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Boman B. The Gray Nine and Parallel Personality Patterns: Big Five, Dark Tetrad, and a "Well-Rounded Personality". Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024:10.1007/s12124-024-09842-y. [PMID: 38703264 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The vast literature on personality psychology generally focuses on neutral or socially beneficial personality traits such as the Five-Factor model (e.g., agreeableness, conscientiousness) or "dark" traits such as Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and everyday sadism. However, the current synthesis of the literature indicates that the distinction between benign, malign, and neutral personality traits and facets is partly misguided. In fact, there are many objective and subjective measures that indicate that high agreeableness is not beneficial, while moderate grandiose narcissism is. Many, if not all of the traits are rather gray and socially and personally desired outcomes indicate that people who aim for a well-rounded personality should typically be clustered in the middle of the various personality spectrums. In addition, many of the personality traits are characterized by parallel patterns of good/bad relations to social and personal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Boman
- Stockholm University, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Ameden WC, Tricomi E, Heintzelman SJ. The role of planfulness for well-being, stress, and goal disruption during COVID-19. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1224451. [PMID: 38390411 PMCID: PMC10881737 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1224451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Planfulness refers to an individual's tendency to be future oriented, mentally flexible, and cognitively strategic when engaging with goals, and has been shown to predict goal completion. We investigated the relationships among planfulness, goal disruption, stress, and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, which served as a unique setback context. We measured these constructs using the planfulness scale, an ad-hoc survey item probing goal disruption in the pandemic, the perceived stress scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, respectively. Participants were university students (N = 174; mean age 23.03, SD: 4.37; 77% female). Higher planfulness predicted lower goal-disruption, lower stress, and higher well-being during the pandemic, extending its benefits beyond the goal domain. High levels of planfulness did not protect against goal disruption among those participants in which the self-reported personal impact of the pandemic was highest. Differences in goal disruption across levels of planfulness were constrained to lower reported pandemic impact. However, the differences in psychological well-being and stress by levels of planfulness were retained even when self-reported perceptions of personal pandemic impact were high. More planful students maintained lower stress and higher psychological well-being than their less planful peers across levels of adversity. These findings suggest that even in extremely difficult contexts in which planfulness does not protect against goal disruption, it still confers personal benefits in terms of psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Ameden
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Elizabeth Tricomi
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
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3
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Vergunst F, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Larose MP, Girard A, Tremblay RE, Côté SM. Mechanisms and pathways linking kindergarten behavior problems with mid-life employment earnings for males from low-income neighborhoods. Child Dev 2024; 95:208-222. [PMID: 37424295 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood behavior problems are associated with reduced labor market participation and lower earnings in adulthood, but little is known about the pathways and mechanisms that explain these associations. Drawing on a 33-year prospective birth cohort of White males from low-income backgrounds (n = 1040), we conducted a path analysis linking participants' teacher-rated behavior problems at age 6 years-that is, inattention, hyperactivity, aggression-opposition, and low prosociality-to employment earnings at age 35-39 years obtained from tax records. We examined three psychosocial mediators at age 11-12 years (academic, behavioral, social) and two mediators at age 25 years (non-high school graduation, criminal convictions). Our findings support the notion that multiple psychosocial pathways-especially low education attainment-link kindergarten behavior problems to lower employment earnings decades later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Vergunst
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Larose
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alain Girard
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Furnham A, Cheng H. Correlates of Conscientiousness: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:114-123. [PMID: 37942725 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2279143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored correlates of the trait Conscientiousness drawing on longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), with a sample of 7,436 mothers. Data were collected when participants' children were born and again at ages nine months, 3, 11, and 14 years. Structural equation modeling showed that the family poverty indicator, self-esteem, parent-child relationship, children's behavioral problems, and education all had significant and direct effects on maternal trait Conscientiousness. The strongest predictor was self-esteem (measured over 13 years previously), followed by children's behavioral problems and parent-child relationship quality. The implications for helping mothers and their children are considered and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- BI: Department of Leadership and Organisational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Cheng
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Levental O, Yaffe Y, Lev Arey D. Goals and Success in Sport: The Perspectives of Parents and Adolescent Girls in Kayaking. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:580. [PMID: 37504027 PMCID: PMC10376742 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Setting objectives and evaluating success are intrinsically linked to motivation in sports and behavior during training and competition. According to social cognitive theory, the perception of success is divided into "task" and "ego", which indicate an inner orientation versus an external perspective when analyzing an athlete's achievements. These impressions can be influenced by various factors such as maturity level, gender, and the type of activity in which they participate. The current study compares perceptions of success among parents and adolescent girls competing in kayaking in Israel. To this end, a qualitative study was conducted with 20 in-depth interviews emphasizing goal setting and individual perceptions of success. The research findings reveal that contrary to previous studies, there is a perceptual gap between the two groups, with parents measuring success primarily in terms of enjoyment and self-fulfillment, and girls referring to perceived success in the context of achievements. It was also found that there is a discrepancy between setting goals and defining success, following experience and interactions within the training. The article discusses the reasons behind these gaps and the potential ramifications for sports activity and participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Levental
- Department of Physical Education, Tel Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
| | - Yosi Yaffe
- Department of Education, Tel Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
| | - Dalit Lev Arey
- School of Psychology, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6818211, Israel
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6
