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Mou L, Zhang L, Qiu Y, Liu M, Wu L, Mo X, Chen J, Liu F, Li R, Liu C, Tian M. Endogenous Hormone Levels and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal the Mechanisms of Bulbil Initiation in Pinellia ternata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6149. [PMID: 38892337 PMCID: PMC11173086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata is a medicinal plant that has important pharmacological value, and the bulbils serve as the primary reproductive organ; however, the mechanisms underlying bulbil initiation remain unclear. Here, we characterized bulbil development via histological, transcriptomic, and targeted metabolomic analyses to unearth the intricate relationship between hormones, genes, and bulbil development. The results show that the bulbils initiate growth from the leaf axillary meristem (AM). In this stage, jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyl adenosine (IPA), and salicylic acid (SA) were highly enriched, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and 5-dexoxystrigol (5-DS) were notably decreased. Through OPLS-DA analysis, SA has emerged as the most crucial factor in initiating and positively regulating bulbil formation. Furthermore, a strong association between IPA and SA was observed during bulbil initiation. The transcriptional changes in IPT (Isopentenyltransferase), CRE1 (Cytokinin Response 1), A-ARR (Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulator), B-ARR (Type-B Arabidopsis Response Regulator), AUX1 (Auxin Resistant 1), ARF (Auxin Response Factor), AUX/IAA (Auxin/Indole-3-acetic acid), GH3 (Gretchen Hagen 3), SAUR (Small Auxin Up RNA), GA2ox (Gibberellin 2-oxidase), GA20ox (Gibberellin 20-oxidase), AOS (Allene oxide synthase), AOC (Allene oxide cyclase), OPR (Oxophytodienoate Reductase), JMT (JA carboxy l Methyltransferase), COI1 (Coronatine Insensitive 1), JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-domain), MYC2 (Myelocytomatosis 2), D27 (DWARF27), SMAX (Suppressor of MAX2), PAL (Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase), ICS (Isochorismate Synthase), NPR1 (Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related Genes1), TGA (TGACG Sequence-specific Binding), PR-1 (Pathogenesis-related), MCSU (Molybdenium Cofactor Sulfurase), PP2C (Protein Phosphatase 2C), and SnRK (Sucrose Non-fermenting-related Protein Kinase 2) were highly correlated with hormone concentrations, indicating that bulbil initiation is coordinately controlled by multiple phytohormones. Notably, eight TFs (transcription factors) that regulate AM initiation have been identified as pivotal regulators of bulbil formation. Among these, WUS (WUSCHEL), CLV (CLAVATA), ATH1 (Arabidopsis Thaliana Homeobox Gene 1), and RAX (Regulator of Axillary meristems) have been observed to exhibit elevated expression levels. Conversely, LEAFY demonstrated contrasting expression patterns. The intricate expression profiles of these TFs are closely associated with the upregulated expression of KNOX(KNOTTED-like homeobox), suggesting a intricate regulatory network underlying the complex process of bulbil initiation. This study offers a profound understanding of the bulbil initiation process and could potentially aid in refining molecular breeding techniques specific to P. ternata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mengliang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (X.M.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (C.L.)
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Wu J, Wang X, Bian L, Li Z, Jiang X, Shi F, Tang F, Zhang Z. Starch and sucrose metabolism plays an important role in the stem development in Medicago sativa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24073. [PMID: 38739736 DOI: 10.1071/fp24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The forage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa ) stems is greater than the leaves. Sucrose hydrolysis provides energy for stem development, with starch being enzymatically converted into sucrose to maintain energy homeostasis. To understand the physiological and molecular networks controlling stem development, morphological characteristics and transcriptome profiles in the stems of two alfalfa cultivars (Zhungeer and WL168) were investigated. Based on transcriptome data, we analysed starch and sugar contents, and enzyme activity related to starch-sugar interconversion. Zhungeer stems were shorter and sturdier than WL168, resulting in significantly higher mechanical strength. Transcriptome analysis showed that starch and sucrose metabolism were significant enriched in the differentially expressed genes of stems development in both cultivars. Genes encoding INV , bglX , HK , TPS and glgC downregulated with the development of stems, while the gene encoding was AMY upregulated. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the gene encoding glgC was pivotal in determining the variations in starch and sucrose contents between the two cultivars. Soluble carbohydrate, sucrose, and starch content of WL168 were higher than Zhungeer. Enzyme activities related to sucrose synthesis and hydrolysis (INV, bglX, HK, TPS) showed a downward trend. The change trend of enzyme activity was consistent with gene expression. WL168 stems had higher carbohydrate content than Zhungeer, which accounted for more rapid growth and taller plants. WL168 formed hollow stems were formed during rapid growth, which may be related to the redistribution of carbohydrates in the pith tissue. These results indicated that starch and sucrose metabolism play important roles in the stem development in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Wu
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Bian
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhenyi Li
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fengling Shi
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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3
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Shu F, Wang D, Sarsaiya S, Jin L, Liu K, Zhao M, Wang X, Yao Z, Chen G, Chen J. Bulbil initiation: a comprehensive review on resources, development, and utilisation, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, advanced technologies, and future prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343222. [PMID: 38650701 PMCID: PMC11033377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bulbil is an important asexual reproductive structure of bulbil plants. It mainly grows in leaf axils, leaf forks, tubers and the upper and near ground ends of flower stems of plants. They play a significant role in the reproduction of numerous herbaceous plant species by serving as agents of plant propagation, energy reserves, and survival mechanisms in adverse environmental conditions. Despite extensive research on bulbil-plants regarding their resources, development mechanisms, and utilisation, a comprehensive review of bulbil is lacking, hindering progress in exploiting bulbil resources. This paper provides a systematic overview of bulbil research, including bulbil-plant resources, identification of development stages and maturity of bulbils, cellular and molecular mechanisms of bulbil development, factors influencing bulbil development, gene research related to bulbil development, multi-bulbil phenomenon and its significance, medicinal value of bulbils, breeding value of bulbils, and the application of plant tissue culture technology in bulbil production. The application value of the Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System (TIBS) and Terahertz (THz) in bulbil breeding is also discussed, offering a comprehensive blueprint for further bulbil resource development. Additionally, additive, seven areas that require attention are proposed: (1) Utilization of modern network technologies, such as plant recognition apps or websites, to collect and identify bulbous plant resources efficiently and extensively; (2) Further research on cell and tissue structures that influence bulb cell development; (3) Investigation of the network regulatory relationship between genes, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetics in bulbil development; (4) Exploration of the potential utilization value of multiple sprouts, including medicinal, ecological, and horticultural applications; (5) Innovation and optimization of the plant tissue culture system for bulbils; (6) Comprehensive application research of TIBS for large-scale expansion of bulbil production; (7) To find out the common share genetics between bulbils and flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Leilei Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Bozhou Xinghe Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Bozhou, Anhui, China
