1
|
Rivera-Lares K, Baddeley A, Della Sala S. Influence of degree of learning on rate of forgetting of tonal sequences. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01597-6. [PMID: 39020063 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Initial performance is frequently equated in studies that compare forgetting rates across groups. However, since the encoding capacity of different groups can be different, some procedures to match initial degree of learning need to be implemented, adding confounding variables such as longer exposures to the material, which would create memories of a different age. Slamecka and McElree Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 384-397, (1983) and our previous work found that the rate of forgetting was independent from initial degree of learning using verbal material. The present study seeks to determine whether this pattern holds true when undertaken with nonverbal material. In two experiments, we manipulate initial degree of learning by varying the number of presentations of the material and studying the effect on the forgetting rates. A set of 30 tonal sequences were presented to young, healthy participants either once or three times. Forgetting was evaluated in a yes/no recognition paradigm immediately and 1 hour or 24 hours after the study phase. A different subset of 10 sequences was tested along with 10 nontargets at each retention interval. The results of these experiments showed that initial acquisition was modulated by the number of repetitions. However, the forgetting rates were independent of initial degree of learning. These results are in keeping with the pattern found by Slamecka and McElree, and in our own previous studies. They suggest that the pattern of parallel forgetting after different levels of initial learning is not limited to verbal material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rivera-Lares
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Baddeley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ovalle-Fresa R, Martarelli CS. Drawing as an efficient encoding tool in younger but not always older adults: The case of associative memory. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-023-01503-6. [PMID: 38175462 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory strongly declines in healthy aging, at least partly because of reduced abilities to create and remember associations (associative memory) and to use efficient memory strategies. Several studies have shown that drawing the to-be-remembered material is a reliable encoding tool to enhance memory of individual items (item memory) because it simultaneously integrates elaborative, pictorial, and motoric processes. These processes in isolation can enhance associative memory in older adults. Nevertheless, their simultaneous impact on associative memory has never been investigated in drawing as an encoding tool. We aimed to investigate whether drawing as an encoding tool not only enhances item memory, but whether its benefit extends to associative memory in younger and older adults. Therefore, we tested 101 older and 100 younger participants in two online experiments and one in-person experiment. Using a memory task for unrelated word-pairs, we compared relational drawing and repeatedly writing (non-relational) as encoding tools and assessed immediate recognition memory of items and associations. In Experiment 2, we additionally assessed recognition memory after 1 week. The findings were consistent across the three experiments: while younger participants benefited from drawing over writing in item and associative memory, older participants benefited in item but not in associative memory. The observed effects remained after 1 week. Thus, we could extend the benefit of drawing to relational drawing in associative memory in younger adults. The lack of benefit in older adults' associative memory might be explained by age-related difficulties in benefiting from memory strategies, and in creating and retrieving associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ovalle-Fresa
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Schinerstrasse 18, 3900, Brig, Switzerland.
| | - Corinna S Martarelli
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Schinerstrasse 18, 3900, Brig, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Della Sala S, Baddeley A, Peng N, Logie R. Assessing long-term forgetting: A pragmatic approach. Cortex 2024; 170:80-89. [PMID: 38097498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Baddeley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Nan Peng
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Logie
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bianco R, Hall ET, Pearce MT, Chait M. Implicit auditory memory in older listeners: From encoding to 6-month retention. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100115. [PMID: 38020808 PMCID: PMC10663129 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Any listening task, from sound recognition to sound-based communication, rests on auditory memory which is known to decline in healthy ageing. However, how this decline maps onto multiple components and stages of auditory memory remains poorly characterised. In an online unsupervised longitudinal study, we tested ageing effects on implicit auditory memory for rapid tone patterns. The test required participants (younger, aged 20-30, and older adults aged 60-70) to quickly respond to rapid regularly repeating patterns emerging from random sequences. Patterns were novel in most trials (REGn), but unbeknownst to the participants, a few distinct patterns reoccurred identically throughout the sessions (REGr). After correcting for processing speed, the response times (RT) to REGn should reflect the information held in echoic and short-term memory before detecting the pattern; long-term memory formation and retention should be reflected by the RT advantage (RTA) to REGr vs REGn which is expected to grow with exposure. Older participants were slower than younger adults in detecting REGn and exhibited a smaller RTA to REGr. Computational simulations using a model of auditory sequence memory indicated that these effects reflect age-related limitations both in early and long-term memory stages. In contrast to ageing-related accelerated forgetting of verbal material, here older adults maintained stable memory traces for REGr patterns up to 6 months after the first exposure. The results demonstrate that ageing is associated with reduced short-term memory and long-term memory formation for tone patterns, but not with forgetting, even over surprisingly long timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bianco
- Ear Institute, University College London, WC1X 8EE, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience of Perception and Action Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward T.R. Hall
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus T. Pearce
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Chait
- Ear Institute, University College London, WC1X 8EE, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brito DVC, Esteves F, Rajado AT, Silva N, Araújo I, Bragança J, Castelo-Branco P, Nóbrega C. Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies. NPJ AGING 2023; 9:23. [PMID: 37857723 PMCID: PMC10587123 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-023-00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
As life expectancy continues to increase worldwide, age-related dysfunction will largely impact our societies in the future. Aging is well established to promote the deterioration of cognitive function and is the primary risk factor for the development of prevalent neurological disorders. Even in the absence of dementia, age-related cognitive decline impacts specific types of memories and brain structures in humans and animal models. Despite this, preclinical and clinical studies that investigate age-related changes in brain physiology often use largely different methods, which hinders the translational potential of findings. This review seeks to integrate what is known about age-related changes in the brain with analogue cognitive tests used in humans and rodent studies, ranging from "pen and paper" tests to virtual-reality-based paradigms. Finally, we draw parallels between the behavior paradigms used in research compared to the enrollment into clinical trials that aim to study age-related cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V C Brito
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
| | - F Esteves
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
| | - A T Rajado
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
| | - N Silva
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
| | - I Araújo
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Bragança
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Castelo-Branco
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Nóbrega
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal.
