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Fu H, Mao Y, Tian L. Coping methods of college students with different personality traits when facing COVID-19 from the anxiety psychology perspective. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1357225. [PMID: 38873508 PMCID: PMC11170701 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1357225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Based on a survey of anxiety among college students during the epidemic, this study takes anxiety as an example to study the coping methods of college students with different personality traits. Thus predicting the behavioral tendencies of college students and proposing some appropriate suggestions for the current psychological education work of college students. Method: The study was carried out during the large-scale outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, and the investigation lasted one month. Using the Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Simplified Chinese Version (EPQ-RSC), and Trait Coping Style Scale (TCSQ), an online questionnaire survey was conducted on 932 college students to analyze the mutual effects of different grades, genders, personality traits, coping methods, and other factors. Results The research found that there was a significant gender difference in negative coping methods and anxiety among college students. Grade differences: In the comparative study of personality traits, there are gender differences in introversion and concealment dimensions and grade differences in neuroticism and concealment dimensions. There is a pairwise correlation between personality traits, coping methods, and anxiety. There is a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of psychoticism, neuroticism and anxiety; There is a significant negative correlation between introversion, concealment, and anxiety. Positive coping methods are significantly negatively correlated with anxiety, while negative coping methods are significantly positively correlated with anxiety. The positive coping style is significantly negatively correlated with the dimensions of psychoticism and neuroticism and positively correlated with the dimensions of introversion, introversion, and concealment; Negative coping methods are significantly positively correlated with the dimensions of psychoticism and neuroticism and negatively correlated with the dimensions of introversion, introversion, and concealment. Conclusion The research results indicate that the mental health issues of college students need to be taken seriously to prevent the spread of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Fu
- School of Liberal Arts, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyao Mao
- School of Liberal Arts, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Humanities and Communication, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Fu H, Pan M, Lai M. Sources of negative emotions and tactics of self-emotion regulation among college students during COVID-19 school closure in China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1265350. [PMID: 38572013 PMCID: PMC10987727 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1265350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the level of anxiety and depression in Chinese college students since the COVID-19 pandemic and explored the sources of their negative emotions and students' self-emotion regulation strategies. Methods A stratified cluster sampling questionnaire was used to survey college students during the pandemic via the Anxiety Depression, Self-made Negative Emotion Source, and Negative Emotion Regulation Strategy Scales. Results The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 23.3 and 20.1%, respectively. These levels were higher in women than in men. Furthermore, senior students reported higher levels than freshmen. Anxiety and depression mainly came from the pressure to grow and the narrowed scope of social activities. Proper relaxation via entertainment and communication with family and friends were popular ways of regulating their negative emotions. Conclusion College students should confront their negative emotions and understand their source, use psychological methods to regulate their anxiety and depression or seek professional help, improve their psychological resilience, and adopt positive coping measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Fu
- School of Liberal Arts, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingfeng Pan
- School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingdong Lai
- School of Humanities and Media, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Catalan A, Tognin S, Hammoud R, Aymerich C, Pedruzo B, Bilbao-Gonzalez A, Salazar de Pablo G, Pacho M, Fusar-Poli P, Gonzalez-Torres MÁ. Understanding the relationship between time spent outdoors, mental well-being and health-related behaviours in a Spanish sample: A real time smartphone-based study. Psychiatry Res 2023; 329:115494. [PMID: 37783095 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 pandemic has affected our lifestyle and physical and mental well-being. We aimed to study the effect of being outdoors and mental well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used smartphone based ecological momentary assessments (EMA) (Urban Mind app) to study the mental well-being of the Spanish general population. We collected socio-demographic data, past and current physical and mental health, and social and physical environment. Participants were recruited during 5 months (February to June 2021). Longitudinal associations between EMA and anxiety, depression, loneliness, tiredness, and happiness during the assessments were investigated using random intercept ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS 274 subjects downloaded the app and completed the baseline assessment. 66 participants completed at least 50 % of the assessments. Being outdoors was related to a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR: 0.48, 95 %CI 0.34-0.66), depression (OR: 0.40, 95 %CI 0.28-0.56), tiredness (OR: 0.47, 95 %CI 0.35-0.63), and loneliness (OR: 0.59, 95 %CI 0.42-0.84), and a higher likelihood of happiness (OR: 2.14, 95 %CI 1.57-2.93). CONCLUSIONS Being outdoors is related to better mental health in the general population independently of other factors (baseline mental well-being or socio-demographic characteristics). Public policies should include measurements to promote outdoor spaces in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalan
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain; Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King´s College London, London, UK.
