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Bashyal S, Gautam CK, Müller LM. CLAVATA signaling in plant-environment interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1336-1357. [PMID: 37930810 PMCID: PMC10904329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants must rapidly and dynamically adapt to changes in their environment. Upon sensing environmental signals, plants convert them into cellular signals, which elicit physiological or developmental changes that allow them to respond to various abiotic and biotic cues. Because plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental cues, signal integration between plant cells, tissues, and organs is necessary to induce specific responses. Recently, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides and their cognate CLAVATA-type receptors received increased attention for their roles in plant-environment interactions. CLE peptides are mobile signaling molecules, many of which are induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Secreted CLE peptides are perceived by receptor complexes on the surface of their target cells, which often include the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase CLAVATA1. Receptor activation then results in cell-type and/or environment-specific responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse roles of environment-regulated CLE peptides in modulating plant responses to environmental cues. We highlight how CLE signals regulate plant physiology by fine-tuning plant-microbe interactions, nutrient homeostasis, and carbon allocation. Finally, we describe the role of CLAVATA receptors in the perception of environment-induced CLE signals and discuss how diverse CLE-CLAVATA signaling modules may integrate environmental signals with plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bashyal
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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Chaulagain D, Schnabel E, Lin EX, Garcia RR, Noorai RE, Müller LM, Frugoli JA. TML1 AND TML2 SYNERGISTICALLY REGULATE NODULATION BUT NOT ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA IN MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.570674. [PMID: 38106087 PMCID: PMC10723381 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Two symbiotic processes, nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza, are primarily controlled by the plant's need for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), respectively. Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) and Autoregulation of Mycorrhization (AOM) share multiple components - plants that make too many nodules usually have higher arbuscule density. The protein TML (TOO MUCH LOVE) was shown to function in roots to maintain susceptibly to rhizobial infection under low N conditions and control nodule number through AON in Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula has two sequence homologs: MtTML1 and MtTML2. We report the generation of stable single and double mutants harboring multiple allelic variations in MtTML1 and MtTML2 using CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis and screening of a transposon mutagenesis library. Plants containing single mutations in either gene produced twice the nodules of wild type plants whereas plants containing mutations in both genes displayed a synergistic effect, forming 20x more nodules and short roots compared to wild type plants. The synergistic effect on nodulation was maintained in the presence of 10mM nitrogen, but not observed in root length phenotypes. Examination of expression and heterozygote effects suggest genetic compensation may play a role in the observed synergy. However, plants with mutations in both TMLs had no detectable change in arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, suggesting that MtTMLs are specific to nodulation and nitrate signaling. The mutants created will be useful tools to dissect the mechanism of synergistic action of MtTML1 and MtTML2 in M. truncatula nodulation as well as the separation of AON from AOM.
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He K, Liu Q, Zhang J, Zhang G, Li G. Biochar Enhances the Resistance of Legumes and Soil Microbes to Extreme Short-Term Drought. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4155. [PMID: 38140481 PMCID: PMC10748378 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Short-term drought events occur more frequently and more intensively under global climate change. Biochar amendment has been documented to ameliorate the negative effects of water deficits on plant performance. Moreover, biochar can alter the soil microbial community, soil properties and soil metabolome, resulting in changes in soil functioning. We aim to reveal the extent of biochar addition on soil nutrients and the soil microbial community structure and how this improves the tolerance of legume crops (peanuts) to short-term extreme drought. We measured plant performances under different contents of biochar, set as a gradient of 2%, 3% and 4%, after an extreme experimental drought. In addition, we investigated how soil bacteria and fungi respond to biochar additions and how the soil metabolome changes in response to biochar amendments, with combined growth experiments, high-throughput sequencing and soil omics. The results indicated that biochar increased nitrites and available phosphorus. Biochar was found to influence the soil bacterial community structure more intensively than the soil fungal community. Additionally, the fungal community showed a higher randomness under biochar addition when experiencing short-term extreme drought compared to the bacterial community. Soil bacteria may be more strongly related to soil nutrient cycling in peanut agricultural systems. Although the soil metabolome has been documented to be influenced by biochar addition independent of soil moisture, we found more differential metabolites with a higher biochar content. We suggest that biochar enhances the resistance of plants and soil microbes to short-term extreme drought by indirectly modifying soil functioning probably due to direct changes in soil moisture and soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang He