- Algarve Biomedical Center- (ABC), Campus Gambelas, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Bld.2, Faro, Portugal.
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarkis RA, Lam AD, Pavlova M, Locascio JJ, Putta S, Puri N, Pham J, Yih A, Marshall GA, Stickgold R. Epilepsy and sleep characteristics are associated with diminished 24-h memory retention in older adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2771-2780. [PMID: 37392445 PMCID: PMC10592425 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with epilepsy often have memory difficulties, and older adults with epilepsy are especially vulnerable, due to the additive effect of aging. The goal of this study was to assess factors that are associated with 24-h memory retention in older adults with epilepsy. METHODS Fifty-five adults with epilepsy, all aged >50 years, performed a declarative memory task involving the recall of the positions of 15 card pairs on a computer screen prior to a 24-h ambulatory electroencephalogram (EEG). We assessed the percentage of encoded card pairs that were correctly recalled after 24 h (24-h retention rate). EEGs were evaluated for the presence and frequency of scalp interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) and scored for total sleep. Global slow wave activity (SWA) power during non-rapid eye movement sleep was also calculated. RESULTS Forty-four participants successfully completed the memory task. Two were subsequently excluded due to seizures on EEG. The final cohort (n = 42) had a mean age of 64.3 ± 7.5 years, was 52% female, and had an average 24-h retention rate of 70.9% ± 30.2%. Predictors of 24-h retention based on multivariate regression analysis when controlling for age, sex, and education included number of antiseizure medications (β = -.20, p = .013), IEA frequency (β = -.08, p = .0094), and SWA power (β = +.002, p = .02). SIGNIFICANCE In older adults with epilepsy, greater frequency of IEA, reduced SWA power, and higher burden of antiseizure medications correlated with worse 24-h memory retention. These factors represent potential treatment targets to improve memory in older adults with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani A Sarkis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alice D Lam
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milena Pavlova
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph J Locascio
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swapna Putta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nirajan Puri
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison Yih
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gad A Marshall
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ourry V, Rehel S, André C, Mary A, Paly L, Delarue M, Requier F, Hendy A, Collette F, Marchant NL, Felisatti F, Palix C, Vivien D, de la Sayette V, Chételat G, Gonneaud J, Rauchs G. Effect of cognitive reserve on the association between slow wave sleep and cognition in community-dwelling older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9275-9292. [PMID: 37770186 PMCID: PMC10564409 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, especially slow wave sleep (SWS), is essential for cognitive functioning and is reduced in aging. The impact of sleep quality on cognition is variable, especially in aging. Cognitive reserve (CR) may be an important modulator of these effects. We aimed at investigating this question to better identify individuals in whom sleep disturbances might have greater behavioral consequences. Polysomnography and neuropsychological assessments were performed in 135 cognitively intact older adults (mean age ± SD: 69.4 ± 3.8y) from the Age-Well randomized controlled trial (baseline data). Two measures of cognitive engagement throughout life were used as CR proxies. Linear regression analyses were performed between the proportion of SWS, and executive function and episodic memory composite scores. Then, interaction analyses between SWS and CR proxies on cognition were conducted to assess the possible impact of CR on these links. SWS was positively associated with episodic memory, but not with executive function. CR proxies modulated the associations between SWS and both executive and episodic memory performance. Specifically, individuals with higher CR were able to maintain cognitive performance despite low amounts of SWS. This study provides the first evidence that CR may protect against the deleterious effects of age-related sleep changes on cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Rehel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Claire André
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Alison Mary
- Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Léo Paly
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Marion Delarue
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Florence Requier
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Hendy
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Collette
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Francesca Felisatti
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Cassandre Palix
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Département de Recherche Clinique, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rivera-Lares K, Sala SD, Baddeley A, Logie R. Rate of forgetting is independent from initial degree of learning across different age groups. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:1672-1682. [PMID: 36222434 PMCID: PMC10280664 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221128780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that the more we learn, the more we remember. It is also known that our ability to acquire new information changes with age. An important remaining issue for debate is whether the rate of forgetting depends on initial degree of learning. In two experiments, following the procedure used by Slamecka and McElree (Exp 3), we investigated the relationship between initial degree of learning and rate of forgetting in both younger and older adults. A set of 36 (Exp 1) and a set of 30 (Exp 2) sentences was presented four times. Forgetting was measured via cued recall at three retention intervals (30 s, 1 hr, and 24 hr). A different third of the original sentences was tested at each delay. The results of both experiments showed that initial acquisition is influenced by age. However, the rate of forgetting proved to be independent from initial degree of learning. The conclusion is that rates of forgetting are independent from initial degree of learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rivera-Lares