- Joint Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui of Institution of Health and Medicine, Bozhou, Anhui Provence, China
| | - Mengru Zhao
- Bozhou Xinghe Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Bozhou, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxu Yao
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Guoguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jishuang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Xin Y, Chen X, Liang J, Wang S, Pan W, Wu J, Zhang M, Zaccai M, Yu X, Zhang X, Wu J, Du Y. Auxin regulates bulbil initiation by mediating sucrose metabolism in Lilium lancifolium. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae054. [PMID: 38706581 PMCID: PMC11069426 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Lily bulbils, which serve as advantageous axillary organs for vegetative propagation, have not been extensively studied in terms of the mechanism of bulbil initiation. The functions of auxin and sucrose metabolism have been implicated in axillary organ development, but their relationship in regulating bulbil initiation remains unclear. In this study, exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatment increased the endogenous auxin levels at leaf axils and significantly decreased bulbil number, whereas treatment with the auxin polar transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), which resulted in a low auxin concentration at leaf axils, stimulated bulbil initiation and increased bulbil number. A low level of auxin caused by NPA spraying or silencing of auxin biosynthesis genes YUCCA FLAVIN MONOOXYGENASE-LIKE 6 (LlYUC6) and TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASERELATED 1 (LlTAR1) facilitated sucrose metabolism by activating the expression of SUCROSE SYNTHASES 1 (LlSusy1) and CELL WALL INVERTASE 2 (LlCWIN2), resulting in enhanced bulbil initiation. Silencing LlSusy1 or LlCWIN2 hindered bulbil initiation. Moreover, the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 35 (LlbHLH35) directly bound the promoter of LlSusy1, but not the promoter of LlCWIN2, and activated its transcription in response to the auxin content, bridging the gap between auxin and sucrose metabolism. In conclusion, our results reveal that an LlbHLH35-LlSusy1 module mediates auxin-regulated sucrose metabolism during bulbil initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xin
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaokun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqiang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Ornamental & Edible Lily Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Chiavaroli A, Masciulli F, Ingallina C, Mannina L, Loreta Libero M, Di Simone SC, Acquaviva A, Nilofar, Recinella L, Leone S, Brunetti L, Carradori S, Cantò L, Orlando G, Zengin G, Ibrahim Uba A, Cakilcioğlu U, Mukemre M, Elkiran O, Di Vito M, Menghini L, Ferrante C. Comprehensive metabolite and biological profile of "Sulmona Red Garlic" ecotype's aerial bulbils. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113654. [PMID: 38129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
"Sulmona Red Garlic" is a well-known Italian traditional product. Bulbs, used for culinary purposes, have been largely investigated for their medicinal properties whereas aerial bulbils are usually removed as waste material. Here, for the first time, chemical composition and biological properties of the hydroalcoholic extract from aerial bulbils were investigated. Complementary information on metabolite composition were obtained using both NMR based untargeted and HPLC-DAD targeted methodologies. The NMR analysis revealed the presence of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, organosulphur compounds (methiin, alliin, allicin and cycloalliin), and other secondary metabolites. In particular, methiin and alliin were identified for the first time in the NMR spectra of aerial bulbil garlic extracts. Polyphenol content was determined by HPLC-DAD analysis: catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid turned out to be the most abundant phenolics. Hydroalcoholic extract blocked cell proliferation of colon cancer cell line HCT116 with an IC50 of 352.07 µg/mL, while it was non-toxic to myoblast cell line C2C12. In addition, it caused seedling germination reduction of two edible and herbaceous dicotyledon species, namely Cichorium intybus and C. endivia. Moreover, the same extract reduced the gene expression of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor), HIF1-α (hypoxia-inducible factor), VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor), and transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 (TRPM8) indicating the ability to contrast cancer development through the angiogenic pathway. Final, in silico experiments were also carried out supporting the biological effects of organosulphur compounds, particularly alliin, which may directly interact with TRPM8. The results here reported suggest the potential use of garlic aerial bulbils often considered a waste product as a source in phytotherapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Masciulli
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Loreta Libero
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Nilofar
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantò
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim Uba
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Ugur Cakilcioğlu
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Pertek 62500, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Mukemre
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Yuksekova Vocational School, Hakkari University, Hakkari 30100, Turkey
| | - Omer Elkiran
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Environmental Health, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dip. di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Gao C, Zhang L, Xu Y, Liu Y, Xiao X, Cui L, Xia Y, Wu Y, Ren Z. Full-length transcriptome analysis revealed that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid promoted in vitro bulblet initiation in lily by affecting carbohydrate metabolism and auxin signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236315. [PMID: 37799550 PMCID: PMC10548195 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Bulblet initiation, including adventitious bud initiation and bulblet formation, is a crucial process for lily and other bulbous flowers that are commercially propagated by vegetative means. Here, by a hybrid strategy combining Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) full-length sequencing and Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), high-quality transcripts of L. brownii (Lb) and its variety, L. brownii var. giganteum (Lbg), during in vitro bulblet initiation were obtained. A total of 53,576 and 65,050 high-quality non-redundant full-length transcripts of Lbg and Lb were generated, respectively. Morphological observation showed that Lbg possessed a stronger capacity to generate bulblets in vitro than Lb, and 1 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) significantly increased bulblet regeneration rate in two lilies. Screening of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) between different stages and Mfuzz analysis showed 0 DAT to 1 DAT was the crucial stage with the most complex transcriptional change, with carbohydrate metabolism pathway was significantly enriched. In addition, 6,218 and 8,965 DETs were screened between the 2,4-D-treated group and the control group in Lbg and Lb, respectively. 