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Qiangbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Jialei Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Guanchu Zhang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Guolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Pradhan M, Baldwin IT, Pandey SP. Argonaute7 (AGO7) optimizes arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations and enhances competitive growth in Nicotiana attenuata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:382-398. [PMID: 37532924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and in doing so, change transcript levels of many miRNAs and their targets. However, the identity of an Argonaute (AGO) that modulates this interaction remains unknown, including in Nicotiana attenuata. We examined how the silencing of NaAGO1/2/4/7/and 10 by RNAi influenced plant-competitive ability under low-P conditions when they interact with AMF. Furthermore, the roles of seven miRNAs, predicted to regulate signaling and phosphate homeostasis, were evaluated by transient overexpression. Only NaAGO7 silencing by RNAi (irAGO7) significantly reduced the competitive ability under P-limited conditions, without changes in leaf or root development, or juvenile-to-adult phase transitions. In plants growing competitively in the glasshouse, irAGO7 roots were over-colonized with AMF, but they accumulated significantly less phosphate and the expression of their AMF-specific transporters was deregulated. Furthermore, the AMF-induced miRNA levels were inversely regulated with the abundance of their target transcripts. miRNA overexpression consistently decreased plant fitness, with four of seven-tested miRNAs reducing mycorrhization rates, and two increasing mycorrhization rates. Overexpression of Na-miR473 and Na-miRNA-PN59 downregulated targets in GA, ethylene, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. We infer that AGO7 optimizes competitive ability and colonization by regulating miRNA levels and signaling pathways during a plant's interaction with AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitree Pradhan
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Shree P Pandey
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Pang J, Ryan MH, Wen Z, Lambers H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Tueux G, Jenkins S, Mickan B, Wong WS, Yong JWH, Siddique KHM. Enhanced nodulation and phosphorus acquisition from sparingly-soluble iron phosphate upon treatment with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in chickpea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13873. [PMID: 36762694 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The coordination/trade-off among below-ground strategies for phosphorus (P) acquisition, including root morphology, carboxylate exudation and colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is not well understood. This is the first study investigating the relationships between root nodulation, morphology, carboxylates and colonisation by an indigenous community of AMF under varying P levels and source. Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g-1 ) as KH2 PO4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment. Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates. However, the role of AMF in acquiring P differed between the two P sources, with the enhanced P acquisition under FeP while not under KP. Co-inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation under FeP, but not under KP. Our results suggest that the effects of AMF on shoot branching were mediated by cytokinins as the reduced shoot branching in FeP40 and KP40 under +AMF relative to -AMF coincided with a decreased concentration of cytokinins in xylem sap for both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Pang
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zhihui Wen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hans Lambers
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yifei Liu
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guillaume Tueux
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ecole d'Ingénieurs de PURPAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Sasha Jenkins
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bede Mickan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei San Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Lebedeva MA, Dobychkina DA, Yashenkova YS, Romanyuk DA, Lutova LA. Local and systemic targets of the MtCLE35-SUNN pathway in the roots of Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153922. [PMID: 36669364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION-related) peptides are systemic regulators of legume-rhizobium symbiosis that negatively control the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules. CLE peptides are produced in the root in response to rhizobia inoculation and/or nitrate treatment and are transported to the shoot where they are recognized by the CLV1-like (CLAVATA1-like) receptor kinase. As a result, a shoot-derived signaling pathway is activated that inhibits subsequent nodule development in the root. In Medicago truncatula, MtCLE35 is activated in response to rhizobia and nitrate treatment and the overexpression of this gene systemically inhibits nodulation. The inhibitory effect of MtCLE35 overexpression is dependent on the CLV1-like receptor kinase MtSUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES), suggesting that MtSUNN could be involved in the reception of the MtCLE35 peptide. Yet little is known about the downstream genes regulated by a MtCLE35-activated response in the root. In order to identify genes whose expression levels could be regulated by the MtCLE35-MtSUNN pathway, we performed a MACE-Seq (Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) transcriptomic analysis of MtCLE35-overexpressing roots. Among upregulated genes, the gene MtSUNN that encodes a putative receptor of MtCLE35 was detected. Moreover, we found that MtSUNN, as well as several other differentially expressed genes, were upregulated locally in MtCLE35-overexpressing roots whereas the MtTML1 and MtTML2 genes were upregulated systemically. Our data suggest that MtCLE35 has both local and systemic effects on target genes in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - D A Dobychkina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ya S Yashenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D A Romanyuk