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Coldren J. Conditions under which college students cease learning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1116853. [PMID: 37151351 PMCID: PMC10157072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Effective learning involves the acquisition of information toward a goal and cessation upon reaching that goal. Whereas the process of learning acquisition is well understood, comparatively little is known about how or when learning ceases under naturalistic, open-ended learning conditions in which the criterion for performance is not specified. Ideally, learning should cease once there is no progress toward the goal, although this has never been directly tested in human learners. The present set of experiments explored the conditions under which college students stopped attempting to learn a series of inductive perceptual discrimination problems. Methods Each problem varied by whether it was solvable and had a criterion for success. The first problem was solvable and involved a pre-determined criterion. The second problem was solvable, but with no criterion for ending the problem so that learners eventually achieved a highly accurate level of performance (overlearning). The third problem was unsolvable as the correct answer varied randomly across features. Measures included the number of trials attempted and the outcome of each problem. Results and Discussion Results revealed that college students rarely ceased learning in the overlearning or unsolvable problems even though there was no possibility for further progress. Learning cessation increased only by manipulating time demands for completion or reducing the opportunity for reinforcement. These results suggest that human learners show laudable, but inefficient and unproductive, attempts to master problems they should cease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Coldren
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Counseling, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, United States
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Large studies reveal how reference bias limits policy applications of self-report measures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19189. [PMID: 36357481 PMCID: PMC9649615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing policy interest in identifying contexts that cultivate self-regulation. Doing so often entails comparing groups of individuals (e.g., from different schools). We show that self-report questionnaires-the most prevalent modality for assessing self-regulation-are prone to reference bias, defined as systematic error arising from differences in the implicit standards by which individuals evaluate behavior. In three studies, adolescents (N = 229,685) whose peers performed better academically rated themselves lower in self-regulation and held higher standards for self-regulation. This effect was not observed for task measures of self-regulation and led to paradoxical predictions of college persistence 6 years later. These findings suggest that standards for self-regulation vary by social group, limiting the policy applications of self-report questionnaires.
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Walker SP, Chang SM, Wright AS, Pinto R, Heckman JJ, Grantham‐McGregor SM. Cognitive, psychosocial, and behaviour gains at age 31 years from the Jamaica early childhood stimulation trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:626-635. [PMID: 34403137 PMCID: PMC8850528 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little evidence on adult benefits from early childhood interventions in low and middle-income countries. We assessed adult cognition, psychosocial skills and behaviour from a stimulation trial conducted in Jamaica. METHODS Children with stunted growth (height-for age <-2SD of references) aged 9-24 months were enrolled in a two-year randomised-controlled trial of nutritional supplementation and/or stimulation. At mean age 31.79 (SD 0.40) years, 95 of 127 participants (74.8%; 53.7% male) were assessed. Children without stunted growth were also followed as a comparison group (64 of 84 participants, 76.2%). Measurements included IQ, executive function, mental health, psychosocial skills, personality traits and risk behaviours. A block permutation test, valid for small sample sizes, was used. Analyses accounted for the randomisation protocol, multiple hypothesis testing and attrition. RESULTS Treatment group participants (stimulation intervention with or without supplementation, n = 48) had significantly greater IQ (Hedges g effect size 0. 57; 95%CI 0.20, 0.95) and cognitive flexibility (0.61; 0.25, 0.98) compared with no-treatment (no-intervention and supplementation only, n = 47). They also had reduced depressive symptoms (0.61; 0.28, 1.00), increased grit (0.53; 0.16, 0.92) and conscientiousness (0.66; 0.31, 1.07), lower substance use (rank mean score, 0.45; 0.08, 0.81) and risk taking related to health and work (0.64; 0.27, 1.00). There were 18 significant outcomes of 33 assessed. Comparison participants had higher IQ than no-treatment (1.17; 0.81, 1.54) and treatment groups (0.62; 0.18, 1.07); and better executive function, lower social inhibition and risk taking than the no-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS The wide-ranging benefits at 31 years from the stimulation intervention supports investment in larger scale programmes to promote early childhood development in disadvantaged children. The lower IQ in the treatment group compared with comparison participants, emphasises the need for continued efforts to prevent early childhood growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Walker
- Caribbean Institute for Health ResearchThe University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaica
| | - Susan M. Chang
- Caribbean Institute for Health ResearchThe University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaica
| | - Amika S. Wright
- Caribbean Institute for Health ResearchThe University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaica
| | - Rodrigo Pinto
- Department of EconomicsThe University of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - James J. Heckman
- Centre for for the Economics of Human DevelopmentUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA,American Bar FoundationChicagoILUSA
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9
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Beck ED, Condon D, Jackson J. Interindividual age differences in personality structure. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221084862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most investigations in the structure of personality traits do not adequately address age; instead, they presuppose a constant structure across the lifespan. Further, few studies look at the structure of personality traits a-theoretically, often neglecting to examine the relationship among indicators within a trait (convergence) and across traits (divergence). Using a network approach, the present study examines (1) age differences in divergence and convergence, (2) the similarity between the Big Five and network structures, and (3) the consistency of network structure across age groups in a large, cross-sectional sample. Results indicate that convergence shows early gains in adolescence with few differences across the lifespan, while divergence mostly weakens across adulthood. The result of these age-related differences is that Big Five indicators only parallel the Big Five structure among young but not older adults. The structure of young adults tends to be quite similar while the network structures of older adults appear to greatly differ from one another. These results suggest that older adults have a different structure of personality than younger adults and suggest that future research should not assume consistency in personality structure across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emorie D Beck
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Josh Jackson
