-infected tissues and haustoria, associated with a transient gene silencing approach, is invaluable to gain first insight of key players of resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lambertucci
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Mary Orman
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoli Das Gupta
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - James Paul Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Snehi Gazal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rainer Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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17
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The Parauncinula polyspora Draft Genome Provides Insights into Patterns of Gene Erosion and Genome Expansion in Powdery Mildew Fungi. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01692-19. [PMID: 31551331 PMCID: PMC6759760 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01692-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are widespread and agronomically relevant phytopathogens causing major yield losses. Their genomes have disproportionately large numbers of mobile genetic elements, and they have experienced a significant loss of highly conserved fungal genes. In order to learn more about the evolutionary history of this fungal group, we explored the genome of an Asian oak tree pathogen, Parauncinula polyspora, a species that diverged early during evolution from the remaining powdery mildew fungi. We found that the P. polyspora draft genome is comparatively compact, has a low number of protein-coding genes, and, despite the absence of a dedicated genome defense system, lacks the massive proliferation of repetitive sequences. Based on these findings, we infer an evolutionary trajectory that shaped the genomes of powdery mildew fungi. Due to their comparatively small genome size and short generation time, fungi are exquisite model systems to study eukaryotic genome evolution. Powdery mildew fungi present an exceptional case because of their strict host dependency (termed obligate biotrophy) and the atypical size of their genomes (>100 Mb). This size expansion is largely due to the pervasiveness of transposable elements on 70% of the genome and is associated with the loss of multiple conserved ascomycete genes required for a free-living lifestyle. To date, little is known about the mechanisms that drove these changes, and information on ancestral powdery mildew genomes is lacking. We report genome analysis of the early-diverged and exclusively sexually reproducing powdery mildew fungus Parauncinula polyspora, which we performed on the basis of a natural leaf epiphytic metapopulation sample. In contrast to other sequenced species of this taxonomic group, the assembled P. polyspora draft genome is surprisingly small (<30 Mb), has a higher content of conserved ascomycete genes, and is sparsely equipped with transposons (<10%), despite the conserved absence of a common defense mechanism involved in constraining repetitive elements. We speculate that transposable element spread might have been limited by this pathogen’s unique reproduction strategy and host features and further hypothesize that the loss of conserved ascomycete genes may promote the evolutionary isolation and host niche specialization of powdery mildew fungi. Limitations associated with this evolutionary trajectory might have been in part counteracted by the evolution of plastic, transposon-rich genomes and/or the expansion of gene families encoding secreted virulence proteins.
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18
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Lück S, Kreszies T, Strickert M, Schweizer P, Kuhlmann M, Douchkov D. siRNA-Finder (si-Fi) Software for RNAi-Target Design and Off-Target Prediction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1023. [PMID: 31475020 PMCID: PMC6704232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used for transgene-mediated gene silencing based on the mechanism of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). PTGS is an ubiquitous basic biological phenomenon involved in the regulation of transcript abundance and plants' immune response to viruses. PTGS also mediates genomic stability by silencing of retroelements. RNAi has become an important research tool for studying gene function by strong and selective suppression of target genes. Here, we present si-Fi, a software tool for design optimization of RNAi constructs necessary for specific target gene knock-down. It offers efficiency prediction of RNAi sequences and off-target search, required for the practical application of RNAi. si-Fi is an open-source (CC BY-SA license) desktop software that works in Microsoft Windows environment and can use custom sequence databases in standard FASTA format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Strickert
- Physics II Institute, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Markus Kuhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
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19
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Li L, Collier B, Spanu PD. Isolation of Powdery Mildew Haustoria from Infected Barley. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3299. [PMID: 33654812 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis is a fungus that causes powdery mildews on grasses, such as barley. Investigations of this pathogen present many challenges due to its obligate biotrophic nature. This means that the fungus can only grow in the presence of a living host plant. B. graminis forms epiphytic mycelia on the plant surface and feeding organs (haustoria) inside the epidermal cells of the host plant. Therefore, it is difficult to separate the fungus from plant tissues. This protocol shows how to obtain different fungal structures from powdery mildew infected barley leaves. The epiphytic mycelia including conidia and conidiophores can be separated after immersing the infected leaves into 5% cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone, and peeling off the cellulose acetate membrane. Then, the haustoria are isolated from dissected epidermis after cellulase degradation of plant cell walls. The isolated haustoria remain intact with few plant impurities. The haustoria may be visualized by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with the chitin-specific dye WGA-Alexa Fluor 488. Finally, dissected material can be either processed immediately or kept at -80 °C for long-term storage for studies on gene expression and protein identification, for example by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Collier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pietro D Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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20