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Podbelsky Sh. 3, 196608, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Valmas MI, Sexauer M, Markmann K, Tsikou D. Plants Recruit Peptides and Micro RNAs to Regulate Nutrient Acquisition from Soil and Symbiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:187. [PMID: 36616316 PMCID: PMC9824779 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms to overcome nutrient limitations in their environment. Among the best studied endosymbiotic interactions in plants are those with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and N-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. The mechanisms regulating plant nutrient homeostasis and acquisition involve small mobile molecules such as peptides and micro RNAs (miRNAs). A large number of CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED) and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE) peptide hormones as well as certain miRNAs have been reported to differentially respond to the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Interestingly, a partially overlapping pool of these molecules is involved in plant responses to root colonization by rhizobia and AM fungi, as well as mineral nutrition. The crosstalk between root endosymbiosis and nutrient availability has been subject of intense investigations, and new insights in locally or systemically mobile molecules in nutrient- as well as symbiosis-related signaling continue to arise. Focusing on the key roles of peptides and miRNAs, we review the mechanisms that shape plant responses to nutrient limitation and regulate the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios I. Valmas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Moritz Sexauer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Markmann
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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Mathesius U. Are legumes different? Origins and consequences of evolving nitrogen fixing symbioses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153765. [PMID: 35952452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixing symbioses between plants and bacteria are ancient and, while not numerous, are formed in diverse lineages of plants ranging from microalgae to angiosperms. One symbiosis stands out as the most widespread one is that between legumes and rhizobia, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The legume family is one of the largest and most diverse group of plants and legumes have been used by humans since the beginning of agriculture, both as high nitrogen food, as well as pastures and rotation crops. One open question is whether their ability to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has contributed to legumes' success, and whether legumes have any unique characteristics that have made them more diverse and widespread than other groups of plants. This review examines the evolutionary journey that has led to the diversification of legumes, in particular its nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and asks four questions to investigate which legume traits might have contributed to their success: 1. In what ways do legumes differ from other plant groups that have evolved nitrogen-fixing symbioses? In order to answer this question, the characteristics of the symbioses, and efficiencies of nitrogen fixation are compared between different groups of nitrogen fixing plants. 2. Could certain unique features of legumes be a reason for their success? This section examines the manifestations and possible benefits of a nitrogen-rich 'lifestyle' in legumes. 3. If nitrogen fixation was a reason for such a success, why have some species lost the symbiosis? Formation of symbioses has trade-offs, and while these are less well known for non-legumes, there are known energetic and ecological reasons for loss of symbiotic potential in legumes. 4. What can we learn from the unique traits of legumes for future crop improvements? While exploiting some of the physiological properties of legumes could be used to improve legume breeding, our increasing molecular understanding of the essential regulators of root nodule symbioses raise hope of creating new nitrogen fixing symbioses in other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Roy S, Müller LM. A rulebook for peptide control of legume-microbe endosymbioses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:870-889. [PMID: 35246381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in mutually beneficial relationships with microbes, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, for optimized nutrient acquisition. In return, the microbial symbionts receive photosynthetic carbon from the plant. Both symbioses are regulated by the plant nutrient status, indicating the existence of signaling pathways that allow the host to fine-tune its interactions with the beneficial microbes depending on its nutrient requirements. Peptide hormones coordinate a plethora of developmental and physiological processes and, recently, various peptide families have gained special attention as systemic and local regulators of plant-microbe interactions and nutrient homeostasis. In this review, we identify five 'rules' or guiding principles that govern peptide function during symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, and highlight possible points of integration with nutrient acquisition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Benjamin G, Pandharikar G, Frendo P. Salicylic Acid in Plant Symbioses: Beyond Plant Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060861. [PMID: 35741382 PMCID: PMC9220041 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants form beneficial symbioses with a wide variety of microorganisms. Among these, endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are some of the most studied and well understood symbiotic interactions. These symbiotic microorganisms promote plant nutrition and growth. In exchange, they receive the carbon and metabolites necessary for their development and multiplication. In addition to their role in plant growth and development, these microorganisms enhance host plant tolerance to a wide range of environmental stress. Multiple studies have shown that these microorganisms modulate the phytohormone metabolism in the host plant. Among the phytohormones involved in the plant defense response against biotic environment, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating plant defense. However, in addition to being a major actor in plant defense signaling against pathogens, SA has also been shown to be involved in plant–microbe symbiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize the impact of SA on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, we give an overview of the impact of the endophytes, AMF, and rhizobacteria on SA-mediated defense response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Molecular Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115960. [PMID: 35682640 PMCID: PMC9180548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-microorganism interactions at the rhizosphere level have a major