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gui W, Wang L, Wu H, Jian X, Li D, Huang N. Multiple psychological characteristics predict housing mortgage loan behavior: A holistic model based on machine learning. Psych J 2022; 11:263-274. [PMID: 35166045 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The factors that influence consumers' house choice are debatable. Previous studies have examined the effects of demographic and socioeconomic attributes, physical and environmental features of the house, and isolated single psychological characteristics on housing behavior. However, these factors are still not sufficient to predict consumer housing behavior, particularly when they are measured separately. We construct a holistic model that integrates psychological characteristics including values, personality traits, motivation, decision-making style, and risk-seeking together with demographic and socioeconomic factors to jointly predict housing mortgage loan behavior. This study aims to use a newly developed statistical method, "machine learning," to examine the relationship between multiple psychological characteristics and consumer housing mortgage loan behavior. Data were collected through an online survey (N = 2,270). The results show that the holistic psychological model is effective for predicting consumer housing mortgage loan behavior in the life context. Moreover, by analyzing and comparing the relative impact of all predictors, we find that psychological characteristics made a more important contribution to predicting housing mortgage loan behavior than did traditional factors (demographic and socioeconomic factors). The results provide a new perspective for understanding the effects of how multiple psychological characteristics integrally predict consumers' housing mortgage loan behavior in the real estate market. Theoretical and practical implications for marketing and sales are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gui
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Lab for Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Lab for Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Lab for Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jian
- Zhenghe Real Estate Consulting Corp., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Dusha Li
- Zhenghe Real Estate Consulting Corp., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Na Huang
- Zhenghe Real Estate Consulting Corp., Ltd., Chengdu, China
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11
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Kucker SC, Zimmerman C, Chmielewski M. Taking parent personality and child temperament into account in child language development. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 39:540-565. [PMID: 33987860 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences have become increasingly important in the study of child development and language. However, despite the important role parents play in children's language, no work has examined how parent personality impacts language development. The current study examines the impact of parent personality as well as child temperament on language development in 460 16- to 30-month-old children and 328 31- to 42-month-old children. Findings from both groups suggest multiple aspects of children's language abilities are correlated with their parent's personality. Specifically, parent consciousness, openness, and agreeableness positively correlate with child vocabulary size and other language abilities. Results also replicate and expand research on child temperament and language - child effortful control and surgency were positively correlated, and negative affect negatively correlated with most language abilities even after controlling for parent personality. Critically, parent and child traits appear to impact a child's language abilities above and beyond well-known predictors of language, such as age.
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Abstract
Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Julia L. Briskin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
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Banerjee I, Robinson J, Munoosingh B, Jain N, Amsadevi RS. Meaning of Success: perception of medical students, and faculty-A Qualitative Study from a medical school in Mauritius. Nepal J Epidemiol 2020; 10:905-914. [PMID: 33042594 PMCID: PMC7538011 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v10i3.28424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to find what undergraduate medical students and teaching faculty perceive success to be. Methods A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was designed and conducted on faculty and medical students in Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Mauritius. NVivo 12 (Windows) Plus software was implemented for data analysis and thematic analysis was performed. Results The codes/nodes namely being: Satisfaction, Accomplishment, Actions, Motivations, Extrinsic Factors and Intrinsic Factors were identified in the transcribed data. Satisfaction was described as the positive emotions and notions intimately related as well as synonymously associated with success. Accomplishment as the attainment and fulfilment of any physical, mental, emotional, social, occupational, personal goal or desire by an individual. Actions was the arsenal of physical processes, acts of planning, goal setting or forethinking exercised by the individual. Motivations was the drive to attain the preset goal or notion be it positive or negative. This applies to factors that enable a subject to strive forwards. Extrinsic Factors were the external determinants and definition of success perceived by the subject. Intrinsic Factors were the subject's internal organic, comprehension and definition of success. The themes generated were: Products of Success, Mechanisms of Success and Concepts of success. Conclusion A tangible demarcation is noticeable between the preconceived general impression of success and the vast multifactorial cohort of intrinsic and extrinsic factors coupled to the highly emotional aspects which were brought forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
| | - Jared Robinson
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
| | | | - Nidhi Jain
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
| | - Ramya S Amsadevi
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
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Evidence for skin-deep resilience using a co-twin control design: Effects on low-grade inflammation in a longitudinal study of youth. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:661-667. [PMID: 32353517 PMCID: PMC7415558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the skin-deep resilience hypothesis - that low socioeconomic status (SES) youth who are working hard to succeed in life experience good psychological and educational outcomes but at a cost to their physical health - in a sample of monozygotic (MZ) twins. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) contained a sample of 226 MZ twin pairs at Wave 1 (M age = 16 years), of whom 141 pairs completed the Wave 4 assessment 13 years later (M age = 29 years). Family SES was measured at Wave 1 via income, education, and occupation. Conscientiousness was measured at Wave 4 as an indicator of those who were working hard to succeed in life. Outcomes measured at Wave 4 included low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP), mental health (depression, problematic alcohol use), and academic success (educational attainment). A co-twin control design was utilized which directly compared within-twin differences in the association between conscientiousness and life outcomes. Main effects of between-twin conscientiousness were found such that higher levels of conscientiousness were associated with higher educational attainment, fewer symptoms of depression, and less problematic alcohol use, across all SES groups. An interaction between family SES and within-twin difference in conscientiousness was found for CRP, such that, among twins growing up in lower SES households, the twin with higher levels of conscientiousness had higher levels of CRP. These patterns provide support for the phenomenon of skin-deep resilience using a twin methodology that reduces the possibility of confounding by shared genetic and environmental factors.
