1
|
Rapinda KK, Edgerton JD, Keough MT. Impulsivity Moderates the Association Between Anxiety and Problem Gambling Among Canadian Undergraduates. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1735-1750. [PMID: 37453956 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Tension reduction theory suggests anxious people gamble to cope with negative affect. Literature demonstrates mixed associations between anxiety and gambling behaviours, hence, the important of examining moderators. This study examined how impulsivity moderated anxiety and problem gambling as well as gambling to cope. Given key gender differences, moderation was examined across genders. A sample of 484 undergraduate students who endorsed gambling behaviours completed anxiety, impulsivity, and problem gambling measures. Results showed men with higher levels of anxiety scored higher on problem gambling at both high (B = 0.706, SE = 0.073, p < 0.0001, f2 = 0.20) and low (B = 0.262, SE = 0.103, p = 0.01, f2 = 0.01) impulsivity, though the effect sizes were much larger for men with high impulsivity. This moderation effect was not found in women (B = 0.000, SE = 0.009, p = 0.959). Results showed men with higher levels of anxiety scored higher on coping motives for gambling at both high (B = 0.253, SE = 0.046, p < 0.0001, f2 = 0.06) and low B = 0.141, SE = 0.063, p = 0.026, f2 = 0.01) impulsivity, though the effect sizes were larger for men with high impulsivity. Again, this moderation effect was not found in women (B = - 0.101, SE = 0.006, p = 0.100). Findings from this may help inform impulsivity-focused interventions, such as strengthening impulse control and instilling more adaptive coping strategies to lower gambling risk among university men.
Collapse
|
2
|
Estévez A, Macía L, López-González H, Momeñe J, Jauregui P, Etxaburu N, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Munguía L, Baenas I, Mena-Moreno T, Mora-Maltas B, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Jiménez-Murcia S. Cyberbullying and Gambling Disorder: Associations with Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategies. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1399-1416. [PMID: 36181619 PMCID: PMC10397144 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
The presence of unsuitable coping and emotion regulation strategies in young populations with gambling disorder (GD) and in those who have experienced cyberbullying victimization has been suggested. However, this association has not been explored in depth. In this study, our aim was to analyze individual differences in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and substance abuse in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adult patients with GD (n = 31) and in a community sample (n = 250). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying and GD. Participants were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire-Victimization, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory, the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Structural Equation Modeling was used to explore associations between these factors in a community sample and in a clinical group. In both groups, exposure to cyberbullying behaviors was positively associated with higher emotion dysregulation and the use of maladaptative coping styles. Our findings uphold that adolescents and young adults who were victims of cyberbullying show difficulties in emotion regulation and maladaptive coping strategies when trying to solve problems. The specific contribution of sex, age, gambling severity, emotion regulation, and coping strategies on cyberbullying severity is also discussed. Populations at vulnerable ages could potentially benefit from public prevention policies that target these risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hibai López-González
- Departament of Library, Information Science, and Communication, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janire Momeñe
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jauregui
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nerea Etxaburu
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia I Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin X, Jiang Q, Xiong W, Zhao W. Effects of use motivations and alexithymia on smartphone addiction: mediating role of insecure attachment. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1227931. [PMID: 37529314 PMCID: PMC10389275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Concern exists regarding the potential negative consequences of smartphone addiction among adolescents. This study investigated the effect of use motivations and alexithymia on smartphone addiction among adolescents with two insecure attachment styles, namely, anxious and avoidant attachment. These attachment styles were regarded as mediating variables. Methods Self-report measures were used to assess use motivations, alexithymia, insecure attachment and smartphone addiction. Data were collected from 748 junior high school students (382 males and 366 females) in northeastern China. Structural equation modeling was used to test our hypothesis that use motivations and alexithymia are directly associated with smartphone addiction and also through the mediation of attachment insecurities. Results The structural equation modeling results showed a strong and positive correlation between use motivation and smartphone addiction, with avoidant attachment mediating such a relationship. Meanwhile, the two components of alexithymia, difficulty identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking, positively predicted smartphone addiction, with avoidant attachment serving as a mediator of this effect. In addition, the mediation analysis results demonstrated that attachment anxiety mediated the connection between escape drive, extrinsically focused thought, and smartphone addiction. Conclusion Findings describe how attachment insecurities, smartphone use motivations, and alexithymia can interact with one another to predict smartphone addiction. Smartphone use motivation types and alexithymia symptoms should be taken into consideration when designing targeted intervention programs for smartphone addiction to address the different attachment needs of adolescents, which would be helpful to reduce their smartphone addiction behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Jin
- Jiangsu Research Center of “Internet Plus Education,” Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiyan Xiong
