1
|
Miura K, Yoshida M, Morita K, Fujimoto M, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Takahashi J, Miyata S, Okazaki K, Matsumoto J, Toyomaki A, Makinodan M, Hashimoto N, Onitsuka T, Kasai K, Ozaki N, Hashimoto R. Gaze behaviors during free viewing revealed differences in visual salience processing across four major psychiatric disorders: a mega-analysis study of 1012 individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02773-5. [PMID: 39394456 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant salience processing has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The gaze trajectories of individuals with schizophrenia have been reported to be abnormal when viewing an image, suggesting anomalous visual salience as one possible pathophysiological mechanism associated with psychiatric diseases. This study was designed to determine whether visual salience is affected in individuals with schizophrenia, and whether this abnormality is unique to patients with schizophrenia. We examined the gaze behaviors of 1012 participants recruited from seven institutes (550 healthy individuals and 238, 41, 50 and 133 individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder, respectively) when they looked at stationary images as they liked, i.e., free-viewing condition. We used an established computational model of salience maps derived from low-level visual features to measure the degree to which the gaze trajectories of individuals were guided by visual salience. The analysis revealed that the saliency at the gaze of individuals with schizophrenia were higher than healthy individuals, suggesting that patients' gazes were guided more by low-level image salience. Among the low-level image features, orientation salience was most affected. Furthermore, a general linear model analysis of the data for the four psychiatric disorders revealed a significant effect of disease. This abnormal salience processing depended on the disease and was strongest in patients with schizophrenia, followed by patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, suggesting a link between abnormalities in salience processing and strength/frequency for psychosis of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan.
- Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan
- Medical Corporation Foster, Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic, Osaka, 531-0075, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Osaka Hospital, Osaka, 553-0003, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiko Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Junya Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan
| | - Atsuto Toyomaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Pathophysiology of Mental Disorders, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 184-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cattarinussi G, Grimaldi DA, Aarabi MH, Sambataro F. Static and Dynamic Dysconnectivity in Early Psychosis: Relationship With Symptom Dimensions. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae142. [PMID: 39212653 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Altered functional connectivity (FC) has been frequently reported in psychosis. Studying FC and its time-varying patterns in early-stage psychosis allows the investigation of the neural mechanisms of this disorder without the confounding effects of drug treatment or illness-related factors. STUDY DESIGN We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore FC in individuals with early psychosis (EP), who also underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessments. 96 EP and 56 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) from the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis database were included. Multivariate analyses using spatial group independent component analysis were used to compute static FC and dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC). Partial correlations between FC measures and clinical and cognitive variables were performed to test brain-behavior associations. STUDY RESULTS Compared to HC, EP showed higher static FC in the striatum and temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex, as well as lower FC in the frontal, parietal, and occipital gyrus. We found a negative correlation in EP between cognitive function and FC in the right striatum FC (pFWE = 0.009). All dFNC parameters, including dynamism and fluidity measures, were altered in EP, and positive symptoms were negatively correlated with the meta-state changes and the total distance (pFWE = 0.040 and pFWE = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the view that psychosis is characterized from the early stages by complex alterations in intrinsic static and dynamic FC, that may ultimately result in positive symptoms and cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cattarinussi
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mohammad Hadi Aarabi
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klein SD, Teich CD, Pokorny VJ, Rawls E, Olman CA, Sponheim SR. Altered Use of Context During Visual Perception in Psychotic Psychopathology: A Neurophysiological Investigation of Tuned and Untuned Suppression During Contrast Perception. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae103. [PMID: 39148463 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The human visual system streamlines visual processing by suppressing responses to textures that are similar to their surrounding context. Surround suppression is weaker in individuals with schizophrenia (ISZ); this altered use of visuospatial context may relate to the characteristic visual distortions they experience. STUDY DESIGN To understand atypical surround suppression in psychotic psychopathology, we investigated neurophysiological responses in ISZ, healthy controls (HC), individuals with bipolar disorder (IBP), and first-degree relatives (ISZR/IBPR). Participants performed a contrast judgment task on a circular target with annular surrounds, with concurrent electroencephalography. Orientation-independent (untuned) suppression was estimated from responses to central targets with orthogonal surrounds; the orientation-dependence of suppression was estimated by fitting an exponential function to the increase in suppression as surrounds became more aligned with the center. RESULTS ISZ exhibited weakened untuned suppression coupled with enhanced orientation-dependence of suppression. The N1 visual evoked potential was associated with the orientation-dependence of suppression, with ISZ and ISZR (but not IBP or IBPR) showing enhanced orientation-dependence of the N1. Collapsed across orientation conditions, the N1 for ISZ lacked asymmetry toward the right hemisphere; this reduction in N1 asymmetry was associated with reduced untuned suppression, real-world perceptual anomalies, and psychotic psychopathology. The overall amplitude of the N1 was reduced in ISZ and IBP. CONCLUSIONS Key measures of symptomatology for ISZ are associated with reductions in untuned suppression. Increased sensitivity for ISZ to the relative orientation of suppressive surrounds is reflected in the N1 VEP, which is commonly associated with higher-level visual functions such as allocation of spatial attention or scene segmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Collin D Teich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor J Pokorny
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pascucci D, Roinishvili M, Chkonia E, Brand A, Whitney D, Herzog MH, Manassi M. Intact Serial Dependence in Schizophrenia: Evidence from an Orientation Adjustment Task. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae106. [PMID: 38936422 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS For a long time, it was proposed that schizophrenia (SCZ) patients rely more on sensory input and less on prior information, potentially leading to reduced serial dependence-ie, a reduced influence of prior stimuli in perceptual tasks. However, existing evidence is constrained to a few paradigms, and whether reduced serial dependence reflects a general characteristic of the disease remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN We investigated serial dependence in 26 SCZ patients and 27 healthy controls (CNT) to evaluate the influence of prior stimuli in a classic visual orientation adjustment task, a paradigm not previously tested in this context. STUDY RESULTS As expected, the CNT group exhibited clear serial dependence, with systematic biases toward the orientation of stimuli shown in the preceding trials. Serial dependence in SCZ patients was largely comparable to that in the CNT group. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge the prevailing notion of reduced serial dependence in SCZ, suggesting that observed differences between healthy CNT and patients may depend on aspects of perceptual or cognitive processing that are currently not understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pascucci