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Soutter ARB, Bates TC, Mõttus R. Big Five and HEXACO Personality Traits, Proenvironmental Attitudes, and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:913-941. [PMID: 32384257 PMCID: PMC7333518 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620903019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With climate change and its consequences believed to be among the most vital challenges for humanity and the Earth's ecosystem, it is important to understand why individuals do or do not adopt proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. Personality traits are well suited for this purpose. Because no recent work has systematically combined the accumulating evidence on this topic, we aimed to meta-analyze the associations of the Big Five and HEXACO personality domains with proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. A meta-analysis of 38 sources (N = 44,993) implicated openness and honesty-humility as the strongest correlates of proenvironmental attitudes (r = .22 and .20) and behaviors (r = .21 and .25). Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and, to a lesser extent, extraversion were also associated with proenvironmental attitudes (r = .15, .12, and .09) and behaviors (r = .10, .11, and .10). Heterogeneity among effect sizes was partly explained by samples' gender ratio, age, and country of origin and by the personality model. P-curve analyses, funnel plots, and Egger's tests indicated significant but sporadic and small publication bias. As a validity test, the meta-analytic associations collectively provided substantial predictive accuracy for proenvironmental attitudes (r = .44-.45) and behaviors (r = .28-.43) in independent holdout samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu
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16
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Von Gunten CD, Bartholow BD, Martins JS. Inhibition tasks are not associated with a variety of behaviors in college students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020; 34:412-430. [PMID: 33250572 PMCID: PMC7687852 DOI: 10.1002/per.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF) is defined as a set of top-down processes used in reasoning, forming goals, planning, concentrating, and inhibition. It is widely believed that these processes are critical to self-control and, therefore, that performance on behavioral task measures of EF should be associated with individual differences in everyday life outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to test this core assumption, focusing on the EF facet of inhibition. A sample of 463 undergraduates completed five laboratory inhibition tasks, along with three self-report measures of self-control and 28 self-report measures of life outcomes. Results showed that although most of the life outcome measures were associated with self-reported self-control, only one of the outcomes was associated with inhibition task performance at the latent-variable level, and this association was in the unexpected direction. Furthermore, few associations were found at the individual task level. These findings challenge the criterion validity of lab-based inhibition tasks. More generally, when considered alongside the known lack of convergent validity between inhibition tasks and self-report measures of self-control, the findings cast doubt on the task's construct validity as measures of self-control processes. Potential methodological and theoretical reasons for the poor performance of laboratory-based inhibition tasks are discussed.
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It’s the thought that counts: Trait self-control is positively associated with well-being and coping via thought control ability. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, we reason that the ability to keep unwanted thoughts and intrusions at bay – thought control ability – might explain part of the relationship between trait self-control and positive psychological outcomes. We predict that the ability to keep unwanted thoughts at bay causes people high in trait self-control to report higher subjective well-being (Study 1), and makes them to be more likely to cope with stressful life events in an adaptive rather than maladaptive manner (Study 2). Two cross-sectional studies among healthy individuals were conducted (Study 1 n = 284; 70% female; Mage = 22.15 years; Study 2 n = 210, 65.7% female, Mage = 28.07) in which trait self-control, thought control ability, subjective well-being (study 1), and coping styles (study 2) were measured. Additionally, we investigated the mediating role of thought control ability and the conditional effect of gender on this mediation. The results of Study 1 indicate that trait self-control is positively related to subjective well-being. Moreover, thought control ability fully mediated the relationship between trait self-control and subjective well-being, and this effect was particularly strong for women. In Study 2, trait self-control was positively associated with adaptive forms of coping, but negatively with maladaptive coping. Moreover, thought control ability partially mediated the relationship between trait self-control and both types of coping, with stronger results for women than for men. These results suggest that trait self-control affects positive life outcomes in part through an ability to keep unwanted thoughts at bay, thereby facilitating a focus on goal pursuit.