| | - Stefania Tognin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King´s College London, London, UK; Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ryan Hammoud
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King´s College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Aymerich
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Pedruzo
- OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amaia Bilbao-Gonzalez
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Basurto University Hospital, Research and Innovation Unit, Bilbao, Spain; Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Bilbao, Spain; Kronikgune Institute for Health Services Research, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain; Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Spain
| | - Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Malein Pacho
- OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King´s College London, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; Outreach and Support in South-London (OASIS) service, South London and Maudlsey (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Gonzalez-Torres
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain; Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yousef A, Bozkurt F, Abdeljawad T, Emreizeeq E. A mathematical model of COVID-19 and the multi fears of the community during the epidemiological stage. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2023; 419:114624. [PMID: 35966169 PMCID: PMC9361582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cam.2022.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within two years, the world has experienced a pandemic phenomenon that changed almost everything in the macro and micro-environment; the economy, the community's social life, education, and many other fields. Governments started to collaborate with health institutions and the WHO to control the pandemic spread, followed by many regulations such as wearing masks, maintaining social distance, and home office work. While the virus has a high transmission rate and shows many mutated forms, another discussion appeared in the community: the fear of getting infected and the side effects of the produced vaccines. The community started to face uncertain information spread through some networks keeping the discussions of side effects on-trend. However, this pollution spread confused the community more and activated multi fears related to the virus and the vaccines. This paper establishes a mathematical model of COVID-19, including the community's fear of getting infected and the possible side effects of the vaccines. These fears appeared from uncertain information spread through some social sources. Our primary target is to show the psychological effect on the community during the pandemic stage. The theoretical study contains the existence and uniqueness of the IVP and, after that, the local stability analysis of both equilibrium points, the disease-free and the positive equilibrium point. Finally, we show the global asymptotic stability holds under specific conditions using a suitable Lyapunov function. In the end, we conclude our theoretical findings with some simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yousef
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatma Bozkurt
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Erciyes University, Department of Mathematics, 38039 Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Thabet Abdeljawad
- Prince Sultan University, Department of Mathematics and Sciences, 11586 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- China Medical University, Department of Medical Research, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Emad Emreizeeq
- Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Department of Mathematics, 111499 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Cheng HJ, Liao CS, Huang YW, Li CY. Associations between psychological responses and quality of life at early and late time of quarantine among residents of a collective quarantine facility in central Taiwan. J Psychosom Res 2023; 164:111076. [PMID: 36368226 PMCID: PMC9628125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few countries required people living in collective facilities to undergo quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could lead to more psychological effects than quarantine at home or hotels. This study assessed the changes in depression, anxiety, and quality of life (QOL) among residents of a collective quarantine facility in central Taiwan. METHODS Between April and November 2020, 660 collective quarantine facility residents participated in the survey conducted on the first and last days of the 14-day quarantine period. Questionnaires of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and WHO quality of life (WHOQOL)-BREF were used to measure depression and anxiety symptoms, and QOL, respectively. Linear regression model with generalization estimation equation method was for estimating the differences in depression, anxiety, and QOL between two surveys and to test the changes of associations between them over time. RESULTS PHQ-9 and WHOQOL-BREF scores showed no significant changes, but GAD-7 score decreased during quarantine (p = 0.011, Cohen's d = -0.11). Both PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were negatively associated with overall and domain-specific WHOQOL-BREF scores on both the first and last days of quarantine. Such associations did not significantly vary with time, except for the association between PHQ-9 and environmental domain WHOQOL-BREF score, being stronger on the first day than on the last day of quarantine (p = 0.041, η2 = 0.0021). CONCLUSION A significant decrease in anxiety among quarantined individuals over a 14-day quarantine period was found. While depression was negatively associated with overall QOL, the strength of association between depression and environmental domain QOL decreased over the period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ju Cheng
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shan Liao
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Center of Quality Management, Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Changhua, Taiwan,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Tanzilli A, Cibelli A, Liotti M, Fiorentino F, Williams R, Lingiardi V. Personality, Defenses, Mentalization, and Epistemic Trust Related to Pandemic Containment Strategies and the COVID-19 Vaccine: A Sequential Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114290. [PMID: 36361183 PMCID: PMC9656964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably influenced all domains of people's lives worldwide, determining a high increase in overall psychological distress and several clinical conditions. The study attempted to shed light on the relationship between the strategies adopted to manage the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy, and distinct features of personality and mental functioning. METHODS The sample consisted of 367 Italian individuals (68.1% women, 31.9% men; M age = 37, SD = 12.79) who completed an online survey, including an instrument assessing four response styles to the pandemic and lockdown(s), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form, the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales-Self-Report-30, the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, and the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, Credulity Questionnaire. RESULTS Maladaptive response patterns to pandemic restrictions were related to dysfunctional personality traits, immature defense mechanisms, poor mentalization, and epistemic mistrust or credulity. Moreover, more severe levels of personality pathology were predictive of an extraverted-maladaptive response style to health emergency through the full mediation of low overall defensive functioning, poor certainty of others' mental states, and high epistemic credulity. CONCLUSIONS Recognizing and understanding dysfunctional psychological pathways associated with individuals' difficulties in dealing with the pandemic are crucial for developing tailored mental-health interventions and promoting best practices in healthcare services.