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:201. [PMID: 38714650 PMCID: PMC11076514 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception has been observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in the visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in the visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels, specifically disorganization, across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Dai W, Wang T, Wu Y, Dou F, Xing D. Visual surround suppression at the neural and perceptual levels. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:741-756. [PMID: 38699623 PMCID: PMC11061091 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Surround suppression was initially identified as a phenomenon at the neural level in which stimuli outside the neuron's receptive field alone cannot activate responses but can modulate neural responses to stimuli covered inside the receptive field. Subsequent studies showed that surround suppression is not only a critical property of neurons across species and brain areas but also has been found in visual perceptions. More importantly, surround suppression varies across individuals and shows significant differences between normal controls and patients with certain mental disorders. Here, we combined results from related literature and summarized the findings derived from physiological and psychophysical evidence. We first outline the basic properties of surround suppression in the visual system and perceptions. Then, we mainly summarize the differences in perceptual surround suppression among different human subjects. Our review suggests that there is no consensus regarding whether the strength of perceptual surround suppression could be used as an effective index to distinguish particular populations. Then, we summarized the similar mechanisms for surround suppression and cognitive impairments to further explore the potential clinical applications of surround suppression. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms of surround suppression in neural responses and perceptions is necessary for facilitating its clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Criminology, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, 100038 China
| | - Weifeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yujie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Fei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Dajun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoshida M, Miura K, Fujimoto M, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Iwase M, Hashimoto R. Visual salience is affected in participants with schizophrenia during free-viewing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4606. [PMID: 38409435 PMCID: PMC10897421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in visual exploration affect the daily lives of patients with schizophrenia. For example, scanpath length during free-viewing is shorter in schizophrenia. However, its origin and its relevance to symptoms are unknown. Here we investigate the possibility that abnormalities in eye movements result from abnormalities in visual or visuo-cognitive processing. More specifically, we examined whether such abnormalities reflect visual salience in schizophrenia. Eye movements of 82 patients and 252 healthy individuals viewing natural and/or complex images were examined using saliency maps for static images to determine the contributions of low-level visual features to salience-guided eye movements. The results showed that the mean value for orientation salience at the gazes of the participants with schizophrenia were higher than that of the healthy control subjects. Further analyses revealed that orientation salience defined by the L + M channel of the DKL color space is specifically affected in schizophrenia, suggesting abnormalities in the magnocellular visual pathway. By looking into the computational stages of the visual salience, we found that the difference between schizophrenia and healthy control emerges at the earlier stage, suggesting functional decline in early visual processing. These results suggest that visual salience is affected in schizophrenia, thereby expanding the concept of the aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis to the visual domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Medical Corporation Foster, Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lányi O, Kéri S, Pálffy Z, Polner B. Can you believe your eyes? Positive schizotypy is associated with increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:327-335. [PMID: 38215568 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual illusions provide a unique opportunity to understand cognitive and perceptual alterations in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Schizophrenia patients often exhibit increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Here, we investigate susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer visual illusion in the general population with different levels of schizotypy. STUDY DESIGN We assessed a population-based convenience sample (N = 263) on an online platform. In addition to basic demographics, participants completed the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS) to measure perceptual anomalies, and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale - Brief (MSS-B) for schizotypic traits. To evaluate what predicts susceptibility to the illusion, we fitted a large set of multilevel logistic regression models and performed model averaging over the coefficients. STUDY RESULTS We found support for increased illusion susceptibility among individuals with high positive schizotypy. However, we did not find a comparable effect for anomalous perceptions alone, or for negative or disorganized schizotypy. CONCLUSIONS The increased Müller-Lyer effect in positive schizotypy might be specific to delusion-like beliefs and magical ideation. Further research is needed to clarify how a hierarchical Bayesian formulation of brain function (e.g. imbalances between bottom-up perceptual processing and substantial reliance on prior expectations) can account for the Müller-Lyer effect in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Lányi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest 1082, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary; National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery - Nyírő Gyula Hospital, Lehel utca 59-61, Budapest 1135, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pálffy
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong X, Liu L, Du X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li Z, Bao M. Treating amblyopia using altered reality enhances the fine-scale functional correlations in early visual areas. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6499-6510. [PMID: 37929783 PMCID: PMC10681636 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder that causes substantial visual deficits. Studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging have disclosed abnormal brain functional connectivity (FC) both across long-range cortical sites and within the visual cortex in amblyopes, which is considered to be related to impaired visual functions. However, little work has examined whether restoring the vision of amblyopes accompanies with an improvement of FC. Here in adult amblyopes and healthy participants, we compared their brain FC before and after an altered-reality adaptation training. Before the training, the voxel-wise FCs of amblyopia patients were substantially weaker than those of healthy control participants both within and across the early visual areas. After the training, visual acuities improved in amblyopes but not in the control participants. The effect kept strengthening in the subsequent month without further adaptation. Importantly, we observed enhanced voxel-wise FC both within and across the early visual areas of amblyopes. Moreover, the enhancement continued for at least 1 month. These results suggest that the effective treatment can improve both the amblyopes' vision and functional connections in the visual cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinxin Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhihao Li
- School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Min Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sperandio I, Chouinard PA, Paice E, Griffiths-King DJ, Hodgekins J. Visual illusions in young people reporting psychotic-like experiences. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 79:101839. [PMID: 36764025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A disruption in the co-ordination of bottom-up and top-down processing is thought to underlie anomalous perceptual experiences in psychosis. Visual illusions represent a valuable methodology in exploring this disruption. Here, we examined visual illusions in a group of young people having psychotic-like experiences. We also examined the relationship between illusion susceptibility and appraisal of psychotic-like experiences as well as depression, anxiety and stress levels. METHOD 25 young people reporting psychotic-like experiences and 53 healthy participants performed an adjustment task that measured susceptibility to a battery of 13 visual illusions. Levels of depression, anxiety and stress were quantified in both groups. The clinical group also completed measures examining frequency, appraisals and emotional responses to psychotic-like experiences. RESULTS A general increase of illusion susceptibility was found in the clinical group compared to the control group. However, when depression, anxiety and stress levels were controlled for, this difference disappeared. Stress turned out to be the best predictor of illusion susceptibility in the clinical group, whereas anomalous experiences, depression and anxiety were unrelated to overall illusion strength. LIMITATIONS This study is limited to young participants reporting significant mental health difficulties and psychotic-like experiences. Findings should be replicated in an Ultra High Risk (prodromal) group. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of stress explained the enhanced vulnerability to illusions in the clinical group. This increased susceptibility suggests a perceptual style that relies too heavily on prior expectations at the expense of the true sensory evidence, potentially leading to an altered perceptual experience of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sperandio
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, 38068, Italy.
