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Tusconi M, Kätzel D, Sánchez-Gutiérrez T. Editorial: Reviews in psychiatry 2023: schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1444818. [PMID: 39026521 PMCID: PMC11255906 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1444818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Kätzel
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Zhu J, Zikopoulos B, Yazdanbakhsh A. A neural model of modified excitation/inhibition and feedback levels in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1199690. [PMID: 37900297 PMCID: PMC10600455 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The strength of certain visual illusions, including contrast-contrast and apparent motion, is weakened in individuals with schizophrenia. Such phenomena have been interpreted as the impaired integration of inhibitory and excitatory neural responses, and impaired top-down feedback mechanisms. Methods To investigate whether and how these factors influence the perceived contrast-contrast and apparent motion illusions in individuals with schizophrenia, we propose a two-layer network, with top-down feedback from layer 2 to layer 1 that can model visual receptive fields (RFs) and their inhibitory and excitatory subfields. Results Our neural model suggests that illusion perception changes in individuals with schizophrenia can be influenced by altered top-down mechanisms and the organization of the on-center off-surround receptive fields. Alteration of the RF inhibitory surround and/or the excitatory center can replicate the difference of illusion precepts between individuals with schizophrenia within certain clinical states and normal controls. The results show that the simulated top-down feedback modulation enlarges the difference of the model illusion representations, replicating the difference between the two groups. Discussion We propose that the heterogeneity of visual and in general sensory processing in certain clinical states of schizophrenia can be largely explained by the degree of top-down feedback reduction, emphasizing the critical role of top-down feedback in illusion perception, and to a lesser extent on the imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Our neural model provides a mechanistic explanation for the modulated visual percepts of contrast-contrast and apparent motion in schizophrenia with findings that can explain a broad range of visual perceptual observations in previous studies. The two-layer motif of the current model provides a general framework that can be tailored to investigate subcortico-cortical (such as thalamocortical) and cortico-cortical networks, bridging neurobiological changes in schizophrenia and perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiating Zhu
- Program in Brain, Behavior & Cognition, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arash Yazdanbakhsh
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Computational Neuroscience and Vision Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Abram SV, Roach BJ, Fryer SL, Calhoun VD, Preda A, van Erp TGM, Bustillo JR, Lim KO, Loewy RL, Stuart BK, Krystal JH, Ford JM, Mathalon DH. Validation of ketamine as a pharmacological model of thalamic dysconnectivity across the illness course of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2448-2456. [PMID: 35422467 PMCID: PMC9135621 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction is a leading pathophysiological model of schizophrenia. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) studies demonstrate a thalamic dysconnectivity pattern in schizophrenia involving excessive connectivity with sensory regions and deficient connectivity with frontal, cerebellar, and thalamic regions. The NMDAR antagonist ketamine, when administered at sub-anesthetic doses to healthy volunteers, induces transient schizophrenia-like symptoms and alters rsfMRI thalamic connectivity. However, the extent to which ketamine-induced thalamic dysconnectivity resembles schizophrenia thalamic dysconnectivity has not been directly tested. The current double-blind, placebo-controlled study derived an NMDAR hypofunction model of thalamic dysconnectivity from healthy volunteers undergoing ketamine infusions during rsfMRI. To assess whether ketamine-induced thalamic dysconnectivity was mediated by excess glutamate release, we tested whether pre-treatment with lamotrigine, a glutamate release inhibitor, attenuated ketamine's effects. Ketamine produced robust thalamo-cortical hyper-connectivity with sensory and motor regions that was not reduced by lamotrigine pre-treatment. To test whether the ketamine thalamic dysconnectivity pattern resembled the schizophrenia pattern, a whole-brain template representing ketamine's thalamic dysconnectivity effect was correlated with individual participant rsfMRI thalamic dysconnectivity maps, generating "ketamine similarity coefficients" for people with chronic (SZ) and early illness (ESZ) schizophrenia, individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P), and healthy controls (HC). Similarity coefficients were higher in SZ and ESZ than in HC, with CHR-P showing an intermediate trend. Higher ketamine similarity coefficients correlated with greater hallucination severity in SZ. Thus, NMDAR hypofunction, modeled with ketamine, reproduces the thalamic hyper-connectivity observed in schizophrenia across its illness course, including the CHR-P period preceding psychosis onset, and may contribute to hallucination severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Abram
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Brian J Roach
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Susanna L Fryer
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Dr. S, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, 5251 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, 309 Qureshey Research Lab, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87111, USA
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Rachel L Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Barbara K Stuart
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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4
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Bowman C, Richter U, Jones CR, Agerskov C, Herrik KF. Activity-State Dependent Reversal of Ketamine-Induced Resting State EEG Effects by Clozapine and Naltrexone in the Freely Moving Rat. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:737295. [PMID: 35153870 PMCID: PMC8830299 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.737295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist used in the clinic to initiate and maintain anaesthesia; it induces dissociative states and has emerged as a breakthrough therapy for major depressive disorder. Using local field potential recordings in freely moving rats, we studied resting state EEG profiles induced by co-administering ketamine with either: clozapine, a highly efficacious antipsychotic; or naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist reported to block the acute antidepressant effects of ketamine. As human electroencephalography (EEG) is predominantly recorded in a passive state, head-mounted accelerometers were used with rats to determine active and passive states at a high temporal resolution to offer the highest translatability. In general, pharmacological effects for the three drugs were more pronounced in (or restricted to) the passive state. Specifically, during inactive periods clozapine induced increases in delta (0.1-4 Hz), gamma (30-60 Hz) and higher frequencies (>100 Hz). Importantly, it reversed the ketamine-induced reduction in low beta power (10-20 Hz) and potentiated ketamine-induced increases in gamma and high frequency oscillations (130-160 Hz). Naltrexone inhibited frequencies above 50 Hz and significantly reduced the ketamine-induced increase in high frequency oscillations. However, some frequency band changes, such as clozapine-induced decreases in delta power, were only seen in locomoting rats. These results emphasise the potential in differentiating between activity states to capture drug effects and translate to human resting state EEG. Furthermore, the differential reversal of ketamine-induced EEG effects by clozapine and naltrexone may have implications for the understanding of psychotomimetic as well as rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Bowman
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Bio Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Agerskov
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Berdenis van Berlekom A, Notman N, Sneeboer MAM, Snijders GJLJ, Houtepen LC, Nispeling DM, He Y, Dracheva S, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD, Boks MP. DNA methylation differences in cortical grey and white matter in schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1157-1169. [PMID: 34323598 PMCID: PMC8386513 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identify grey- and white-matter-specific DNA-methylation differences between schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and controls in postmortem brain cortical tissue. Materials & methods: Grey and white matter were separated from postmortem brain tissue of the superior temporal and medial frontal gyrus from SCZ (n = 10) and control (n = 11) cases. Genome-wide DNA-methylation analysis was performed using the Infinium EPIC Methylation Array (Illumina, CA, USA). Results: Four differentially methylated regions associated with SCZ status and tissue type (grey vs white matter) were identified within or near KLF9, SFXN1, SPRED2 and ALS2CL genes. Gene-expression analysis showed differential expression of KLF9 and SFXN1 in SCZ. Conclusion: Our data show distinct differences in DNA methylation between grey and white matter that are unique to SCZ, providing new leads to unravel the pathogenesis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Notman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein AM Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje JLJ Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lotte C Houtepen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny M Nispeling
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yujie He
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stella Dracheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Braun U, Harneit A, Pergola G, Menara T, Schäfer A, Betzel RF, Zang Z, Schweiger JI, Zhang X, Schwarz K, Chen J, Blasi G, Bertolino A, Durstewitz D, Pasqualetti F, Schwarz E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Bassett DS, Tost H. Brain network dynamics during working memory are modulated by dopamine and diminished in schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3478. [PMID: 34108456 PMCID: PMC8190281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamical brain state transitions are critical for flexible working memory but the network mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we show that working memory performance entails brain-wide switching between activity states using a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy controls and individuals with schizophrenia, pharmacological fMRI, genetic analyses and network control theory. The stability of states relates to dopamine D1 receptor gene expression while state transitions are influenced by D2 receptor expression and pharmacological modulation. Individuals with schizophrenia show altered network control properties, including a more diverse energy landscape and decreased stability of working memory representations. Our results demonstrate the relevance of dopamine signaling for the steering of whole-brain network dynamics during working memory and link these processes to schizophrenia pathophysiology. Working memory requires the brain to switch between cognitive states and activity patterns. Here, the authors show that the steering of these neural network dynamics is influenced by dopamine D1- and D2-receptor function and altered in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Anais Harneit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso Menara
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Axel Schäfer