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology
Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology
Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Baddeley
- Department of Psychology, University of York,
York, UK
| | - Robert Logie
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology
Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mary A, Bastin C, Lina JM, Rauchs G. Editorial: The impact of age-related changes in brain network organization and sleep on memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1049278. [PMID: 36268189 PMCID: PMC9577460 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1049278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary
- UR2NF—Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Alison Mary
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging & Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie Univ, University of Caen, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McGibbon T, Jansari A, Demirjian J, Nemes A, Opre A. EXPRESS: Accelerated forgetting in healthy older samples: implications for methodology, future ageing studies and early identification of risk of dementia. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1347-1367. [PMID: 35786222 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) has been reported in healthy older individuals, and is a possible early marker for risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Verbal Associative Learning & Memory Test (VALMT; McGibbon & Jansari, 2013) addresses methodological weaknesses in existing clinical tests and has detected ALF in epilepsy within an hour. We used VALMT to investigate learning and forgetting in healthy older participants. Older (60-69yrs) and Younger (19-31yrs) participants were compared. Using VALMT, unrelated word-pairs were learnt to criterion, then cued-recall tested at delays of 5, 30 and 55 minutes. Unique pairs were tested at each delay. Subjective memory complaints data was gathered, and the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory test (WMS-LM; a standard clinical measure) was administered. VALMT identified a significant difference in delayed recall between Younger and Older groups by 55 minutes (d = 1.32). While 'fast-learning' Older participants scored similarly to Younger participants, 'slow-learning' Older participants were impaired at all delays. Forgetting rates suggested degradation of memory starts during early synaptic consolidation rather than later system-level consolidation. Increased subjective memory complaints were associated with reduced VALMT scores. By contrast, WMS-LM failed to identify significant differences between any groups, and did not correlate with memory complaints. We conclude VALMT may be better able than WMS-LM to identify subtle impairments in healthy older adults within a single clinical visit, and VALMT results better reflect subjective experience. Older slow-learners forget faster and report more subjective memory complaints, which may indicate a group at risk of developing AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence McGibbon
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Ashok Jansari
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Jessica Demirjian
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Ana Nemes
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Adrian Opre
- Psychology Department, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 54741
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hokett E, Mirjalili S, Duarte A. Greater sleep variance related to decrements in memory performance and event-specific neural similarity: a racially/ethnically diverse lifespan sample. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 117:33-43. [PMID: 35665685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Successful memory performance depends on overlap between neural representations at encoding and retrieval. With older age, neural similarity, memory performance, and sleep quality decline. Regardless of age, racial/ethnic minorities tend to experience poor sleep, which may contribute to poor memory. Previous studies have not investigated memory performance, neural similarity, sleep quality, and age in diverse participants. Here, we recruited racially/ethnically diverse adults across the lifespan and examined night-to-night sleep quality in relation to memory performance and encoding-retrieval similarity. We employed item-specific, representational similarity analysis (not confounded by effort, word perception, or differences in electroencephalography signal amplitude) to assess neural similarity for intact and recombined paired associates. Greater sleep variance and poorer memory performance were more strongly associated with older age. Interestingly, sleep variance was positively associated with neural similarity for intact pairs. This relationship was stronger with younger age and for racial/ethnic minorities. For recombined pairs, greater sleep variance was associated with reduced neural similarity. Thus, varied sleep may induce greater reliance on familiarity, while consistent sleep may support recollection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hokett
- Columbia University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Soroush Mirjalili
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA; University of Texas at Austin, Department of Neurology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ness HT, Folvik L, Sneve MH, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Raud L, Geier OM, Nyberg L, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM. Reduced Hippocampal-Striatal Interactions during Formation of Durable Episodic Memories in Aging. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2358-2372. [PMID: 34581398 PMCID: PMC9157302 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoding of durable episodic memories requires cross-talk between the hippocampus and multiple brain regions. Changes in these hippocampal interactions could contribute to age-related declines in the ability to form memories that can be retrieved after extended time intervals. Here we tested whether hippocampal–neocortical– and subcortical functional connectivity (FC) observed during encoding of durable episodic memories differed between younger and older adults. About 48 younger (20–38 years; 25 females) and 43 older (60–80 years; 25 females) adults were scanned with fMRI while performing an associative memory encoding task. Source memory was tested ~20 min and ~6 days postencoding. Associations recalled after 20 min but later forgotten were classified as transient, whereas memories retained after long delays were classified as durable. Results demonstrated that older adults showed a reduced ability to form durable memories and reduced hippocampal–caudate FC during encoding of durable memories. There was also a positive relationship between hippocampal–caudate FC and higher memory performance among the older adults. No reliable age group differences in durable memory–encoding activity or hippocampal–neocortical connectivity were observed. These results support the classic theory of striatal alterations as one cause of cognitive decline in aging and highlight that age-related changes in episodic memory extend beyond hippocampal–neocortical connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedda T Ness