| | - Philippe A Chouinard
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Paice
- Norwich and North Norfolk Older Persons Community Mental Health Team, The Sophie Centre, Julian Hospital, Bowthorpe Road, Norwich, NR2 3TD, UK
| | - Daniel J Griffiths-King
- College of Health and Life Sciences and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du X, Liu L, Dong X, Bao M. Effects of altered-reality training on interocular disinhibition in amblyopia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1522:126-138. [PMID: 36811156 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Training of viewing an altered-reality environment dichoptically has been found to reactivate human adult ocular dominance plasticity, allowing improvement of vision for amblyopia. One suspected mechanism for this training effect is ocular dominance rebalancing through interocular disinhibition. Here, we investigated whether the training modulated the neural responses reflecting interocular inhibition. Thirteen patients with amblyopia and 11 healthy controls participated in this study. Before and after six daily altered-reality training sessions, participants watched flickering video stimuli with their steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) signals recorded simultaneously. We assessed the amplitude of SSVEP response at intermodulation frequencies, which was a potential neural indicator of interocular suppression. The results showed that training weakened the intermodulation response only in the amblyopic group, which was in agreement with the hypothesis that the training reduced interocular suppression specific to amblyopia. Moreover, even one month after the training ended, we could still observe this neural training effect. These findings provide preliminary neural evidence in support of the disinhibition account for treating amblyopia. We also explain these results with the ocular opponency model, which, to our knowledge, is the first time for this binocular rivalry model to be used in explaining long-term ocular dominance plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Captital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schallmo MP, Weldon KB, Kamath RS, Moser HR, Montoya SA, Killebrew KW, Demro C, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. The Psychosis Human Connectome Project: Design and rationale for studies of visual neurophysiology. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120060. [PMID: 36997137 PMCID: PMC10153004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception is abnormal in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition to hallucinations, laboratory tests show differences in fundamental visual processes including contrast sensitivity, center-surround interactions, and perceptual organization. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain visual dysfunction in psychotic disorders, including an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, the precise neural basis of abnormal visual perception in people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP) remains unknown. Here, we describe the behavioral and 7 tesla MRI methods we used to interrogate visual neurophysiology in PwPP as part of the Psychosis Human Connectome Project (HCP). In addition to PwPP (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 43), we also recruited first-degree biological relatives (n = 44) in order to examine the role of genetic liability for psychosis in visual perception. Our visual tasks were designed to assess fundamental visual processes in PwPP, whereas MR spectroscopy enabled us to examine neurochemistry, including excitatory and inhibitory markers. We show that it is feasible to collect high-quality data across multiple psychophysical, functional MRI, and MR spectroscopy experiments with a sizable number of participants at a single research site. These data, in addition to those from our previously described 3 tesla experiments, will be made publicly available in order to facilitate further investigations by other research groups. By combining visual neuroscience techniques and HCP brain imaging methods, our experiments offer new opportunities to investigate the neural basis of abnormal visual perception in PwPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rohit S Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Samantha A Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pokorny VJ, Schallmo MP, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. Weakened untuned gain control is associated with schizophrenia while atypical orientation-tuned suppression depends on visual acuity. J Vis 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 36723929 PMCID: PMC9904333 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceptual distortions are core features of psychosis. Weakened contrast surround suppression has been proposed as a neural mechanism underlying atypical perceptual experiences. Although previous work has measured suppression by asking participants to report the perceived contrast of a low-contrast target surrounded by a high-contrast surround, it is possible to modulate perceived contrast solely by manipulating the orientation of a matched-contrast center and surround. Removing the bottom-up segmentation cue of contrast difference and isolating orientation-dependent suppression may clarify the neural processes responsible for atypical surround suppression in psychosis. We examined surround suppression across a spectrum of psychotic psychopathology including people with schizophrenia (PSZ; N = 31) and people with bipolar disorder (PBD; N = 29), first-degree biological relatives of these patient groups (PBDrel, PSZrel; N = 28, N = 21, respectively), and healthy controls (N = 29). PSZ exhibited reduced surround suppression across orientations; although group differences were minimal at the condition that produced the strongest suppression. PBD and PSZrel exhibited intermediate suppression, whereas PBDrel performed most similarly to controls. Intriguingly, group differences in orientation-dependent surround suppression magnitude were moderated by visual acuity. A simulation in which visual acuity and/or focal attention interact with untuned gain control reproduces the observed pattern of results, including the lack of group differences when orientation of center and surround are the same. Our findings further elucidate perceptual mechanisms of impaired center-surround processing in psychosis and provide insights into the effects of visual acuity on orientation-dependent suppression in PSZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Pokorny
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Costa ALL, Costa DL, Pessoa VF, Caixeta FV, Maior RS. Systematic review of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:13-22. [PMID: 36610221 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual illusions have long been used as tools to investigate sensory-perceptual deficits in schizophrenia. Recent conflicting accounts have called into question the assumption of abnormal illusion perception in patients and, therefore, the validity of this approach. Here, we present a systematic review of the current evidence regarding visual illusion perception abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of PubMed, Literatura LILACS, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), IBECS, BIOSIS, and Web of Science. Forty-five studies were selected which included illusions classified as 'Motion illusions', 'Geometric-optical illusions', 'Illusory contours', 'Depth inversion illusion', and 'Non-specific'. There is concordant evidence of abnormal processing of illusions in patients for most categories, especially in facial Depth Inversion and Müller-Lyer illusions. There were significant methodological disparities and shortcomings, but risk of bias was overall low for individual studies. The usefulness of visual illusions as tools in clinical settings as well as in basic research may be contingent on significant methodological refinements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Lamounier Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Maternal and Childhood Department, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil; Intelligence Center for Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases (CIATEN), 64.001-450 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Valdir Filgueiras Pessoa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Fábio Viegas Caixeta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Maior
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giersch A, Laprévote V. Perceptual Functioning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 63:79-113. [PMID: 36306053 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual disorders are not part of the diagnosis criteria for schizophrenia. Yet, a considerable amount of work has been conducted, especially on visual perception abnormalities, and there is little doubt that visual perception is altered in patients. There are several reasons why such perturbations are of interest in this pathology. They are observed during the prodromal phase of psychosis, they are related to the pathophysiology (clinical disorganization, disorders of the sense of self), and they are associated with neuronal connectivity disorders. Perturbations occur at different levels of processing and likely affect how patients interact and adapt to their surroundings. The literature has become very large, and here we try to summarize different models that have guided the exploration of perception in patients. We also illustrate several lines of research by showing how perception has been investigated and by discussing the interpretation of the results. In addition to discussing domains such as contrast sensitivity, masking, and visual grouping, we develop more recent fields like processing at the level of the retina, and the timing of perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CLIP Centre de Liaison et d'Intervention Précoce, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Choung OH, Gordillo D, Roinishvili M, Brand A, Herzog MH, Chkonia E. Intact and deficient contextual processing in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 30:100265. [PMID: 36119400 PMCID: PMC9477851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients are known to have deficits in contextual vision. However, results are often very mixed. In some paradigms, patients do not take the context into account and, hence, perform more veridically than healthy controls. In other paradigms, context deteriorates performance much more strongly in patients compared to healthy controls. These mixed results may be explained by differences in the paradigms as well as by small or biased samples, given the large heterogeneity of patients' deficits. Here, we show that mixed results may also come from idiosyncrasies of the stimuli used because in variants of the same visual paradigm, tested with the same participants, we found intact and deficient processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hyeon Choung
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. http://lpsy.epfl.ch
| | - Dario Gordillo
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seymour K, Kaliuzhna M. Self-monitoring in schizophrenia: Weighting exteroceptive visual signals against self-generated vestibular cues. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 29:100256. [PMID: 35600051 PMCID: PMC9117687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in self-monitoring are core symptoms of schizophrenia. Some research suggests an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues and a reduced weighting of self-generated interoceptive signals to guide perception. The vestibular sense provides important self-generated information about the body in space. Alterations of vestibular function are reported in schizophrenia, but it is unknown whether internally generated vestibular information is discounted in favour of exteroceptive input. In this study, we test for evidence of an over-reliance on exteroceptive visual cues and a reduced weighting of vestibular signals in guiding perception. In a group of individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, we used a well-studied visual illusion - the Tilt Illusion - to probe the respective weight given to visual and vestibular cues in judging line orientation. The Tilt Illusion reveals that perceived orientation of a vertical grating is biased by the orientation in its surround. This illusion increases when the head is tilted, due to the reduced reliability of vestibular information that would otherwise provide an internally generated reference for vertical. We predicted that an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues in schizophrenia would lead to a reduced susceptibility to the effects of head position on Tilt Illusion strength. We find no difference between patients and controls. Both groups show comparable Tilt Illusion magnitudes that increase when the head is tilted. Thus, our findings suggest that chronic patients with schizophrenia adequately combine self-generated vestibular cues and exteroceptive visual input to judge line verticality. A stronger reliance on exteroceptive information over internally generated signals in guiding perception is not evident in our data. Deficits in self-monitoring might therefore be modality specific or state dependant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Seymour