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Zhenxiang Zang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janina I Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Junfang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Kraguljac NV, McDonald WM, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Tohen M, Nemeroff CB. Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:509-521. [PMID: 33397140 PMCID: PMC8222104 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with a heterogeneous genetic, neurobiological, and phenotypic profile. Currently, no objective biological measures-that is, biomarkers-are available to inform diagnostic or treatment decisions. Neuroimaging is well positioned for biomarker development in schizophrenia, as it may capture phenotypic variations in molecular and cellular disease targets, or in brain circuits. These mechanistically based biomarkers may represent a direct measure of the pathophysiological underpinnings of the disease process and thus could serve as true intermediate or surrogate endpoints. Effective biomarkers could validate new treatment targets or pathways, predict response, aid in selection of patients for therapy, determine treatment regimens, and provide a rationale for personalized treatments. In this review, the authors discuss a range of mechanistically plausible neuroimaging biomarker candidates, including dopamine hyperactivity, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction, hippocampal hyperactivity, immune dysregulation, dysconnectivity, and cortical gray matter volume loss. They then focus on the putative neuroimaging biomarkers for disease risk, diagnosis, target engagement, and treatment response in schizophrenia. Finally, they highlight areas of unmet need and discuss strategies to advance biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,Corresponding Author: Nina Vanessa Kraguljac, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SC 501, 1720 7th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, 205-996-7171,
| | - William M. McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Carolyn I. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Dell Medical School, Austin, TX
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8
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Spreng RN, DuPre E, Ji JL, Yang G, Diehl C, Murray JD, Pearlson GD, Anticevic A. Structural Covariance Reveals Alterations in Control and Salience Network Integrity in Chronic Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5269-5284. [PMID: 31066899 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is recognized as a disorder of distributed brain dysconnectivity. While progress has been made delineating large-scale functional networks in SCZ, little is known about alterations in grey matter integrity of these networks. We used a multivariate approach to identify the structural covariance of the salience, default, motor, visual, fronto-parietal control, and dorsal attention networks. We derived individual scores reflecting covariance in each structural image for a given network. Seed-based multivariate analyses were conducted on structural images in a discovery (n = 90) and replication (n = 74) sample of SCZ patients and healthy controls. We first validated patterns across all networks, consistent with well-established functional connectivity reports. Next, across two SCZ samples, we found reliable and robust reductions in structural integrity of the fronto-parietal control and salience networks, but not default, dorsal attention, motor and sensory networks. Well-powered exploratory analyses failed to identify relationships with symptoms. These findings provide evidence of selective structural decline in associative networks in SCZ. Such decline may be linked with recently identified functional disturbances in associative networks, providing more sensitive multi-modal network-level probes in SCZ. Absence of symptom effects suggests that identified disturbances may underlie a trait-type marker in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nathan Spreng
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth DuPre
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jie Lisa Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Genevieve Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Caroline Diehl
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John D Murray
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, CT, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, CT, USA.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT, USA
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9
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McCutcheon RA, Krystal JH, Howes OD. Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:15-33. [PMID: 31922684 PMCID: PMC6953551 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this paper we assess research that has implicated both systems in the aetiology of this disorder. We examine evidence from post-mortem, preclinical, pharmacological and in vivo neuroimaging studies. Pharmacological and preclinical studies implicate both systems, and in vivo imaging of the dopamine system has consistently identified elevated striatal dopamine synthesis and release capacity in schizophrenia. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. Converging evidence indicates that genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia underlie disruption of glutamatergic and dopaminergic function. However, while genetic influences may directly underlie glutamatergic dysfunction, few genetic risk variants directly implicate the dopamine system, indicating that aberrant dopamine signalling is likely to be predominantly due to other factors. We discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact, and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also discuss mechanisms through which existing treatments operate, and how recent research has highlighted opportunities for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Finally, we consider outstanding questions for the field, including what remains unknown regarding the nature of glutamate and dopamine function in schizophrenia, and what needs to be achieved to make progress in developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
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10
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Berdenis van Berlekom A, Muflihah CH, Snijders GJLJ, MacGillavry HD, Middeldorp J, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. Synapse Pathology in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Postsynaptic Elements in Postmortem Brain Studies. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:374-386. [PMID: 31192350 PMCID: PMC7442385 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changed synapse density has been suggested to be involved in the altered brain connectivity underlying schizophrenia (SCZ) pathology. However, postmortem studies addressing this topic are heterogeneous and it is not known whether changes are restricted to specific brain regions. Using meta-analysis, we systematically and quantitatively reviewed literature on the density of postsynaptic elements in postmortem brain tissue of patients with SCZ compared to healthy controls. We included 3 outcome measurements for postsynaptic elements: dendritic spine density (DSD), postsynaptic density (PSD) number, and PSD protein expression levels. Random-effects meta-analysis (31 studies) revealed an overall decrease in density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ (Hedges's g: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.60 to -0.05; P = .020). Subgroup analyses showed reduction of postsynaptic elements in cortical but not subcortical tissues (Hedges's g: -0.44; 95% CI: -0.76 to -0.12; P = .008, Hedges's g: -0.11; 95% CI: -0.54 to 0.35; P = .671) and specifically a decrease for the outcome measure DSD (Hedges's g: -0.81; 95% CI: -1.37 to -0.26; P = .004). Further exploratory analyses showed a significant decrease of postsynaptic elements in the prefrontal cortex and cortical layer 3. In all analyses, substantial heterogeneity was present. Meta-regression analyses showed no influence of age, sex, postmortem interval, or brain bank on the effect size. This meta-analysis shows a region-specific decrease in the density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ. This phenotype provides an important cellular hallmark for future preclinical and neuropathological research in order to increase our understanding of brain dysconnectivity in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +31-88-75-68811, fax: +31(0)887569032, e-mail:
| | - Cita H Muflihah
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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11
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Chen J, Zhang M, Zhou C, Ding Y, Fan N, He H. Association Analysis of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Gene Polymorphism With Psychopathological Symptoms in Chronic Ketamine Users. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:580771. [PMID: 33424660 PMCID: PMC7785720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We previously found that chronic ketamine usages were associated with various psychotic and cognitive symptoms mimicking schizophrenia. The blockade of the NMDA receptor and subsequent nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) dysfunction were found to be closely correlated with schizophrenia including NOS1 gene polymorphisms. We examined the allelic variants of the gene coding neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) in chronic ketamine users in the Chinese population and analyzed the association between NOS1 gene polymorphism and psychopathological symptoms in chronic ketamine users. The association between the NOS1 polymorphism and ketamine use characteristics was also examined. Methods: One hundred ninety seven male chronic ketamine users and 82 controls were recruited. Four common SNPs of the NOS1 gene, rs6490121, rs41279104, rs3782206, and rs3782219, were examined by real-time PCR with the TaqMan® assay system. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results: The genotype distribution of rs6490121 and rs41279104 in chronic ketamine users was significantly different from that in the control (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002). The G allele frequency of rs6490121 in ketamine users was higher than that in the control (p = 2.23 * 10-6, OR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.93-4.90). The T allele frequency of rs41279104 in chronic ketamine users was higher than that in the control (p = 0.01, OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.14-2.72). The BAI score was significantly different among the three genotypic groups of rs6490121 (F = 6.21, p = 0.002) in ketamine users; subjects of genotype AG and GG had a lower score than subjects of genotype AA. The score of the negative symptom subscale of PANSS was significantly different among the three genotypic groups of rs41279104 (F = 5.39, p = 0.005); in ketamine users, subjects of genotype CT and TT had a higher score than subjects of genotype CC. There was no difference in drug use characteristics in different genotypes of the four NOS1 gene polymorphisms tested in ketamine users (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minling Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ding
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo He
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Mental Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Effect of single dose N-acetylcysteine administration on resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:443-451. [PMID: 31786651 PMCID: PMC7018675 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is interest in employing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of schizophrenia, but investigations of the functional signatures of its pharmacological action are scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) that occur following administration of a single dose of NAC in patients with schizophrenia. A secondary aim was to examine whether differences in rs-FC between conditions were mediated by glutamate metabolites in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, 20 patients with schizophrenia had two MRI scans administered 7 days apart, following oral administration of either 2400 mg NAC or placebo. Resting state functional fMRI (rsfMRI) assessed the effect of NAC on rs-FC within the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure Glx/Cr (glutamate plus glutamine, in ratio to creatine) levels in the ACC during the same scanning sessions. RESULTS Compared to the placebo condition, the NAC condition was associated with reduced within the DMN and SN, specifically between the medial pre-frontal cortex to mid frontal gyrus, and ACC to frontal pole (all p < 0.04). There were no significant correlations between ACC Glx/Cr and rs-FC in either condition (p > 0.6). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary evidence that NAC can reduce medial frontal rs-FC in schizophrenia. Future studies assessing the effects of NAC on rs-FC in early psychosis and on repeated administration in relation to efficacy would be of interest.