- Department of International Education, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kent L, Nelson B, Northoff G. Can disorders of subjective time inform the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders? A transdiagnostic taxonomy of time. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:231-243. [PMID: 36935204 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse-control, dissociative and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at-risk groups. METHOD Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration. RESULTS The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted "macro-level" phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted 'micro-level' temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse-control, autistic and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders). CONCLUSIONS The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wahlström J, Brolin Låftman S, Olsson G. School-related covariates of adolescent gambling: findings from the Stockholm school survey. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Wahlström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Brolin Låftman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Olsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cena L, Rota M, Calza S, Trainini A, Zecca S, Zappa SB, Nodari LS, Stefana A. Prevalence and types of video gaming and gambling activities among adolescent public school students: findings from a cross-sectional study in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:108. [PMID: 35752819 PMCID: PMC9233831 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by emotional instability and risk-taking behaviours that can lead to, among other things, an increased risk of developing pathological video-gaming and gambling habits. The aim of this Study is to assess the prevalence and type of video gaming and gambling habits in adolescent students attending Italian upper-secondary schools. The cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey using validated questionnaires. The primary outcome measures were the prevalence of past-year video gaming and gambling activities. The sample consisted of 502 adolescent students from first- and second-grade secondary schools. A total of 40.8% of participants were video gamers, 4.8% were gamblers, 17.8% were both video gamers and gamblers, and the remaining 36.6% were not players. Among participants who reported video gaming activity (n = 294), 68.0% were classified as nonproblem gamers, 24.5% as at-risk gamers, and 7.5% as disordered video gamers. Among the participants who reported gambling activity (n = 113), 85.8% were not problematic gamblers, 8.9% were at-risk gamblers, and 5.3% were pathological gamblers. Only 0.2% of all subjects met the criteria for both pathological gambling and pathological video game use. The findings indicate that video gaming and gambling are common leisure times among adolescent students. However, a small but significant minority of these adolescents met the criteria for either severe problem gaming or gambling or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Cena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Rota
- Units of Biostatistics and Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Units of Biostatistics and Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Trainini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Zecca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sofia Bonetti Zappa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Silvia Nodari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Stefana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, Observatory of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, University of Brescia, viale Europa, 11 - 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Preliminary Results from the ACTyourCHANGE in Teens Protocol: A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adolescents with Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095635. [PMID: 35565031 PMCID: PMC9100128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study shows preliminary results of “The ACTyourCHANGE in Teens” project, a Randomized Controlled Trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based intervention combined with treatment as usual (ACT+TAU) compared to TAU only, for improving psychological well-being, psychological distress, experiential avoidance and fusion, emotion dysregulation, and emotional eating in a sample of 34 in-patient adolescents with obesity (Body Mass Index > 97th centile). Mixed between-within 2 × 2 repeated-measures analyses of variances (ANOVAs) were carried out to examine the changes in psychological conditions of participants over time. Moderation analyses were also conducted to test whether pre-test anxiety, depression, stress, and experiential avoidance and fusion predicted emotional eating at post-test with groups (ACT+TAU vs. TAU only) as moderators. Only a significant interaction effect (time × group) from pre- to post-test (p = 0.031) and a significant main effect of time on anxiety (p < 0.001) and emotional eating (p = 0.010) were found. Only in the TAU only group were higher levels of depression (p = 0.0011), stress (p = 0.0012), and experiential avoidance and fusion (p = 0.0282) at pre-test significantly associated with higher emotional eating at post-test. Although future replication and improvements of the study may allow us to obtain more consistent results, this preliminary evidence is actually promising.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cena L, Rota M, Trainini A, Zecca S, Bonetti Zappa S, Tralli N, Stefana A. Investigating Adolescents' Video Gaming and Gambling Activities, and Their Relationship With Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Difficulties: Protocol for a Multi-Informant Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e33376. [PMID: 35212638 PMCID: PMC8917431 DOI: 10.2196/33376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing empirical evidence suggests that adolescents have a relatively greater propensity to develop problematic video gaming or gambling habits. Objective The main objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of potential pathological gambling and video game use among adolescent students and to evaluate their risk factors. Methods This is a cross-sectional multi-informant study based on an online survey. It will include a sample of adolescents attending secondary schools located in Brescia, northern Italy, their schoolteachers, and parents. The survey includes extensive data on adolescents’ (1) demographic, social, economic, and environmental characteristics; (2) behavioral, emotional, and social problems and adaptive functioning; (3) emotional and social loneliness; (4) perception of the reasons to use social networks; (5) video game habits and pathological use of video gaming; and (6) gambling behaviors. Results This protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Board of the Spedali Civili of Brescia (Italy). We expect to collect data from 793 or more adolescent students, as determined by our sample size calculation. Conclusions This multisite project will make a substantial contribution to (1) the implementation of a system for identifying pathological gambling and pathological video game use among adolescents, allowing for interventions aimed at improving adolescents’ financial, emotional, and social well-being; and (2) the identification of distinct profiles of gamblers and pathological video gamers that will contribute to setting up effective targeted prevention measures. Understanding the causes and impact of gambling and pathological video gaming on adolescents is a public health issue. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/33376
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Cena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rota