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Line Folvik
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Liisa Raud
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Oliver M Geier
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hokett E, Arunmozhi A, Campbell J, Verhaeghen P, Duarte A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:675-688. [PMID: 34000349 PMCID: PMC8330880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Better sleep quality has been associated with better episodic memory performance in young adults. However, the strength of sleep-memory associations in aging has not been well characterized. It is also unknown whether factors such as sleep measurement method (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy, self-report), sleep parameters (e.g., slow wave sleep, sleep duration), or memory task characteristics (e.g., verbal, pictorial) impact the strength of sleep-memory associations. Here, we assessed if the aforementioned factors modulate sleep-memory relationships. Across age groups, sleep-memory associations were similar for sleep measurement methods, however, associations were stronger for PSG than self-report. Age group moderated sleep-memory associations for certain sleep parameters. Specifically, young adults demonstrated stronger positive sleep-memory associations for slow wave sleep than the old, while older adults demonstrated stronger negative associations between greater wake after sleep onset and poorer memory performance than the young. Collectively, these data show that young and older adults maintain similar strength in sleep-memory relationships, but age impacts the specific sleep correlates that contribute to these relationships.
Collapse
|
14
|
schraefel MC, Muresan GC, Hekler E. Experiment in a Box (XB): An Interactive Technology Framework for Sustainable Health Practices. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2021.661890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the Experiment in a Box (XB) framework to support interactive technology design for building health skills. The XB provides a suite of experiments—time-limited, loosely structured evaluations of health heuristics for a user-as-experimenter to select from and then test in order to determine that heuristic’s efficacy, and to explore how it might be incorporated into the person’s life and when necessary, to support their health and wellbeing. The approach leverages self-determination theory to support user autonomy and competence to build actionable, personal health knowledge skills and practice (KSP). In the three studies of XB presented, we show that with even the short engagement of an XB experiment, participants develop health practices from the interventions that are still in use long after the intervention is finished. To situate the XB approach relative to other work around health practices in HCI in particular, we contribute two design continua for this design space: insourcing to outsourcing and habits to heuristics. From this analysis, we demonstrate that XB is situated in a largely under-explored area for interactive health interventions: the insourcing and heuristic oriented area of the design space. Overall, the work offers a new scaffolding, the XB Framework, to instantiate time-limited interactive technology interventions to support building KSP that can thrive in that person, significantly both post-interventions, and independent of that technology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lambert I, Tramoni-Negre E, Lagarde S, Pizzo F, Trebuchon-Da Fonseca A, Bartolomei F, Felician O. Accelerated long-term forgetting in focal epilepsy: Do interictal spikes during sleep matter? Epilepsia 2021; 62:563-569. [PMID: 33476422 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) is a particular form of amnesia mostly encountered in focal epilepsy, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy. This type of memory loss is characterized by an impairment of long-term consolidation of declarative memory, and its mechanisms remain poorly understood. In particular, the respective contribution of lesion, seizures, interictal epileptic discharges, and sleep is still debated. Here, we provide an overview of the relationships intertwining epilepsy, sleep, and memory consolidation and, based on recent findings from intracranial electroencephalographic recordings, we propose a model of ALF pathophysiology that integrates the differential role of interictal spikes during wakefulness and sleep. This model provides a framework to account for the different timescales at which ALF may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lambert
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Epileptology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Eve Tramoni-Negre
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Neurology and Neuropsychology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Lagarde
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Epileptology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Pizzo
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Epileptology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Trebuchon-Da Fonseca
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Epileptology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Epileptology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Felician