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13
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Song Y, Wang H. Motion-induced position mis-localization predicts the severity of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychol 2019; 14:333-345. [PMID: 30859737 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often exhibit motion processing deficits. It is unclear whether the localization of moving objects - a perceptual process tightly linked to motion - is impaired or intact in AD. In this study, we used the phenomenon of illusory shift of position induced by motion as a behavioural paradigm to probe how the spatial representation differs between AD patients and healthy elderly controls. We measured the magnitudes of motion-induced position shift in a group of AD participants (N = 24) and age-matched elderly observers (N = 24). We found that AD patients showed weakened position mis-localization, but only for motion stimuli of slow speeds. For fast motion, the position mis-localization did not differ significantly between groups. Furthermore, we showed that the magnitudes of position mis-localization can predict the severity of AD; that is, patients with more severe symptoms had less preserved position mis-localization. Our results suggest that AD pathology impacts not only motion processing per se, but also the perceptual process related to motion such as the localization of moving objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Song
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, China
| | - Huiting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, China
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14
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Murray JD, Demirtaş M, Anticevic A. Biophysical Modeling of Large-Scale Brain Dynamics and Applications for Computational Psychiatry. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:777-787. [PMID: 30093344 PMCID: PMC6537601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive neuroimaging has revolutionized the study of the organization of the human brain and how its structure and function are altered in psychiatric disorders. A critical explanatory gap lies in our mechanistic understanding of how systems-level neuroimaging biomarkers emerge from underlying synaptic-level perturbations associated with a disease state. We describe an emerging computational psychiatry approach leveraging biophysically based computational models of large-scale brain dynamics and their potential integration with clinical and pharmacological neuroimaging. In particular, we focus on neural circuit models, which describe how patterns of functional connectivity observed in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging emerge from neural dynamics shaped by inter-areal interactions through underlying structural connectivity defining long-range projections. We highlight the importance of local circuit physiological dynamics, in combination with structural connectivity, in shaping the emergent functional connectivity. Furthermore, heterogeneity of local circuit properties across brain areas, which impacts large-scale dynamics, may be critical for modeling whole-brain phenomena and alterations in psychiatric disorders and pharmacological manipulation. Finally, we discuss important directions for future model development and biophysical extensions, which will expand their utility to link clinical neuroimaging to neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Murat Demirtaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Zhou HY, Li Z, Xie DJ, Xu T, Cheung EEF, Li H, Chan RCK. Heritability estimates of spatial working memory and set-shifting in a healthy Chinese twin sample: A preliminary study. Psych J 2018; 7:144-151. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-yu Zhou
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
| | - Zhi Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dong-jie Xie
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Center for the Developing Brain; Child Mind Institute; New York New York USA
| | - Eric E. F. Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Tuen Mun China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Psychology; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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16
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Amberg W, Lange UEW, Ochse M, Pohlki F, Behl B, Relo AL, Hornberger W, Hoft C, Mezler M, Sydor J, Wang Y, Zhao H, Brewer JT, Dietrich J, Li H, Akritopoulou-Zanze I, Lao Y, Hannick SM, Ku YY, Vasudevan A. Discovery of Novel Aminotetralines and Aminochromanes as Selective and Competitive Glycine Transporter 1 (GlyT1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7503-7524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willi Amberg
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Udo E. W. Lange
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Ochse
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Frauke Pohlki
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Berthold Behl
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ana Lucia Relo
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wilfried Hornberger
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Carolin Hoft
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jens Sydor
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jason T. Brewer
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Justin Dietrich
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Huanqiu Li
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Yanbin Lao
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven M. Hannick
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi-Yin Ku
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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17
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Brewer JT, Li H, Lao Y, Amberg W, Behl B, Akritopoulou-Zanze I, Dietrich J, Lange UEW, Pohlki F, Hoft C, Hornberger W, Djuric SW, Sydor J, Mezler M, Relo AL, Vasudevan A. De Novo Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 3,4-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Sulfonamides as Potent and Selective Glycine Transporter 1 Competitive Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7486-7502. [PMID: 29969029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors may offer putative treatments for schizophrenia and other disorders associated with hypofunction of the glutaminergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Herein, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine sulfonamides as competitive GlyT1 inhibitors that arose from de novo scaffold design. Relationship of chemical structure to drug-drug interaction (DDI) and bioactivation was mechanistically investigated. Murine studies were strategically incorporated into the screening funnel to provide early assessments of in vivo target occupancy (TO) by ex vivo binding studies. Advanced compounds derived from iterative structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies possessed high potency in ex vivo binding studies and good brain penetration, promising preliminary in vivo efficacy, acceptable preclinical pharmacokinetics, and manageable DDI and bioactivation liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jason T Brewer
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Huanqiu Li
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Yanbin Lao
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Willi Amberg
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Berthold Behl
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | | | - Justin Dietrich
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Udo E W Lange
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Frauke Pohlki
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Carolin Hoft
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Wilfried Hornberger
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Stevan W Djuric
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jens Sydor
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Ana Lucia Relo
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
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18
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Yang GJ, Murray JD, Glasser M, Pearlson GD, Krystal JH, Schleifer C, Repovs G, Anticevic A. Altered Global Signal Topography in Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5156-5169. [PMID: 27702810 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disease associated with disruptions across distributed neural systems. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has identified extensive abnormalities in the blood-oxygen level-dependent signal in SCZ patients, including alterations in the average signal over the brain-i.e. the "global" signal (GS). It remains unknown, however, if these "global" alterations occur pervasively or follow a spatially preferential pattern. This study presents the first network-by-network quantification of GS topography in healthy subjects and SCZ patients. We observed a nonuniform GS contribution in healthy comparison subjects, whereby sensory areas exhibited the largest GS component. In SCZ patients, we identified preferential GS representation increases across association regions, while sensory regions showed preferential reductions. GS representation in sensory versus association cortices was strongly anti-correlated in healthy subjects. This anti-correlated relationship was markedly reduced in SCZ. Such shifts in GS topography may underlie profound alterations in neural information flow in SCZ, informing development of pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve J Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - John D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Matthew Glasser
- Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Charlie Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.,NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Schwertner A, Zortea M, Torres FV, Caumo W. Effects of Subanesthetic Ketamine Administration on Visual and Auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERP) in Humans: A Systematic Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:70. [PMID: 29713269 PMCID: PMC5911464 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist whose effect in subanesthetic doses has been studied for chronic pain and mood disorders treatment. It has been proposed that ketamine could change the perception of nociceptive stimuli by modulating the cortical connectivity and altering the top-down mechanisms that control conscious pain perception. As this is a strictly central effect, it would be relevant to provide fresh insight into ketamine's effect on cortical response to external stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect the combined synchronic activity of postsynaptic potentials of many cortical pyramidal neurons similarly oriented, being a well-established technique to study cortical responses to sensory input. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the current evidence of subanesthetic ketamine doses on patterns of cortical activity based on ERPs in healthy subjects. To answer the question whether ERPs could be potential markers of the cortical effects of ketamine, we conducted a systematic review of ketamine's effect on ERPs after single and repeated doses. We have searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases and pre-selected 141 articles, 18 of which met the inclusion criteria. Our findings suggest that after ketamine administration some ERP parameters are reduced (reduced N2, P2, and P3 amplitudes, PN and MMN) while others remain stable or are even increased (P50 reduction, PPI, P1, and N1 amplitudes). The current understanding of these effects is that ketamine alters the perceived contrast between distinct visual and auditory stimuli. The analgesic effect of ketamine might also be influenced by a decreased affective discrimination of sensorial information, a finding from studies using ketamine as a model for schizophrenia, but that can give an important hint not only for the treatment of mood disorders, but also to treat pain and ketamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schwertner
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maxciel Zortea
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Torres
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Role of the 5-HT 2A Receptor in Self- and Other-Initiated Social Interaction in Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Induced States: A Pharmacological fMRI Study. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3603-3611. [PMID: 29555857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1939-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Distortions of self-experience are critical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and have detrimental effects on social interactions. In light of the immense need for improved and targeted interventions for social impairments, it is important to better understand the neurochemical substrates of social interaction abilities. We therefore investigated the pharmacological and neural correlates of self- and other-initiated social interaction. In a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study 24 healthy human participants (18 males and 6 females) received either (1) placebo + placebo, (2) placebo + lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 100 μg, p.o.), or (3) ketanserin (40 mg, p.o.) + LSD (100 μg, p.o.) on three different occasions. Participants took part in an interactive task using eye-tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging completing trials of self- and other-initiated joint and non-joint attention. Results demonstrate first, that LSD reduced activity in brain areas important for self-processing, but also social cognition; second, that change in brain activity was linked to subjective experience; and third, that LSD decreased the efficiency of establishing joint attention. Furthermore, LSD-induced effects were blocked by the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) antagonist ketanserin, indicating that effects of LSD are attributable to 5-HT2AR stimulation. The current results demonstrate that activity in areas of the "social brain" can be modulated via the 5-HT2AR thereby pointing toward this system as a potential target for the treatment of social impairments associated with psychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Distortions of self-representation and, potentially related to this, dysfunctional social cognition are central hallmarks of various psychiatric disorders and critically impact disease development, progression, treatment, as well as real-world functioning. However, these deficits are insufficiently targeted by current treatment approaches. The administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging and real-time eye-tracking offers the unique opportunity to study alterations in self-experience, their relation to social cognition, and the underlying neuropharmacology. Results demonstrate that LSD alters self-experience as well as basic social cognition processing in areas of the "social brain". Furthermore, these alterations are attributable to 5-HT2A receptor stimulation, thereby pinpointing toward this receptor system in the development of pharmacotherapies for sociocognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders.