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Favrod O, Brand A, Berdzenishvili E, Chkonia E, Akselrod M, Wagemans J, Herzog MH, Roinishvili M. Embedded figures in schizophrenia: A main deficit but no specificity. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 28:100227. [PMID: 34976748 PMCID: PMC8683755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual deficits are core deficits of schizophrenia. Classically, deficits are determined with demanding psychophysical tasks requiring fine-grained spatial or temporal resolution. Less is known about holistic processing. Here, we employed the Leuven Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT) measuring classic aspects of Gestalt processing. A target shape is embedded in a context and observers have to detect as quickly as possible in which display the target is embedded. Targets vary in closure, symmetry, complexity, and good continuation. In all conditions, schizophrenia patients had longer RTs compared to controls and depressive patients and to a lesser extent compared to their siblings. There was no interaction suggesting that, once the main deficit of schizophrenia patients is discarded, there are no further deficits in Gestalt perception between the groups. This result is in line with a growing line of research showing that when schizophrenia patients are given sufficient time to accomplish the task, they perform as well as controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Eka Berdzenishvili
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michel Akselrod
- MySpace Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Belgium
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Makowski D, Lau ZJ, Pham T, Paul Boyce W, Annabel Chen SH. A Parametric Framework to Generate Visual Illusions Using Python. Perception 2021; 50:950-965. [PMID: 34841973 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211057347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual illusions are fascinating phenomena that have been used and studied by artists and scientists for centuries, leading to important discoveries about the neurocognitive underpinnings of perception, consciousness, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or autism. Surprisingly, despite their historical and theoretical importance as psychological stimuli, there is no dedicated software, nor consistent approach, to generate illusions in a systematic fashion. Instead, scientists have to craft them by hand in an idiosyncratic fashion, or use pre-made images not tailored for the specific needs of their studies. This, in turn, hinders the reproducibility of illusion-based research, narrowing possibilities for scientific breakthroughs and their applications. With the aim of addressing this gap, Pyllusion is a Python-based open-source software (freely available at https://github.com/RealityBending/Pyllusion), that offers a framework to manipulate and generate illusions in a systematic way, compatible with different output formats such as image files (.png, .jpg, .tiff, etc.) or experimental software (such as PsychoPy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Makowski
- School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,National Institute of Education, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zen J Lau
- School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,National Institute of Education, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tam Pham
- School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,National Institute of Education, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - W Paul Boyce
- School of Psychology, 7800University of New South Wales, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,National Institute of Education, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- School of Social Sciences, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,National Institute of Education, 54761Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bressan P, Kramer P. Most Findings Obtained With Untimed Visual Illusions Are Confounded. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1238-1246. [PMID: 34241541 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621994268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual illusions have been studied extensively, but their time course has not. Here we show, in a sample of more than 550 people, that unrestricted presentation times-as opposed to presentations lasting only a single second-weaken the Ebbinghaus illusion, strengthen lightness contrast with double increments, and do not alter lightness contrast with double decrements. When presentation time is unrestricted, these illusions are affected in the same way (decrease, increase, no change) by how long observers look at them. Our results imply that differences in illusion magnitude between individuals or groups are confounded with differences in inspection time, no matter whether stimuli are evaluated in matching, adjustment, or untimed comparison tasks. We offer an explanation for why these three illusions progress differently, and we spell out how our findings challenge theories of lightness, theories of global-local processing, and the interpretation of all research that has investigated visual illusions, or used them as tools, without considering inspection time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova
| | - Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jagtap AR, Brascamp JW. Does Cortical Inhibition Explain the Correlation Between Bistable Perception Paradigms? Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211020018. [PMID: 34104385 PMCID: PMC8161874 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When observers view a perceptually bistable stimulus, their perception changes stochastically. Various studies have shown across-observer correlations in the percept durations for different bistable stimuli including binocular rivalry stimuli and bistable moving plaids. Previous work on binocular rivalry posits that neural inhibition in the visual hierarchy is a factor involved in the perceptual fluctuations in that paradigm. Here, in order to investigate whether between-observer variability in cortical inhibition underlies correlated percept durations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we used center-surround suppression as a behavioral measure of cortical inhibition. We recruited 217 participants in a test battery that included bistable perception paradigms as well as a center-surround suppression paradigm. While we were able to successfully replicate the correlations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we did not find a correlation between center-surround suppression strength and percept durations for any form of bistable perception. Moreover, the results from a mediation analysis indicate that center-surround suppression is not the mediating factor in the correlation between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaids. These results do not support the idea that cortical inhibition can explain the between-observer correlation in mean percept duration between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha R. Jagtap
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jan W. Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pokorny VJ, Lano TJ, Schallmo MP, Olman CA, Sponheim SR. Reduced influence of perceptual context in schizophrenia: behavioral and neurophysiological evidence. Psychol Med 2021; 51:786-794. [PMID: 31858929 PMCID: PMC7444089 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate perception of visual contours is essential for seeing and differentiating objects in the environment. Both the ability to detect visual contours and the influence of perceptual context created by surrounding stimuli are diminished in people with schizophrenia (SCZ). The central aim of the present study was to better understand the biological underpinnings of impaired contour integration and weakened effects of perceptual context. Additionally, we sought to determine whether visual perceptual abnormalities reflect genetic factors in SCZ and are present in other severe mental disorders. METHODS We examined behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during the perception of simple linear contours embedded in similar background stimuli in 27 patients with SCZ, 23 patients with bipolar disorder (BP), 23 first-degree relatives of SCZ, and 37 controls. RESULTS SCZ exhibited impaired visual contour detection while BP exhibited intermediate performance. The orientation of neighboring stimuli (i.e. flankers) relative to the contour modulated perception across all groups, but SCZ exhibited weakened suppression by the perceptual context created by flankers. Late visual (occipital P2) and cognitive (centroparietal P3) neural responses showed group differences and flanker orientation effects, unlike earlier ERPs (occipital P1 and N1). Moreover, behavioral effects of flanker context on contour perception were correlated with modulation in P2 & P3 amplitudes. CONCLUSION In addition to replicating and extending findings of abnormal contour integration and visual context modulation in SCZ, we provide novel evidence that the abnormal use of perceptual context is associated with higher-order sensory and cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Pokorny
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Timothy J. Lano
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Born RT, Bencomo GM. Illusions, Delusions, and Your Backwards Bayesian Brain: A Biased Visual Perspective. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:272-285. [PMID: 33784667 PMCID: PMC8238803 DOI: 10.1159/000514859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinal image is insufficient for determining what is "out there," because many different real-world geometries could produce any given retinal image. Thus, the visual system must infer which external cause is most likely, given both the sensory data and prior knowledge that is either innate or learned via interactions with the environment. We will describe a general framework of "hierarchical Bayesian inference" that we and others have used to explore the role of cortico-cortical feedback in the visual system, and we will further argue that this approach to "seeing" makes our visual systems prone to perceptual errors in a variety of different ways. In this deliberately provocative and biased perspective, we argue that the neuromodulator, dopamine, may be a crucial link between neural circuits performing Bayesian inference and the perceptual idiosyncrasies of people with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gianluca M Bencomo