- System Neurosciences Institute, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,Neurology and Neuropsychology Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rosiles T, Nguyen M, Duron M, Garcia A, Garcia G, Gordon H, Juarez L, Calin-Jageman IE, Calin-Jageman RJ. Registered Report: Transcriptional Analysis of Savings Memory Suggests Forgetting is Due to Retrieval Failure. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0313-19.2020. [PMID: 32928882 PMCID: PMC7665899 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0313-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is fundamental debate about the nature of forgetting: some have argued that it represents the decay of the memory trace, others that the memory trace persists but becomes inaccessible because of retrieval failure. These different accounts of forgetting lead to different predictions about savings memory, the rapid re-learning of seemingly forgotten information. If forgetting is because of decay, then savings requires re-encoding and should thus involve the same mechanisms as initial learning. If forgetting is because of retrieval failure, then savings should be mechanistically distinct from encoding. In this registered report, we conducted a preregistered and rigorous test between these accounts of forgetting. Specifically, we used microarray to characterize the transcriptional correlates of a new memory (1 d after training), a forgotten memory (8 d after training), and a savings memory (8 d after training but with a reminder on day 7 to evoke a long-term savings memory) for sensitization in Aplysia californica (n = 8 samples/group). We found that the reactivation of sensitization during savings does not involve a substantial transcriptional response. Thus, savings is transcriptionally distinct relative to a newer (1-d-old) memory, with no coregulated transcripts, negligible similarity in regulation-ranked ordering of transcripts, and a negligible correlation in training-induced changes in gene expression (r = 0.04 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.12, 0.20]). Overall, our results suggest that forgetting of sensitization memory represents retrieval failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rosiles
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Melissa Nguyen
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Monica Duron
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Annette Garcia
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - George Garcia
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Hannah Gordon
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | - Lorena Juarez
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee A, Lah S, Joplin S, Haroutonian C, Pye J, Mowszowski L, Duffy SL, Naismith SL. Actigraphy-recorded sleep efficiency and hippocampal volume are related to visual and verbal rate of forgetting in older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:936-958. [PMID: 33141652 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1842849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if older adults "at-risk" for dementia (those with MCI or SMC) exhibit accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) and whether rate of forgetting (RoF) is associated with sleep efficiency, hippocampal volume and demographic/clinical features. Forty-nine "at-risk" participants and eighteen controls underwent examination. Memory was assessed using the Scene Memory Task (SMT) and WMS-III Logical Memory (LM) subtest. Tests were administered at baseline, 24 hours and 2 weeks. While our study did not find ALF in those "at-risk" for dementia, on the SMT, RoF over 24 hours and 2 weeks was negatively correlated with sleep efficiency. For LM, RoF at 2 weeks was moderately associated with left hippocampal volume. Neither visual or verbal RoF was correlated with demographic or clinical variables (age, MMSE, IQ, GDS-15). While ALF was not observed in this sample, our results suggest that visual and verbal forgetting have differential predictors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lee
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Joplin
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Carla Haroutonian
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neurosleep, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon Pye
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Loren Mowszowski
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neurosleep, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shantel L Duffy
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neurosleep, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neurosleep, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muehlroth BE, Rasch B, Werkle-Bergner M. Episodic memory consolidation during sleep in healthy aging. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Romanella SM, Roe D, Paciorek R, Cappon D, Ruffini G, Menardi A, Rossi A, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E. Sleep, Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, and the Aging Brain: Challenges and Opportunities. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 61:101067. [PMID: 32380212 PMCID: PMC8363192 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As we age, sleep patterns undergo severe modifications of their micro and macrostructure, with an overall lighter and more fragmented sleep structure. In general, interventions targeting sleep represent an excellent opportunity not only to maintain life quality in the healthy aging population, but also to enhance cognitive performance and, when pathology arises, to potentially prevent/slow down conversion from e.g. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Sleep abnormalities are, in fact, one of the earliest recognizable biomarkers of dementia, being also partially responsible for a cascade of cortical events that worsen dementia pathophysiology, including impaired clearance systems leading to build-up of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. In this context, Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NiBS) techniques, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), may help investigate the neural substrates of sleep, identify sleep-related pathology biomarkers, and ultimately help patients and healthy elderly individuals to restore sleep quality and cognitive performance. However, brain stimulation applications during sleep have so far not been fully investigated in healthy elderly cohorts, nor tested in AD patients or other related dementias. The manuscript discusses the role of sleep in normal and pathological aging, reviewing available evidence of NiBS applications during both wakefulness and sleep in healthy elderly individuals as well as in MCI/AD patients. Rationale and details for potential future brain stimulation studies targeting sleep alterations in the aging brain are discussed, including enhancement of cognitive performance, overall quality of life as well as protein clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Romanella