impact on plant growth and plant tolerance and/or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Of particular importance for forestry and agricultural systems is the cooperative and mutualistic interaction between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the phylum Glomeromycotina, since about 80% of terrestrial plant species can form AM symbiosis. The interaction is tightly regulated by both partners at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels, and it is highly dependent on environmental and biological variables. Recent studies have shown how fungal signals and their corresponding host plant receptor-mediated signalling regulate AM symbiosis. Host-generated symbiotic responses have been characterized and the molecular mechanisms enabling the regulation of fungal colonization and symbiosis functionality have been investigated. This review summarizes these and other recent relevant findings focusing on the molecular players and the signalling that regulate AM symbiosis. Future progress and knowledge about the underlying mechanisms for AM symbiosis regulation will be useful to facilitate agro-biotechnological procedures to improve AM colonization and/or efficiency.
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12
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Kafle A, Frank HER, Rose BD, Garcia K. Split down the middle: studying arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses using split-root assays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1288-1300. [PMID: 34791191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants symbiotically interact with soil-borne fungi to ensure nutrient acquisition and tolerance to various environmental stressors. Among these symbioses, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations can be found in a large proportion of plants, including many crops. Split-root assays are widely used in plant research to study local and systemic signaling responses triggered by local treatments, including nutrient availability, interaction with soil microbes, or abiotic stresses. However, split-root approaches have only been occasionally used to tackle these questions with regard to mycorrhizal symbioses. This review compiles and discusses split-root assays developed to study arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, with a particular emphasis on colonization by multiple beneficial symbionts, systemic resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi, water and nutrient transport from fungi to colonized plants, and host photosynthate allocation from the host to fungal symbionts. In addition, we highlight how the use of split-root assays could result in a better understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses, particularly for a broader range of essential nutrients, and for multipartite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hannah E R Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rose
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Thibivilliers S, Libault M. Enhancing Our Understanding of Plant Cell-to-Cell Interactions Using Single-Cell Omics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696811. [PMID: 34421948 PMCID: PMC8375048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are composed of cells that physically interact and constantly adapt to their environment. To reveal the contribution of each plant cells to the biology of the entire organism, their molecular, morphological, and physiological attributes must be quantified and analyzed in the context of the morphology of the plant organs. The emergence of single-cell/nucleus omics technologies now allows plant biologists to access different modalities of individual cells including their epigenome and transcriptome to reveal the unique molecular properties of each cell composing the plant and their dynamic regulation during cell differentiation and in response to their environment. In this manuscript, we provide a perspective regarding the challenges and strategies to collect plant single-cell biological datasets and their analysis in the context of cellular interactions. As an example, we provide an analysis of the transcriptional regulation of the Arabidopsis genes controlling the differentiation of the root hair cells at the single-cell level. We also discuss the perspective of the use of spatial profiling to complement existing plant single-cell omics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Vasan S, Srivastava D, Cahill D, Singh PP, Adholeya A. Important innate differences in determining symbiotic responsiveness in host and non-hosts of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14444. [PMID: 34262100 PMCID: PMC8280126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic components that regulate arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions in hosts and non-hosts are not completely known. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was combined with phylogenetic studies to identify the factors that distinguish AM host from non-host. Mycorrhized host, non-mycorrhized host and non-host cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were subjected to RNA seq analysis. The top 10 differentially expressed genes were subjected to extensive in silico phylogenetic analysis along with 10 more candidate genes that have been previously reported for AM-plant interactions. Seven distantly related hosts and four non-hosts were selected to identify structural differences in selected gene/protein candidates. The screened genes/proteins were subjected to MEME, CODEML and DIVERGE analysis to identify evolutionary patterns that differentiate hosts from non-hosts. Based on the results, candidate genes were categorized as highly influenced (SYMRK and CCaMK), moderately influenced and minimally influenced by evolutionary constraints. We propose that the amino acid and nucleotide changes specific to non-hosts are likely to correspond to aberrations in functionality towards AM symbiosis. This study paves way for future research aimed at understanding innate differences in genetic make-up of AM hosts and non-hosts, in addition to the theory of gene losses from the "AM-symbiotic toolkit".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Vasan
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Gurugram, Haryana, India.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Divya Srivastava
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - David Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushplata Prasad Singh
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Gurugram, Haryana, India.