2,4-D application had evident effects on the expression of genes involved in auxin signaling pathway, such as TIRs, ARFs, Aux/IAAs, GH3s and SAURs. Then, we compared the expression profiles of crucial genes of carbohydrate metabolism between different stages and different treatments. SUSs, SUTs, TPSs, AGPLs, GBSSs and SSs showed significant responses during bulblet initiation. The expression of CWINs, SUTs and SWEETs were significantly upregulated by 2,4-D in two lilies. In addition, 2,4-D increased the expression of starch degradation genes (AMYs and BAMs) and inhibited starch synthesis genes (AGPLs, GBSSs and SSs). SBEs were significantly upregulated in Lbg but not in Lb. Significant co-expression was showed between genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and auxin signaling, together with transcription factors such as bHLHs, MYBs, ERFs and C3Hs. This study indicates the coordinate regulation of bulblet initiation by carbohydrate metabolism and auxin signaling, serving as a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanism of bulblet initiation in lily and other bulbous flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunchen Xu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liu Cui
- Laboratory of Flower Bulbs, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Laboratory of Flower Bulbs, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziming Ren
- Laboratory of Flower Bulbs, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Xu W, Fan H, Pei X, Hua X, Xu T, He Q. mRNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq Analyses Provide Insights into the Mechanism of Pinellia ternata Bulbil Initiation Induced by Phytohormones. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1727. [PMID: 37761867 PMCID: PMC10531394 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit (abbreviated as P. ternata) is a plant with an important medicinal value whose yield is restricted by many factors, such as low reproductive efficiency and continuous cropping obstacles. As an essential breeding material for P. ternata growth and production, the bulbils have significant advantages such as a high survival rate and short breeding cycles. However, the location effect, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism of bulbil occurrence and formation have not been fully explored. In this study, exogenously applied phytohormones were used to induce in vitro petiole of P. ternata to produce bulbil structure. Transcriptome sequencing of mRNA and miRNA were performed in the induced petiole (TCp) and the induced bulbil (TCb). Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed for the identification of key genes and pathways involved in bulbil development. A total of 58,019 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The GO and KEGG analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. The expression profiles of miR167a, miR171a, and miR156a during bulbil induction were verified by qRT-PCR, indicating that these three miRNAs and their target genes may be involved in the process of bulbil induction and play an important role. However, further molecular biological experiments are required to confirm the functions of the identified bulbil development-related miRNAs and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.X.); (H.F.); (X.P.); (X.H.)
| | - Haoyu Fan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.X.); (H.F.); (X.P.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaomin Pei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.X.); (H.F.); (X.P.); (X.H.)
| | - Xuejun Hua
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.X.); (H.F.); (X.P.); (X.H.)
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.X.); (H.F.); (X.P.); (X.H.)
| | - Qiuling He
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China
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8
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Liu J, Wang C, Li H, Gao Y, Yang Y, Lu Y. Bottom-Up Effects of Drought-Stressed Cotton Plants on Performance and Feeding Behavior of Aphis gossypii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2886. [PMID: 37571039 PMCID: PMC10420646 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought, a major stress for crop plants, is expected to increase in frequency due to climate change. Drought can alter crop growth and levels of secondary plant metabolites, which in turn can affect herbivores, but this latter point is still controversial. This study used three different polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) levels (0%, 1%, and 3%) to simulate drought stress and evaluated their effects on cotton plants and the impacts on the performance of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii. Cotton plants under drought stress showed decreased water content, above-ground biomass, and nitrogen content and increased soluble protein, soluble sugar, and tannin contents. Based on analysis of the developmental time and fecundity data from individuals and at the population level, a significantly lower fecundity and population abundance of A. gossypii were detected on cotton plants with drought stress, which supports the "plant vigor hypothesis". The poor development of A. gossypii is possibly related to lower xylem sap and phloem ingestion under drought stress. In addition, the increased tannin content of cotton plants induced by drought and lower detoxification enzyme activities of A. gossypii may have affected the responses of aphids to drought-stressed plants. Overall, the results showed that drought stress altered the physiological characteristics of the cotton plants, resulting in adverse bottom-up effects on cotton aphid performances. This implies that the adoption of drip irrigation under plastic film that can help alleviate drought stress may favor the population growth of cotton aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Huatong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yizhong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
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9
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regularity Mechanism Underlying Stem Bulblet Formation in Oriental Lily 'Siberia'; Functional Characterization of the LoLOB18 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315246. [PMID: 36499579 PMCID: PMC9738039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of underground stem bulblets in lilies is a complex biological process which is key in their micropropagation. Generally, it involves a stem-to-bulblet transition; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. It is important to understand the regulatory mechanism of bulblet formation for the reproductive efficiency of Lilium. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of underground stem bulblet formation under different conditions regarding the gravity point angle of the stem, i.e., vertical (control), horizontal, and slanting. The horizontal and slanting group displayed better formation of bulblets in terms of quality and quantity compared with the control group. A transcriptome analysis revealed that sucrose and starch were key energy sources for bulblet formation, auxin and cytokinin likely promoted bulblet formation, and gibberellin inhibited bulblet formation. Based on transcriptome analysis, we identified the LoLOB18 gene, a homolog to AtLOB18, which has been proven to be related to embryogenic development. We established the stem bud growth tissue culture system of Lilium and silenced the LoLOb18 gene using the VIGS system. The results showed that the bulblet induction was reduced with down-regulation of LoLOb18, indicating the involvement of LoLOb18 in stem bulblet formation in lilies. Our research lays a solid foundation for further molecular studies on stem bulblet formation of lilies.