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Trainini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Zecca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sofia Bonetti Zappa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nella Tralli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Stefana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Weinsztok S, Brassard S, Balodis I, Martin LE, Amlung M. Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:786358. [PMID: 34899207 PMCID: PMC8661136 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Steep delay discounting, or a greater preference for smaller-immediate rewards over larger-delayed rewards, is a common phenomenon across a range of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Non-substance behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, food addiction) are of increasing interest in delay discounting research. Individual studies have reported steeper discounting in people exhibiting various behavioral addictions compared to controls or significant correlations between discounting and behavioral addiction scales; however, not all studies have found significant effects. To synthesize the published research in this area and identify priorities for future research, we conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (following PRISMA guidelines) of delay discounting studies across a range of behavioral addiction categories. The final sample included 78 studies, yielding 87 effect sizes for the meta-analysis. For studies with categorical designs, we found statistically significant, medium-to-large effect sizes for gambling disorder (Cohen’s d = 0.82) and IGD (d = 0.89), although the IGD effect size was disproportionately influenced by a single study (adjusted d = 0.53 after removal). Categorical internet/smartphone studies were non-significant (d = 0.16, p = 0.06). Aggregate correlations in dimensional studies were statistically significant, but generally small magnitude for gambling (r = 0.22), internet/smartphone (r = 0.13) and food addiction (r = 0.12). Heterogeneity statistics suggested substantial variability across studies, and publication bias indices indicated moderate impact of unpublished or small sample studies. These findings generally suggest that some behavioral addictions are associated with steeper discounting, with the most robust evidence for gambling disorder. Importantly, this review also highlighted several categories with notably smaller effect sizes or categories with too few studies to be included (e.g., compulsive buying, exercise addiction). Further research on delay discounting in behavioral addictions is warranted, particularly for categories with relatively few studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weinsztok
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sarah Brassard
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States
| | - Laura E Martin
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael Amlung
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Q, Zhang J, Xing C. Longshot or Favorite: The Ending Effect in Investment Decisions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:708211. [PMID: 34795611 PMCID: PMC8592974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ending effect describes the phenomenon that at the end of a series of repeated risky decision-making tasks, participants become more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior. Past research has suggested that the ending effect might be caused by a motivational shift induced by changes in time perception. Previous studies mainly tested this phenomenon in a binary decision-making setting (e.g., a decision-making task usually includes two alternatives). However, none of these prior studies included safe options and risky options that differed in risk levels. To address this knowledge gap, the present study replicated the ending effect in a repeated decision-making task that included both a safe option and risky options that differed in risk levels (N = 104). We found that at the end of the decision-making task, participants became more likely to engage in risk-taking and to favor the option with the highest risk. Further, we found that the investment likelihood and investment amount of high-risk options both increased significantly at the ending. In addition, a shift in favoring the safe option emerged in the noninformed condition at the end. We also found that the emotional motivation in the last round could predict the increased preference for high-risk at the ending. This study extended previous findings on the ending effect by adopting a more complex decision-making scenario and, more broadly, helped further our understanding of the psychological consequences of perceived endings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - JiaYuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Xing
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ciccarelli M, Cosenza M, Nigro G, Griffiths M, D’Olimpio F. Gaming and gambling in adolescence: the role of personality, reflective functioning, time perspective and dissociation. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1985583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Cosenza
- Università Degli Studi Della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Università Degli Studi Della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
| | - Mark Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guerrini Usubini A, Cattivelli R, Bertuzzi V, Varallo G, Rossi AA, Volpi C, Bottacchi M, Tamini S, De Col A, Pietrabissa G, Mannarini S, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E, Sartorio A. The ACTyourCHANGE in Teens Study Protocol: An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Intervention for Adolescents with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126225. [PMID: 34207494 PMCID: PMC8296029 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This Randomized Controlled Trial [(RCT) aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based intervention combined with treatment as usual (TAU) compared to TAU only in improving psychological conditions in a sample of adolescents with obesity (body mass index, BMI > 97th percentile for age and sex) within the context of a wider multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss. Fifty consecutive adolescents (12-17 years) of both genders with obesity will be recruited among the patients hospitalized in a clinical center for obesity rehabilitation and randomly allocated into two experimental conditions: ACT + TAU vs. TAU only. Both groups will attend a three-week in-hospital multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss. The ACT + TAU condition comprises a psychological intervention based on ACT combined with a standard psychological assessment and support to the hospitalization. The TAU comprises the standard psychological assessment and support to the hospitalization. At pre- to post-psychological intervention, participants will complete the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Emotional Eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to assess psychological well-being as the primary outcome and experiential avoidance, psychological distress, emotional dysregulation, and emotional eating as secondary outcomes. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (2 × 2) will be conducted. The study will assess the effectiveness of a brief ACT-based intervention for adolescents with obesity in improving their psychological conditions by targeting specific core processes of the ACT framework (openness, awareness, and engagement). Future directions of the study will assess whether these psychological processes will contribute to addressing long-term weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guerrini Usubini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Cattivelli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Vanessa Bertuzzi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Varallo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.A.R.); (S.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy