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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15
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Tsiknia M, Tsikou D, Papadopoulou KK, Ehaliotis C. Multi-species relationships in legume roots: From pairwise legume-symbiont interactions to the plant - microbiome - soil continuum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:5957530. [PMID: 33155054 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic relationships of legume plants with, either bacteria (like rhizobia) or fungi (like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), have been investigated intensively, usually as bi-partite interactions. However, diverse symbiotic interactions take place simultaneously or sequentially under field conditions. Their collective, but not additive, contribution to plant growth and performance remains hard to predict, and appears to be furthermore affected by crop species and genotype, non-symbiotic microbial interactions and environmental variables. The challenge is: (i) to unravel the complex overlapping mechanisms that operate between the microbial symbionts as well as between them, their hosts and the rhizosphere (ii) to understand the dynamics of the respective mechanisms in evolutionary and ecological terms. The target for agriculture, food security and the environment, is to use this insight as a solid basis for developing new integrated technologies, practices and strategies for the efficient use of beneficial microbes in legumes and other plants. We review recent advances in our understanding of the symbiotic interactions in legumes roots brought about with the aid of molecular and bioinformatics tools. We go through single symbiont-host interactions, proceed to tripartite symbiont-host interactions, appraise interactions of symbiotic and associative microbiomes with plants in the root-rhizoplane-soil continuum of habitats and end up by examining attempts to validate community ecology principles in the legume-microbe-soil biosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Tsiknia
- Soils and Soil Chemistry Lab, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 st., Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Constantinos Ehaliotis
- Soils and Soil Chemistry Lab, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 st., Athens 11855, Greece
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16
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Wang C, Velandia K, Kwon CT, Wulf KE, Nichols DS, Reid JB, Foo E. The role of CLAVATA signalling in the negative regulation of mycorrhizal colonization and nitrogen response of tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1702-1713. [PMID: 33186449 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants form mutualistic nutrient-acquiring symbioses with microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The formation of these symbioses is costly, and plants employ a negative feedback loop termed autoregulation of mycorrhizae (AOM) to limit formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). We provide evidence for the role of one leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (FAB), a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase enzyme (FIN), and additional evidence for one receptor-like protein (SlCLV2) in the negative regulation of AM formation in tomato. Reciprocal grafting experiments suggest that the FAB gene acts locally in the root, while the SlCLV2 gene may act in both the root and the shoot. External nutrients including phosphate and nitrate can also strongly suppress AM formation. We found that FAB and FIN are required for nitrate suppression of AM but are not required for the powerful suppression of AM colonization by phosphate. This parallels some of the roles of legume homologues in the autoregulation of the more recently evolved symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria leading to nodulation. This deep homology in the symbiotic role of these genes suggests that in addition to the early signalling events that lead to the establishment of AM and nodulation, the autoregulation pathway might also be considered part of the common symbiotic toolkit that enabled plants to form beneficial symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Wang
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Karen Velandia
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Kate E Wulf
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratories, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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17
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Nasir F, Bahadur A, Lin X, Gao Y, Tian C. Novel insights into host receptors and receptor-mediated signaling that regulate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1546-1557. [PMID: 33252650 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
More than 80% of land plant species benefit from symbiotic partnerships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which assist in nutrient acquisition and enhance the ability of host plants to adapt to environmental constraints. Host-generated plasma membrane-residing receptor-like kinases and the intracellular α/β-hydrolase DWARF14-LIKE, a putative karrikin receptor, detect the presence of AM fungi before physical contact between the host and fungus. Detection induces appropriate symbiotic responses, which subsequently enables a favorable environment for AM symbiosis to occur. To prevent hyper-colonization and maintain a mutually beneficial association, the host plant precisely monitors and controls AM colonization by receptor-like kinases, such as SUPER NUMERIC NODULES. Previous studies have elucidated how host plant receptors and receptor-mediated signaling regulate AM symbiosis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The identification of a rice CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 interaction partner, MYC FACTOR RECEPTOR 1, and new insights into DWARF14-LIKE receptor- and SUPER NUMERIC NODULES receptor-mediated signaling have expanded our understanding of how host plant receptors and their corresponding signals regulate AM symbiosis. This review summarizes these and other recent relevant findings. The identified receptors and/or their signaling components could be manipulated to engineer crops with improved agronomic traits by conferring the ability to precisely control AM colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Nasir