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10
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Ren Z, Zhang D, Jiao C, Li D, Wu Y, Wang X, Gao C, Lin Y, Ruan Y, Xia Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified the mode of sucrose degradation as a metabolic marker for early vegetative propagation in bulbs of Lycoris. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:115-134. [PMID: 35942603 PMCID: PMC9826282 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation (VP) is an important practice for production in many horticultural plants. Sugar supply constitutes the basis of VP in bulb flowers, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. By performing a combined sequencing technologies coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach for metabolic analyses, we compared two Lycoris species with contrasting regeneration rates: high-regeneration Lycoris sprengeri and low-regeneration Lycoris aurea. A comprehensive multi-omics analyses identified both expected processes involving carbohydrate metabolism and transcription factor networks, as well as the metabolic characteristics for each developmental stage. A higher abundance of the differentially expressed genes including those encoding ethylene responsive factors was detected at bulblet initiation stage compared to the late stage of bulblet development. High hexose-to-sucrose ratio correlated to bulblet formation across all the species examined, indicating its role in the VP process in Lycoris bulb. Importantly, a clear difference between cell wall invertase (CWIN)-catalyzed sucrose unloading in high-regeneration species and the sucrose synthase-catalyzed pathway in low-regeneration species was observed at the bulblet initiation stage, which was supported by findings from carboxyfluorescein tracing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Collectively, the findings indicate a sugar-mediated model of the regulation of VP in which high CWIN expression or activity may promote bulblet initiation via enhancing apoplasmic unloading of sucrose or sugar signals, whereas the subsequent high ratio of hexose-to-sucrose likely supports cell division characterized in the next phase of bulblet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ming Ren
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Dan‐Qing Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Xiu‐Yun Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Cong Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Ye‐Fan Lin
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yong‐Ling Ruan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- Yazhou Bay LaboratorySanya572024China
| | - Yi‐Ping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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11
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He G, Cao Y, Wang J, Song M, Bi M, Tang Y, Xu L, Ming J, Yang P. WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes cooperate with cytokinin to promote bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:387-402. [PMID: 35670734 PMCID: PMC9773970 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bulbil is an important vegetative reproductive organ in triploid tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium). Based on our previously obtained transcriptome data, we screened two WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes closely related to bulbil formation, LlWOX9 and LlWOX11. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 are unclear. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequences of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) showed increased branch numbers, and the overexpression of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 in stem segments promoted bulbil formation, while the silencing of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 inhibited bulbil formation, indicating that LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 are positive regulators of bulbil formation. Cytokinin type-B response regulators could bind to the promoters of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 and promote their transcription. LlWOX11 could enhance cytokinin pathway signaling by inhibiting the transcription of type-A LlRR9. Our study enriches the understanding of the regulation of plant development by the WOX gene family and lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of bulbil formation in lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Song
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Authors for correspondence: (P.P.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Panpan Yang
- Authors for correspondence: (P.P.Y.); (J.M.)
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12
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Li J, Sun M, Li H, Ling Z, Wang D, Zhang J, Shi L. Full-length transcriptome-referenced analysis reveals crucial roles of hormone and wounding during induction of aerial bulbils in lily. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:415. [PMID: 36030206 PMCID: PMC9419401 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerial bulbils are important vegetative reproductive organs in Lilium. They are often perpetually dormant in most Lilium species, and little is known about the induction of these vegetative structures. The world-famous Oriental hybrid lily cultivar 'Sorbonne', which blooms naturally devoid of aerial bulbils, is known for its lovely appearance and sweet fragrance. We found that decapitation stimulated the outgrowth of aerial bulbils at lower stems (LSs) and then application of low and high concentrations of IAA promoted aerial bulbils emergence around the wound at upper stems (USs) of 'Sorbonne'. However, the genetic basis of aerial bulbil induction is still unclear. Herein, 'Sorbonne' transcriptome has been sequenced for the first time using the combination of third-generation long-read and next-generation short-read technology. A total of 46,557 high-quality non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated. Transcriptomic profiling was performed on seven tissues and stems with treatments of decapitation and application of low and high concentrations of IAA, respectively. Functional annotation of 1918 DEGs within stem samples of different treatments showed that hormone signaling, sugar metabolism and wound-induced genes were crucial to bulbils outgrowth. The expression pattern of auxin-, shoot branching hormone-, plant defense hormone- and wound-inducing-related genes indicated their crucial roles in bulbil induction. Then we established five hormone- and wounding-regulated co-expression modules and identified some candidate transcriptional factors, such as MYB, bZIP, and bHLH, that may function in inducing bulbils. High connectivity was observed among hormone signaling genes, wound-induced genes, and some transcriptional factors, suggesting wound- and hormone-invoked signals exhibit extensive cross-talk and regulate bulbil initiation-associated genes via multilayered regulatory cascades. We propose that the induction of aerial bulbils at LSs after decapitation can be explained as the release of apical dominance. In contrast, the induction of aerial bulbils at the cut surface of USs after IAA application occurs via a process similar to callus formation. This study provides abundant candidate genes that will deepen our understanding of the regulation of bulbil outgrowth, paving the way for further molecular breeding of lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Zhengyi Ling
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Jinzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Xiangshan, 100093, China.