| | - Clarissa Volpi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Bottacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Sofia Tamini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (S.T.); (A.D.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra De Col
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (S.T.); (A.D.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.A.R.); (S.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Enrico Molinari
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, 20145 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (G.V.); (C.V.); (M.B.); (G.P.); (G.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (S.T.); (A.D.C.); (A.S.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mentalizing Failures, Emotional Dysregulation, and Cognitive Distortions Among Adolescent Problem Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:283-298. [PMID: 32720217 PMCID: PMC7882581 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, several studies have investigated the relationship between cognitive distortions and emotion regulation among adolescent gamblers, demonstrating the exacerbating role of alcohol consumption when co-occurring with gambling problems. An important construct, that to date has been largely neglected, is mentalizing (i.e. the ability to reflect on one's own and others' mental states). The aim of the present study was (for the first time) to investigate the relative contribution of mentalization, emotional dysregulation, cognitive distortions, and alcohol consumption among adolescent gamblers. A total of 396 students (69.2% females) aged 14–19 years were recruited from secondary schools in Southern Italy. Assessment measures included the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Regression analysis showed that, along with male gender, the best predictors of adolescent gambling were scores on two GRCS subscales (i.e., ‘inability to stop gambling’ and ‘interpretative bias’), the RFQ-8’s ‘uncertainty about mental states’ dimension, and the DERS ‘impulse control difficulties’ factor, with the overall model explaining more than one-third of the total variance. The results clearly indicated that, along with gambling-related cognitive distortions, uncertainty about mental states, and difficulties remaining in control of one’s behavior when experiencing negative emotions contributed significantly to problematic gambling among adolescents.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen Y, Xu H, Liu C, Zhang J, Guo C. Association Between Future Orientation and Anxiety in University Students During COVID-19 Outbreak: The Chain Mediating Role of Optimization in Primary-Secondary Control and Resilience. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:699388. [PMID: 34421680 PMCID: PMC8373437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfamiliar and menacing epidemic has undoubtedly increased the anxiety of students. Therefore, the strategies to reduce anxiety are urgently required. The present study principally investigated a protective mechanism of future orientation in anxiety during the low-risk period of COVID-19 outbreak. The study was conducted in 528 non-infected students (range = 16-24 years) recruited from five universities in China. The participants completed questionnaires between January 22, 2021, and January 24, 2021. Chain intermediary analyses were performed after controlling for gender and age. Results indicated that future orientation lowers anxiety through (a) optimization in primary and secondary control, (b) resilience, and (c) chain mediating path of optimization in primary and secondary control coupled with resilience. We investigated how individuals deal with risk factors after encountering adversity and how their psychological flexibility stimulates and promotes them to achieve a well-adapted developmental state. This study provided reference suggestions on reducing anxiety levels during an emergency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuanshi Liu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Oriental Academy for Analytical psychology, City University of Macau, Macao, SAR China
| | - Chenguang Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cosenza M, Matarazzo O, Ciccarelli M, Nigro G. Chasing the desire: An investigation on the role of craving, time perspective, and alcohol use in adolescent gambling. Addict Behav 2020; 111:106566. [PMID: 32745945 PMCID: PMC7373023 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chasing, or continuing to gamble to recoup losses, is a behavioral marker and a diagnostic criterion for gambling disorder. Research on chasing has focused mainly on adults, whereas the analysis of chasing behavior among adolescents has not received empirical attention in the gambling literature. The aim of the present study was to first investigate the interplay between chasing behavior, craving, temporal perspective, alcohol use, and gambling severity among Italian adolescents. Three hundred and sixty-four adolescents took part in the study. Participants completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and performed a computerized task assessing chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the control and the loss condition of the computerized task. Results indicated that the choice to continue playing, as well as chasing frequency did not vary as a function of experimental condition. Hierarchical logistic and linear regression analyses revealed that the decision to chase depended mostly on craving, whereas chasing propensity was affected by craving and alcohol misuse. Notably, gambling severity did not predict either the decision to chase, or the chasing persistence. The present study contributes important findings to the gambling literature, highlighting the role of craving alcohol use in facilitating the inability to stop within-sessions gambling among adolescents. These findings may provide evidence that nonchasers and chasers represent two different types of gamblers, and that the difference may be useful for targeting more effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Matarazzo