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ali Bahadur
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yingzhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunjie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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18
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Okuma N, Kawaguchi M. Systemic Optimization of Legume Nodulation: A Shoot-Derived Regulator, miR2111. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682486. [PMID: 34335652 PMCID: PMC8321092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance signaling between the shoot and roots of land plants plays a crucial role in ensuring their growth and development in a fluctuating environment, such as with soil nutrient deficiencies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to contribute to such environmental adaptation via long-distance signaling since several miRNAs are transported between the shoot and roots in response to various soil nutrient changes. Leguminous plants adopt a shoot-mediated long-distance signaling system to maintain their mutualism with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia by optimizing the number of symbiotic organs and root nodules. Recently, the involvement and importance of shoot-derived miR2111 in regulating nodule numbers have become evident. Shoot-derived miR2111 can systemically enhance rhizobial infection, and its accumulation is quickly suppressed in response to rhizobial inoculation and high-concentration nitrate application. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the recent progress on the systemic optimization of nodulation in response to external environments, with a focus on systemic regulation via miR2111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Okuma
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nao Okuma,
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
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19
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Nouwen N, Arrighi JF, Gully D, Giraud E. RibBX of Bradyrhizobium ORS285 Plays an Important Role in Intracellular Persistence in Various Aeschynomene Host Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:88-99. [PMID: 33226302 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0209-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium ORS285 forms a nitrogen-fixating symbiosis with both Nod factor (NF)-dependent and NF-independent Aeschynomene spp. The Bradyrhizobium ORS285 ribBA gene encodes for a putative bifunctional enzyme with 3,4-dihydroxybutanone phosphate (3,4-DHBP) synthase and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase II activities, catalyzing the initial steps in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. In this study, we show that inactivating the ribBA gene does not cause riboflavin auxotrophy under free-living conditions and that, as shown for RibBAs from other bacteria, the GTP cyclohydrolase II domain has no enzymatic activity. For this reason, we have renamed the annotated ribBA as ribBX. Because we were unable to identify other ribBA or ribA and ribB homologs in the genome of Bradyrhizobium ORS285, we hypothesize that the ORS285 strain can use unconventional enzymes or an alternative pathway for the initial steps of riboflavin biosynthesis. Inactivating ribBX has a drastic impact on the interaction of Bradyrhizobium ORS285 with many of the tested Aeschynomene spp. In these Aeschynomene spp., the ORS285 ribBX mutant is able to infect the plant host cells but the intracellular infection is not maintained and the nodules senesce early. This phenotype can be complemented by reintroduction of the 3,4-DHBP synthase domain alone. Our results indicate that, in Bradyrhizobium ORS285, the RibBX protein is not essential for riboflavin biosynthesis under free-living conditions and we hypothesize that its activity is needed to sustain riboflavin biosynthesis under certain symbiotic conditions.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Nouwen
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Francois Arrighi
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Djamel Gully
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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20
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Wang C, Reid JB, Foo E. The role of CLV1, CLV2 and HPAT homologues in the nitrogen-regulation of root development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:607-621. [PMID: 32880978 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants use a variety of signals to control root development, including in modifying root development in response to nutrient stress. For example, in response to nitrogen (N) stress, plants dramatically modulate root development, including the formation of N-fixing nodules in legumes. Recently, specific CLE peptides and/or receptors important for their perception, including CLV1 and CLV2, have been found to play roles in root development, including in response to N supply. In the legume Medicago truncatula, this response also appears to be influenced by RDN1, a member of the hydroxyproline-O-arabinosyltransferase (HPAT) family which can modify specific CLE peptides. However, it is not known if this signalling pathway plays a central role in root development across species, and in particular root responses to N. In this study, we systematically examined the role of the