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Daniel Roe
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Paciorek
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Davide Cappon
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Arianna Menardi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Siena Robotics and Systems Lab (SIRS-Lab), Engineering and Mathematics Department, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lambert I, Tramoni-Negre E, Lagarde S, Roehri N, Giusiano B, Trebuchon-Da Fonseca A, Carron R, Benar CG, Felician O, Bartolomei F. Hippocampal Interictal Spikes during Sleep Impact Long-Term Memory Consolidation. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:976-987. [PMID: 32279329 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is supposed to play a key role in long-term memory consolidation transferring information from hippocampus to neocortex. However, sleep also activates epileptic activities in medial temporal regions. This study investigated whether interictal hippocampal spikes during sleep would impair long-term memory consolidation. METHOD We prospectively measured visual and verbal memory performance in 20 patients with epilepsy investigated with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) at immediate, 30-minute, and 1-week delays, and studied the correlations between interictal hippocampal spike frequency during waking and the first cycle of NREM sleep and memory performance, taking into account the number of seizures occurring during the consolidation period and other possible confounding factors, such as age and epilepsy duration. RESULTS Retention of verbal memory over 1 week was negatively correlated with hippocampal spike frequency during sleep, whereas no significant correlation was found with hippocampal interictal spikes during waking. No significant result was found for visual memory. Regression tree analysis showed that the number of seizures was the first factor that impaired the verbal memory retention between 30 minutes and 1 week. When the number of seizures was below 5, spike frequency during sleep higher than 13 minutes was associated with impaired memory retention over 1 week. INTERPRETATION Our results show that activation of interictal spikes in the hippocampus during sleep and seizures specifically impair long-term memory consolidation. We hypothesize that hippocampal interictal spikes during sleep interrupt hippocampal-neocortical transfer of information. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:976-987.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lambert
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| | - Eve Tramoni-Negre
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Neurology Neuropsychology, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Lagarde
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Roehri
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Giusiano
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Public Health Department, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Trebuchon-Da Fonseca
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Carron
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Marseille, France
| | | | - Olivier Felician
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Neurology Neuropsychology, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernstein JPK, DeVito A, Calamia M. Subjectively and Objectively Measured Sleep Predict Differing Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 34:1127-1137. [PMID: 31250888 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between subjectively-reported sleep and objectively-measured sleep (i.e., actigraphy) with different domains of cognitive functioning, and determine whether age may moderate these associations. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, a total of 489 participants (mean age = 45.4 years; SD = 18.8) completed a self-reported sleep measure and one week of actigraphy. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive tests measuring episodic memory, social cognition, executive functioning, and complex cognition (i.e., reasoning, visuospatial, and language abilities). RESULTS Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater objective sleep quality and longer onset latencies were both associated with better performance on measures of conceptual flexibility. In contrast, subjective sleep quality was not associated with performance in any cognitive domain after accounting for objective sleep variables. Age moderated sleep-cognition relationships in differing ways based on cognitive domain and facet of sleep assessed. For example, whereas poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with poorer complex cognition in younger, but not older adults, poorer objective sleep quality was associated with poorer conceptual flexibility in older, but not younger adults. CONCLUSIONS Objectively-measured and self-reported sleep are associated with differing aspects of executive functioning, with the latter related to executive functioning broadly and the former associated with conceptual flexibility in particular. Age moderates sleep-cognition relationships differentially depending on the method by which sleep quality and quantity are measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P K Bernstein
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Alyssa DeVito
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Matthew Calamia
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vallat R, Ruby PM. Is It a Good Idea to Cultivate Lucid Dreaming? Front Psychol 2019; 10:2585. [PMID: 31803118 PMCID: PMC6874013 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Vallat
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,DYCOG Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292 - INSERM U1028 - Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
| | - Perrine Marie Ruby