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Zhuang X, Chen Y, Zhuang X, Xing T, Chen T, Jiang G, Yang X. Impaired Center-Surround Suppression in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1101-1108. [PMID: 27767987 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with declined visual processing abilities. Here we tested whether the functions of center-surround suppression- a hallmark property in the visual system- are altered by AD. To this end, we recruited three groups of participants (AD, elderly, and young) in a motion direction discrimination task, in which we measured the temporal duration threshold of a drifting Gabor with varying stimulus sizes. We first replicated the phenomena of center-surround suppression that the required duration for discriminating a high contrast grating decreases with increasing stimulus size. We then showed that the magnitudes of suppression varied among the three groups. There was progressive reduction of suppression in the elderly and AD groups compared with the young group. Interestingly, we found that the levels of suppression can predict the severity of dementia in the AD group. Our results suggest that AD is associated with impaired center-surround functions in the visual motion processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xianpeng Zhuang
- Department of CT room, Liaocheng Fourth People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tuanzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guisheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiafeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng city, Shandong Province, China
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22
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Picci G, Gotts SJ, Scherf KS. A theoretical rut: revisiting and critically evaluating the generalized under/over-connectivity hypothesis of autism. Dev Sci 2018; 19:524-49. [PMID: 27412228 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, two papers proposed that pervasive functional under-connectivity (Just et al., ) or a trade-off between excessive local connectivity at the cost of distal under-connectivity (Belmonte et al., ) characterizes atypical brain organization in autism. Here, we take stock of the most recent and rigorous functional and structural connectivity findings with a careful eye toward evaluating the extent to which they support these original hypotheses. Indeed, the empirical data do not support them. From rsfMRI studies in adolescents and adults, there is an emerging consensus regarding long-range functional connections indicating cortico-cortical under-connectivity, specifically involving the temporal lobes, combined with subcortical-cortical over-connectivity. In contrast, there is little to no consensus regarding local functional connectivity or findings from task-based functional connectivity studies. The structural connectivity data suggest that white matter tracts are pervasively weak, particularly in the temporal lobe. Together, these findings are revealing how deeply complex the story is regarding atypical neural network organization in autism. In other words, distance and strength of connectivity as individual factors or as interacting factors do not consistently explain the patterns of atypical neural connectivity in autism. Therefore, we make several methodological recommendations and highlight developmental considerations that will help researchers in the field cultivate new hypotheses about the nature and mechanisms of potentially aberrant functional and structural connectivity in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Picci
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Stephen J Gotts
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, USA
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23
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Silverstein SM, Demmin DL, Bednar JA. Computational Modeling of Contrast Sensitivity and Orientation Tuning in First-Episode and Chronic Schizophrenia. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2017; 1:102-131. [PMID: 30090855 PMCID: PMC6067832 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling is a useful method for generating hypotheses about the contributions of impaired neurobiological mechanisms, and their interactions, to psychopathology. Modeling is being increasingly used to further our understanding of schizophrenia, but to date, it has not been applied to questions regarding the common perceptual disturbances in the disorder. In this article, we model aspects of low-level visual processing and demonstrate how this can lead to testable hypotheses about both the nature of visual abnormalities in schizophrenia and the relationships between the mechanisms underlying these disturbances and psychotic symptoms. Using a model that incorporates retinal, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and V1 activity, as well as gain control in the LGN, homeostatic adaptation in V1, lateral excitation and inhibition in V1, and self-organization of synaptic weights based on Hebbian learning and divisive normalization, we show that (a) prior data indicating increased contrast sensitivity for low-spatial-frequency stimuli in first-episode schizophrenia can be successfully modeled as a function of reduced retinal and LGN efferent activity, leading to overamplification at the cortical level, and (b) prior data on reduced contrast sensitivity and broadened orientation tuning in chronic schizophrenia can be successfully modeled by a combination of reduced V1 lateral inhibition and an increase in the Hebbian learning rate at V1 synapses for LGN input. These models are consistent with many current findings, and they predict several relationships that have not yet been demonstrated. They also have implications for understanding changes in brain and visual function from the first psychotic episode to the chronic stage of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Silverstein
- Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Docia L. Demmin
- Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - James A. Bednar
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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24
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Foss-Feig JH, Adkinson BD, Ji JL, Yang G, Srihari VH, McPartland JC, Krystal JH, Murray JD, Anticevic A. Searching for Cross-Diagnostic Convergence: Neural Mechanisms Governing Excitation and Inhibition Balance in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:848-861. [PMID: 28434615 PMCID: PMC5436134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical accounts have proposed excitation and inhibition (E/I) imbalance as a possible mechanistic, network-level hypothesis underlying neural and behavioral dysfunction across neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). These two disorders share some overlap in their clinical presentation as well as convergence in their underlying genes and neurobiology. However, there are also clear points of dissociation in terms of phenotypes and putatively affected neural circuitry. We highlight emerging work from the clinical neuroscience literature examining neural correlates of E/I imbalance across children and adults with ASD and adults with both chronic and early-course SCZ. We discuss findings from diverse neuroimaging studies across distinct modalities, conducted with electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, including effects observed both during task and at rest. Throughout this review, we discuss points of convergence and divergence in the ASD and SCZ literature, with a focus on disruptions in neural E/I balance. We also consider these findings in relation to predictions generated by theoretical neuroscience, particularly computational models predicting E/I imbalance across disorders. Finally, we discuss how human noninvasive neuroimaging can benefit from pharmacological challenge studies to reveal mechanisms in ASD and SCZ. Collectively, we attempt to shed light on shared and divergent neuroimaging effects across disorders with the goal of informing future research examining the mechanisms underlying the E/I imbalance hypothesis across neurodevelopmental disorders. We posit that such translational efforts are vital to facilitate development of neurobiologically informed treatment strategies across neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Foss-Feig
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York; Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Brendan D Adkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jie Lisa Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Genevieve Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vinod H Srihari
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James C McPartland
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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25
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Roberts JA, Friston KJ, Breakspear M. Clinical Applications of Stochastic Dynamic Models of the Brain, Part II: A Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Starc M, Murray JD, Santamauro N, Savic A, Diehl C, Cho YT, Srihari V, Morgan PT, Krystal JH, Wang XJ, Repovs G, Anticevic A. Schizophrenia is associated with a pattern of spatial working memory deficits consistent with cortical disinhibition. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:107-116. [PMID: 27745755 PMCID: PMC5901719 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with severe cognitive deficits, including impaired working memory (WM). A neural mechanism that may contribute to WM impairment is the disruption in excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance in cortical microcircuits. It remains unknown, however, how these alterations map onto quantifiable behavioral deficits in patients. Based on predictions from a validated microcircuit model of spatial WM, we hypothesized two key behavioral consequences: i) increased variability of WM traces over time, reducing performance precision; and ii) decreased ability to filter out distractors that overlap with WM representations. To test model predictions, we studied N=27 schizophrenia patients and N=28 matched healthy comparison subjects (HCS) who performed a spatial WM task designed to test the computational model. Specifically, we manipulated delay duration and distractor distance presented during the delay. Subjects used a high-sensitivity joystick to indicate the remembered location, yielding a continuous response measure. Results largely followed model predictions, whereby patients exhibited increased variance and less WM precision as the delay period increased relative to HCS. Schizophrenia patients also exhibited increased WM distractibility, with reports biased toward distractors at specific spatial locations, as predicted by the model. Finally, the magnitude of the WM drift and distractibility were significantly correlated, indicating a possibly shared underlying mechanism. Effects are consistent with elevated E/I ratio in schizophrenia, establishing a framework for translating neural circuit computational model of cognition to human experiments, explicitly testing mechanistic behavioral hypotheses of cellular-level neural deficits in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Starc
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 06510, USA
| | - Nicole Santamauro
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Aleksandar Savic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Caroline Diehl
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Youngsun T Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Vinod Srihari
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter T Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 06510, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
Recent research in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) indicates that perceptual impairments may occur before the onset of cognitive declines, and can thus serve as an early noninvasive indicator for AD. In this study, we focused on visual motion processing and explored whether AD induces changes in the properties of direction repulsion between two competing motions. We used random dot kinematograms (RDKs) and measured the magnitudes of direction repulsion between two overlapping RDKs moving different directions in three groups of participants: an AD group, an age-matched old control group, and a young control group. We showed that motion direction repulsion was significantly weaker in AD patients as comparing to both healthy controls. More importantly, we found that the magnitude of motion repulsion was predictive of the assessment of clinical severity in the AD group. Our results implicate that AD pathology is associated with altered neural functions in visual cortical areas and that motion repulsion deficit is a behavioral biomarker for the tracking of AD development.