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Polonio Á, Seoane P, Claros MG, Pérez-García A. The haustorial transcriptome of the cucurbit pathogen Podosphaera xanthii reveals new insights into the biotrophy and pathogenesis of powdery mildew fungi. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:543. [PMID: 31272366 PMCID: PMC6611051 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Podosphaera xanthii is the main causal agent of powdery mildew disease in cucurbits and is responsible for important yield losses in these crops worldwide. Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophs. In these parasites, biotrophy is determined by the presence of haustoria, which are specialized structures of parasitism developed by these fungi for the acquisition of nutrients and the delivery of effectors. Detailed molecular studies of powdery mildew haustoria are scarce due mainly to difficulties in their isolation. Therefore, their analysis is considered an important challenge for powdery mildew research. The aim of this work was to gain insights into powdery mildew biology by analysing the haustorial transcriptome of P. xanthii. Results Prior to RNA isolation and massive-scale mRNA sequencing, a flow cytometric approach was developed to isolate P. xanthii haustoria free of visible contaminants. Next, several commercial kits were used to isolate total RNA and to construct the cDNA and Illumina libraries that were finally sequenced by the Illumina NextSeq system. Using this approach, the maximum amount of information from low-quality RNA that could be obtained was used to accomplish the de novo assembly of the P. xanthii haustorial transcriptome. The subsequent analysis of this transcriptome and comparison with the epiphytic transcriptome allowed us to identify the importance of several biological processes for haustorial cells such as protection against reactive oxygen species, the acquisition of different nutrients and genetic regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs. In addition, we could also identify several secreted proteins expressed exclusively in haustoria such as cell adhesion proteins that have not been related to powdery mildew biology to date. Conclusions This work provides a novel approach to study the molecular aspects of powdery mildew haustoria. In addition, the results of this study have also allowed us to identify certain previously unknown processes and proteins involved in the biology of powdery mildews that could be essential for their biotrophy and pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5938-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Seoane
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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21
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Liang P, Liu S, Xu F, Jiang S, Yan J, He Q, Liu W, Lin C, Zheng F, Wang X, Miao W. Powdery Mildews Are Characterized by Contracted Carbohydrate Metabolism and Diverse Effectors to Adapt to Obligate Biotrophic Lifestyle. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3160. [PMID: 30619222 PMCID: PMC6305591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a widespread plant disease caused by obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens involving species-specific interactions between host and parasite. To gain genomic insights into the underlying obligate biotrophic mechanisms, we analyzed 15 microbial genomes covering powdery and downy mildews and rusts. We observed a genome-wide, massive contraction of multiple gene families in powdery mildews, such as enzymes in the carbohydrate metabolism pathway, when compared with ascomycete phytopathogens, while the fatty acid metabolism pathway maintained its integrity. We also observed significant differences in candidate secreted effector protein (CSEP) families between monocot and dicot powdery mildews, perhaps due to different selection forces. While CSEPs in monocot mildews are likely subject to positive selection causing rapid expansion, CSEP families in dicot mildews are shrinking under strong purifying selection. Our results not only illustrate obligate biotrophic mechanisms of powdery mildews driven by gene family evolution in nutrient metabolism, but also demonstrate how the divergence of CSEPs between monocot and dicot lineages might contribute to species-specific adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China.,Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Jiang
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiguang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
| | - Fucong Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
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22
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Bourras S, Praz CR, Spanu PD, Keller B. Cereal powdery mildew effectors: a complex toolbox for an obligate pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Gene coexpression network analysis combined with metabonomics reveals the resistance responses to powdery mildew in Tibetan hulless barley. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14928. [PMID: 30297768 PMCID: PMC6175840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that represents a ubiquitous threat to crop plants. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were used to identify molecular and physiological changes in Tibetan hulless barley in response to powdery mildew. There were 3418 genes and 405 metabolites differentially expressed between the complete resistance cultivar G7 and the sensitive cultivar Z13. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was carried out, and the differentially expressed genes were enriched in five and four major network modules in G7 and Z13, respectively. Further analyses showed that phytohormones, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were altered during Qingke-Blumeria graminis (DC.) f.sp. hordei (Bgh) interaction. Comparative analyses showed a correspondence between gene expression and metabolite profiles, and the activated defenses resulted in changes of metabolites involved in plant defense response, such as phytohormones, lipids, flavone and flavonoids, phenolamides, and phenylpropanoids. This study enabled the identification of Bgh responsive genes and provided new insights into the dynamic physiological changes that occur in Qingke during response to powdery mildew. These findings greatly improve our understanding of the mechanisms of induced defense response in Qingke and will provide new clues for the development of resistant Tibetan hulless barley varieties.