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kübel SL, Wittmann M. A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8477. [PMID: 33207676 PMCID: PMC7696851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to validate four established questionnaires related to time perception in German (Consideration of Future Consequences-14 scale (CFC-14), Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT), and Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ)) using a back-translation method. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data of 273 German-speaking participants to evaluate the factorial structures. Internal consistencies indicated good reliability values of the questionnaires and the respective subscales, except for the MQT. Intercorrelations between the questionnaires were examined to test their external validities and gain additional insight into the associations among the constructs. The consideration of future consequences was negatively linked to boredom proneness, whereas interoceptive awareness of one's bodily sensations was positively associated with boredom proneness. Additionally, interoceptive awareness was linked to metacognitive beliefs about which factors influence time perception. The results are discussed in regard to human time perception. Conclusion: The validated German questionnaires can now be used in research projects. Initial observations on how the questionnaires are related to each other fit the current knowledge on how human time perception works, yielding the first evidence for the external validity of the German versions of these established questionnaires. For evidence of criterion validity, future studies should more thoroughly investigate the external validities analyzing the correlations with other validated measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L. Kübel
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- Department of Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, 79100 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Kim K. Time Perspectives and Delay of Gratification - The Role of Psychological Distance Toward the Future and Perceived Possibility of Getting a Future Reward. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:653-663. [PMID: 32848482 PMCID: PMC7428406 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s246443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated how an individual’s time perspective of the present and the future affects the delay of gratification, using the construal level theory. In addition, the mechanisms that influence the time perspective on the delay of gratification were examined through the mediating roles of the psychological distance and the perceived possibility of getting a future reward. Participants and Methods One hundred twenty university students completed the Korean version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) and performed a Temporal Discounting task to aid in the evaluation of their ability to delay gratification. Their psychological distance to the future and perceived possibility of getting a future reward were measured using the visual analogue scale. Results The results showed that once the Present-Hedonistic and Future-Negative from among the six-time perspectives increased, and the ability to delayed gratification decreased. On the other hand, once the Future-Positive time perspective increased, the ability to delayed gratification increased. Only the psychological distance for 9 months was associated with time perspective and the mediation effect was not significant. Present-Hedonistic time perspective negatively predicted the perceived possibility of getting a future reward and the delay of gratification. The perceived possibility of getting a future reward fully mediated the relation between the Future-Negative time perspective and the delay of gratification. Conclusion These findings suggest that problems involved with the delay of gratification (such as smoking, addiction, and binge eating behavior) are more likely to occur in people who have high Present-Hedonistic and Future-Negative time perspectives, because these time perspectives lead to a lower perceived possibility of getting a future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jung Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiho Kim
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Sejong Cyber University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Richard J, Fletcher É, Boutin S, Derevensky J, Temcheff C. Conduct problems and depressive symptoms in association with problem gambling and gaming: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:497-533. [PMID: 32750033 PMCID: PMC8943658 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Behavioral addictions such as gambling and gaming disorder are significant public health issues that are of increasing importance to policy makers and health care providers. Problem gambling and gaming behaviors have been identified as being associated with externalizing and internalizing problems, with theoretical models suggesting that both conduct problems and depressive symptoms may be significant risk factors in the development of problem gambling and gaming. As such, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of research identifying the relationship between conduct problems, depressive symptoms and problem gambling and gaming among adolescents and young adults. METHODS Systematic literature searches in accordance with PRISMA guidelines found 71 eligible studies that met the inclusion criteria, 47 for problem gambling, 23 for problem gaming and one for both problem behaviors. RESULTS Based on cross-sectional evidence, both problem gambling and gaming are consistently concurrently associated with conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal evidence appears to be clearer for conduct problems as a risk factor for problem gambling, and depressive symptoms as a risk factor for problem gaming. However, both risk factors appear to increase the risk for these problem behaviors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results from the literature review suggest that problem gambling and gaming are associated with the presence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms, with the potential of sharing common etiological factors. Additional research is necessary to confirm these longitudinal relationships with an emphasis on investigating the interaction of both early conduct problems and depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Boutin
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
20
|
Guerrero-Vaca D, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Martín-Romera V, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Mena-Moreno T, Aymamí N, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Agüera Z, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Lozano-Madrid M, Menchón JM, Tárrega S, Munguía L, Jiménez-Murcia S. Explicit and Implicit Emotional Expression in Gambling Disorder Measured by a Serious Game: A Pilot Study. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:467-481. [PMID: 32253655 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral addictions have been related with biased emotional reactions to risky choices. However, few studies have analyzed the role of both explicit and implicit emotional expression in gambling disorder (GD). This pilot study aims to examine emotion regulation in treatment-seeking patients with GD. The sample included n = 35 participants classified into three groups: patients with current GD, patients with GD in remission, and a control group without GD. Implicit emotional expressions were evaluated through a serious videogame (Playmancer) and explicit emotions were measured through self-reports. Patients in the current GD group had, compared to the remission and control groups, lower levels of implicit emotion expression and higher levels of explicit emotion expression. The patients in GD remission group endorsed better emotion regulation capacity in comparison to patients with current GD. We conclude that differences in emotion expression profiles (such as anger and anxiety) should be considered both in the development of screening and diagnostic measures and in the planning of prevention and treatment programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darío Guerrero-Vaca
