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Kadiyala S, Bhamidipati P, Malla RR. Neuroplasticity: Pathophysiology and Role in Major Depressive Disorder. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:19-32. [PMID: 38989735 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2024051197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity is characterized by the brain's ability to change its activity in response to extrinsic and intrinsic factors and is thought to be the mechanism behind all brain functions. Neuroplasticity causes structural and functional changes on a molecular level, specifically the growth of different regions in the brain and changes in synaptic and post-synaptic activities. The four types of neuroplasticity are homologous area adaption, compensatory masquerade, cross-modal reassignment, and map expansion. All of these help the brain work around injuries or new information inputs. In addition to baseline physical functions, neuroplasticity is thought to be the basis of emotional and mental regulations and the impairment of it can cause various mental illnesses. Concurrently, these mental illnesses further the damage of synaptic plasticity in the brain. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental illnesses. It is affected by and accelerates the impairment of neuroplasticity. It is characterized by a chronically depressed state of mind that can impact the patient's daily life, including work life and interests. This review will focus on highlighting the physiological aspects of the disease and the role of neuroplasticity in the pathogenesis and pathology of the disorder. Moreover, the role of monoamine regulation and ketamine uptake will be discussed in terms of their antidepressant effects on the outcomes of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyamvada Bhamidipati
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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2
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Morellini L, Izzo A, Celeghin A, Palermo S, Morese R. Sensory processing sensitivity and social pain: a hypothesis and theory. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1135440. [PMID: 37388415 PMCID: PMC10303917 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1135440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS) defined, as a personality trait, seems to be characterized by emotional sensitivity, and stronger reactivity to both external and internal stimuli. SPS can represent a risk factor for developing clinical conditions during childhood and adolescence. This personality trait is not to be considered a pathological clinical condition, however, can expose to greater environmental vulnerability. In particular, the recent studies about SPS can be contextualized to social situations that evoke traumatic and stressful emotional responses such as social exclusion. We hypothesize that highly sensitive people (HSP) are more vulnerable to social exclusion and social pain. This hypothesis could help structure new educational and intervention models designed to improve coping strategies and promote HSP's psychophysical and social well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morellini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Izzo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic and Technology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Has Anything Changed in the Frequency of Emergency Department Visits and the Profile of the Adolescent Seeking Emergency Mental Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic? CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030578. [PMID: 36980136 PMCID: PMC10047842 DOI: 10.3390/children10030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
We described changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the frequency of Emergency Department (ED) visits for mental health disorders (MHDs) in adolescents on a wider temporal range—that is, not just “the waves” of the pandemic—and characterized the profile of the adolescent seeking emergency psychiatric care. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study by analyzing ED visits for MHDs from 10 March 2019 to 10 March 2021. A total of 1407 ED visits for MHDs were registered: 702 in the pre-COVID-19 and 707 in the COVID-19 period. The cumulative incidence of ED visits for MHDs was 1.22% in the pre-COVID-19 period and 1.77% in the COVID-19 period, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The principal characteristics of the adolescent with MHDs during the pandemic period: the odds of comorbidities decreased by 26% (p = 0.02), and the odds of transfer from other hospitals decreased by 71% (p < 0.001), while the odds of the ED presentation as first psychiatric episode were twice greater (p < 0.001). The risk of hospitalization increased by 54% (p = 0.001). Regarding psychopathology, the likelihood of attempted suicide increased by 74% during the pandemic (p = 0.02). The rate of mood and eating disorders grew significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.031, respectively). Monitoring ED visits for MHDs and understanding changes in the profile of adolescents presenting to ED helps to reinforce the role of ED in identifying special clinical needs for these vulnerable patients in case of a future public health crisis.