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13
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Changes of starch and sucrose content and related gene expression during the growth and development of Lanzhou lily bulb. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262506. [PMID: 35015792 PMCID: PMC8752016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main forms of carbohydrates, starch and sucrose play a vital role in the balance and coordination of various carbohydrates. Lanzhou lily is the most popular edible lily in China, mainly distributed in the central region of Gansu. To clarify the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and bulb development of Lanzhou lily, so as to provide a basis for the promotion of the growth and development in Lanzhou lily and its important economic value, we studied lily bulbs in the squaring stage, flowering stage, half withering stage and withering stage. The plant height, fresh weight of mother and daughter bulbs continued to increase during the whole growth period and fresh weight of stem and leaf began to decrease in the half withering stage. The content of starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar in the lily mother bulb accumulated mostly in the flowering, withering and half withering stages, respectively. Starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar accumulated in the daughter bulb with the highest concentration during the withering stage. In the transcription level, sucrose synthase (SuSy1) and sucrose invertase (INV2) expressed the highest in squaring stage, and the expression was significantly higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. In flowering stage, the expression levels of soluble starch synthase (SSS1), starch-branching enzyme (SBE) and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP1) genes were higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. Altogether, our results indicate that starch and sucrose are important for the bulb growth and development of Lanzhou lily.
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14
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Sun M, Zhao Y, Shao X, Ge J, Tang X, Zhu P, Wang J, Zhao T. EST-SSR Marker Development and Full-Length Transcriptome Sequence Analysis of Tiger Lily ( Lilium lancifolium Thunb). Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:7641048. [PMID: 35126662 PMCID: PMC8816598 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7641048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast advancement and deployment of sequencing technologies after the Human Genome Project have greatly increased our knowledge of the eukaryotic genome sequences. However, due to technological concerns, high-quality genomic data has been confined to a few key organisms. Moreover, our understanding of which portions of genomes make up genes and which transcript isoforms synthesize these genes is scarce. Therefore, the current study has been designed to explore the reliability of the tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium Thunb) transcriptome. The PacBio-SMRT was used for attaining the complete transcriptomic profile. We obtained a total of 815,624 CCS (Circular Consensus Sequence) reads with an average length of 1295 bp. The tiger lily transcriptome has been sequenced for the first time using third-generation long-read technology. Furthermore, unigenes (38,707), lncRNAs (6852), and TF members (768) were determined based on the transcriptome data, followed by evaluating SSRs (3319). It has also been revealed that 105 out of 128 primer pairs effectively amplified PCR products. Around 15,608 transcripts were allocated to 25 distinct KOG Clusters, and 10,706 unigenes were grouped into 52 functional categories in the annotated transcripts. Until now, no tiger lily lncRNAs have been discovered. Results of this study may serve as an extensive set of reference transcripts and help us learn more about the transcriptomes of tiger lilies and pave the path for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Sun
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | | | - Xiaobin Shao
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jintao Ge
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xueyan Tang
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Pengbo Zhu
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiangying Wang
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tongli Zhao
- Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
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15
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Hormonal Regulatory Patterns of LaKNOXs and LaBEL1 Transcription Factors Reveal Their Potential Role in Stem Bulblet Formation in LA Hybrid Lily. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413502. [PMID: 34948303 PMCID: PMC8703980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In lily reproduction, the mechanism of formation of bulbs has been a hot topic. However, studies on stem bulblet formation are limited. Stem bulblets, formed in the leaf axils of under- and above-ground stems, provide lilies with a strong capacity for self-propagation. First, we showed that above-ground stem bulblets can be induced by spraying 100 mg/L 6-BA on the LA hybrid lily 'Aladdin', with reduced endogenous IAA and GA4 and a higher relative content of cytokinins. Then, expression patterns of three potential genes (two KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) and one partial BEL1-like homeobox (BELL)), during stem bulblet formation from our previous study, were determined by RT-qPCR, presenting a down-up trend in KNOXs and a rising tendency in BELL. The partial BELL gene was cloned by RACE from L. 'Aladdin' and denoted LaBEL1. Physical interactions of LaKNOX1-LaBEL1 and LaKNOX1-LaKNOX2 were confirmed by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, hormonal regulatory patterns of single LaKNOX1, LaKNOX2, LaBEL1, and their heterodimers, were revealed in transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that the massive mRNA accumulations of LaKNOX1, LaKNOX2 and LaBEL1 genes during stem bulblet formation could cause the dramatic relative increase of cytokinins and the decline of GAs and IAA. Taken together, a putative model was proposed that LaKNOX1 interacts with LaKNOX2 and LaBEL1 to regulate multiple phytohormones simultaneously for an appropriate hormonal homeostasis, which suggests their potential role in stem bulblet formation in L. 'Aladdin'.