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,European Union, FP7-ICT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Martín-Romera
- Departamento de Educación y Psicología, Centro Universitario Cardenal Cisneros, adscrito a la Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Nursing Department of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain. .,European Union, FP7-ICT, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sharman S, Butler K, Roberts A. Psychosocial risk factors in disordered gambling: A descriptive systematic overview of vulnerable populations. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106071. [PMID: 31473572 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling is a behaviour engaged in by millions of people worldwide; for some, gambling can become a severely maladaptive behaviour, and previous research has identified a wide range of psychosocial risk factors that can be considered important for the development and maintenance of disordered gambling. Although risk factors have been identified, the homogeneity of risk factors across specific groups thought to be vulnerable to disordered gambling is to date, unexplored. METHODS To address this, the current review sought to conduct a systematic overview of literature relating to seven vulnerable groups: young people and adolescents, older adults, women, veterans, indigenous peoples, prisoners, and low socio-economic/income groups. RESULTS Multiple risk factors associated with disordered gambling were identified; some appeared consistently across most groups, including being male, co-morbid mental and physical health conditions, substance use disorders, accessibility and availability of gambling, form and mode of gambling, and experience of trauma. Further risk factors were identified that were specific to each vulnerable group. CONCLUSION Within the general population, certain groups are more vulnerable to disordered gambling. Although some risk factors are consistent across groups, some risk factors appear to be group specific. It is clear that there is no homogenous pathway in to disordered gambling, and that social, developmental, environmental and demographic characteristics can all interact to influence an individual's relationship with gambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sharman
- University of East London School of Psychology, University of East London, Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Butler
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The fuzzy future: Time horizon, memory failures, and emotional distress in gambling disorder. Addict Behav 2019; 97:7-13. [PMID: 31112912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to first investigate the interplay among self-rated ability in both retrospective and prospective memory, time perspective, and negative affectivity to gambling severity. Two hundred and three habitual players took part in the study. Participants were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), as well as the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Overall, data indicated that the higher the involvement in gambling, the higher the depression levels and the shorter the time horizon. The results of linear regression analysis showed that, along with gender, years of education, depression, and inattention to the future consequences of actual behavior, the negative self-perception of prospective memory functioning represents a significant predictor of gambling severity. Finally, to clarify if depression was on the path from prospective memory to gambling severity or if prospective memory was the mediator of the impact of depression on gambling severity, data were submitted to path analysis. Results indicated that depression has a direct effect on gambling severity and mediates the association between prospective memory and gambling involvement. The relation between gambling severity and prospective memory scores suggests that impairment in prospective memory plays a key role in adult problematic gambling.
Collapse
|
23
|
Problem gambling and concurrent emotional/behavioral problems among Greek adolescents. Turk Arch Pediatr 2019; 54:166-172. [PMID: 31619928 PMCID: PMC6776455 DOI: 10.14744/turkpediatriars.2019.56254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Problem gambling in adolescents constitutes a major health problem. Very few studies have investigated the relationship of adolescent gambling with emotional/behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to examine the association between adolescent problem gambling and emotional/behavioral problems using data from a school survey in the greater Athens area. Material and Methods: The total sample consisted of 2159 high school students (45.4% males and 54.6% females) from a random and representative sample of public and private schools in the greater Athens area. Data were collected in the form of self-reported questionnaires during one school hour. To access problem gambling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV Multiple Response Adapted for Juveniles questionnaire was administered to the study population. The presence of emotional/behavioral problems was assessed via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Full data from 2141 participants were analyzed. Eighteen questionnaire with incomplete data were excluded. Results: Problem gambling in adolescence is in line with the presence of emotional/behavioral problems. All Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire subscales were significantly associated with problem gambling. Specifically, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, attention/hyperactivity, and social dysfunction were all significantly and independently associated with adolescent pathologic gambling. The prosocial scale had lower scores in problem gamblers. Conclusion: This article aims to highlight and discuss the coexistence of adolescent problem gambling with other symptoms. The significant association of emotional/behavioral problems among adolescents with problem gambling indicates a need to screen for these symptoms and for their subsequent treatment among adolescents with problem gambling.