- Department of Computer Science, Whittier College, Whittier, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wolf A, Ueda K, Hirano Y. Recent updates of eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:82-100. [PMID: 33314465 PMCID: PMC7986125 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although eye-tracking technology expands beyond capturing eye data just for the sole purpose of ensuring participants maintain their gaze at the presented fixation cross, gaze technology remains of less importance in clinical research. Recently, impairments in visual information encoding processes indexed by novel gaze metrics have been frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. This work undertakes a scoping review of research on saccadic dysfunctions and exploratory eye movement deficits among patients with schizophrenia. It gathers promising pieces of evidence of eye movement abnormalities in attention-demanding tasks on the schizophrenia spectrum that have mounted in recent years and their outcomes as potential biological markers. METHODS The protocol was drafted based on PRISMA for scoping review guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify articles published between 2010 and 2020 that examined visual processing in patients with schizophrenia and reported eye movement characteristics as potential biomarkers for this mental illness. RESULTS The use of modern eye-tracking instrumentation has been reported by numerous neuroscientific studies to successfully and non-invasively improve the detection of visual information processing impairments among the screened population at risk of and identified with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Eye-tracking technology has the potential to contribute to the process of early intervention and more apparent separation of the diagnostic entities, being put together by the syndrome-based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, context-processing paradigms should be conducted and reported in equally accessible publications to build comprehensive models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Salmela V, Socada L, Söderholm J, Heikkilä R, Lahti J, Ekelund J, Isometsä E. Reduced visual contrast suppression during major depressive episodes. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E222-E231. [PMID: 33703869 PMCID: PMC8061742 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that processing of visual contrast information could be altered in major depressive disorder. To clarify the changes at different levels of the visual hierarchy, we behaviourally measured contrast perception in 2 centre-surround conditions, assessing retinal and cortical processing. METHODS As part of a prospective cohort study, our sample consisted of controls (n = 29; 21 female) and patients with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder who had baseline major depressive episodes (n = 111; 74 female). In a brightness induction test that assessed retinal processing, participants compared the perceived luminance of uniform patches (presented on a computer screen) as the luminance of the backgrounds was varied. In a contrast suppression test that assessed cortical processing, participants compared the perceived contrast of gratings, which were presented with collinearly or orthogonally oriented backgrounds. RESULTS Brightness induction was similar for patients with major depressive episodes and controls (p = 0.60, d = 0.115, Bayes factor = 3.9), but contrast suppression was significantly lower for patients than for controls (p < 0.006, d = 0.663, Bayes factor = 35.2). We observed no statistically significant associations between contrast suppression and age, sex, or medication or diagnostic subgroup. At follow-up (n = 74), we observed some normalization of contrast perception. LIMITATIONS We assessed contrast perception using behavioural tests instead of electrophysiology. CONCLUSION The reduced contrast suppression we observed may have been caused by decreased retinal feedforward or cortical feedback signals. Because we observed intact brightness induction, our results suggest normal retinal but altered cortical processing of visual contrast during a major depressive episode. This alteration is likely to be present in multiple types of depression and to partially normalize upon remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viljami Salmela
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - Lumikukka Socada
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - John Söderholm
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - Roope Heikkilä
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - Jari Lahti
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - Jesper Ekelund
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| | - Erkki Isometsä
- From the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Salmela, Lahti); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Socada, Söderholm, Heikkilä, Ekelund, Isometsä)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhuo C, Tian H, Fang T, Li R, Li Y, Kong L, Cai Z, Zheng L, Lin X, Chen C. Neural mechanisms underlying visual and auditory processing impairments in schizophrenia: insight into the etiology and implications for tailoring preventive and therapeutic interventions. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7657-7669. [PMID: 33437351 PMCID: PMC7791494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating neuropsychiatric disorder with an unknown etiology. Patients with schizophrenia have a high prevalence of visual disturbances, commonly accompanied by auditory impairments. In recent review articles, the perceptual deficits of visual and auditory sensory processing have been downplayed. However, visual and auditory impairments are associated with hallucinations, which is characteristic of schizophrenia across all cultures. Despite decades of research, the common neural mechanisms underlying hallucinations remain largely unknown. In recent years, neuroimaging technologies have empowered researchers to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms. In this review article, we performed a literature search of studies that assessed visual and auditory processing impairments, along with their relationship to visual disturbances and auditory hallucinations, in schizophrenia. We proposed that the pulvinar may play a critical role. In addition, disrupted visual and auditory projections from the pulvinar to the visual and auditory cortices could be shared pathways in relation to visual disturbances and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that early visual and auditory processing deficits may occur before the onset of the initial psychotic episode, including hallucinations, and the full manifestation of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we discussed the directions for future studies. Our findings from this review offer unique insights into the distinct underlying neural mechanisms of schizophrenia, which may help develop tailored preventive and therapeutic interventions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Nankai UniversityTianjin 300222, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300072, China
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300300, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Nankai UniversityTianjin 300222, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Nankai UniversityTianjin 300222, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300300, China
| | - Yachen Li
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300300, China
| | - Lingguang Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ziyao Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples HospitalWenzhou 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thakkar KN, Ghermezi L, Silverstein SM, Slate R, Yao B, Achtyes ED, Brascamp JW. Stronger tilt aftereffects in persons with schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 130:186-197. [PMID: 33301337 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia may fail to appropriately use temporal context and apply past environmental regularities to the interpretation of incoming sensory information. Here we use the visual system as a test bed for investigating how prior experience shapes perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, we use visual aftereffects, illusory percepts resulting from prior exposure to visual input, to measure the influence of prior events on current processing. At a neural level, visual aftereffects arise due to attenuation in the responses of neurons that code the features of the prior stimulus (neuronal adaptation) and subsequent disinhibition of neurons signaling activity at the opposite end of the feature dimension. In the current study, we measured tilt aftereffects and negative afterimages, 2 types of aftereffects that reflect, respectively, adaptation of cortical orientation-coding neurons and adaptation of subcortical and retinal luminance-coding cells in persons with schizophrenia (PSZ; n = 36) and demographically matched healthy controls (HC; n = 22). We observed stronger tilt aftereffects in PSZ compared to HC, but no difference in negative afterimages. Stronger tilt aftereffects were related to more severe negative symptoms. These data suggest oversensitivity to recent regularities, in the form of stronger visual adaptation, at cortical, but not subcortical, levels in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
28
|
Dekel R, Sagi D. A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation. Vision Res 2020; 177:20-31. [PMID: 32942213 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following exposure to an oriented stimulus, the perceived orientation is slightly shifted, a phenomenon termed the tilt aftereffect (TAE). This estimation bias, as well as other context-dependent biases, is speculated to reflect statistical mechanisms of inference that optimize visual processing. Importantly, although measured biases are extremely robust in the population, the magnitude of individual bias can be extremely variable. For example, measuring different individuals may result in TAE magnitudes that differ by a factor of 5. Such findings appear to challenge the accounts of bias in terms of learned statistics: is inference so different across individuals? Here, we found that a strong correlation exists between reaction time and TAE, with slower individuals having much less TAE. In the tilt illusion, the spatial analogue of the TAE, we found a similar, though weaker, correlation. These findings can be explained by a theory predicting that bias, caused by a change in the initial conditions of evidence accumulation (e.g., priors), decreases with decision time (*Communications Biology 3 (2020) 1-12). We contend that the context-dependence of visual processing is more homogeneous in the population than was previously thought, with the measured variability of perceptual bias explained, at least in part, by the flexibility of decision-making. Homogeneity in processing might reflect the similarity of the learned statistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Dekel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dov Sagi
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Michaiel AM, Parker PRL, Niell CM. A Hallucinogenic Serotonin-2A Receptor Agonist Reduces Visual Response Gain and Alters Temporal Dynamics in Mouse V1. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3475-3483.e4. [PMID: 30917304 PMCID: PMC6559379 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception arises from the integration of externally and internally driven representations of the world. Disrupted balance of these representations can lead to perceptual deficits and hallucinations. The serotonin-2A receptor (5-HT2AR) is associated with such perceptual alterations, both in its role in schizophrenia and in the action of hallucinogenic drugs. Despite this powerful influence on perception, relatively little is known about how serotonergic hallucinogens influence sensory processing in the neocortex. Using widefield and two-photon calcium imaging and single-unit electrophysiology in awake mice, we find that administration of the hallucinogenic selective 5-HT2AR agonist DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) leads to a net reduction in visual response amplitude and surround suppression in primary visual cortex, as well as disrupted temporal dynamics. However, basic retinotopic organization, tuning properties, and receptive field structure remain intact. Our results provide support for models of hallucinations in which reduced bottom-up sensory drive is a key factor leading to altered perception. Activation of serotonin-2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) is associated with hallucinations, but impacts on sensory processing are largely unknown. Michaiel et al. demonstrate that the 5-HT2AR agonist DOI strongly reduces sensory-evoked activity and disrupts temporal dynamics. These results support models of hallucinations that propose reduced bottom-up sensory drive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Michaiel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Philip R L Parker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Cristopher M Niell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaliuzhna M, Stein T, Sterzer P, Seymour KJ. Examining motion speed processing in schizophrenia using the flash lag illusion. Schizophr Res Cogn 2020; 19:100165. [PMID: 31832345 PMCID: PMC6890935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2019.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on visual perception in schizophrenia suggests a deficit in motion processing. Specifically, difficulties with discriminating motion speed are commonly reported. However, speed discrimination tasks typically require participants to make judgments about the difference between two stimuli in a two-interval forced choice (2IFC) task. Such tasks not only tap into speed processing mechanisms, but also rely on higher executive functioning including working memory and attention which has been shown to be compromised in schizophrenia. We used the Flash Lag illusion to examine speed processing in patients with schizophrenia. Based on previous research showing a strong dependence between motion speed and the illusion magnitude, we expected a deficit in speed processing to alter this relationship. A motion processing deficit in patients would also predict overall reductions in perceived lag. We found the magnitude and speed dependence of the Flash Lag illusion to be similar in patients and controls. Together, the findings suggest no general abnormality in motion speed processing in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timo Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiley J. Seymour