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28
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Anticevic A, Schleifer C, Youngsun TC. Emotional and cognitive dysregulation in schizophrenia and depression: understanding common and distinct behavioral and neural mechanisms. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26869843 PMCID: PMC4734880 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/aanticevic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging behavioral and neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MD) are mapping mechanisms of co-occurring and distinct affective disturbances across these disorders. This constitutes a critical goal towards developing rationally guided therapies for upstream neural pathways that contribute to comorbid symptoms across disorders. We highlight the current state of the art in our understanding of emotional dysregulation in SCZ versus MD by focusing on broad domains of behavioral function that can map onto underlying neural systems, namely deficits in hedonics, anticipatory behaviors, computations underlying value and effort, and effortful goal-directed behaviors needed to pursue rewarding outcomes. We highlight unique disturbances in each disorder that may involve dissociable neural systems, but also possible interactions between affect and cognition in MD versus SCZ. Finally, we review computational and translational approaches that offer mechanistic insight into how cellular-level disruptions can lead to complex affective disturbances, informing development of therapies across MD and SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University; NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism; Department of Psychology, Yale University; Division of Neurocognition, Neurogenetics & Neurocomputation, Yale University School of Medicine (Alan Anticevic) - New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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29
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Shackman AJ, Tromp DPM, Stockbridge MD, Kaplan CM, Tillman RM, Fox AS. Dispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:1275-1314. [PMID: 27732016 PMCID: PMC5118170 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dispositional negativity-the propensity to experience and express more frequent, intense, or enduring negative affect-is a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality. Elevated levels of dispositional negativity can have profound consequences for health, wealth, and happiness, drawing the attention of clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the psychological and neurobiological processes linking stable individual differences in dispositional negativity to momentary emotional states. Self-report data suggest that 3 key pathways-increased stressor reactivity, tonic increases in negative affect, and increased stressor exposure-explain most of the heightened negative affect that characterizes individuals with a more negative disposition. Of these 3 pathways, tonically elevated, indiscriminate negative affect appears to be most central to daily life and most relevant to the development of psychopathology. New behavioral and biological data provide insights into the neural systems underlying these 3 pathways and motivate the hypothesis that seemingly "tonic" increases in negative affect may actually reflect increased reactivity to stressors that are remote, uncertain, or diffuse. Research focused on humans, monkeys, and rodents suggests that this indiscriminate negative affect reflects trait-like variation in the activity and connectivity of several key brain regions, including the central extended amygdala and parts of the prefrontal cortex. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative psychobiological framework for understanding the dynamic cascade of processes that bind emotional traits to emotional states and, ultimately, to emotional disorders and other kinds of adverse outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Do P. M. Tromp
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Claire M. Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Rachael M. Tillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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30
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Liska A, Gozzi A. Can Mouse Imaging Studies Bring Order to Autism Connectivity Chaos? Front Neurosci 2016; 10:484. [PMID: 27891068 PMCID: PMC5102904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has consistently highlighted impaired or aberrant functional connectivity across brain regions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. However, the manifestation and neural substrates of these alterations are highly heterogeneous and often conflicting. Moreover, their neurobiological underpinnings and etiopathological significance remain largely unknown. A deeper understanding of the complex pathophysiological cascade leading to aberrant connectivity in ASD can greatly benefit from the use of model organisms where individual pathophysiological or phenotypic components of ASD can be recreated and investigated via approaches that are either off limits or confounded by clinical heterogeneity. Despite some obvious limitations in reliably modeling the full phenotypic spectrum of a complex developmental disorder like ASD, mouse models have played a central role in advancing our basic mechanistic and molecular understanding of this syndrome. Recent progress in mouse brain connectivity mapping via resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) offers the opportunity to generate and test mechanistic hypotheses about the elusive origin and significance of connectional aberrations observed in autism. Here we discuss recent progress toward this goal, and illustrate initial examples of how the approach can be employed to establish causal links between ASD-related mutations, developmental processes, and brain connectional architecture. As the spectrum of genetic and pathophysiological components of ASD modeled in the mouse is rapidly expanding, the use of rsfMRI can advance our mechanistic understanding of the origin and significance of the connectional alterations associated with autism, and their heterogeneous expression across patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Liska
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UniTn, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaRovereto, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UniTn, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaRovereto, Italy
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Meda SA, Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Ivleva EI, Pearlson GD. Examining Functional Resting-State Connectivity in Psychosis and Its Subgroups in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes Cohort. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:488-497. [PMID: 29653095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to examine resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity measures in psychotic patients to both identify cumulative differences across psychosis and subsequently probe deficits across conventional DSM-IV diagnoses and a newly identified classification using cognitive/neurophysiological data (Biotypes). METHODS We assessed 1125 subjects, including healthy control subjects, probands (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic bipolar disorder), and relatives of probands. Probands and relatives were also segregated into Biotype groups (B1-B3, B1R-B3R using a method reported previously). Empirical resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging networks were derived using independent component analysis. Global psychosis-related abnormalities were first identified. Subsequent post hoc t tests were performed across various diagnostic categories. Follow-up linear mixed model compared significance of within-proband differences across categories. Secondary analyses assessed correlations with biological profile scores. RESULTS Voxelwise tests between proband and control subjects revealed nine abnormal networks. Post hoc analysis revealed lower connectivity in most networks for all proband subgroups (DSM and Biotypes). Within-proband effect sizes of discrimination were marginally better for Biotypes over DSM. Reduced connectivity was noted in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in two networks and relatives of patients with psychotic bipolar disorder in one network. Biotype relatives showed similar deficits in one network. Connectivity deficits across four networks were significantly associated with cognitive control profile scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found psychosis-related connectivity deficits in nine large-scale networks. Deficits in these networks tracked more closely with cognitive control factors, suggesting potential implications for disease profiling and therapeutic intervention. Biotypes performed marginally better in terms of separating out psychosis subgroups compared with conventional DSM or psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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32
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Mauney SA, Woo TUW. Weaving a Net of Neurobiological Mechanisms in Schizophrenia and Unraveling the Underlying Pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:589-98. [PMID: 27113498 PMCID: PMC5017894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are enigmatic structures composed of extracellular matrix molecules that encapsulate the soma, dendrites, and axon segments of neurons in a lattice-like fashion. Although most PNNs condense around parvalbumin-expressing gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons, some glutamatergic pyramidal cells in the brain are also surrounded by PNNs. Experimental findings suggest pivotal roles of PNNs in the regulation of synaptic formation and function. Also, an increasing body of evidence links PNN abnormalities to schizophrenia. The number of PNNs progressively increases during postnatal development until plateauing around the period of late adolescence and early adulthood, which temporally coincides with the age of onset of schizophrenia. Given the established role of PNNs in modulating developmental plasticity, the PNN represents a possible candidate for altering the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Similarly, the reported function of PNNs in regulating the trafficking of glutamate receptors places them in a critical position to modulate synaptic pathology, considered a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. We discuss the physiologic role of PNNs in neural function, synaptic assembly, and plasticity as well as how they interface with circuit/system mechanisms of cognition. An integrated understanding of these neurobiological processes should provide a better basis to elucidate how PNN abnormalities influence brain function and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah A Mauney
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Koychev I, William Deakin JF, El-Deredy W, Haenschel C. Effects of Acute Ketamine Infusion on Visual Working Memory: Event-Related Potentials. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016. [PMID: 29528296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia. Electrophysiological studies suggest that impaired early visual processing may contribute to impaired WM in the visual domain. Abnormal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function has been implicated both in WM and in early visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. We investigated whether ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, would replicate in healthy volunteers the WM performance and early visual processing abnormalities we and others have reported in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Forty-four healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive intravenous ketamine or placebo. During infusion, the effects of ketamine were recorded using standardized psychiatric scales. Visual evoked potentials (P100 and P300 components) were recorded during performance of a delayed matching to sample task. RESULTS Ketamine induced mild psychosis-like symptoms and impaired WM performance. It also significantly increased the P100 amplitude, while P300 amplitude decreased in a load-dependent manner. Amplitudes of P100 during retrieval correlated with cognitive performance only in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed previous studies showing that ketamine reproduces the impairment of WM performance and smaller P300 amplitudes observed in schizophrenia. However, ketamine increased visual P100 amplitude in contrast to our observation of reduced P100 amplitudes in established schizophrenia. The effects of ketamine on WM and P300 are likely to involve impaired NMDA function, as these receptors are implicated in changes of synaptic strength underlying associative learning and memory. Increased P100 amplitude may reflect the secondary disinhibition of cortical glutamate release that occurs after NMDA blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Koychev