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24
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Wu Y, Ma X, Pan Z, Kale SD, Song Y, King H, Zhang Q, Presley C, Deng X, Wei CI, Xiao S. Comparative genome analyses reveal sequence features reflecting distinct modes of host-adaptation between dicot and monocot powdery mildew. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:705. [PMID: 30253736 PMCID: PMC6156980 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most important and widespread plant diseases caused by biotrophic fungi. Notably, while monocot (grass) PM fungi exhibit high-level of host-specialization, many dicot PM fungi display a broad host range. To understand such distinct modes of host-adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of four dicot PM biotypes belonging to Golovinomyces cichoracearum or Oidium neolycopersici. RESULTS We compared genomes of the four dicot PM together with those of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (both DH14 and RACE1 isolates), B. graminis f.sp. tritici, and Erysiphe necator infectious on barley, wheat and grapevine, respectively. We found that despite having a similar gene number (6620-6961), the PM genomes vary from 120 to 222 Mb in size. This high-level of genome size variation is indicative of highly differential transposon activities in the PM genomes. While the total number of genes in any given PM genome is only about half of that in the genomes of closely related ascomycete fungi, most (~ 93%) of the ascomycete core genes (ACGs) can be found in the PM genomes. Yet, 186 ACGs were found absent in at least two of the eight PM genomes, of which 35 are missing in some dicot PM biotypes, but present in the three monocot PM genomes, indicating remarkable, independent and perhaps ongoing gene loss in different PM lineages. Consistent with this, we found that only 4192 (3819 singleton) genes are shared by all the eight PM genomes, the remaining genes are lineage- or biotype-specific. Strikingly, whereas the three monocot PM genomes possess up to 661 genes encoding candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) with families containing up to 38 members, all the five dicot PM fungi have only 116-175 genes encoding CSEPs with limited gene amplification. CONCLUSIONS Compared to monocot (grass) PM fungi, dicot PM fungi have a much smaller effectorome. This is consistent with their contrasting modes of host-adaption: while the monocot PM fungi show a high-level of host specialization, which may reflect an advanced host-pathogen arms race, the dicot PM fungi tend to practice polyphagy, which might have lessened selective pressure for escalating an with a particular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shiv D. Kale
- Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Yi Song
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
| | - Christian Presley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Cheng-I Wei
- College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850 USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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25
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Massonnet M, Morales-Cruz A, Minio A, Figueroa-Balderas R, Lawrence DP, Travadon R, Rolshausen PE, Baumgartner K, Cantu D. Whole-Genome Resequencing and Pan-Transcriptome Reconstruction Highlight the Impact of Genomic Structural Variation on Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in the Grapevine Esca Pathogen Phaeoacremonium minimum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30150972 PMCID: PMC6099105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ascomycete fungus Phaeoacremonium minimum is one of the primary causal agents of Esca, a widespread and damaging grapevine trunk disease. Variation in virulence among Pm. minimum isolates has been reported, but the underlying genetic basis of the phenotypic variability remains unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize intraspecific genetic diversity and explore its potential impact on virulence functions associated with secondary metabolism, cellular transport, and cell wall decomposition. We generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly, using single molecule real-time sequencing, and resequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of multiple isolates to identify sequence and structural polymorphisms. Numerous insertion and deletion events were found for a total of about 1 Mbp in each isolate. Structural variation in this extremely gene dense genome frequently caused presence/absence polymorphisms of multiple adjacent genes, mostly belonging to biosynthetic clusters associated with secondary metabolism. Because of the observed intraspecific diversity in gene content due to structural variation we concluded that a transcriptome reference developed from a single isolate is insufficient to represent the virulence factor repertoire of the species. We therefore compiled a pan-transcriptome reference of Pm. minimum comprising a non-redundant set of 15,245 protein-coding sequences. Using naturally infected field samples expressing Esca symptoms, we demonstrated that mapping of meta-transcriptomics data on a multi-species reference that included the Pm. minimum pan-transcriptome allows the profiling of an expanded set of virulence factors, including variable genes associated with secondary metabolism and cellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abraham Morales-Cruz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Minio
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rosa Figueroa-Balderas