- School of Psychology, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaliuzhna M, Stein T, Rusch T, Sekutowicz M, Sterzer P, Seymour KJ. No evidence for abnormal priors in early vision in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:245-254. [PMID: 30587425 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predictive coding account of psychosis postulates the abnormal formation of prior beliefs in schizophrenia, resulting in psychotic symptoms. One domain in which priors play a crucial role is visual perception. For instance, our perception of brightness, line length, and motion direction are not merely based on a veridical extraction of sensory input but are also determined by expectation (or prior) of the stimulus. Formation of such priors is thought to be governed by the statistical regularities within natural scenes. Recently, the use of such priors has been attributed to a specific set of well-documented visual illusions, supporting the idea that perception is biased toward what is statistically more probable within the environment. The Predictive Coding account of psychosis proposes that patients form abnormal representations of statistical regularities in natural scenes, leading to altered perceptual experiences. Here we use classical vision experiments involving a specific set of visual illusions to directly test this hypothesis. We find that perceptual judgments for both patients and control participants are biased in accordance with reported probability distributions of natural scenes. Thus, despite there being a suggested link between visual abnormalities and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, our results provide no support for the notion that altered formation of priors is a general feature of the disorder. These data call for a refinement in the predictions of quantitative models of psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Kaliuzhna
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timo Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa Rusch
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Sekutowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiley J Seymour
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sterzer P, Voss M, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A. Decision-making in schizophrenia: A predictive-coding perspective. Neuroimage 2019; 190:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
33
|
Thakkar KN, Silverstein SM, Brascamp JW. A review of visual aftereffects in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:68-77. [PMID: 30940436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis-a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia-has been associated with a failure to appropriately create or use stored regularities about past states of the world to guide the interpretation of incoming information, which leads to abnormal perceptions and beliefs. The visual system provides a test bed for investigating the role of prior experience and prediction, as accumulated knowledge of the world informs our current perception. More specifically, the strength of visual aftereffects, illusory percepts that arise after prolonged viewing of a visual stimulus, can serve as a valuable measure of the influence of prior experience on current visual processing. In this paper, we review findings from a largely older body of work on visual aftereffects in schizophrenia, attempt to reconcile discrepant findings, highlight the role of antipsychotic medication, consider mechanistic interpretations for behavioral effects, and propose directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jan W Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Caruana N, Stein T, Watson T, Williams N, Seymour K. Intact prioritisation of unconscious face processing in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:135-151. [PMID: 30848987 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1590189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Faces provide a rich source of social information, crucial for the successful navigation of daily social interactions. People with schizophrenia suffer a wide range of social-cognitive deficits, including abnormalities in face perception. However, to date, studies of face perception in schizophrenia have primarily employed tasks that require patients to make judgements about the faces. It is, thus, unclear whether the reported deficits reflect an impairment in encoding visual face information, or biased social-cognitive evaluative processes. METHODS We assess the integrity of early unconscious face processing in 21 out-patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder (15M/6F) and 21 healthy controls (14M/7F). In order to control for any direct influence of higher order cognitive processes, we use a behavioural paradigm known as breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS), where participants simply respond to the presence and location of a face. In healthy adults, this method has previously been used to show that upright faces gain rapid and privileged access to conscious awareness over inverted faces and other inanimate objects. RESULTS Here, we report similar effects in patients, suggesting that the early unconscious stages of face processing are intact in schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that face processing deficits reported in the literature must manifest at a conscious stage of processing, where the influence of mentalizing or attribution biases might play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Caruana
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Cognitive Science , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Timo Stein
- c Department of Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Watson
- d School of Social Sciences and Psychology , Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Nikolas Williams
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Cognitive Science , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Kiley Seymour
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders , Sydney , Australia.,d School of Social Sciences and Psychology , Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ichinose M, Park S. Mechanisms Underlying Visuospatial Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 41:345-367. [PMID: 31407240 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Working memory deficits are observed in the vast majority of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and those at risk for the disorder. Working memory impairments are present during the prodromal stage and persist throughout the course of schizophrenia. Given the importance of cognition in functional outcome, working memory deficits are an important therapeutic target for schizophrenia. This chapter examines mechanisms underlying working memory deficits in schizophrenia, focusing on the roles of perception and attention in the encoding process. Lastly, we present a comprehensive discussion of neural oscillation and internal noise in the context of the etiology of working memory deficits in schizophrenia and introduce noninvasive treatment strategies that could improve encoding processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ichinose
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Palmer CJ, Caruana N, Clifford CWG, Seymour KJ. Adaptive sensory coding of gaze direction in schizophrenia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180886. [PMID: 30662722 PMCID: PMC6304156 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with differences in how the visual system processes sensory input. A fundamental mechanism that regulates sensory processing in the brain is gain control, whereby the responses of sensory neurons to a given stimulus are modulated in accordance with the spatial and temporal context. Some studies indicate an impairment of certain cortical gain control mechanisms in schizophrenia in low-level vision, reflected, for instance, in how the visual appearance of a stimulus is affected by the presence of other stimuli around it. In the present study, we investigated higher-level, social vision in schizophrenia, namely the perception of other people's direction of gaze (i.e. a type of face processing). Recent computational modelling work indicates that perceptual aftereffects-changes in perception that occur following repeated exposure to faces that display a specific direction of gaze-are indicative of two distinct forms of gain control involved in the coding of gaze direction across sensory neurons. We find that individuals with schizophrenia display strong perceptual aftereffects following repeated exposure to faces with averted gaze, and a modelling analysis indicates similarly robust gain control in the form of (i) short-term adjustment of channel sensitivities in response to the recent sensory history and (ii) divisive normalization of the encoded gaze direction. Together, this speaks to the typical coding of other people's direction of gaze in the visual system in schizophrenia, including flexible gain control, despite the social-cognitive impairments that can occur in this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Palmer
- School of Psychology, UNSWSydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nathan Caruana
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kiley J. Seymour
- School of Psychology, UNSWSydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales 2150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grzeczkowski L, Roinishvili M, Chkonia E, Brand A, Mast FW, Herzog MH, Shaqiri A. Is the perception of illusions abnormal in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:929-939. [PMID: 30551346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There seems to be no common factor for visual perception, i.e., performance in visual tasks correlates only weakly with each other. Similar results were found with visual illusions. One may expect common visual factors for individuals suffering from pathologies that alter brain functioning, such as schizophrenia. For example, patients who are more severely affected by the disease, e.g., stronger positive symptoms, may show increased illusion magnitudes. Here, in the first experiment, we used a battery of seven visual illusions and a mental imagery questionnaire. Illusion magnitudes for the seven illusions did not differ significantly between the patients and controls. In addition, correlations between the different illusions and mental imagery were low. In the second experiment, we tested 59 patients (mostly outpatients) with ten visual illusions. As for the first experiment, patients and controls showed similar susceptibility to all but one visual illusion. Moreover, there were no significant correlations between different illusions, symptoms, or medication type. Thus, it seems that perception of visual illusions is mostly intact in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland; Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Leopoldstraße 13, München 80802 Germany.