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - John Francis William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
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Kambeitz J, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Cabral C, Dwyer DB, Calhoun VD, van den Heuvel MP, Falkai P, Koutsouleris N, Malchow B. Aberrant Functional Whole-Brain Network Architecture in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42 Suppl 1:S13-21. [PMID: 27460615 PMCID: PMC4960431 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Findings from multiple lines of research provide evidence of aberrant functional brain connectivity in schizophrenia. By using graph-analytical measures, recent studies indicate that patients with schizophrenia exhibit changes in the organizational principles of whole-brain networks and that these changes relate to cognitive symptoms. However, there has not been a systematic investigation of functional brain network changes in schizophrenia to test the consistency of these changes across multiple studies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all available functional graph-analytical studies in patients with schizophrenia. Effect size measures were derived from each study and entered in a random-effects meta-analytical model. All models were tested for effects of potential moderator variables as well as for the presence of publication bias. The results of a total of n = 13 functional neuroimaging studies indicated that brain networks in patients with schizophrenia exhibit significant decreases in measures of local organization (g = -0.56, P = .02) and significant decreases in small-worldness (g = -0.65, P = .01) whereas global short communication paths seemed to be preserved (g = 0.26, P = .32). There was no evidence for a publication bias or moderator effects. The present meta- analysis demonstrates significant changes in whole brain network architecture associated with schizophrenia across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany;
| | - Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Cabral
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5119-24. [PMID: 27091970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524187113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Social ties are crucial for physical and mental health. However, psychiatric patients frequently encounter social rejection. Moreover, an increased reactivity to social exclusion influences the development, progression, and treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the neuromodulatory substrates of rejection experiences are largely unknown. The preferential serotonin (5-HT) 2A/1A receptor agonist, psilocybin (Psi), reduces the processing of negative stimuli, but whether 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation modulates the processing of negative social interactions remains unclear. Therefore, this double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over study assessed the neural response to social exclusion after the acute administration of Psi (0.215 mg/kg) or placebo (Pla) in 21 healthy volunteers by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting-state magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Participants reported a reduced feeling of social exclusion after Psi vs. Pla administration, and the neural response to social exclusion was decreased in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the middle frontal gyrus, key regions for social pain processing. The reduced neural response in the dACC was significantly correlated with Psi-induced changes in self-processing and decreased aspartate (Asp) content. In conclusion, 5-HT2A/1A receptor stimulation with psilocybin seems to reduce social pain processing in association with changes in self-experience. These findings may be relevant to the normalization of negative social interaction processing in psychiatric disorders characterized by increased rejection sensitivity. The current results also emphasize the importance of 5-HT2A/1A receptor subtypes and the Asp system in the control of social functioning, and as prospective targets in the treatment of sociocognitive impairments in psychiatric illnesses.
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Altered functional connectivity density in major depressive disorder at rest. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:239-48. [PMID: 26265034 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is characterized by abnormal brain connectivity at rest. Currently, most studies investigating resting-state activity rely on a priori restrictions on specific networks or seed regions, which may bias observations. We hence sought to elicit functional alterations in a hypothesis-free approach. We applied functional connectivity density (FCD) to identify abnormal connectivity for each voxel in the whole brain separately. Comparing resting-state fMRI in 21 MDD patients and 23 matched healthy controls, we identified atypical connections for regions exhibiting abnormal FCD and compared our results to those of an independent component analysis (ICA) on networks previously investigated in MDD. Patients showed reduced FCD in mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) and increased FCD in occipital cortex (OCC). These changes in global FCD were driven by abnormal local connectivity changes and reduced functional connectivity (FC) toward the left amygdala for MCC, and increased FC toward the right supplementary motor area for OCC. The altered connectivity was not reflected in ICA comparison of the salience and visual networks. Abnormal FC in MDD is present in cingulate and OCC in terms of global FCD. This converges with previous structural and metabolic findings; however, these particular changes in connectivity would not have been identified using canonical seed regions or networks. This implies the importance of FC measures in the investigation of brain pathophysiology in depression.
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Landek-Salgado MA, Faust TE, Sawa A. Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:10-28. [PMID: 26390828 PMCID: PMC4684728 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition affecting numerous brain systems. Recent studies have identified genetic factors that confer an increased risk of SZ and participate in the disease etiopathogenesis. In parallel to such bottom-up approaches, other studies have extensively reported biological changes in patients by brain imaging, neurochemical and pharmacological approaches. This review highlights the molecular substrates identified through studies with SZ patients, namely those using top-down approaches, while also referring to the fruitful outcomes of recent genetic studies. We have subclassified the molecular substrates by system, focusing on elements of neurotransmission, targets in white matter-associated connectivity, immune/inflammatory and oxidative stress-related substrates, and molecules in endocrine and metabolic cascades. We further touch on cross-talk among these systems and comment on the utility of animal models in charting the developmental progression and interaction of these substrates. Based on this comprehensive information, we propose a framework for SZ research based on the hypothesis of an imbalance in homeostatic signaling from immune/inflammatory, oxidative stress, endocrine and metabolic cascades that, at least in part, underlies deficits in neural connectivity relevant to SZ. Thus, this review aims to provide information that is translationally useful and complementary to pathogenic hypotheses that have emerged from genetic studies. Based on such advances in SZ research, it is highly expected that we will discover biomarkers that may help in the early intervention, diagnosis or treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Landek-Salgado
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T E Faust
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Shackman AJ, Stockbridge MD, Tillman RM, Kaplan CM, Tromp DPM, Fox AS, Gamer M. The neurobiology of dispositional negativity and attentional biases to threat: Implications for understanding anxiety disorders in adults and youth. J Exp Psychopathol 2016; 7:311-342. [PMID: 27917284 PMCID: PMC5130287 DOI: 10.5127/jep.054015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the neurocognitive mechanisms that confer increased risk have only recently begun to come into focus. Here we review recent work highlighting the importance of neural circuits centered on the amygdala. We begin by describing dispositional negativity, a core dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and an important risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders and other kinds of stress-sensitive psychopathology. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurophysiological, and mechanistic evidence indicate that the amygdala supports stable individual differences in dispositional negativity across the lifespan and contributes to the etiology of anxiety disorders in adults and youth. Hyper-vigilance and attentional biases to threat are prominent features of the anxious phenotype and there is growing evidence that they contribute to the development of psychopathology. Anatomical studies show that the amygdala is a hub, poised to govern attention to threat via projections to sensory cortex and ascending neuromodulatory systems. Imaging and lesion studies demonstrate that the amygdala plays a key role in selecting and prioritizing the processing of threat-related cues. Collectively, these observations provide a neurobiologically-grounded framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Rachael M. Tillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Claire M. Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Do P. M. Tromp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
- Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Functional hierarchy underlies preferential connectivity disturbances in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E219-28. [PMID: 26699491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508436113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia may involve an elevated excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio in cortical microcircuits. It remains unknown how this regulatory disturbance maps onto neuroimaging findings. To address this issue, we implemented E/I perturbations within a neural model of large-scale functional connectivity, which predicted hyperconnectivity following E/I elevation. To test predictions, we examined resting-state functional MRI in 161 schizophrenia patients and 164 healthy subjects. As predicted, patients exhibited elevated functional connectivity that correlated with symptom levels, and was most prominent in association cortices, such as the fronto-parietal control network. This pattern was absent in patients with bipolar disorder (n = 73). To account for the pattern observed in schizophrenia, we integrated neurobiologically plausible, hierarchical differences in association vs. sensory recurrent neuronal dynamics into our model. This in silico architecture revealed preferential vulnerability of association networks to E/I imbalance, which we verified empirically. Reported effects implicate widespread microcircuit E/I imbalance as a parsimonious mechanism for emergent inhomogeneous dysconnectivity in schizophrenia.