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16
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Qi N, Hou X, Wang C, Li C, Huang D, Li Y, Wang N, Liao W. Methane-rich water induces bulblet formation of scale cuttings in Lilium davidii var. unicolor by regulating the signal transduction of phytohormones and their levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1919-1930. [PMID: 33748992 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that methane (CH4 ) has promoting roles in the adventitious root (AR) and lateral root (LR) formation in plants. However, whether CH4 could trigger the bulblet formation in scale cutting of Lilium davidii var. unicolor has not been elucidated. To gain insight into the effect of CH4 on the bulblet formation, different concentrations (1, 10, 50, and 100%) of methane-rich water (MRW) and distilled water were applied to treat the scale cuttings of Lilium. We observed that treatment with 100% MRW obviously induced the bulblet formation in scale cuttings. To explore the mechanism of CH4 -induced bulblet formation, the transcriptome of scales was analyzed. A total of 2078 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The DEGs were classified into different metabolic pathways, especially phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant signal transduction. Of these, approximately 38 candidate DEGs involved in the plant signal transduction were further studied. In addition, the expression of AP2-ERF/ERF, WRKY, GRAS, ARF, and NAC transcription factors (TFs) was changed by MRW treatment, suggesting their potential involvement in bulblet formation. As for hormones, exogenous IAA, GA, and ABA could induce the bulblet formation. Additional experiments suggested that MRW could increase the endogenous IAA, GA, and JA levels, but decrease the levels of ABA during bulblet formation, which showed that higher IAA, GA, JA levels and lower ABA content might facilitate bulblet formation. In addition, the levels of endogenous hormones were consistent with the expression level of genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction. Overall, this study has revealed that CH4 might improve the bulblet formation of cutting scales in Lilium by regulating the expression of genes related to phytohormone signal transduction and TFs, as well as by changing the endogenous hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Qi
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Hou
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changxia Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dengjing Huang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yihua Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ni Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Li J, Seng S, Li D, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yao T, Liang J, Yi M, Wu J. Antagonism between abscisic acid and gibberellin regulates starch synthesis and corm development in Gladiolus hybridus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:155. [PMID: 34193854 PMCID: PMC8245626 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding corm development in flower bulbs is of importance for securing the quality of cut flowers and propagation of commercial stocks. Gladiolus is one of the most popular bulb plants worldwide. Its corm development is characterized by starch accumulation. Previous research has shown that phytohormones (especially gibberellin (GA)) are involved in tuber development. However, the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA)/GA and starch during corm development remains unclear. To gain deeper insights into the biological process of corm development, we performed a detailed anatomical characterization of different stages of corm development and analyzed phytohormone levels. Our study showed that corm development is linked to hormones (ABA and GA) and carbohydrates (sucrose and starch). Exogenous hormone treatment and silencing of endogenous hormone biosynthesis genes indicated that ABA positively regulates corm development, while GA acts as an antagonist of ABA function. A sucrose synthase gene (GhSUS2) was shown to be involved in the antagonism between ABA and GA. GhSUS2 was upregulated by ABA and downregulated by GA. The increase in the transcript level of GhSUS2 coincided with the development of corm/cormels. Silencing of GhSUS2 repressed corm development and starch accumulation. In conclusion, we propose that GhSUS2, an essential enzyme in sucrose degradation, is differentially regulated by ABA and GA and controls corm development in Gladiolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Seng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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18
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WU Y, SUN M, LI S, MIN R, GAO C, LYU Q, REN Z, XIA Y. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of three key starch synthesis-related genes from the bulb of a rare lily germplasm, Lilium brownii var. giganteum. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:476-491. [PMID: 34128371 PMCID: PMC8214946 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Starch is the predominant compound in bulb scales, and previous studies have shown that bulblet development is closely associated with starch enrichment. However, how starch synthesis affects bulbification at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Lilium brownii var. giganteum, a wild lily with a giant bulb in nature, and L. brownii, the native species, have different starch levels and characteristics according to cytological and ultra-structural observations. We cloned the complete sequence of three key gene-encoding enzymes (LbgAGPS, LbgGBSS, andLbgSSIII) during starch synthesis by rapid amplification of 5' and 3' complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE) technology. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the proteins deduced by these genes contain the canonical conserved domains. Constructed phylogenetic trees confirmed the evolutionary relationships with proteins from other species, including monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The transcript levels of various tissues and time course samples obtained during bulblet development uncovered relatively high expression levels in bulblets and gradual increase expression accompanying bulblet growth. Moreover, a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was discovered in the AGPS genes of four lily genotypes, and a purifying selection fashion was predicted according to the non-synonymous/synonymous (Ka/Ks) values. Taken together, our results suggested that key starch-synthesizing genes might play important roles in bulblet development and lead to distinctive phenotypes in bulblet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun WU
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Minyi SUN
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Shiqi LI
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ruihan MIN
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Cong GAO
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Qundan LYU
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui323000, China
| | - Ziming REN
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yiping XIA
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
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19
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He G, Yang P, Cao Y, Tang Y, Wang L, Song M, Wang J, Xu L, Ming J. Cytokinin Type-B Response Regulators Promote Bulbil Initiation in Lilium lancifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073320. [PMID: 33805045 PMCID: PMC8037933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulbil is an important vegetative reproductive organ in triploid Lilium lancifolium whose development is promoted by cytokinins. Type-B response regulators (RRs) are critical regulators that mediate primary cytokinin responses and promote cytokinin-induced gene expression. However, the function of cytokinin type-B Arabidopsis RRs (ARRs) in regulating bulbil formation is unclear. In this study, we identified five type-B LlRRs, LlRR1, LlRR2, LlRR10, LlRR11 and LlRR12, in L. lancifolium for the first time. The five LlRRs encode proteins of 715, 675, 573, 582 and 647 amino acids. All of the regulators belong to the B-I subfamily, whose members typically contain a conserved CheY-homologous receiver (REC) domain and an Myb DNA-binding (MYB) domain at the N-terminus. As transcription factors, all five type-B LlRRs localize at the nucleus and are widely expressed in plant tissues, especially during axillary meristem (AM) formation. Functional analysis showed that type-B LlRRs are involved in bulbil formation in a functionally redundant manner and can activate LlRR9 expression. In summary, our study elucidates the process by which cytokinins regulate bulbil initiation in L. lancifolium through type-B LlRRs and lays a foundation for research on the molecular mechanism of bulbil formation in the lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Foresty and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Meng Song
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Jun Ming
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (L.X.)
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (J.M.)