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Fred W Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bao M, Dong B, Liu L, Engel SA, Jiang Y. The Best of Both Worlds: Adaptation During Natural Tasks Produces Long-Lasting Plasticity in Perceptual Ocular Dominance. Psychol Sci 2017; 29:14-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797617728126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human vision, one eye is usually stronger than the other. This is called ocular dominance. Extremely imbalanced ocular dominance can be found among certain patient groups, for example, in patients with amblyopia. Here, we introduce a novel method to rebalance ocular dominance. We developed an altered-reality system that subjects used to interact with the natural world, the appearance of which was changed through a real-time image process. Several daily adaptation sessions lasting 3 hr each reduced sensory ocular dominance in adults who were not diagnosed with amblyopia and improved vision in patients with amblyopia. Surprising additional strengthening was found over the subsequent 2 months, when subjects experienced natural vision only. Our method effectively trains subjects to use both eyes in the wide variety of everyday tasks. The transfer of this training to everyday vision likely produced the continuing growth in effects during the months after the training. These findings are promising for the application of this method in future clinical research on amblyopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Bo Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | | | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McKendrick AM, Chan YM, Vingrys AJ, Turpin A, Badcock DR. Daily vision testing can expose the prodromal phase of migraine. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:1575-1584. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102417741130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Several visual tasks have been proposed as indirect assays of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation in migraine. This study aimed to determine whether daily measurement of performance on such tasks can reveal perceptual changes in the build up to migraine events. Methods Visual performance was measured daily at home in 16 non-headache controls and 18 individuals with migraine using a testing protocol on a portable tablet device. Observers performed two tasks: luminance increment detection in spatial luminance noise and centre surround contrast suppression. Results Luminance thresholds were reduced in migraine compared to control groups ( p < 0.05), but thresholds did not alter across the migraine cycle; while headache-free, centre-surround contrast suppression was stronger for the migraine group relative to controls ( p < 0.05). Surround suppression weakened at around 48 hours prior to a migraine attack and strengthened to approach their headache-free levels by 24 hours post-migraine (main effect of timing, p < 0.05). Conclusions Daily portable testing of vision enabled insight into perceptual performance in the lead up to migraine events, a time point that is typically difficult to capture experimentally. Perceptual surround suppression of contrast fluctuates during the migraine cycle, supporting the utility of this measure as an indirect, non-invasive assay of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M McKendrick
- University of Melbourne, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yu Man Chan
- University of Melbourne, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- University of Melbourne, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Turpin
- University of Melbourne, Department of Computing and Information System, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Badcock
- University of Western Australia, School of Psychological Science, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition, and little is known about its neurobiology. Much of autism research has focused on the social, communication and cognitive difficulties associated with the condition. However, the recent revision of the diagnostic criteria for autism has brought another key domain of autistic experience into focus: sensory processing. Here, we review the properties of sensory processing in autism and discuss recent computational and neurobiological insights arising from attention to these behaviours. We argue that sensory traits have important implications for the development of animal and computational models of the condition. Finally, we consider how difficulties in sensory processing may relate to the other domains of behaviour that characterize autism.
Collapse
|
41
|
Aitchison L, Lengyel M. With or without you: predictive coding and Bayesian inference in the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 46:219-227. [PMID: 28942084 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two theoretical ideas have emerged recently with the ambition to provide a unifying functional explanation of neural population coding and dynamics: predictive coding and Bayesian inference. Here, we describe the two theories and their combination into a single framework: Bayesian predictive coding. We clarify how the two theories can be distinguished, despite sharing core computational concepts and addressing an overlapping set of empirical phenomena. We argue that predictive coding is an algorithmic/representational motif that can serve several different computational goals of which Bayesian inference is but one. Conversely, while Bayesian inference can utilize predictive coding, it can also be realized by a variety of other representations. We critically evaluate the experimental evidence supporting Bayesian predictive coding and discuss how to test it more directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Aitchison
- Computational & Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Máté Lengyel
- Computational & Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
King DJ, Hodgekins J, Chouinard PA, Chouinard VA, Sperandio I. A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:734-751. [PMID: 27730532 PMCID: PMC5486866 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Specific abnormalities of vision in schizophrenia have been observed to affect high-level and some low-level integration mechanisms, suggesting that people with schizophrenia may experience anomalies across different stages in the visual system affecting either early or late processing or both. Here, we review the research into visual illusion perception in schizophrenia and the issues which previous research has faced. One general finding that emerged from the literature is that those with schizophrenia are mostly immune to the effects of high-level illusory displays, but this effect is not consistent across all low-level illusions. The present review suggests that this resistance is due to the weakening of top-down perceptual mechanisms and may be relevant to the understanding of symptoms of visual distortion rather than hallucinations as previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J King
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe A Chouinard
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginie-Anne Chouinard
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Sperandio
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mannion DJ, Donkin C, Whitford TJ. No apparent influence of psychometrically-defined schizotypy on orientation-dependent contextual modulation of visual contrast detection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2921. [PMID: 28149692 PMCID: PMC5267566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between psychometrically-defined schizotypy and the ability to detect a visual target pattern. Target detection is typically impaired by a surrounding pattern (context) with an orientation that is parallel to the target, relative to a surrounding pattern with an orientation that is orthogonal to the target (orientation-dependent contextual modulation). Based on reports that this effect is reduced in those with schizophrenia, we hypothesised that there would be a negative relationship between the relative score on psychometrically-defined schizotypy and the relative effect of orientation-dependent contextual modulation. We measured visual contrast detection thresholds and scores on the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) from a non-clinical sample (N = 100). Contrary to our hypothesis, we find an absence of a monotonic relationship between the relative magnitude of orientation-dependent contextual modulation of visual contrast detection and the relative score on any of the subscales of the O-LIFE. The apparent difference of this result with previous reports on those with schizophrenia suggests that orientation-dependent contextual modulation may be an informative condition in which schizophrenia and psychometrically-defined schizotypy are dissociated. However, further research is also required to clarify the strength of orientation-dependent contextual modulation in those with schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
44
|