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Renaud Travadon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philippe E. Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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Hu Y, Liang Y, Zhang M, Tan F, Zhong S, Li X, Gong G, Chang X, Shang J, Tang S, Li T, Luo P. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici during compatible and incompatible interactions with sister wheat lines carrying and lacking Pm40. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198891. [PMID: 29975700 PMCID: PMC6033381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes wheat powdery mildew, which is a devastating disease in wheat. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this fungus, and differences in the pathogenesis of the same pathogen at various resistance levels in hosts have not been determined. In the present study, leaf tissues of both Pm40-expressing hexaploid wheat line L658 and its Pm40-deficient sister line L958 were harvested at 0 (without inoculation), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with Bgt race 15 and then subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In addition, we also observed changes in fungal growth morphology at the aforementioned time points. There was a high correlation between percentage of reads mapped to the Bgt reference genome and biomass of the fungus within the leaf tissue during the growth process. The percentage of mapped reads of Bgt in compatible interactions was significantly higher (at the p<0.05 level) than that of reads in incompatible interactions from 24 to 72 hpi. Further functional annotations indicated that expression levels of genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, putative secreted effector proteins (PSEPs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were significantly up-regulated in compatible interactions compared with these levels in incompatible interactions, particularly at 72 hpi. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that genes involved in the endocytosis pathway were also enriched in compatible interactions. Overall, genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, PSEPs and HSPs possibly played crucial roles in successfully establishing the pathogenesis of compatible interactions during late stages of inoculation. The study results also indicated that endocytosis is likely to play a potential role in Bgt in establishing compatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinping Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengwen Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sabelleck B, Panstruga R. Novel jack-in-the-box effector of the barley powdery mildew pathogen? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3511-3514. [PMID: 29947808 PMCID: PMC6022647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Nottensteiner M, Zechmann B, McCollum C, Hückelhoven R. 2018. A barley powdery mildew fungus non-autonomous retrotransposon encodes a peptide that supports penetration success on barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 69, 3745–3758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sabelleck
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Frantzeskakis L, Kracher B, Kusch S, Yoshikawa-Maekawa M, Bauer S, Pedersen C, Spanu PD, Maekawa T, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R. Signatures of host specialization and a recent transposable element burst in the dynamic one-speed genome of the fungal barley powdery mildew pathogen. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:381. [PMID: 29788921 PMCID: PMC5964911 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Powdery mildews are biotrophic pathogenic fungi infecting a number of economically important plants. The grass powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis, has become a model organism to study host specialization of obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens. We resolved the large-scale genomic architecture of B. graminis forma specialis hordei (Bgh) to explore the potential influence of its genome organization on the co-evolutionary process with its host plant, barley (Hordeum vulgare). Results The near-chromosome level assemblies of the Bgh reference isolate DH14 and one of the most diversified isolates, RACE1, enabled a comparative analysis of these haploid genomes, which are highly enriched with transposable elements (TEs). We found largely retained genome synteny and gene repertoires, yet detected copy number variation (CNV) of secretion signal peptide-containing protein-coding genes (SPs) and locally disrupted synteny blocks. Genes coding for sequence-related SPs are often locally clustered, but neither the SPs nor the TEs reside preferentially in genomic regions with unique features. Extended comparative analysis with different host-specific B. graminis formae speciales revealed the existence of a core suite of SPs, but also isolate-specific SP sets as well as congruence of SP CNV and phylogenetic relationship. We further detected evidence for a recent, lineage-specific expansion of TEs in the Bgh genome. Conclusions The characteristics of the Bgh genome (largely retained synteny, CNV of SP genes, recently proliferated TEs and a lack of significant compartmentalization) are consistent with a “one-speed” genome that differs in its architecture and (co-)evolutionary pattern from the “two-speed” genomes reported for several other filamentous phytopathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4750-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprinos Frantzeskakis
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusch
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa-Maekawa
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saskia Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pietro D Spanu
- Imperial College, Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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29
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Zeng FS, Menardo F, Xue MF, Zhang XJ, Gong SJ, Yang LJ, Shi WQ, Yu DZ. Transcriptome Analyses Shed New Insights into Primary Metabolism and Regulation of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici during Conidiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1146. [PMID: 28713408 PMCID: PMC5492466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conidia of the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) play a vital role in its survival and rapid dispersal. However, little is known about the genetic basis for its asexual reproduction. To uncover the primary metabolic and regulatory events during conidiation, we sequenced the transcriptome of Bgt epiphytic structures at 3 (vegetative hyphae growth), 4 (foot cells initiation), and 5 (conidiophore erection) days post-inoculation (dpi). RNA-seq analyses identified 556 and 404 (combined 685) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4 and 5 dpi compared with their expression levels at 3 dpi, respectively. We found that several genes involved in the conversion from a variety of sugars to glucose, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC), the electron transport chain (ETC), and unsaturated fatty acid oxidation were activated during conidiation, suggesting that more energy supply is required during this process. Moreover, we found that glucose was converted into glycogen, which was accumulated in