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Flores LE, Elgart JF, Abraham AG, Garrote GL, Torrieri R, Cepeda A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Gagliardino JJ. Changes in lifestyle behaviors during COVID-19 isolation in Argentina: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221127115. [PMID: 36221976 PMCID: PMC9554566 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221127115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify changes in population habits induced by COVID-19 confinement in Argentina. METHODS An internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults in Argentina on December 2020, requesting possible changes occurring during the COVID-19 outbreak. It included 26 questions regarding general information (age, gender, location), eating habits, desire/anxiety for food or to eat between meals, weight gain, physical activity, and hours of sleep. We ran a descriptive statistical analysis of changes in habits and lifestyle during the confinement, followed by a logistic regression analysis to explore the relation between these changes and weight gain. Results: Out of 1536 survey participants, 57.1% were female, aged 38.8 ± 13.1 years. Data showed that during the outbreak, people experienced significant changes in food intake, physical activity, nutritional supplement consumption, anxiety, and sleeping disorders. These changes in behavior resulted in an elevated percentage of people (39.7%) that gained weight (average 4.8 ± 2.8 kg). Weight gain was associated with more food consumption (OR: 9.398), increased snacking between meals (OR: 1.536), anxiety about food (OR: 3.180), less practice of physical activity (OR: 0.586) and less consumption of nutritional supplements (OR: 0.762). Conclusions: COVID-19 outbreak was associated with unhealthy lifestyle changes and body weight increase. These adverse side effects could be prevented by active promotion of nutritional advice and physical activity, implementing virtual activities associated with regular mass promotion campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Flores
- Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET-CeAs CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge F. Elgart
- Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET-CeAs CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía G. Abraham
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CIDCA (CONICET- UNLP- CIC.PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- Área Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas- UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Graciela L. Garrote
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CIDCA (CONICET- UNLP- CIC.PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rocío Torrieri
- Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET-CeAs CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos (LHICA). Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas
- Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos (LHICA). Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Juan J. Gagliardino
- Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET-CeAs CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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Di Giuseppe M, Orrù G, Gemignani A, Ciacchini R, Miniati M, Conversano C. Mindfulness and Defense Mechanisms as Explicit and Implicit Emotion Regulation Strategies against Psychological Distress during Massive Catastrophic Events. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912690. [PMID: 36231993 PMCID: PMC9566362 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation is an important aspect of psychological functioning that influences subjective experience and moderates emotional responses throughout the lifetime. Adaptive responses to stressful life events depend on the positive interaction between explicit and implicit emotion regulation strategies, such as mindfulness and defense mechanisms. This study demonstrates how these emotion regulation strategies predict psychological health during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A convenience sample of 6385 subjects, recruited via snowball sampling on various social media platforms, responded to an online survey assessing psychological reaction to social restrictions imposed to limit the spread of COVID-19 in Italy. Psychological distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms, mindfulness, and defense mechanisms were assessed using SCL-90, IES-R, MAAS, and DMRS-30-SR, respectively. Higher mindfulness was significantly associated with higher overall defensive maturity and a greater use of high-adaptive defenses (p < 0.0001). Both mindfulness and defense mechanisms acted as good predictors of psychological health (R2 = 0.541) and posttraumatic symptoms (R2 = 0.332), confirming the role of emotion regulation in protecting against maladaptive responses to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Department of History, Culture and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Graziella Orrù
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ciacchini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Demetriou L, Becker CM, Martínez-Burgo B, Invitti AL, Kvaskoff M, Shah R, Evans E, Lunde CE, Cox E, Garbutt K, Zondervan KT, Fox E, Vincent K. Stressful experiences impact clinical symptoms in people with endometriosis. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:262-272. [PMCID: PMC9641793 DOI: 10.1530/raf-22-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects ~10% of women globally. Its symptoms include chronic pelvic pain, heavy periods and tiredness/fatigue, which have been associated with poorer quality of life and mental health. We aim to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pain and fatigue symptoms and their interactions with the impact on mental health in people with endometriosis. This global cross-sectional online survey study collected data from 4717 adults with self-reported surgical/radiological diagnosis of endometriosis between May and June 2020. The survey included questions on the current status and changes of endometriosis symptoms (pelvic pain, tiredness/fatigue, and bleeding patterns), mental health, pain catastrophising, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the respondents’ lives. Compared to 6 months earlier, Respondents reported a marked worsening of their endometriosis symptoms (endometriosis-associated pain (39.3%; 95% CI: 37.7, 40.5), tiredness/fatigue (49.9%; 95% CI: 48.4, 51.2) and bleeding patterns (39.6%; 95% CI: 38.2, 41)) and mental health (38.6%; 95% CI: 37.2, 39.9). Those with a pre-existing mental health diagnosis (38.8%) were more likely to report their symptoms worsening. Worsening of pain and tiredness/fatigue was significantly correlated with worsening of mental health (P < 0.001). The relationship between changes in mental health and (a) change in pain and (b) change in fatigue was found to be weakly mediated by pain catastrophising scores (pain: B = 0.071, lower limit of confidence interval (LLCI) = 0.060, upper limit of confidence interval (ULCI) = 0.082, tiredness/fatigue: B = 0.050, LLCI = 0.040, ULCI = 0.060). This study demonstrates that stressful experiences impact the physical and mental health of people with endometriosis. The findings highlight the need to consider psychological approaches in the holistic management of people with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysia Demetriou