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Schmidt FTC, Lechner CM, Danner D. New wine in an old bottle? A facet-level perspective on the added value of Grit over BFI-2 Conscientiousness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228969. [PMID: 32053673 PMCID: PMC7018017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging consensus that Grit's two facets-perseverance of effort and consistency of interest-are best understood as facets of the Big Five dimension of Conscientiousness. However, an in-depth investigation on whether Grit's facet offer any added value over more established facets of Conscientiousness is absent from the literature. In the present study, we investigated whether Grit's facets are empirically distinguishable from three facets of Conscientiousness as conceived in the well-validated Big-Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2), namely, Organization, Responsibility, Productiveness. Moreover, we investigated whether Grit's facets show different (and possibly stronger) associations than the facets of Conscientiousness with a broad set of external criteria (age, educational attainment, monthly income, life satisfaction, mental and physical health, fluid and crystallized intelligence); as well as whether the criterion correlations of Grit's facets are incremental over Conscientiousness. Findings from two latent-variable models in a large and diverse sample (N = 1,244) indicated that the facets of Grit showed moderate to strong relationships related to each other and to the three Conscientiousness facets of the BFI-2 (.41 ≤ r ≤ .94). Grit-Perseverance was almost indistinguishable from the Productiveness facet of Conscientiousness, whereas Grit-Consistency appeared to capture something unique beyond the Conscientiousness facets. The relationships with external criteria of Grit's facets were similar in direction and size to those of the Conscientiousness facets. The results give further purchase to the view that Grit's facets can be subsumed under the Conscientiousness domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian T. C. Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Danner
- University of Applied Labour Studies, Mannheim, Germany
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Raynik YI, König HH, Hajek A. Personality Factors and Sick Leave Days. Evidence from a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031089. [PMID: 32050405 PMCID: PMC7037841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The question of whether employees’ sickness absence from the workplace depends on personality has been researched. Existing evidence mostly stems from cross-sectional studies, mainly showing that personality factors were not associated with the number of sick leave days, except for neuroticism, which was positively associated with sick leave days. Based on the above, it remains an under researched question whether intraindividual changes in personality factors are associated with changes in sick leave days. Thus, based on a nationally representative sample, the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality factors and sick leave days longitudinally based on a nationally representative sample of individuals in Germany. Methods: The present study used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), a longitudinal survey of private households in Germany. Information from the years 2005, 2009, 2013 were used. The Big Five Inventory-GSOEP (BFI-S) was used to measure personality. Sick leave days in the preceding year were recorded. Poisson fixed effects regressions were used. Results: Adjusting for potential confounders, regressions showed that increases in neuroticism were associated with increased sick leave days. The longitudinal association between extraversion and sick leave days was marginally significant (p < 0.10). Other personality factors were not significantly associated with sick leave days. In addition, sick leave days increased with worsening self-rated health, presence of severe disability and increasing age. Conclusions: The findings of the current study highlight the association between neuroticism and sick leave days longitudinally. Further research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Allen L, Dwivedi Y. MicroRNA mediators of early life stress vulnerability to depression and suicidal behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:308-320. [PMID: 31740756 PMCID: PMC6974433 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood environment can have a profound impact on brain structure and function. Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in adaptive and maladaptive processes by regulating gene expression without changing the genome. Over the past few years, early life stress (ELS) has been established as a major risk factor for major depression and suicidal behavior along with other psychiatric illnesses in adulthood. In recent years, the emergence of small noncoding RNAs as a mega controller of gene expression has gained attention for their role in various disease processes. Among various noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most studied and well characterized and have emerged as a major regulator of neural plasticity and higher brain functioning. More recently, although limited in number, studies are focusing on how miRNAs can play a role in the maladaptive processes associated with ELS both at adolescent and adult age and whether these processes are critical in developing depression and suicidal behavior. In this review, we critically evaluate how postnatal ELS relates to abnormalities in miRNA expression and functions from both animal and human literature and draw connections from these findings to depression and suicidal behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Strickhouser JE, Sutin AR. Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status and temperament development from childhood to adolescence. J Pers 2019; 88:515-529. [PMID: 31442310 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children differ in their temperament and these differences predict consequential outcomes, including mental health, peer relations, substance use, academic performance, and adult personality. Additionally, children's temperament develops over time in response to environmental factors, such as the socioeconomic status (SES) of their family and the neighborhood in which they are raised. However, there has been lack on research on the relation between neighborhood SES and the development of temperament or personality. METHOD Using data from two cohorts of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 9,217) that followed children from 4 to 15 years old, the present analyses examined whether parent income, parent education, and neighborhood disadvantage were associated with three child temperament traits that are precursors to Five-Factor Model (FFM) adult personality traits. RESULTS Longitudinal hierarchical linear models (HLM) generally found that children with lower neighborhood SES or family SES tended to have lower sociability, higher reactivity, and lower persistence and these associations did not decrease over time. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that both the neighborhood and the family SES in childhood are important for the development of temperament across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Strickhouser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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Weston SJ, Gladstone JJ, Graham EK, Mroczek DK, Condon DM. Who Are the Scrooges? Personality Predictors of Holiday Spending. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019; 10:775-782. [PMID: 31857830 DOI: 10.1177/1948550618792883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The sharp increase in consumption over the holiday season has important economic implications, yet the psychology underlying this phenomenon has received limited attention. Here, we evaluate the role of individual differences in holiday spending patterns. Using 2 million transactions across 2,133 individuals, we investigate the relationship between the Big 5 personality traits on spending at Christmas. Zero-order correlations suggest holiday spending is associated with conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion; the relationship with neuroticism persists after accounting for possible confounders including income and demographics. These results improve our understanding of how different personality traits predict how people respond to the environmental demands of the holiday season and have broader implications for how personality relates to consumer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Weston