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20
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Wu Y, Ren Z, Gao C, Sun M, Li S, Min R, Wu J, Li D, Wang X, Wei Y, Xia Y. Change in Sucrose Cleavage Pattern and Rapid Starch Accumulation Govern Lily Shoot-to-Bulblet Transition in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:564713. [PMID: 33519832 PMCID: PMC7840508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In bulb crops, bulbing is a key progress in micropropagation and is the feature that most distinguishes bulbous crops from other plants. Generally, bulbing involves a shoot-to-bulblet transition; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We explored this process by tracking the shoot-to-bulblet transition under different culture conditions. Rapid starch accumulation occurred at 15 days after transplanting (DAT) in the bulblet-inducing treatments as confirmed via histological observations and the significant elevation of starch synthesis related-gene transcription, including LohAGPS, LohAGPL, LohGBSS, LohSS, and LohSBE. However, for shoots that did not transition to bulblets and maintained the shoot status, much higher soluble sugars were detected. Interestingly, we observed a clear shift from invertase-catalyzed to sucrose synthase-catalyzed sucrose cleavage pattern based on the differential expression of LohCWIN and LohSuSy during the key transition stage (prior to and after bulbing at 0-15 DAT). Shoots that transitioned into bulblets showed significantly higher LohSuSy expression, especially LohSuSy4 expression, than shoots that did not transition. A symplastic phloem unloading pathway at the bulblet emergence stage (15 DAT) was verified via the 6(5)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate fluorescent tracer. We propose that starch is the fundamental compound in the shoot-to-bulblet transition and that starch synthesis is likely triggered by the switch from apoplastic to symplastic sucrose unloading, which may be related to sucrose depletion. Furthermore, this study is the first to provide a complete inventory of the genes involved in starch metabolism based on our transcriptome data. Two of these genes, LohAGPS1.2b and LohSSIIId, were verified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends cloning, and these data will provide additional support for Lilium research since whole genome is currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziming Ren
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Sun
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Min
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Wang B, Zhang Y, Dong N, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Qi J. Comparative transcriptome analyses provide novel insights into etiolated shoot development of walnut (Juglans regia L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:74. [PMID: 33025156 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In general, genes promoting IAA, CTK GA and ethylene biosynthesis were upregulated, while genes participating in ABA, chlorophyll and starch biosynthesis pathways performed opposite tendency during etiolation. Etiolation as a method for rejuvenation plays an important role in the vegetative propagation of woody plants. However, the molecular mechanism of etiolated shoot development remains unclear. In this study, we investigated changes at different etiolation stages of Juglans regia. The histology and transcriptome of J. regia were analysed using etiolated stems, which were treated in darkness for 30, 60, 90 days. The results showed that the ratios of pith (Pi) diameter/stem diameter (D), cortex (Co) width/D, and phloem (Ph) width/D increased, while the ratio of xylem (Xy) width/D decreased after etiolation, and the difference in these ratios between etiolated stems and the control was more significant at 60 days than 90 days. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The difference in the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), sugar and chlorophyll between etiolated stems and the control increased with increasing treatment duration; in contrast, the concentrations of gibberellin (GA), zeatin (ZT), and starch, as well as the difference between the etiolated stems and control were lowest at 60 days among the three stages. On the whole, the positive effect of etiolation on the rejuvenation of walnut stems changed as the treatment period increased. The present investigation lays a foundation for future studies on the effect of etiolation on rejuvenation and for promoting the efficiency of vegetative propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ningguang Dong
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yonghao Chen
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yunqi Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanbin Hao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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22
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He G, Yang P, Tang Y, Cao Y, Qi X, Xu L, Ming J. Mechanism of exogenous cytokinins inducing bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium in vitro. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:861-872. [PMID: 32270280 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin pathway promotes the initiation of bulbil formation, and iPA may an important type of cytokinin during bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium. Bulbils are important vegetative reproductive organs in triploid Lilium lancifolium. We previously showed that cytokinins are involved in bulbil formation, but how cytokinins participate in bulbil formation is not clear. In this study, bulbil formation was divided into three stages on the basis of anatomical and histological observations: the bulbil initiation stage, bulbil primordium-formation stage and bulbil structure-formation stage. The results indicated that iPA was the most critical cytokinin during the bulbil initiation. qRT-PCR revealed that increased iPA content during bulbil initiation was mainly due to increased expression of cytokinin synthesis genes (IPT1/5) and cytokinin activation genes (LOG1/3/5/7) and significantly decreased expression of the cytokinin degradation gene CKX4. Exogenous 6-BA and lovastatin affected the cytokinin pathway and promoted or inhibited bulbil initiation by increasing or decreasing the content of endogenous iPA, respectively. In summary, we demonstrate that cytokinins positively regulate bulbil formation and provide preliminary insight into the regulatory mechanisms by which the cytokinin pathway promotes bulbil initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianyu Qi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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23
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Xu J, Li Q, Yang L, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormone regulation during bulblet initiation and development in Lycoris radiata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:180. [PMID: 32334530 PMCID: PMC7183599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycoris species have great ornamental and medicinal values; however, their low regeneration efficiency seriously restricts their commercial production. Understanding the mechanism of bulblet propagation in this genus, which has remained underexplored to date, could provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency. Therefore, we studied the bulblet initiation and developmental processes in Lycoris radiata. RESULTS We found that bulblets are formed on the junctions of the innermost layers of scales and the basal plate, and initially present as an axillary bud and gradually develop into a bulblet. We also determined the changes in carbohydrate and endogenous hormone contents during bulblet initiation and development, as well as the expression patterns of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and hormone biosynthesis and signaling through transcriptome analysis. Soluble sugars derived from starch degradation in the outer scales are transported to and promote bulblet initiation and development through starch synthesis in the inner scales. This process is mediated by several genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, especially genes encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, a crucial starch synthesis enzyme. As for hormones, endogenous IAA, GA, and ABA content showed an increase and decrease during bulblet initiation and development, respectively, which were consistent with the expression patterns of genes involved in IAA, GA, and ABA synthesis and signal transduction. In addition, a decrease in ZR content may be down- and up-regulated by CK biosynthesis and degradation related genes, respectively, with increasing auxin content. Furthermore, expression levels of genes related to BR, JA, and SA biosynthesis were increased, while that of ethylene biosynthesis genes was decreased, which was also consistent with the expression patterns of their signal transduction genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides insights into the effect of carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormone regulation on control of L. radiata bulblet initiation and development. Based on the results, we propose several suggestions to improve L. radiata propagation efficiency in production, which will provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxu Xu
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Qingzhu Li
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xin Li