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian M Becker
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Burgo
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adriana L Invitti
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, ‘Exposome and Heredity’ Team, CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Razneen Shah
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Evans
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire E Lunde
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biobehavioral Pediatric Pain Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kurtis Garbutt
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katy Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Caldiroli A, Tagliabue I, Turco M, Capuzzi E, Fortunato A, Tringali A, Montana C, Maggioni L, Pellicioli C, Sibilla M, Marcatili M, Crespi G, Colmegna F, Buoli M, Clerici M. Comparing the COVID-19-related PTSD symptoms between psychiatric patients and healthy subjects: an observational retrospective study from Northern Italy. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 28:1298-1308. [PMID: 36093977 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on mental health, both in the general population and psychiatric patients. Little is known about the difference between these two populations in perceiving the pandemic as a traumatic event. The aim of the study was to compare psychiatric patients and healthy controls (HC) in terms of change over time of post-traumatic (PTSD) symptoms. Demographic and clinical variables were collected. Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) scores were registered at T1 as lockdown period (March-April 2020) and T2 as restarting (May-June 2020). Descriptive analyses and linear regression models were performed. A total of 166 outpatients and 57 HC were recruited. Time (F = 15.76; p < 0.001) and diagnosis (F = 4.94; p < 0.001) had a significant effect on the change of IES-R scores, which resulted T1 > T2 (p < 0.001), except for subjects affected by Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Overall, IES-R scores were < in patients than in HC (p = 0.02), particularly in the schizophrenia (SKZ) subgroup (p < 0.001). IES-R scores of subjects with personality disorders (PDs) resulted to be > HC, although not statistically significant. The lockdown period was perceived as more traumatic than the reopening phase by both groups, with the exception of OCD patients, probably because of the clinical worsening associated with the urge of control against risks of contamination. Overall, HC reported more PTSD symptoms than psychiatric patients did, particularly SKZ ones. PD patients, in contrast, may be more vulnerable to PTSD symptoms probably as a result of poor coping skills. Together with OCD patients, subjects with PDs may need closer monitoring during the different phases of the pandemic. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04694482.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caldiroli
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - I Tagliabue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - M Turco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - E Capuzzi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - A Fortunato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - A Tringali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - C Montana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - L Maggioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - C Pellicioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - M Sibilla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - M Marcatili
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - G Crespi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - F Colmegna
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - M Buoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
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Fountoulakis KN, Karakatsoulis GN, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Berk M, Bjedov S, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Abud IIC, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, De Berardis D, Delgado SZ, De Lucena D, De Sousa A, Stefano RD, Dodd S, Elek LP, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Gonda X, Gondek TM, González DM, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan TM, Hashim NA, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jacobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Kafali HY, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kopishinskaia S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Kovacs I, Kulig B, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Malik NI, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Martínez XEM, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Da Costa MP, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Ramírez FV, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Flores ENR, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz P, de Carmona MS, Martínez DS, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vrublevska J, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Prezerakos PE, Smirnova D. The effect of different degrees of lockdown and self-identified gender on anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the international COMET-G study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 315:114702. [PMID: 35839639 PMCID: PMC9247180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health. Our findings, support previous suggestions concerning the need for a proactive targeted intervention to protect mental health more specifically in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece,Corresponding author
| | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom,Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom,Core Psychiatry training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renato D. Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria,Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Bjedov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia,NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina,University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy,School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy,Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - David De Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India,Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Elissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Etchevers