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David M Condon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Oliver A, Revuelto L, Fernández I, Simó-Algado S, Galiana L. An integrative model of the subjective well-being of staff working in intellectual disability services. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 87:1-8. [PMID: 30685682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detrimental effects of caregiving have been well documented. In order to compensate for the disadvantages of caring, research has also tried to identify factors associated to caregivers' subjective well-being (SWB). AIMS We aim at presenting an integrative model of SWB. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Sample consisted of 228 staff working with people with intellectual disabilities. Measures employed included three different components of self-care (social, internal and physical), mental and physical health, conscientiousness, hope, and life satisfaction. The model aimed to explain SWB, measured by life satisfaction, by several variables (self-care, mental and physical health, and conscientiousness), while checking for the role of hope as a partial mediator of these relationships. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Results show an overall good fit of the model: χ2(6) = 12.274, p = .056; CFI = .953; RMSEA = .077 [.000, .139], hence establishing the first model of prediction of SWB of staff in services for people with intellectual disabilities. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Social self-care, mental health and conscientiousness were capable of explaining life satisfaction but only through hope, that is, these factors did not have significant direct effects. The presence of hope may be then necessary for these factors to benefit staff. Strengths and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Oliver
- Departament of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lidia Revuelto
- Andalusian Association of Occupational Therapists, Sucursal, 2, 11080, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Irene Fernández
- Departament of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Simó-Algado
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare, University of Vic, Carrer de Miramarges, 6, 08500, Vic, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Galiana
- Departament of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Jayawickreme E, Zachry CE, Fleeson W. Whole Trait Theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sutin AR, Flynn HA, Terracciano A. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring personality in childhood and adulthood. J Pers 2018; 86:652-664. [PMID: 28833118 PMCID: PMC5817044 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been associated with offspring internalizing and externalizing disorders. The purpose of this research is to examine whether MSDP is also associated with variations in normal personality traits in childhood and adulthood. METHOD This study uses four independent samples (total N = 16,323) to examine whether there are mean-level differences in offspring personality traits by MSDP, controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors. Two samples are of children (Ns = 3,782 and 3,841) and two samples are of adults (Ns = 1,786 and 6,914). RESULTS A meta-analysis across the four samples indicated that offspring of mothers who did smoke during pregnancy scored higher in Neuroticism (p = .000) and Extraversion (p = .003) and lower in Conscientiousness (p = .002) than offspring of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy. The association between MSDP and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness held across both childhood and adulthood and when propensity score matching was used, whereas the association with Extraversion was only apparent in adulthood and did not hold with propensity scores. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MSDP is associated with individual differences in psychological traits in childhood and adulthood and may be one prenatal factor that contributes to trait Neuroticism and Conscientiousness.
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Steptoe A, Jackson SE. The Life Skills of Older Americans: Association with Economic, Psychological, Social, and Health Outcomes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9669. [PMID: 29977019 PMCID: PMC6033934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of children and adolescents indicate that success in life is determined in part by attributes such as conscientiousness, emotional stability and sense of control, independently of childhood socioeconomic status and cognitive ability. Less is known about the role of these characteristics at older ages. This study investigated the relationship of five life skills - conscientiousness, emotional stability, persistence, optimism and sense of control - with a range of outcomes in 8,843 participants (mean age 72.57 years) in the Health and Retirement Study, a representative study of older Americans. More life skills were associated with greater wealth and income, better emotional wellbeing, stronger social relationships, less loneliness, better health, fewer chronic illnesses and impaired activities of daily living, better mobility and less obesity, after controlling for childhood socioeconomic status and current cognitive ability. Longitudinally, more life skills predicted emotional wellbeing, less loneliness and more prosocial behavior, better health and mobility over a 4 year period. Associations were independent of gender, ethnicity, family background, education and cognitive ability. The number of attributes was important rather than any single life skill. Life skills continue to matter at advanced ages, and fostering these characteristics in older adults may pay dividends in terms of later life health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Furnham A, Cheng H. Social-Demographic Indicators, Cognitive Ability, Personality Traits, and Region as Independent Predictors of Income: Findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). J Intell 2018; 6:E19. [PMID: 31162446 PMCID: PMC6480792 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on a longitudinal study of over 12,000 people based on the UK Household Longitudinal Study data. We were interested in their monthly income (as the criterion variable) as it related to their gender, age, education, occupation, personality, intelligence, and region where they lived (as the predictor variables). Correlations showed that, after occupation and education, gender and cognitive ability (particularly numeric ability) were the strongest correlates of income. Hierarchical regressions showed that age and gender accounted for 9% of the variance, intelligence and personality added another 5%, and education and occupation added a further 15%, while region added a further 1%. All four models were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The study suggests that, in future research of this kind on the personal correlates of income, social-demographic, psychological, and regional factors all need to be considered. Limitations are acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, Norwegian Business School, Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helen Cheng
- ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University of London, London WC1H 0AL, UK.
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Xu Y, Briley DA, Brown JR, Roberts BW. Genetic and environmental influences on household financial distress. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION 2017; 142:404-424. [PMID: 32863485 PMCID: PMC7450728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of household financial outcomes emerges from various individual and environmental factors, including personality, cognitive ability, and socioeconomic status (SES), among others. Using a genetically informative data set, we decompose the variation in financial management behavior into genetic, shared environmental and non-shared environmental factors. We find that about half of the variation in financial distress is genetically influenced, and personality and cognitive ability are associated with financial distress through genetic and within-family pathways. Moreover, genetic influences of financial distress are highest at the extremes of SES, which in part can be explained by neuroticism and cognitive ability being more important predictors of financial distress at low and high levels of SES, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Xu
- Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Daniel A. Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Brown
- School of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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Abstract
In 2005, we discovered that self-control "outdoes" talent in predicting academic success during adolescence. Since then, a surfeit of longitudinal evidence has affirmed the importance of self-control to achieving everyday goals that conflict with momentary temptations. In parallel, research that has "lumped" self-control with other facets of Big Five conscientiousness has shown the superior predictive power of this broad family of individual differences for diverse life outcomes. Self-control can also be "split" from related traits that in certain contexts demonstrate superior predictive power for achievement. Most important, both the "lumping" and "splitting" traditions have enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and antecedents of self-control. Collectively, progress over the past decade and a half suggests a bright future for the science and practice of self-control.