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Marciano L, Viswanath K, Morese R, Camerini AL. Screen time and adolescents' mental health before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland: A natural experiment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:981881. [PMID: 36465307 PMCID: PMC9709147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.981881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, adolescents' mental health was largely undermined. A general increment in screen time was reported. However, the long-term effects of the latter on adolescents' mental health are still little explored. Methods In the present natural experiment, we investigated these effects using longitudinal data collected before and after the first lockdown in Switzerland. Data come from 674 Swiss adolescents (56.7% females, Mage = 14.45, SDage = 0.50) during Spring 2019 (T1) and Autumn 2020 (T2) as part of the longitudinal MEDIATICINO study. Self-reported mental health measures included somatic symptoms, inattention, anxiety, irritability, anger, sleep problems, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, loneliness, and depression. Measures for screen-media activities included time spent on the Internet, smartphones, social media, video gaming, instant messaging, and television viewing. They were all assessed at T1 and T2. Results Paired-sample t-tests with Bonferroni's correction showed that most mental health problems increased over time with an overall medium effect size (Hedge's g = 0.337). In particular, medium effect sizes were found for anxiety, depression, and inattention; small-to-medium effect sizes were reported for loneliness, sleep problems, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms; and a small effect size was found for somatic symptoms. Screen-media activities increased, with the exception of television viewing and video gaming. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that, controlling for covariates, increased time spent on social media - calculated as the difference between T2 and T1 - was the only screen-media activity significantly associated with worse mental health at T2 (β = 0.112, p = 0.016). More time spent in structured media activities like television viewing diminished levels of inattention (β = -0.091, p = 0.021) and anxiety (β = -0.093, p = 0.014). Among covariates, being female, experiencing two or more life events, having mental health problems at T1, and using screens for homeschooling negatively influenced mental health at T2. Conclusion These results align with literature indicating a small but negative effect of social media time on mental health. Underlying mechanisms are manifold, including increased exposure to COVID-19 news, heightened fear of missing out, social comparison, and time-displaced for activities such as physical activity and green time. However, in line with the structured days hypothesis, getting involved in media-structured activities like television viewing might protect against mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marciano
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kasisomayajula Viswanath
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Linda Camerini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute of Public Health, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Fabris MA, Longobardi C, Morese R, Marengo D. Exploring Multivariate Profiles of Psychological Distress and Empathy in Early Adolescent Victims, Bullies, and Bystanders Involved in Cyberbullying Episodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9871. [PMID: 36011506 PMCID: PMC9407987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Adolescents may be involved in cyberbullying as victims, perpetrators, or to a lesser extent, victim-perpetrators simultaneously. The present research investigated differences between participants acting in different bullying roles-namely, bully, victim, or bully/victim-and bystander roles-namely, defending, passive bystander, and passive/defending; (2) Methods: We used multivariate analysis of covariance to determine how, in the same individuals, direct involvement in cyberbullying episodes compares to participating in them as by-standers in relation to both psychological distress and empathy; (3) Results: Both victims and bully/victims were found to be at increased risk for suicidal ideation, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and emotional dysregulation compared with students who were neither victims nor perpetrators of cyberbullying episodes. Additionally, victims showed higher empathy scores when compared with bullies and bully/victims. All bystander roles showed increased emotional dysregulation compared with uninvolved students, but no differences emerged on other psychological distress measures. Finally, defending bystanders showed increased cognitive empathy. (4) Conclusions: During early adolescence, the direct experience of cyberbullying, as a bully or a victim (or both), show a stronger association with psychological distress than the mere participation in cyberbullying as a witness, regardless of the witness acting defensive toward the victim, or passive. However, both cyberbullying and bystanding roles provide a similar (small) explicative power over empathy variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Longobardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Davide Marengo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124 Turin, Italy
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Morese R, Palermo S. Feelings of loneliness and isolation: Social brain and social cognition in the elderly and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:896218. [PMID: 35936772 PMCID: PMC9353216 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.896218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Morese R, Longobardi C. The Impact of Physical Distancing in the Pandemic Situation: Considering the Role of Loneliness and Social Brain. Front Psychol 2022; 13:861329. [PMID: 35386900 PMCID: PMC8978441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new normal has made social distancing a new way of experiencing sociality. Social neuroscience has for a long time been concerned with studying the beneficial effects of social relationships, of physical contact. It is known that physical contact activates neurophysiological processes that reduce the perception of discomfort and even physical pain. So in the absence of physical contact, our social brain may be modulated differently when we are with others. But what could be the long-term effects of this normality? This mini-review focuses on highlighting with the support of social neuroscience evidence such as isolation, distancing can affect people’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Morese R, Carassa A, Palermo S. Editorial: Affective, Cognitive and Social Neuroscience: New Knowledge in Normal Aging, Minor and Major Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:857475. [PMID: 35310253 PMCID: PMC8924440 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Carassa