- DYCOG Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292 - INSERM U1028 - Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Incorporation of fragmented visuo-olfactory episodic memory into dreams and its association with memory performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15687. [PMID: 31666536 PMCID: PMC6821835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of a possible link between dream content and memory consolidation remains open. After a comprehensive review of the literature, we present novel findings from an experiment testing whether the incorporation of recently learned stimuli into dream reports is associated with improved post-sleep memory performance. Thirty-two high dream recallers freely explored new visuo-olfactory episodes for 3 consecutive days. During the nights following each non-explicit encoding, participants wore a wrist actimeter, and woke up at 5am and their usual waking time to record their dreams (intensity of all oneiric sensory perception was assessed using scales). A total of 120 dreams were reported and elements related to the encoding phase were identified in 37 of them, either learning-related (mainly visual- and rarely olfactory-related elements), or experiment-related (lab- or experimenters-related elements). On the 4th day, we found that participants with learning-related (n = 16) and participants with learning-related and/or experiment-related dreams (n = 21) had similar odor recognition and odor-evoked episodic memory with the other participants. However, they had significantly better visuo-spatial memory of the episodes in comparison to the other participants. Our results support the hypothesis that the learning phase is loosely incorporated into dreams and that this incorporation is associated with sleep related memory consolidation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hokett E, Duarte A. Age and Race-Related Differences in Sleep Discontinuity Linked to Associative Memory Performance and Its Neural Underpinnings. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:176. [PMID: 31214000 PMCID: PMC6558060 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between sleep and memory for the details of past events. In old age, both episodic memory performance and related neural activity decline. These changes occur in parallel to age-related decreases in sleep quality. Thus, poor sleep quality may be an explanatory factor for poor memory in older adulthood. Furthermore, Black adults tend to sleep more poorly than White adults, and this could be explained by differences in health and psychosocial factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, race-related stress). However, there have been no studies investigating the effect of race on sleep quality, episodic memory, and memory-related neural function. In the current pilot study, we recruited a diverse sample of older and younger adults and measured their habitual sleep using a wrist-worn accelerometer for 1 week. We recorded their electroencephalography (EEG) as they performed an episodic memory task to assess the impact of habitual sleep on memory-related neural oscillations. We found that more variable sleep quality was associated with worse memory performance, particularly for older adults. Additionally, Black participants demonstrated greater intraindividual sleep variance than White participants, and greater sleep variance was strongly linked to reduced memory-related neural activity in Black participants. Taken together, maintaining good sleep quality is especially important for memory performance in older adulthood, and greater sleep variation, that is evident in Black adults, may hamper memory-related neural function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hokett
- Memory and Aging Lab, Department of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Audrey Duarte
- Memory and Aging Lab, Department of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baddeley A, Atkinson A, Kemp S, Allen R. The problem of detecting long-term forgetting: Evidence from the Crimes Test and the Four Doors Test. Cortex 2019; 110:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
Sella E, Cellini N, Miola L, Sarlo M, Borella E. The Influence of Metacognitive Beliefs on Sleeping Difficulties in Older Adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018; 11:20-41. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
27
|
Mander BA, Winer JR, Walker MP. Sleep and Human Aging. Neuron 2017; 94:19-36. [PMID: 28384471 PMCID: PMC5810920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Older adults do not sleep as well as younger adults. Why? What alterations in sleep quantity and quality occur as we age, and are there functional consequences? What are the underlying neural mechanisms that explain age-related sleep disruption? This review tackles these questions. First, we describe canonical changes in human sleep quantity and quality in cognitively normal older adults. Second, we explore the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that may account for these human sleep alterations. Third, we consider the functional consequences of age-related sleep disruption, focusing on memory impairment as an exemplar. We conclude with a discussion of a still-debated question: do older adults simply need less sleep, or rather, are they unable to generate the sleep that they still need?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Mander
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Joseph R Winer
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Matthew P Walker
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Viswanathan J, Rémy F, Bacon-Macé N, Thorpe SJ. Long Term Memory for Noise: Evidence of Robust Encoding of Very Short Temporal Acoustic Patterns. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:490. [PMID: 27932941 PMCID: PMC5121232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that humans are able to implicitly encode and retain repeating patterns in meaningless auditory noise. Our study aimed at testing the robustness of long-term implicit recognition memory for these learned patterns. Participants performed a cyclic/non-cyclic discrimination task, during which they were presented with either 1-s cyclic noises (CNs) (the two halves of the noise were identical) or 1-s plain random noises (Ns). Among CNs and Ns presented once, target CNs were implicitly presented multiple times within a block, and implicit recognition of these target CNs was tested 4 weeks later using a similar cyclic/non-cyclic discrimination task. Furthermore, robustness of implicit recognition memory was tested by presenting participants with looped (shifting the origin) and scrambled (chopping sounds into 10- and 20-ms bits before shuffling) versions of the target CNs. We found that participants had robust implicit recognition memory for learned noise patterns after 4 weeks, right from the first presentation. Additionally, this memory was remarkably resistant to acoustic transformations, such as looping and scrambling of the sounds. Finally, implicit recognition of sounds was dependent on participant's discrimination performance during learning. Our findings suggest that meaningless temporal features as short as 10 ms can be implicitly stored in long-term auditory memory. Moreover, successful encoding and storage of such fine features may vary between participants, possibly depending on individual attention and auditory discrimination abilities. Significance Statement Meaningless auditory patterns could be implicitly encoded and stored in long-term memory.Acoustic transformations of learned meaningless patterns could be implicitly recognized after 4 weeks.Implicit long-term memories can be formed for meaningless auditory features as short as 10 ms.Successful encoding and long-term implicit recognition of meaningless patterns may strongly depend on individual attention and auditory discrimination abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Viswanathan