CLV signalling pathway genes in root development of the legume pea (Pisum sativum) and non-legume tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using a mutant-based approach. This included a detailed examination of root development in response to N in tomato mutants disrupted in CLV1- or CLV2-like genes or HPAT family member FIN. We found no evidence for a role of these genes in pea seedling root development. Furthermore, the CLV1-like FAB gene did not influence tomato root development, including the root response to N supply. In contrast, both CLV2 and the HPAT gene FIN appear to positively influence root size in tomato but do not mediate root responses to N. These results suggest the function of these genes may vary somewhat in different species, including the N regulation of root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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21
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Karlo M, Boschiero C, Landerslev KG, Blanco GS, Wen J, Mysore KS, Dai X, Zhao PX, de Bang TC. The CLE53-SUNN genetic pathway negatively regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza root colonization in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4972-4984. [PMID: 32309861 PMCID: PMC7410177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) engage in mutually beneficial symbioses based on a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. The beneficial character of the symbiosis is maintained through a mechanism called autoregulation of mycorrhization (AOM). AOM includes root-to-shoot-to-root signaling; however, the molecular details of AOM are poorly understood. AOM shares many features of autoregulation of nodulation (AON) where several genes are known, including the receptor-like kinase SUPER NUMERIC NODULES (SUNN), root-to-shoot mobile CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptides, and the hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 (RDN1) required for post-translational peptide modification. In this work, CLE53 was identified to negatively regulate AMF symbiosis in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner. CLE53 expression was repressed at low phosphorus, while it was induced by AMF colonization and high phosphorus. CLE53 overexpression reduced AMF colonization in a SUNN- and RDN1 dependent manner, while cle53, rdn1, and sunn mutants were more colonized than the wild type. RNA-sequencing identified 700 genes with SUNN-dependent regulation in AMF-colonized plants, providing a resource for future identification of additional AOM genes. Disruption of AOM genes in crops potentially constitutes a novel route for improving AMF-derived phosphorus uptake in agricultural systems with high phosphorus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Karlo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Gram Landerslev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gonzalo Sancho Blanco
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Xinbin Dai
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Thomas C de Bang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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23
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Oldroyd GED, Leyser O. A plant's diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment. Science 2020; 368:368/6486/eaba0196. [PMID: 32241923 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As primary producers, plants rely on a large aboveground surface area to collect carbon dioxide and sunlight and a large underground surface area to collect the water and mineral nutrients needed to support their growth and development. Accessibility of the essential nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil is affected by many factors that create a variable spatiotemporal landscape of their availability both at the local and global scale. Plants optimize uptake of the N and P available through modifications to their growth and development and engagement with microorganisms that facilitate their capture. The sensing of these nutrients, as well as the perception of overall nutrient status, shapes the plant's response to its nutrient environment, coordinating its development with microbial engagement to optimize N and P capture and regulate overall plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK. .,Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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24
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Chiu CH, Paszkowski U. Receptor-Like Kinases Sustain Symbiotic Scrutiny. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1597-1612. [PMID: 32054781 PMCID: PMC7140970 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) control the initiation, development, and maintenance of symbioses with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Carbohydrate perception activates symbiosis signaling via Lysin-motif RLKs and subsequently the common symbiosis signaling pathway. As the receptors activated are often also immune receptors in multiple species, exactly how carbohydrate identities avoid immune activation and drive symbiotic outcome is still not fully understood. This may involve the coincident detection of additional signaling molecules that provide specificity. Because of the metabolic costs of supporting symbionts, the level of symbiosis development is fine-tuned by a range of local and mobile signals that are activated by various RLKs. Beyond early, precontact symbiotic signaling, signal exchanges ensue throughout infection, nutrient exchange, and turnover of symbiosis. Here, we review the latest understanding of plant symbiosis signaling from the perspective of RLK-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hao Chiu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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25