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Palermo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic and Technology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,European Commission Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Longobardi C, Thornberg R, Morese R. Editorial: Cyberbullying and Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Front Psychol 2022; 12:827106. [PMID: 35095704 PMCID: PMC8789880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.827106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Thornberg
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication, Cultural and Society, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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10
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Morese R, Gruebner O, Sykora M, Elayan S, Fadda M, Albanese E. Detecting Suicide Ideation in the Era of Social Media: The Population Neuroscience Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:652167. [PMID: 35492693 PMCID: PMC9046648 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.652167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media platforms are increasingly used across many population groups not only to communicate and consume information, but also to express symptoms of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts. The detection of suicidal ideation (SI) can contribute to suicide prevention. Twitter data suggesting SI have been associated with negative emotions (e.g., shame, sadness) and a number of geographical and ecological variables (e.g., geographic location, environmental stress). Other important research contributions on SI come from studies in neuroscience. To date, very few research studies have been conducted that combine different disciplines (epidemiology, health geography, neurosciences, psychology, and social media big data science), to build innovative research directions on this topic. This article aims to offer a new interdisciplinary perspective, that is, a Population Neuroscience perspective on SI in order to highlight new ways in which multiple scientific fields interact to successfully investigate emotions and stress in social media to detect SI in the population. We argue that a Population Neuroscience perspective may help to better understand the mechanisms underpinning SI and to promote more effective strategies to prevent suicide timely and at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gruebner
- Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Sykora
- Centre for Information Management (CIM), School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Elayan
- Centre for Information Management (CIM), School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Fadda
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Marciano L, Camerini AL, Morese R. The Developing Brain in the Digital Era: A Scoping Review of Structural and Functional Correlates of Screen Time in Adolescence. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671817. [PMID: 34512437 PMCID: PMC8432290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread diffusion of screen-based devices in adolescence has fueled a debate about the beneficial and detrimental effects on adolescents’ well-being and development. With the aim of summarizing the existing literature on the associations between screen time (including Internet-related addictions) and adolescent brain development, the present scoping review summarized evidence from 16 task-unrelated and task-related neuroimaging studies, published between 2010 and 2020. Results highlight three important key messages: (i) a frequent and longer duration of screen-based media consumption (including Internet-related addictive behaviors) is related to a less efficient cognitive control system in adolescence, including areas of the Default Mode Network and the Central Executive Network; (ii) online activities act as strong rewards to the brain and repeated screen time augments the tendency to seek short-term gratifications; and (iii) neuroscientific research on the correlates between screen time and adolescent brain development is still at the beginning and in urgent need for further evidence, especially on the underlying causality mechanisms. Methodological, theoretical, and conceptual implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marciano
- Institute of Public Health, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Linda Camerini
- Institute of Public Health, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
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12
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Longobardi C, Morese R, Fabris MA. COVID-19 Emergency: Social Distancing and Social Exclusion as Risks for Suicide Ideation and Attempts in Adolescents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:551113. [PMID: 33329182 PMCID: PMC7710515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.551113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication, Cultural and Society, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Auriemma V, Iorio G, Roberti G, Morese R. Cyberbullying and Empathy in the Age of Hyperconnection: An Interdisciplinary Approach. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2020; 5:551881. [PMID: 33869494 PMCID: PMC8022687 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.551881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considering cyberbullying as a challenging frontier of analysis in the social sciences, we find ourselves today with the duty to analyze it within a much broader social context. Indeed, we must take into account the logic of exclusion, as a fact. Today, in the logic of how the Internet works, a thin line separates the victim from the perpetrator; this is also due to the Internet we know today, made up of a mass and a headless power. Trying to amplify this dichotomy, we can say that today we live in the era of the so-called "ban-opticon" (or the logic of prohibition). This logic ranges from simply removing Facebook friends from the list, to excluding sources of knowledge. This article has focused on the discussion of cyberbullying by applying an interdisciplinary approach from sociology to psychology, with the analysis of important aspects such as empathy, hyperconnection, individualization. The concept of empathy, studied several times through the terms Verstehen and Einfuhlung, has today been explored by many parties. In fact, the term Empathy has been used to describe sympathy or compassion. The interdisciplinary approach allows a broader and more innovative analysis to better understand the phenomenon of cyberbullying and to conceptualize new intervention strategies in the social and educational fields to open new frontiers in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Auriemma
- Department of Political and Social Studies, Sociology, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gennaro Iorio
- Department of Political and Social Studies, Sociology, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Geraldina Roberti
- Department of Human Sciences, Sociology of Cultural and Communication Processes, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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