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5549Toulouse, France; Faculty of Medicine, Purpan, University of Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Florence Rémy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5549Toulouse, France; Faculty of Medicine, Purpan, University of Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Nadège Bacon-Macé
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5549 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon J Thorpe
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5549Toulouse, France; Faculty of Medicine, Purpan, University of Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scullin MK, Bliwise DL. Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:97-137. [PMID: 25620997 PMCID: PMC4302758 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614556680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is implicated in cognitive functioning in young adults. With increasing age, there are substantial changes to sleep quantity and quality, including changes to slow-wave sleep, spindle density, and sleep continuity/fragmentation. A provocative question for the field of cognitive aging is whether such changes in sleep physiology affect cognition (e.g., memory consolidation). We review nearly a half century of research across seven diverse correlational and experimental domains that historically have had little crosstalk. Broadly speaking, sleep and cognitive functions are often related in advancing age, though the prevalence of null effects in healthy older adults (including correlations in the unexpected, negative direction) indicates that age may be an effect modifier of these associations. We interpret the literature as suggesting that maintaining good sleep quality, at least in young adulthood and middle age, promotes better cognitive functioning and serves to protect against age-related cognitive declines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gold PE, Korol DL. Forgetfulness during aging: an integrated biology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 112:130-8. [PMID: 24674745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related impairments in memory are often attributed to failures, at either systems or molecular levels, of memory storage processes. A major characteristic of changes in memory with increasing age is the advent of forgetfulness in old vs. young animals. This review examines the contribution of a dysfunction of the mechanisms responsible for modulating the maintenance of memory in aged rats. A memory-modulating system that includes epinephrine, acting through release of glucose from liver glycogen stores, potently enhances memory in young rats. In old rats, epinephrine loses its ability to release glucose and loses its efficacy in enhancing memory. Brain measures of extracellular levels of glucose in the hippocampus during memory testing show decreases in glucose in both young and old rats, but the decreases are markedly greater in extent and duration in old rats. Importantly, the old rats do not have the ability to increase blood glucose levels in response to arousal-related epinephrine release, which is retained and even increased in aged rats. Glucose appears to be able to reverse fully the increased rate of forgetting seen in old rats. This set of findings suggests that physiological mechanisms outside of the brain, i.e. changes in neuroendocrine functions, may contribute substantially to the onset of rapid forgetting in aged animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Gold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
| | - Donna L Korol
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Elliott G, Isaac CL, Muhlert N. Measuring forgetting: a critical review of accelerated long-term forgetting studies. Cortex 2014; 54:16-32. [PMID: 24631847 PMCID: PMC4007031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) refers to abnormal forgetting over hours to weeks despite normal acquisition or initial consolidation. Since standardised assessments of memory typically only test at delays of up to 40-minutes, ALF may go undetected in clinical practice. The memory difficulties associated with ALF can however cause considerable distress to patients. It is important therefore that clinicians are aware that ALF may represent a distinct phenomenon that will require additional and careful assessment to aid patients' understanding of the condition and assist in developing strategies to address its effects. At the same time, ALF may also provide insight into long-term memory processes. Studies of ALF in patients with epilepsy have so far demonstrated mixed results, which may reflect differences in methodology. This review explores the methodological issues that can affect forgetting, such as the effects of age, general cognitive function, test sensitivity and initial learning. It then evaluates the extent to which existing studies have considered these key issues. We outline the points to consider when designing ALF studies that can be used to help improve their validity. These issues can also help to explain some of the mixed findings in studies of ALF and inform the design of standardised tests for assessing ALF in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Elliott
- Clinical Neuropsychology Services, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire L Isaac
- Clinical Neuropsychology Services, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK; Neuropsychology Department, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Neuropsychology Department, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK; Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baddeley A, Rawlings B, Hayes A. Constrained prose recall and the assessment of long-term forgetting: The case of ageing and the Crimes Test. Memory 2013; 22:1052-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2013.865753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|