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Furnham A, Cheng H. Socio-Demographic Indicators, Intelligence, and Locus of Control as Predictors of Adult Financial Well-Being. J Intell 2017; 5:jintelligence5020011. [PMID: 31162402 PMCID: PMC6526447 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated a longitudinal data set of 4790 adults examining a set of socio-demographic and psychological factors that influence adult financial well-being. Parental social status (at birth), childhood intelligence and self-esteem (at age 10), locus of control (at age 16), psychological distress (age 30), educational qualifications (age 34), current occupation, weekly net income, house ownership status, and number of rooms (all measured at age 38 years) were examined. Structural Equation Modelling showed that childhood intelligence, locus of control, education and occupation were all independent predictors of adult financial well-being for both men and women. Parental social status and psychological distress were also significant predictors of the outcome variable for men, but not for women. Whereas for women, in comparison to men, the effects of current occupation and childhood intelligence on the outcome variable appeared to be stronger. The strongest predictor of adult financial well-being was current occupational prestige, followed by educational achievement. The gender deferential of financial well-being indicators and its implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- BI Norwegian Business School, Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helen Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK.
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Personality and its links to quality of life: Mediating effects of emotion regulation and self-efficacy beliefs. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. In this study, we investigated how grit is related to the satisfaction of the basic needs and subjective well-being. Grit means dedication to long-term goals with enthusiasm, which is closely related to success in objective terms. Thus, we expected that grit would be positively related to satisfying the autonomy and competence needs, which would lead to greater subjective well-being (i.e., higher life satisfaction and lower depression). A survey of young adults (N = 455) revealed that grit is strongly related to both the autonomy and competence needs, and these needs mediated the effect of grit on subjective well-being. Grit, did not directly increase life satisfaction but weakly decreased depression. Further, the two basic needs played different roles in enhancing subjective well-being. Autonomy reduced depression, and competence increased life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borae Jin
- Department of Media Communications, Joongbu University, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Joohan Kim
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nikolova YS, Knodt AR, Radtke SR, Hariri AR. Divergent responses of the amygdala and ventral striatum predict stress-related problem drinking in young adults: possible differential markers of affective and impulsive pathways of risk for alcohol use disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:348-56. [PMID: 26122584 PMCID: PMC4696925 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior work suggests that there may be two distinct pathways of alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk: one associated with positive emotion enhancement and behavioral impulsivity, and another associated with negative emotion relief and coping. We sought to map these two pathways onto individual differences in neural reward and threat processing assessed using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging in a sample of 759 undergraduate students (426 women, mean age 19.65±1.24 years) participating in the Duke Neurogenetics Study. We demonstrate that problem drinking is highest in the context of stress and in those with one of two distinct neural phenotypes: (1) a combination of relatively low reward-related activity of the ventral striatum (VS) and high threat-related reactivity of the amygdala; or (2) a combination of relatively high VS activity and low amygdala reactivity. In addition, we demonstrate that the relationship between stress and problem alcohol use is mediated by impulsivity, as reflected in monetary delay discounting rates, for those with high VS-low amygdala reactivity, and by anxious/depressive symptomatology for those with the opposite neural risk phenotype. Across both neural phenotypes, we found that greater divergence between VS and amygdala reactivity predicted greater risk for problem drinking. Finally, for those individuals with the low VS-high amygdala risk phenotype we found that stress not only predicted the presence of AUD diagnosis at the time of neuroimaging but also subsequent problem drinking reported 3 months following study completion. These results offer new insight into the neural basis of AUD risk and suggest novel biological targets for early individualized treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S. Nikolova
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Spenser R. Radtke
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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Mauersberger H, Blaison C, Kafetsios K, Kessler C, Hess U. Individual Differences in Emotional Mimicry: Underlying Traits and Social Consequences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry, the imitation of the nonverbal behaviour of others, serves to establish affiliation and to smoothen social interactions. The present research aimed to disentangle rapid facial reactions (RFRs) to affiliative emotions from RFRs to nonaffiliative emotions from a trait perspective. In line with the Mimicry in Social Context Model by Hess and Fischer, we expected that only the former are mimicry responses indicative of underlying social relating competence and predictive of social satisfaction, whereas the latter superficially resemble mimicry responses and are driven by social relating incompetence and have opposite effects on social satisfaction. Further, we assumed that social relating competence would moderate the relationship between stable individuals‘ tendencies to show (mal)adaptive RFRs and social satisfaction. To test these hypotheses, 108 participants first completed scales measuring social relating competence, then participated in a mimicry laboratory task and finally evaluated their naturally occurring social interactions for 10 days. Affiliative RFRs to sadness were related to proximal indices of social relating competence and predicted positive social interactions, whereas nonaffiliative RFRs to disgust were related to social relating incompetence and predicted negative social interactions. By contrast, neither affiliative RFRs to happiness nor nonaffiliative RFRs to anger were linked to proximal indices of social relating competence, and both RFRs were only (dys)functional for interaction quality in less social relating–competent individuals. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mauersberger
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Blaison
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits should be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts should be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.