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Farcas
- Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Franza
- “Villa dei Pini” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy,Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Cristian J. Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz M. Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile,Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michal Hagin
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasdik M. Hasan
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jan Hilbig
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamila Ismayilova
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Asaf Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, United States,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Afzal Javed
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom,Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Svetlana Kopishinskaia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia
| | - Korneliia Kosenko
- Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Illes Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kulig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy,Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mika S. Naor
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mikaella E. Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece,Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Pinto Da Costa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile,Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia,Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado – Hideyo Noguchi”, Lima, Perú
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry. Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey. Servicio de geriatría. Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL. Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Assistant Professor at Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University, United States
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany
| | | | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy,European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium,Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Eva Maria Tsapakis
- ″Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece,1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dina Tukhvatullina
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia,Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia,Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olivera Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Panagiotis E. Prezerakos
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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Shahzad S, Kliewer W, Bano N, Begum N, Ali Z. The Impact of COVID-19 on Distress Tolerance in Pakistani Men and Women. Front Psychol 2022; 13:852121. [PMID: 35747680 PMCID: PMC9209777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that spread across the world, bringing with it serious mental health problems for men and women. Women in Pakistan are infected with COVID-19 at a much lower rate than men, yet report worse mental health. To explain this paradox, we surveyed 190 participants (46% male) shortly following the country lockdown, focusing on perceptions of the COVID-19 impact and positive adjustment. Measures used in this study included the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and Distress Tolerance Scale. Factor analysis revealed five distinct areas related to COVID-19, which did not differ by sex. However, men reported higher levels of both distress tolerance and well-being than women. High endorsement of actions to protect against COVID-19 was related to lower distress tolerance scores, but in different ways for men and women. Men, but not women, who endorsed more protective measures to stop the pandemic reported higher DTS absorption scores, and therefore being more consumed by distress; women who endorsed more protective measures to stop the pandemic reported less acceptance of distress than men, as reflected in DTS appraisal scores. An in-depth analysis of women’s beliefs and behaviors related to COVID-19 is warranted to understand why Pakistani women who are infected with COVID-19 at lower rates than men show more mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Shahzad
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Salman Shahzad,
| | - Wendy Kliewer
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nasreen Bano
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Begum
- Department of Applied Psychology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e27. [PMID: 35475479 PMCID: PMC9069583 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) different countries implemented quarantine measures to limit the spread of the virus. Many studies analysed the mental health consequences of restrictive confinement, some of which focused their attention on specific populations. The general public's mental health also requires significant attention, however. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 quarantine on the general population's mental health in different European countries. Risk and protective factors associated with the psychological symptoms were analysed. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar). Studies published up until 20th April 2021, and following eligibility criteria were selected for this review. One thousand three hundred thirty-five (1335) studies were screened, 105 of which were included. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie possible risk factors for mental health outcomes. RESULTS Anxiety, depression, distress and post-traumatic symptoms are frequently experienced during the COVID-19 quarantine and are often associated with changes in sleeping and eating habits. Some socio-demographic and COVID-19-related variables were found to be risk factors for an individual's wellbeing. In particular, being female, young, having a low income, being unemployed and having COVID-19-like symptoms or chronic disorders, were found to be the most common risk factors for mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic represented an unprecedented threat to mental health globally. In order to prevent psychological morbidity and offer support tailored to short-, medium- and long-term negative outcomes, it is essential to identify the direct and indirect psychosocial effects of the lockdown and quarantine measures, especially in certain vulnerable groups. In addition to measures to reduce the curve of viral transmission, policy makers should urgently take into consideration provisions to alleviate hazards to mental health.