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Hoang NT, Tóth K, Stacey G. The role of microRNAs in the legume-Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1668-1680. [PMID: 32163588 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen starvation, most legume plants form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria induce the formation of a novel organ called the nodule in which rhizobia reside as intracellular symbionts and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. During this symbiosis, miRNAs are essential for coordinating the various plant processes required for nodule formation and function. miRNAs are non-coding, endogenous RNA molecules, typically 20-24 nucleotides long, that negatively regulate the expression of their target mRNAs. Some miRNAs can move systemically within plant tissues through the vascular system, which mediates, for example, communication between the stem/leaf tissues and the roots. In this review, we summarize the growing number of miRNAs that function during legume nodulation focusing on two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, and two important legume crops, soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). This regulation impacts a variety of physiological processes including hormone signaling and spatial regulation of gene expression. The role of mobile miRNAs in regulating legume nodule number is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung T Hoang
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katalin Tóth
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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Müller LM, Flokova K, Schnabel E, Sun X, Fei Z, Frugoli J, Bouwmeester HJ, Harrison MJ. A CLE-SUNN module regulates strigolactone content and fungal colonization in arbuscular mycorrhiza. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:933-939. [PMID: 31477892 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, colonization of the root is modulated in response to the physiological status of the plant, with regulation occurring locally and systemically. Here, we identify differentially expressed genes encoding CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides that negatively regulate colonization levels by modulating root strigolactone content. CLE function requires a receptor-like kinase, SUNN; thus, a CLE-SUNN-strigolactone feedback loop is one avenue through which the plant modulates colonization levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristyna Flokova
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elise Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Müller LM, Harrison MJ. Phytohormones, miRNAs, and peptide signals integrate plant phosphorus status with arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:132-139. [PMID: 31212139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant species engage in a beneficial interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in order to increase mineral nutrient acquisition, in particular the major macronutrient phosphorus (P). Initiation, development, and maintenance of the symbiosis are largely under the control of the host plant and strongly influenced by the plants' P status. Recent advances reveal that phytohormones, microRNAs, and secreted peptides all regulate and integrate development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with the P status of the plant. This occurs through a complex, multi-layered signaling network with crosstalk between phosphate (Pi) starvation signaling pathways and AM symbiosis signaling, and also via direct effects on the AM fungal symbiont. Multiple checkpoints allow the plant to fine-tune symbiosis based on its P status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Müller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Bedini A, Mercy L, Schneider C, Franken P, Lucic-Mercy E. Unraveling the Initial Plant Hormone Signaling, Metabolic Mechanisms and Plant Defense Triggering the Endomycorrhizal Symbiosis Behavior. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1800. [PMID: 30619390 PMCID: PMC6304697 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish probably one of the oldest mutualistic relationships with the roots of most plants on earth. The wide distribution of these fungi in almost all soil ecotypes and the broad range of host plant species demonstrate their strong plasticity to cope with various environmental conditions. AM fungi elaborate fine-tuned molecular interactions with plants that determine their spread within root cortical tissues. Interactions with endomycorrhizal fungi can bring various benefits to plants, such as improved nutritional status, higher photosynthesis, protection against biotic and abiotic stresses based on regulation of many physiological processes which participate in promoting plant performances. In turn, host plants provide a specific habitat as physical support and a favorable metabolic frame, allowing uptake and assimilation of compounds required for the life cycle completion of these obligate biotrophic fungi. The search for formal and direct evidences of fungal energetic needs raised strong motivated projects since decades, but the impossibility to produce AM fungi under axenic conditions remains a deep enigma and still feeds numerous debates. Here, we review and discuss the initial favorable and non-favorable metabolic plant context that may fate the mycorrhizal behavior, with a focus on hormone interplays and their links with mitochondrial respiration, carbon partitioning and plant defense system, structured according to the action of phosphorus as a main limiting factor for mycorrhizal symbiosis. Then, we provide with models and discuss their significances to propose metabolic targets that could allow to develop innovations for the production and application of AM fungal inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philipp Franken
- Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau Großbeeren/Erfurt, Großbeeren, Germany
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