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Burhan AM, Marlatt NM, Palaniyappan L, Anazodo UC, Prato FS. Role of Hybrid Brain Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2015; 5:577-614. [PMID: 26854172 PMCID: PMC4728476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics5040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a focused review of imaging literature to scope the utility of hybrid brain imaging in neuropsychiatric disorders. The review focuses on brain imaging modalities that utilize hybrid (fusion) techniques to characterize abnormal brain molecular signals in combination with structural and functional changes that have been observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. An overview of clinical hybrid brain imaging technologies for human use is followed by a selective review of the literature that conceptualizes the use of these technologies in understanding basic mechanisms of major neuropsychiatric disorders and their therapeutics. Neuronal network abnormalities are highlighted throughout this review to scope the utility of hybrid imaging as a potential biomarker for each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer M Burhan
- St. Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Institute, 550 Wellington Road, London, ON N6C 0A7, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2R6, Canada.
| | - Nicole M Marlatt
- St. Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Institute, 550 Wellington Road, London, ON N6C 0A7, Canada.
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2R6, Canada.
| | | | - Frank S Prato
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
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41
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Functional connectivity change as shared signal dynamics. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 259:22-39. [PMID: 26642966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of neuroscientific studies gain insights by focusing on differences in functional connectivity-between groups, individuals, temporal windows, or task conditions. We found using simulations that additional insights into such differences can be gained by forgoing variance normalization, a procedure used by most functional connectivity measures. Simulations indicated that these functional connectivity measures are sensitive to increases in independent fluctuations (unshared signal) in time series, consistently reducing functional connectivity estimates (e.g., correlations) even though such changes are unrelated to corresponding fluctuations (shared signal) between those time series. This is inconsistent with the common notion of functional connectivity as the amount of inter-region interaction. NEW METHOD Simulations revealed that a version of correlation without variance normalization - covariance - was able to isolate differences in shared signal, increasing interpretability of observed functional connectivity change. Simulations also revealed cases problematic for non-normalized methods, leading to a "covariance conjunction" method combining the benefits of both normalized and non-normalized approaches. RESULTS We found that covariance and covariance conjunction methods can detect functional connectivity changes across a variety of tasks and rest in both clinical and non-clinical functional MRI datasets. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) We verified using a variety of tasks and rest in both clinical and non-clinical functional MRI datasets that it matters in practice whether correlation, covariance, or covariance conjunction methods are used. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the practical and theoretical utility of isolating changes in shared signal, improving the ability to interpret observed functional connectivity change.
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Yao Y, Palaniyappan L, Liddle P, Zhang J, Francis S, Feng J. Variability of structurally constrained and unconstrained functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4529-38. [PMID: 26274628 PMCID: PMC4843947 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial variation in connectivity is an integral aspect of the brain's architecture. In the absence of this variability, the brain may act as a single homogenous entity without regional specialization. In this study, we investigate the variability in functional links categorized on the basis of the presence of direct structural paths (primary) or indirect paths mediated by one (secondary) or more (tertiary) brain regions ascertained by diffusion tensor imaging. We quantified the variability in functional connectivity using an unbiased estimate of unpredictability (functional connectivity entropy) in a neuropsychiatric disorder where structure-function relationship is considered to be abnormal; 34 patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy controls underwent DTI and resting state functional MRI scans. Less than one-third (27.4% in patients, 27.85% in controls) of functional links between brain regions were regarded as direct primary links on the basis of DTI tractography, while the rest were secondary or tertiary. The most significant changes in the distribution of functional connectivity in schizophrenia occur in indirect tertiary paths with no direct axonal linkage in both early (P=0.0002, d=1.46) and late (P=1×10(-17), d=4.66) stages of schizophrenia, and are not altered by the severity of symptoms, suggesting that this is an invariant feature of this illness. Unlike those with early stage illness, patients with chronic illness show some additional reduction in the distribution of connectivity among functional links that have direct structural paths (P=0.08, d=0.44). Our findings address a critical gap in the literature linking structure and function in schizophrenia, and demonstrate for the first time that the abnormal state of functional connectivity preferentially affects structurally unconstrained links in schizophrenia. It also raises the question of a continuum of dysconnectivity ranging from less direct (structurally unconstrained) to more direct (structurally constrained) brain pathways underlying the progressive clinical staging and persistence of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yao
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Mathematical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied PsychologyInstitute of Mental HealthNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Early Intervention in Psychosis, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Liddle
- Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied PsychologyInstitute of Mental HealthNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhang
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Medical ImagingJinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Mathematical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
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Berman RA, Gotts SJ, McAdams HM, Greenstein D, Lalonde F, Clasen L, Watsky RE, Shora L, Ordonez AE, Raznahan A, Martin A, Gogtay N, Rapoport J. Disrupted sensorimotor and social-cognitive networks underlie symptoms in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Brain 2015; 139:276-91. [PMID: 26493637 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with altered connectivity among brain networks. In the current study we examined large-scale network interactions in childhood-onset schizophrenia, a severe form of the disease with salient genetic and neurobiological abnormalities. Using a data-driven analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging fluctuations, we characterized data from 19 patients with schizophrenia and 26 typically developing controls, group matched for age, sex, handedness, and magnitude of head motion during scanning. This approach identified 26 regions with decreased functional correlations in schizophrenia compared to controls. These regions were found to organize into two function-related networks, the first with regions associated with social and higher-level cognitive processing, and the second with regions involved in somatosensory and motor processing. Analyses of across- and within-network regional interactions revealed pronounced across-network decreases in functional connectivity in the schizophrenia group, as well as a set of across-network relationships with overall negative coupling indicating competitive or opponent network dynamics. Critically, across-network decreases in functional connectivity in schizophrenia predicted the severity of positive symptoms in the disorder, such as hallucinations and delusions. By contrast, decreases in functional connectivity within the social-cognitive network of regions predicted the severity of negative symptoms, such as impoverished speech and flattened affect. These results point toward the role that abnormal integration of sensorimotor and social-cognitive processing may play in the pathophysiology and symptomatology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Berman
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J Gotts
- 2 Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Harrison M McAdams
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Dede Greenstein
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Francois Lalonde
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Liv Clasen
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca E Watsky
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Lorie Shora
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna E Ordonez
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- 2 Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Judith Rapoport
- 1 Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Kleinloog D, Rombouts S, Zoethout R, Klumpers L, Niesters M, Khalili-Mahani N, Dahan A, van Gerven J. Subjective Effects of Ethanol, Morphine, Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Ketamine Following a Pharmacological Challenge Are Related to Functional Brain Connectivity. Brain Connect 2015; 5:641-8. [PMID: 26390148 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis examines the neuronal foundation of drug-induced psychomimetic symptoms by relating the severity of these symptoms to changes in functional connectivity for a range of different psychoactive compounds with varying degrees of psychomimetic effects. The repeated measures design included 323 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging time series and measures of subjective effects in 36 healthy male volunteers. Four different pharmacological challenges with ethanol, morphine, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and ketamine (12 subjects per drug) were applied. A set of 10 "template" resting-state networks was used to determine individual connectivity maps. Linear regression was used for each individual subject to relate these connectivity maps to three clusters of drug-induced subjective psychomimetic effects ("perception," "relaxation," and "dysphoria") as measured with visual analogue scales. Group analysis showed that the subjective effects of perception correlated significantly across drugs with the connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex and precentral gyrus with the sensorimotor network (p < 0.005, corrected). No significant correlations were found for relaxation or dysphoria. The posterior cingulate cortex has a role in visuospatial evaluation and the precentral gyrus has been associated with auditory hallucinations. Both the posterior cingulate cortex and the precentral gyrus show changes in activation in patients with schizophrenia, which can be related to the severity of positive symptoms (i.e., hallucinations and delusions), and have previously been related to changes induced by psychoactive drugs. The similarity of functional connectivity changes for drug-induced psychomimetic effects and symptoms of psychosis provides further support for the use of pharmacological challenges with psychomimetic drugs as models for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Kleinloog
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, The Netherlands .,2 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden, The Netherlands .,3 Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serge Rombouts
- 2 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden, The Netherlands .,3 Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden, The Netherlands .,4 Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Zoethout
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Klumpers
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Najmeh Khalili-Mahani
- 2 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden, The Netherlands .,3 Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Dahan
- 3 Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joop van Gerven
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, The Netherlands .,3 Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden, The Netherlands