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cosenza M, Ciccarelli M, Nigro G. Decision-Making Styles, Negative Affectivity, and Cognitive Distortions in Adolescent Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:517-531. [PMID: 29959691 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidences from the extant literature suggest that problem gamblers show higher cognitive distortions and reported experiencing higher levels of negative affective states than recreational gamblers. Furthermore, several studies reported that the more the gambling severity, the poorer the performance in behavioral tasks assessing affective decision-making. Although gambling research on decision-making has mostly focused on the functional or dysfunctional outcomes of the decisional process, no study examined the role of decision-making styles in gambling disorder. This study aimed to first investigate the interplay among negative affectivity, cognitive distortions, and decision-making styles in adolescent problem gambling. Four hundred and twenty-five adolescents, aged between 14 and 19 years, completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents to assess problem gambling, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 to measure negative affective states, and the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale as a measure of cognitive distortions about gambling, and the General Decision-Making Style tapping habitual patterns which individuals use in decision-making. Data were submitted to correlational analysis, univariate and mixed-model ANOVAs, and hierarchical regression analysis. Regression analysis indicated that, along with gender, interpretative bias and inability to stop gambling, depression, and spontaneous decision-making style significantly predicted gambling severity. These results extend further previous studies on the role of misconceptions about gambling, and negative affective states in adolescent gambling, and, interestingly, first demonstrate that also maladaptive decision-making styles may represent a risk factor for gambling disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Associations Between Maladaptive Personality Traits, Craving, Alcohol Use, and Adolescent Problem Gambling: An Italian Survey Study. J Gambl Stud 2019; 36:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
26
|
Donati MA, Sottili E, Morsanyi K, Primi C. Time Perspectives and Gambling in Adolescent Boys: Differential Effects of Present- and Future-Orientation. J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:107-124. [PMID: 29868999 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent boys are characterised by increased risk-taking behavior, including a relatively high propensity to develop problem gambling habits. The association between gambling and sensitivity to immediately available rewards is well-established, suggesting that gamblers are less influenced by potential future consequences than non-gamblers. Nevertheless, existing studies have considered present- and future-orientation as two ends of the same continuum, and have not investigated the possibility that present and future perspectives might make independent contributions to gambling behavior. In the current study, we adopted Zimbardo's multidimensional approach, which discriminates between not only present and future perspectives, but also between a hedonistic and fatalistic present-orientation (in addition to positive and negative orientations towards the past). The participants were 223 male adolescents (mean age = 16.7 years). We investigated the effects of time perspectives on gambling frequency and gambling problem severity, after taking into account the effects of age, sensation seeking, and gambling-related cognitive distortions. Gambling frequency was significantly predicted by the present fatalistic perspective, and problem gambling was significantly (negatively) related to the future perspective. The present hedonistic and past negative perspectives were also significantly related to both gambling frequency and gambling problems, although they did not explain additional variance in gambling behavior when the effects of the other factors were controlled. Overall, these results offer a fresh perspective on the role of time perspectives in gambling behavior, with potential implications for understanding the origins of gambling problems and the development of novel interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Donati
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Sottili
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Kinga Morsanyi
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Caterina Primi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Facilitated attention for gambling cues in adolescent problem gamblers: An experimental study. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:39-46. [PMID: 30978623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating attentional biases in gambling have observed that problem gamblers' attention is biased toward gambling cues. Despite the increase of gambling among adolescents, to date, no study has ever examined the role of attentional bias in adolescent gambling, as well as the relationships between adolescent gambling severity, craving, and alcohol use. METHODS The present study comprised 87 adolescent participants. Based on South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA) scores, participants were assigned to non-problem or problem gamblers groups. Participants performed a modified Posner Task (with cue presentation times at 100 and 500 ms) to assess attentional biases. Following the experiment, participants completed the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). RESULTS Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers displayed facilitation bias for gambling cues at 500 ms and reported higher levels of craving and alcohol consumption. Results also indicated that alcohol use correlated with facilitation bias. LIMITATIONS The recruitment of a predominantly male sample and the use of an indirect measure of attentional bias may have affected the findings concerning attentional processes. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first empirical evidence of attentional processes in adolescent gambling, and confirms the role of attentional biases, craving, and alcohol use being associated factors in adolescent problem gambling. The results of the present study stress the importance of attentional biases in the initial stages of problem gambling and suggest the need for clinical interventions aimed at reducing attentional bias before they became automatic. Overall, the present study stressed the role of attentional bias as both facilitator and a consequence of gambling involvement.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ciccarelli M, Cosenza M, Griffiths MD, D’Olimpio F, Nigro G. The interplay between chasing behavior, time perspective, and gambling severity: An experimental study. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:259-267. [PMID: 31172815 PMCID: PMC7044547 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chasing refers to continued gambling in an attempt to recoup previous losses and is one of the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder. However, research on the topic is still in its infancy. This study investigated whether chasing behavior mediates the relationship between time perspective and gambling severity. METHODS Non-problem gamblers (N = 26) and problem gamblers (N = 66) with the same demographic features (age and gender) were compared on the Consideration of Future Consequences and a computerized task assessing chasing. The Italian South Oaks Gambling Screen was used to discriminate participants in terms of gambling severity. RESULTS Significant correlations were found relating to gambling severity, chasing, and time perspective. More specifically, the results showed that problem gamblers reported more chasing and a foreshortened time horizon. Chasers, compared to non-chasers, were found to be more oriented to the present. Regression analysis showed that male gender, present-oriented time perspective, and chasing were good predictors of gambling severity. Finally, to clarify if present orientation was on the path from chasing to gambling severity or if chasing was the mediator of the impact of present orientation on gambling severity, a path analysis was performed. The results indicated that present orientation had a direct effect on gambling severity and mediated the relationship between chasing and gambling involvement. CONCLUSION The findings support the exacerbating role of chasing in gambling disorder and for the first time show the relationship of time perspective, chasing, and gambling severity among adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy,Corresponding author: Maria Ciccarelli; Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Ellittico, 31, Caserta 81100, Italy; Phone: +39 333 157 1608; Fax: +39 082 327 4759; E-mail:
| | - Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Francesca D’Olimpio
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ciccarelli M, Cosenza M, D'Olimpio F, Griffiths MD, Nigro G. An experimental investigation of the role of delay discounting and craving in gambling chasing behavior. Addict Behav 2019; 93:250-256. [PMID: 30818227 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chasing is a central feature of gambling disorder and refers to the attempt by individuals to recover financial losses by continuing to gamble. Although several efforts have been made to individuate the factors involved in the complex phenomenon of chasing, little is known regarding its association with delay discounting and craving, both considered important in the development and maintenance of gambling disorder. In the present study, the interplay between chasing, delay discounting, and craving (while controlling for gambling severity) was investigated. The sample comprised 128 adult gamblers aged between 18 and 67 years and consisted of non-problem gamblers (n = 58), problem gamblers (n = 18), and pathological gamblers (n = 52) based on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) scores. Participants were administered the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) and the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), as well as completing the ChasIT, a computerized task assessing chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the control and the loss condition of the ChasIT. Results showed that pathological gamblers were more likely to chase and reported more severe chasing persistence. Regression analyses indicated that heightened levels of craving and the inability to tolerate delay in gratification, along with gambling severity, predicted both the decision to chase and chasing persistence. The present study contributes important findings to the gambling literature, highlighting the role of craving and delay discounting in facilitating the inability to stop within-sessions gambling. These findings may provide evidence that chasers and non-chasers represent two different types of gamblers, and that the difference may be useful for targeting more effective therapies.
Collapse
|
30
|
The future and me: Imagining the future and the future self in adolescent decision making. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Cosenza M, Ciccarelli M, Nigro G. The steamy mirror of adolescent gamblers: Mentalization, impulsivity, and time horizon. Addict Behav 2019; 89:156-162. [PMID: 30316141 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to first investigate the role that general impairment in mentalization plays in gambling disorder and to analyze the interplay among mentalizing, impulsivity, and time perspective in adolescent gambling. Four hundred and ten late adolescents took part in the study. Participants were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8), the Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity Scale (FDIS), and the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14). The results showed that male adolescents are far more likely at-risk/problem gamblers than female adolescents. Furthermore, data indicated that the higher the gambling severity, the higher the dysfunctional impulsivity and the shorter the time horizon. Linear regression analysis showed that impairments in mentalizing represent a significant predictor of gambling severity. Finally, to clarify if dysfunctional impulsivity was on the path from uncertain mentalizing to gambling severity or if mentalizing was the mediator of the impact of functional impulsivity on gambling severity, data were submitted to path analysis. Results indicated that deficit in mentalizing has a direct effect on gambling severity and mediates the association between dysfunctional impulsivity and gambling involvement. The relation between gambling severity and RFQ-8 scores suggests that general impairment in mentalizing plays a key role in adolescent problematic gambling.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nigro G, Ciccarelli M, Cosenza M. Tempting fate: Chasing and maladaptive personality traits in gambling behavior. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:360-367. [PMID: 29957554 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chasing, or continuing to gamble in an attempt to recoup losses, is a salient feature of problematic gambling. This study, which controlled for gambling severity and alcohol consumption, investigated the association between chasing and maladaptive personality trait domains among habitual gamblers. Participants comprised 126 adult habitual gamblers (73% males) aged between 18 and 69 years. They were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and a computerized task developed to assess chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to two chasing conditions (Control and Loss). Data were submitted to correlational analysis, univariate and mixed-model ANOVAs, logistic and linear regression analyses. Results showed that the decision to chase was strongly associated with the PID-5-BF Disinhibition domain scores, whereas chasing proneness was related to the Disinhibition, Detachment and Psychoticism domains. Interestingly, chasers scored higher than nonchasers on maladaptive personality dimensions, even after controlling for gender, age, chasing condition, alcohol consumption, and gambling severity. Since these findings support the idea that chasers and nonchasers are different subtypes of gamblers, clinical interventions should take into account the additive role of chasing in gambling disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31 81100, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|