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yongchun Zhang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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24
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Wu ZG, Jiang W, Tao ZM, Pan XJ, Yu WH, Huang HL. Morphological and stage-specific transcriptome analyses reveal distinct regulatory programs underlying yam (Dioscorea alata L.) bulbil growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1899-1914. [PMID: 31832647 PMCID: PMC7242083 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In yam (Dioscorea spp) species, bulbils at leaf axils are the most striking species-specific axillary structure and exhibit important ecological niches. Genetic regulation underlying bulbil growth remains largely unclear so far. Here, we characterize yam (Dioscorea alata L.) bulbil development using histological analysis, and perform full transcriptional profiling on key developmental stages together with phytohormone analyses. Using the stage-specific scoring algorithm, we have identified 3451 stage-specifically expressed genes that exhibit a tight link between major transcriptional changes and stages. Co-expressed gene clusters revealed an obvious over-representation of genes associated with cell division and expansion at the initiation stage of bulbils (T1). Transcriptional changes of hormone-related genes highly coincided with hormone levels, indicating that bulbil initiation and growth are coordinately controlled by multiple phytohormones. In particular, localized auxin is transiently required to trigger bulbil initiation, and be further depleted or exported from bulbils to promote growth by up-regulation of genes involved in auxinconjugation and efflux. The sharp increase in supply of sucrose and an enhanced trehalose-6-phophate pathway at T1 were observed, suggesting that sucrose probably functions as a key signal and promotes bulbil initiation. Analysis of the expression of transcription factors (TFs) predicated 149 TFs as stage-specifically expressed; several T1-specific TFs (from Aux/IAA, E2F, MYB, and bHLH families) have been shown to play key roles in triggering bulbil formation. Together, our work provides a crucial angle for in-depth understanding of the molecular programs underlying yam's unique bulbil development processes. Stage-specific gene sets can be queried to obtain key candidates regulating bulbil growth, serving as valuable resources for further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Genetic Improvement, Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Genetic Improvement, Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Tao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Genetic Improvement, Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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25
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Ye J, Zhang Y, Cui H, Liu J, Wu Y, Cheng Y, Xu H, Huang X, Li S, Zhou A, Zhang X, Bolund L, Chen Q, Wang J, Yang H, Fang L, Shi C. WEGO 2.0: a web tool for analyzing and plotting GO annotations, 2018 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:W71-W75. [PMID: 29788377 PMCID: PMC6030983 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WEGO (Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot), created in 2006, is a simple but useful tool for visualizing, comparing and plotting GO (Gene Ontology) annotation results. Owing largely to the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and the increasing acceptance of GO, WEGO has benefitted from outstanding performance regarding the number of users and citations in recent years, which motivated us to update to version 2.0. WEGO uses the GO annotation results as input. Based on GO's standardized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) structured vocabulary system, the number of genes corresponding to each GO ID is calculated and shown in a graphical format. WEGO 2.0 updates have targeted four aspects, aiming to provide a more efficient and up-to-date approach for comparative genomic analyses. First, the number of input files, previously limited to three, is now unlimited, allowing WEGO to analyze multiple datasets. Also added in this version are the reference datasets of nine model species that can be adopted as baselines in genomic comparative analyses. Furthermore, in the analyzing processes each Chi-square test is carried out for multiple datasets instead of every two samples. At last, WEGO 2.0 provides an additional output graph along with the traditional WEGO histogram, displaying the sorted P-values of GO terms and indicating their significant differences. At the same time, WEGO 2.0 features an entirely new user interface. WEGO is available for free at http://wego.genomics.org.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Huihai Cui
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yun Cheng
- Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
| | - Huixing Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | | | - Shengting Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - An Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | | | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266555, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350014, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University Stem Cell Research Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | | | - Lin Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350014, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University Stem Cell Research Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350000, China
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26
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Yang Y, Zheng W, Xiao K, Wu L, Zeng J, Zhou S. Transcriptome analysis reveals the different compatibility between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL in Lilium. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:297-307. [PMID: 31481839 PMCID: PMC6711731 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To unveil the mechanism of the compatibility of odd-allotetraploid lily (LAAA) as female with diploid male lily, the differences of expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The results showed the fruits of LAAA × AA well developed, while those of LAAA × LL aborted. The number of differentially expressed genes was less in the ovaries of LAAA × AA than those of LAAA × LL, but it showed opposite trend in those of leaves. The unigenes related with auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, antioxidants, expansins, chlorophylls, carbohydrates, transport proteins were usually up-expressed in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA but not in LAAA × LL; while those of abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were increased in the ovaries or leaves of LAAA × LL but not in LAAA × AA. The up-expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA played positive roles in its fruit development because the products of the genes, like phytohormones and antioxidants, had functions protecting leaves from senescence or scavenging ROS, and thus LAAA was compatible with AA, while those of LAAA × LL played negative roles and caused its fruits aborted, and hence LAAA was incompatible with LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Kongzhong Xiao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Like Wu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
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27
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Li H, Wang R, Zhang Q, Li G, Shan Y, Ding S. Morphological, structural, and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from different lily cultivars grown in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1603998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
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28
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Zhang B, Guo K, Lin L, Wei C. Comparison of Structural and Functional Properties of Starches from the Rhizome and Bulbil of Chinese Yam. Molecules 2018; 23:E427. [PMID: 29462852 PMCID: PMC6017020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese yam is an important edible starch plant and widely cultivated in China. Its rhizome and bulbil are starch storage tissues below and above ground, respectively. In this paper, starches were isolated from the rhizome and bulbil of Chinese yam, and their structural and functional properties were compared. Both starches had an oval shape with an eccentric hilum and a CA-type crystalline structure. Their short-range ordered structure and lamellar structure had no significant difference. However, the rhizome starch had a significantly bigger granule size and lower amylose content than the bulbil starch. The swelling power and water solubility were significantly lower in the rhizome starch than in the bulbil starch. The onset and peak gelatinization temperatures were significantly higher in the rhizome starch than in the bulbil starch. The rhizome starch had a significantly higher breakdown viscosity and a lower setback viscosity than the bulbil starch. The thermal stability was lower in the rhizome starch than in the bulbil starch. The rhizome starch had a significantly lower resistance to hydrolysis and in vitro digestion than the bulbil starch. The above results provide important information for the utilization of rhizome and bulbil starches of Chinese yam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Ke Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lingshang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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