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Anticevic A, Haut K, Murray JD, Repovs G, Yang GJ, Diehl C, McEwen SC, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet D, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Qiu M, Cannon TD. Association of Thalamic Dysconnectivity and Conversion to Psychosis in Youth and Young Adults at Elevated Clinical Risk. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:882-91. [PMID: 26267151 PMCID: PMC4892891 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, affect distributed neural computations. One candidate system profoundly altered in chronic schizophrenia involves the thalamocortical networks. It is widely acknowledged that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that likely affects the brain before onset of clinical symptoms. However, no investigation has tested whether thalamocortical connectivity is altered in individuals at risk for psychosis or whether this pattern is more severe in individuals who later develop full-blown illness. OBJECTIVES To determine whether baseline thalamocortical connectivity differs between individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis and healthy controls, whether this pattern is more severe in those who later convert to full-blown illness, and whether magnitude of thalamocortical dysconnectivity is associated with baseline prodromal symptom severity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this multicenter, 2-year follow-up, case-control study, we examined 397 participants aged 12-35 years of age (243 individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis, of whom 21 converted to full-blown illness, and 154 healthy controls). The baseline scan dates were January 15, 2010, to April 30, 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Whole-brain thalamic functional connectivity maps were generated using individuals' anatomically defined thalamic seeds, measured using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Using baseline magnetic resonance images, we identified thalamocortical dysconnectivity in the 243 individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, which was particularly pronounced in the 21 participants who converted to full-blown illness. The pattern involved widespread hypoconnectivity between the thalamus and prefrontal and cerebellar areas, which was more prominent in those who converted to full-blown illness (t(173) = 3.77, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.88). Conversely, there was marked thalamic hyperconnectivity with sensory motor areas, again most pronounced in those who converted to full-blown illness (t(173) = 2.85, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.66). Both patterns were significantly correlated with concurrent prodromal symptom severity (r = 0.27, P < 3.6 × 10(-8), Spearman ρ = 0.27, P < 4.75 × 10(-5), 2-tailed). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Thalamic dysconnectivity, resembling that seen in schizophrenia, was evident in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis and more prominently in those who later converted to psychosis. Dysconnectivity correlated with symptom severity, supporting the idea that thalamic connectivity may have prognostic implications for risk of conversion to full-blown illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut2National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, Connecticut3Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, C
| | - Kristen Haut
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John D. Murray
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York
| | - Grega Repovs
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Genevieve J. Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut3Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven5Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caroline Diehl
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut4Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah C. McEwen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Doreen Olvet
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | | | - Thomas H. McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts15Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston16Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Elaine F. Walker
- Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maolin Qiu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut4Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Pittman-Polletta BR, Kocsis B, Vijayan S, Whittington MA, Kopell NJ. Brain rhythms connect impaired inhibition to altered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1020-30. [PMID: 25850619 PMCID: PMC4444389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, schizophrenia research has focused on inhibitory interneuron dysfunction at the level of neurobiology and on cognitive impairments at the psychological level. Reviewing both experimental and computational findings, we show how the temporal structure of the activity of neuronal populations, exemplified by brain rhythms, can begin to bridge these levels of complexity. Oscillations in neuronal activity tie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia to alterations in local processing and large-scale coordination, and these alterations in turn can lead to the cognitive and perceptual disturbances observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Pittman-Polletta
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston, MA,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA,Corresponding author. Please send correspondence to: 111 Cummington Mall, Boston MA 02215. Phone: 617-353-2560. Fax: 617-353-8100., (Benjamin R. Pittman-Polletta)
| | - Bernat Kocsis
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Sujith Vijayan
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston, MA,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - Miles A. Whittington
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston, MA,Department of Neuroscience, Hull York Medical School, York University, UK
| | - Nancy J. Kopell
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston, MA,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA
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Delta frequency optogenetic stimulation of the thalamic nucleus reuniens is sufficient to produce working memory deficits: relevance to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1098-107. [PMID: 25891221 PMCID: PMC4444380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-frequency (delta/theta) oscillations in the thalamocortical system are elevated in schizophrenia during wakefulness and are also induced in the N-methyl-D-asparate receptor hypofunction rat model. To determine whether abnormal delta oscillations might produce functional deficits, we used optogenetic methods in awake rats. We illuminated channelrhodopsin-2 in the thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) at delta frequency and measured the effect on working memory (WM) performance (the RE is involved in WM, a process affected in schizophrenia [SZ]). METHODS We injected RE with adeno-associated virus to transduce cells with channelrhodopsin-2. An optical fiber was implanted just dorsal to the hippocampus in order to illuminate RE axon terminals. RESULTS During optogenetic delta frequency stimulation, rats displayed a strong WM deficit. On the following day, performance was normal if illumination was omitted. CONCLUSIONS The optogenetic experiments show that delta frequency stimulation of a thalamic nucleus is sufficient to produce deficits in WM. This result supports the hypothesis that delta frequency bursting in particular thalamic nuclei has a causal role in producing WM deficits in SZ. The action potentials in these bursts may "jam" communication through the thalamus, thereby interfering with behaviors dependent on WM. Studies in thalamic slices using the N-methyl-D-asparate receptor hypofunction model show that delta frequency bursting is dependent on T-type Ca(2+) channels, a result that we confirmed here in vivo. These channels, which are strongly implicated in SZ by genome-wide association studies, may thus be a therapeutic target for treatment of SZ.
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The neural connections, interconnections and organized networks of the central nervous system (CNS), which represent the human connectome, are critical for intact brain function. Consequently, disturbances at any level or juncture of these networks may alter behaviour and/or lead to brain dysfunction. In this review, we focus on highlighting recent work using advanced imaging methods to address alterations in the structural and functional connectome in patients with schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Using structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-related functional imaging and advanced computational analysis methods such as graph theory, more than 200 publications have addressed different aspects of structural and/or functional connectivity in schizophrenia over the last year. These studies have focused on determining how brain networks differ from those in controls, interact with symptom profiles within and across diagnoses, interface with disease-related cognitive impairments and confer genetic risk for the disorder. SUMMARY Much existing evidence supports the view that schizophrenia is a disorder of altered brain connectivity. Recent and continued characterization of the structural and functional connectome in schizophrenia patients have advanced our understanding of the neurobiology underlying clinical symptoms and cognitive impairments in a particular patient, their overlaps with other neuropsychiatric disorders sharing common features as well as the contributions of genetic risk factors. Although the clinical utility of the schizophrenia connectome remains to be realized, recent findings provide further promise that research in this area may lead to improved diagnosis, treatments and clinical outcomes.
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Krystal JH. Deconstructing N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor contributions to cortical circuit functions to construct better hypotheses about the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:508-10. [PMID: 25687430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H Krystal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Department of Psychiatry, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven; Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut..
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50
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Okon-Singer H, Hendler T, Pessoa L, Shackman AJ. The neurobiology of emotion-cognition interactions: fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25774129 PMCID: PMC4344113 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of powerful new tools for assaying the brain and a remarkable acceleration of research focused on the interplay of emotion and cognition. This work has begun to yield new insights into fundamental questions about the nature of the mind and important clues about the origins of mental illness. In particular, this research demonstrates that stress, anxiety, and other kinds of emotion can profoundly influence key elements of cognition, including selective attention, working memory, and cognitive control. Often, this influence persists beyond the duration of transient emotional challenges, partially reflecting the slower molecular dynamics of catecholamine and hormonal neurochemistry. In turn, circuits involved in attention, executive control, and working memory contribute to the regulation of emotion. The distinction between the 'emotional' and the 'cognitive' brain is fuzzy and context-dependent. Indeed, there is compelling evidence that brain territories and psychological processes commonly associated with cognition, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and working memory, play a central role in emotion. Furthermore, putatively emotional and cognitive regions influence one another via a complex web of connections in ways that jointly contribute to adaptive and maladaptive behavior. This work demonstrates that emotion and cognition are deeply interwoven in the fabric of the brain, suggesting that widely held beliefs about the key constituents of 'the emotional brain' and 'the cognitive brain' are fundamentally flawed. We conclude by outlining several strategies for enhancing future research. Developing a deeper understanding of the emotional-cognitive brain is important, not just for understanding the mind but also for elucidating the root causes of its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute of Advanced Imaging, and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivIsrael
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
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