Fumero A, Rodríguez M, Roa A, Peñate W. Importancia diferencial de los componentes fundamentales de la esquizotipia: un metaanálisis. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Visual Population Receptive Fields in People with Schizophrenia Have Reduced Inhibitory Surrounds. J Neurosci 2016; 37:1546-1556. [PMID: 28025253 PMCID: PMC5299570 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3620-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (SZ) experience abnormal visual perception on a range of visual tasks, which have been linked to abnormal synaptic transmission and an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition. However, differences in the underlying architecture of visual cortex neurons, which might explain these visual anomalies, have yet to be reported in vivo Here, we probed the neural basis of these deficits using fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) mapping to infer properties of visually responsive neurons in people with SZ. We employed a difference-of-Gaussian model to capture the center-surround configuration of the pRF, providing critical information about the spatial scale of the pRFs inhibitory surround. Our analysis reveals that SZ is associated with reduced pRF size in early retinotopic visual cortex, as well as a reduction in size and depth of the inhibitory surround in V1, V2, and V4. We consider how reduced inhibition might explain the diverse range of visual deficits reported in SZ.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT People with schizophrenia (SZ) experience abnormal perception on a range of visual tasks, which has been linked to abnormal synaptic transmission and an imbalance between cortical excitation/inhibition. However, associated differences in the functional architecture of visual cortex neurons have yet to be reported in vivo We used fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) mapping to demonstrate that the fine-grained functional architecture of visual cortex in people with SZ differs from unaffected controls. SZ is associated with reduced pRF size in early retinotopic visual cortex largely due to reduced inhibitory surrounds. An imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition could drive such a change in the center-surround pRF configuration and ultimately explain the range of visual deficits experienced in SZ.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sterzer P, Mishara AL, Voss M, Heinz A. Thought Insertion as a Self-Disturbance: An Integration of Predictive Coding and Phenomenological Approaches. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:502. [PMID: 27785123 PMCID: PMC5060939 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Current theories in the framework of hierarchical predictive coding propose that positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, arise from an alteration in Bayesian inference, the term inference referring to a process by which learned predictions are used to infer probable causes of sensory data. However, for one particularly striking and frequent symptom of schizophrenia, thought insertion, no plausible account has been proposed in terms of the predictive-coding framework. Here we propose that thought insertion is due to an altered experience of thoughts as coming from “nowhere”, as is already indicated by the early 20th century phenomenological accounts by the early Heidelberg School of psychiatry. These accounts identified thought insertion as one of the self-disturbances (from German: “Ichstörungen”) of schizophrenia and used mescaline as a model-psychosis in healthy individuals to explore the possible mechanisms. The early Heidelberg School (Gruhle, Mayer-Gross, Beringer) first named and defined the self-disturbances, and proposed that thought insertion involves a disruption of the inner connectedness of thoughts and experiences, and a “becoming sensory” of those thoughts experienced as inserted. This account offers a novel way to integrate the phenomenology of thought insertion with the predictive coding framework. We argue that the altered experience of thoughts may be caused by a reduced precision of context-dependent predictions, relative to sensory precision. According to the principles of Bayesian inference, this reduced precision leads to increased prediction-error signals evoked by the neural activity that encodes thoughts. Thus, in analogy with the prediction-error related aberrant salience of external events that has been proposed previously, “internal” events such as thoughts (including volitions, emotions and memories) can also be associated with increased prediction-error signaling and are thus imbued with aberrant salience. We suggest that the individual’s attempt to explain the aberrant salience of thoughts results in their interpretation as being inserted by an alien agent, similarly to the emergence of delusions in response to the aberrant salience of sensory stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron L Mishara
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Southern California Campus Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Voss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital and St. Hedwig Hospital Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nguyen BN, McKendrick AM. Visual Contextual Effects of Orientation, Contrast, Flicker, and Luminance: All Are Affected by Normal Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:79. [PMID: 27148047 PMCID: PMC4834301 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of a visual stimulus can be markedly altered by spatial interactions between the stimulus and its surround. For example, a grating stimulus appears lower in contrast when surrounded by a similar pattern of higher contrast: a phenomenon known as surround suppression of perceived contrast. Such center–surround interactions in visual perception are numerous and arise from both cortical and pre-cortical neural circuitry. For example, perceptual surround suppression of luminance and flicker are predominantly mediated pre-cortically, whereas contrast and orientation suppression have strong cortical contributions. Here, we compare the perception of older and younger observers on a battery of tasks designed to assess such visual contextual effects. For all visual dimensions tested (luminance, flicker, contrast, and orientation), on average the older adults showed greater suppression of central targets than the younger adult group. The increase in suppression was consistent in magnitude across all tasks, suggesting that normal aging produces a generalized, non-specific alteration to contextual processing in vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao N Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Spectral EEG abnormalities during vibrotactile encoding and quantitative working memory processing in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:578-587. [PMID: 27158590 PMCID: PMC4844590 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with a number of cognitive impairments such as deficient sensory encoding or working memory processing. However, it is largely unclear how dysfunctions on these various levels of cortical processing contribute to alterations of stimulus-specific information representation. To test this, we used a well-established sequential frequency comparison paradigm, in which sensory encoding of vibrotactile stimuli can be assessed via frequency-specific steady-state evoked potentials (SSEPs) over primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Further, we investigated the maintenance of frequency information in working memory (WM) in terms of parametric power modulations of induced beta-band EEG oscillations. In the present study schizophrenic patients showed significantly less pronounced SSEPs during vibrotactile stimulation than healthy controls. In particular, inter-trial phase coherence was reduced. While maintaining vibrotactile frequencies in WM, patients showed a significantly weaker prefrontal beta-power modulation compared to healthy controls. Crucially, patients exhibited no general disturbances in attention, as inferred from a behavioral test and from alpha-band event-related synchronization. Together, our results provide novel evidence that patients with schizophrenia show altered neural correlates of stimulus-specific sensory encoding and WM maintenance, suggesting an early somatosensory impairment as well as alterations in the formation of abstract representations of task-relevant stimulus information.
Collapse
|
49
|
Silverstein SM. Visual Perception Disturbances in Schizophrenia: A Unified Model. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2016; 63:77-132. [PMID: 27627825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
50
|
Schallmo MP, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. Reduced contextual effects on visual contrast perception in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3527-3537. [PMID: 26315020 PMCID: PMC4624017 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salience of a visual stimulus is often reduced by nearby stimuli, an effect known as surround suppression of perceived contrast, which may help in locating the borders of an object. Weaker surround suppression has been observed in schizophrenia but it is unclear whether this abnormality is present in other mental disorders with similar symptomatology, or is evident in people with genetic liability for schizophrenia. METHOD By examining surround suppression among subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, their unaffected biological relatives and healthy controls we sought to determine whether diminished surround suppression was specific to schizophrenia, and if subjects with a genetic risk for either disorder would show similar deficits. Measuring perceived contrast in different surround conditions also allowed us to investigate how this suppression depends on the similarity of target and surrounding stimuli. RESULTS Surround suppression was weaker among schizophrenia patients regardless of surround configuration. Subjects with bipolar affective disorder showed an intermediate deficit, with stronger suppression than in schizophrenia but weaker than control subjects. Surround suppression was normal in relatives of both patient groups. Findings support a deficit in broadly tuned (rather than sharply orientation- or direction-selective) suppression mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Weak broadly tuned suppression during visual perception is evident in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, consistent with impaired gain control related to the clinical expression of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|