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Gale CR, Deary IJ, Wardle J, Zaninotto P, Batty GD. Cognitive ability and personality as predictors of participation in a national colorectal cancer screening programme: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:530-5. [PMID: 25648994 PMCID: PMC4453587 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme has offered biennial faecal occult blood testing to people aged 60-69 years since 2006, and to those aged 60-74 years since 2010. Analysis of the first 2.6 million screening invitations found that 54% of eligible people took up the invitation. The reasons for this low uptake are unclear. We investigated whether participation in screening varies according to cognitive ability and personality. METHODS Participants were members of The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. In 2010-2011, respondents were asked about participation in bowel cancer screening, and cognitive ability and the 'Big Five' personality traits were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the cross-sectional relationships between cognitive ability and personality and screening participation in 2681 people aged 60-75 years who were eligible to have been invited to take part in the UK national screening programme for bowel cancer. RESULTS In age-adjusted and sex-adjusted analyses, better cognition and higher conscientiousness were associated with increased participation in cancer screening. ORs (95% CIs) per SD increase were 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) for cognitive ability and 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) for conscientiousness. After further adjustment for household wealth and health literacy-shown previously to be associated with participation-these associations were attenuated (ORs were 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) and 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18), respectively). CONCLUSIONS We found some indication that better cognitive function and greater conscientiousness may be linked with a slightly increased likelihood of participation in bowel cancer screening. These relationships need investigation in other cohorts of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine R Gale
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Zaninotto
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Graham EK, Mroczek DK, Elleman LG. Personality & Earnings Lost: The Economic Costs of Work Cut Back Days Due to Physical and Mental Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 1:1-7. [PMID: 26229985 PMCID: PMC4517839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits have emerged as significant contributors to physical and mental health, as well as various economic outcomes including income. Few studies have explored whether personality is related to the frequency of days lost on the job due to physical or mental health issues, and the subsequent economic losses as a result. The current study bridged the health, economic, and personality variables to determine whether personality was associated with earnings lost due to work cut back days from poor physical or mental health. We found, both concurrently and over a 10 year follow up, that high neuroticism and low openness were associated with more earnings lost due to mental health, while low extraversion was associated with more earnings lost due to physical health. These findings are interpreted in light of the effects that personality may have on an individual's career and financial outcomes, and the economic effects of untreated physical and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K. Graham
- Northwestern University, Dept. of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Evanston, IL
- Northwestern University, Dept. of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel K. Mroczek
- Northwestern University, Dept. of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Evanston, IL
- Northwestern University, Dept. of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lorien Grey Elleman
- Northwestern University, Dept. of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Evanston, IL
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Damian RI, Su R, Shanahan M, Trautwein U, Roberts BW. Can personality traits and intelligence compensate for background disadvantage? Predicting status attainment in adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 109:473-89. [PMID: 25402679 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the interplay of family background and individual differences, such as personality traits and intelligence (measured in a large U.S. representative sample of high school students; N = 81,000) in predicting educational attainment, annual income, and occupational prestige 11 years later. Specifically, we tested whether individual differences followed 1 of 3 patterns in relation to parental socioeconomic status (SES) when predicting attained status: (a) the independent effects hypothesis (i.e., individual differences predict attainments independent of parental SES level), (b) the resource substitution hypothesis (i.e., individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at lower levels of parental SES), and (c) the Matthew effect hypothesis (i.e., "the rich get richer"; individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at higher levels of parental SES). We found that personality traits and intelligence in adolescence predicted later attained status above and beyond parental SES. A standard deviation increase in individual differences translated to up to 8 additional months of education, $4,233 annually, and more prestigious occupations. Furthermore, although we did find some evidence for both the resource substitution and the Matthew effect hypotheses, the most robust pattern across all models supported the independent effects hypothesis. Intelligence was the exception, the interaction models being more robust. Finally, we found that although personality traits may help compensate for background disadvantage to a small extent, they do not usually lead to a "full catch-up" effect, unlike intelligence. This was the first longitudinal study of status attainment to test interactive models of individual differences and background factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Su
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
| | - Michael Shanahan
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ulrich Trautwein
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
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Do as You're Told! Facets of Agreeableness and Early Adult Outcomes for Inner-City Boys. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 47. [PMID: 24311824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With data from the middle cohort of the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a prospective longitudinal study of inner-city boys, we examined whether Big Five agreeableness facets could be reliably recovered in this sample, and whether facets predicted educational, occupational, social, and antisocial life outcomes assessed a decade later. Caregivers described their adolescent boys' personalities using the Common California Q-Set; twelve years later, participants were interviewed and court records were obtained. Factor analyses recovered two facets: compliance and compassion. Compliance predicted more schooling and lower risk of unemployment, teenage fatherhood, and crime; compassion related to longer committed relationships. Findings highlight the value of studying personality at the facet level.
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Cheng H, Furnham A. Personality traits, education, physical exercise, and childhood neurological function as independent predictors of adult obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79586. [PMID: 24250828 PMCID: PMC3821861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether personality traits, education, physical exercise, parental socio-economic conditions, and childhood neurological function are independently associated with obesity in 50 year old adults in a longitudinal birth cohort study. METHOD The sample consisted of 5,921 participants born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 7, 11, 33, 42, and 50 years with data on body mass index measured at 42 and 50 years. RESULTS There was an increase of adult obesity from 14.2% at age 42 to 23.6% at 50 years. Cohort members who were reported by teachers on overall clumsiness as "certainly applied" at age 7 were more likely to become obese at age 50. In addition, educational qualifications, traits Conscientiousness and Extraversion, psychological distress, and physical exercise were all significantly associated with adult obesity. The associations remained to be significant after controlling for birth weight and gestation, maternal and paternal BMI, childhood BMI, childhood intelligence and behavioural adjustment, as well as diet. CONCLUSION Neurological function in childhood, education, trait Conscientiousness, and exercise were all significantly and independently associated with adult obesity, each explained unique individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- BI: Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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