developing conidiophores, indicating that it could be the primary energy storage molecule in Bgt conidia. Clustering for the expression profiles of 91 regulatory genes showed that calcium (Ca2+), H2O2, and phosphoinositide (PIP) signaling were involved in Bgt conidiation. Furthermore, a strong accumulation of H2O2 in developing conidiophores was detected. Application of EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator, and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFP), a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, markedly suppressed the generation of H2O2, affected foot cell and conidiophore development and reduced conidia production significantly. These results suggest that Ca2+ and H2O2 signaling play important roles in conidiogenesis and a crosslink between them is present. In addition to some conidiation-related orthologs known in other fungi, such as the velvet complex components, we identified several other novel B. graminis-specific genes that have not been previously found to be implicated in fungal conidiation, reflecting a unique molecular mechanism underlying asexual development of cereal powdery mildews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Song Zeng
- College of Life Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Min-Feng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xue-Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Shuang-Jun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Da-Zhao Yu
- College of Life Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Da-Zhao Yu,
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
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Chaloner T, van Kan JAL, Grant-Downton RT. RNA 'Information Warfare' in Pathogenic and Mutualistic Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:738-748. [PMID: 27318950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory non-coding RNAs are emerging as key players in host-pathogen interactions. Small RNAs such as microRNAs are implicated in regulating plant transcripts involved in immunity and defence. Surprisingly, RNAs with silencing properties can be translocated from plant hosts to various invading pathogens and pests. Small RNAs are now confirmed virulence factors, with the first report of fungal RNAs that travel to host cells and hijack post-transcriptional regulatory machinery to suppress host defence. Here, we argue that trans-organism movement of RNAs represents a common mechanism of control in diverse interactions between plants and other eukaryotes. We suggest that extracellular vesicles are the key to such RNA movement events. Plant pathosystems serve as excellent experimental models to dissect RNA 'information warfare' and other RNA-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chaloner
- The Queen's College, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Guo L, Allen KS, Deiulio G, Zhang Y, Madeiras AM, Wick RL, Ma LJ. A De Novo-Assembly Based Data Analysis Pipeline for Plant Obligate Parasite Metatranscriptomic Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:925. [PMID: 27462318 PMCID: PMC4939292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Current and emerging plant diseases caused by obligate parasitic microbes such as rusts, downy mildews, and powdery mildews threaten worldwide crop production and food safety. These obligate parasites are typically unculturable in the laboratory, posing technical challenges to characterize them at the genetic and genomic level. Here we have developed a data analysis pipeline integrating several bioinformatic software programs. This pipeline facilitates rapid gene discovery and expression analysis of a plant host and its obligate parasite simultaneously by next generation sequencing of mixed host and pathogen RNA (i.e., metatranscriptomics). We applied this pipeline to metatranscriptomic sequencing data of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and its obligate downy mildew parasite Peronospora belbahrii, both lacking a sequenced genome. Even with a single data point, we were able to identify both candidate host defense genes and pathogen virulence genes that are highly expressed during infection. This demonstrates the power of this pipeline for identifying genes important in host-pathogen interactions without prior genomic information for either the plant host or the obligate biotrophic pathogen. The simplicity of this pipeline makes it accessible to researchers with limited computational skills and applicable to metatranscriptomic data analysis in a wide range of plant-obligate-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Kelly S. Allen
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Greg Deiulio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Angela M. Madeiras
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Robert L. Wick
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MAUSA
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Kuhn H, Kwaaitaal M, Kusch S, Acevedo-Garcia J, Wu H, Panstruga R. Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2016; 14:e0184. [PMID: 27489521 PMCID: PMC4957506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted in plant-microbe interactions research that disease is the exception rather than a common outcome of pathogen attack. However, in nature, plants with symptoms that signify colonization by obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi are omnipresent. The pervasiveness of the disease and the fact that many economically important plants are prone to infection by powdery mildew fungi drives research on this interaction. The competence of powdery mildew fungi to establish and maintain true biotrophic relationships renders the interaction a paramount example of a pathogenic plant-microbe biotrophy. However, molecular details underlying the interaction are in many respects still a mystery. Since its introduction in 1990, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem has become a popular model to study molecular processes governing powdery mildew infection. Due to the many advantages that the host Arabidopsis offers in terms of molecular and genetic tools this pathosystem has great capacity to answer some of the questions of how biotrophic pathogens overcome plant defense and establish a persistent interaction that nourishes the invader while in parallel maintaining viability of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant
Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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