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14
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Being a Parent during COVID-19: Risk for Psychological Distress in the United States and Italy. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on people worldwide, yet the psychological impact of collective traumas may differ at the individual and societal level. Parents may be exposed to greater pandemic-related stressors, yet also are more likely than non-parents to have social interactions during social distancing mandates. Furthermore, varying degrees of pandemic severity in countries may alter the adverse outcomes of pandemic stressors on psychopathology across nations. The purpose of this investigation was to cross-nationally explore how COVID-19 stress exposure relates to psychological distress and whether the association differed by parental status and nationality. Individuals from the United States (n = 2449) and Italy (n = 579) completed assessments measuring traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and COVID-19-related stressors. COVID-19-related stressors were positively associated with traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. The association between COVID-19-related stressors and psychological distress did not differ by parental status or nationality. We also found that being a young adult, having a lower educational status, not being a parent, and being Italian were related to exposure to COVID-19-related stressors. We discuss these findings and their implications for our understanding of unique contexts that may pose as risk or resiliency factors during a global collective trauma, particularly on parental psychological distress as a way of promoting whole-family wellness.
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15
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Cirimele F, Pastorelli C, Favini A, Remondi C, Zuffiano A, Basili E, Thartori E, Gerbino M, Gregori F. Facing the Pandemic in Italy: Personality Profiles and Their Associations With Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805740. [PMID: 35282221 PMCID: PMC8908009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals' psychosocial functioning was widely attested during the last year. However, the extent to which individual differences are associated with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during quarantine in Italy remains largely unexplored. Using a person-oriented approach, the present study explored the association of personality profiles, based on three broad individual dispositions (i.e., positivity, irritability, and hostile rumination) and two self-efficacy beliefs in the emotional area (i.e., expressing positive emotions and regulating anger emotion), with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during the first Italian lockdown (March-June 2020). In doing so, we focused also on how different age groups (i.e., young adults and adults) differently faced the pandemic. The study was conducted through an online survey from May to June 2020 and included 1341 participants living in Italy, divided into two groups: 737 young adults aged 18-35 and 604 adults aged 36-60 years old. Latent Profile Analysis identified three personality profiles: resilient, vulnerable, and moderate. A subsequent path analysis model showed that the resilient profile was positively associated with prosocial behavior as an indicator of adaptive outcome, and negatively associated with three maladaptive outcomes: interpersonal aggression, depressive symptoms, and anxiety problems. Contrarily, the vulnerable profile resulted negatively associated with prosocial behavior and positively associated with the three maladaptive outcomes. Finally, regarding age group differences, young adults belonging to the vulnerable profile showed a greater association especially with interpersonal aggression, depression, and anxiety problems, as compared to adults belonging to the same profile. Overall, the results of the present study highlighted the importance to analyze individual functioning during an isolation period by using a person-oriented approach. Findings evidenced the existence of three different profiles (i.e., Resilient, Vulnerable, and Moderate) and subsequent path analysis revealed, especially for the vulnerable profile and young adults, a greater maladaptive consequence of the quarantine. The practical implications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Cirimele
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Clifford C, Paulk E, Lin Q, Cadwallader J, Lubbers K, Frazier LD. Relationships among adult playfulness, stress, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35221637 PMCID: PMC8860462 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created high levels of stress that negatively affect mental health and well-being. The stress and coping process is influenced by individual difference factors, such as personality, that impact perceptual processes and emotional reactions. Adult playfulness is a personality characteristic that may lead to better mental and physical health outcomes. We test a theoretical model to determine whether the two factors of perceived stress, perceived self-efficacy (PSE) and perceived helplessness (PH), mediate the relationship among playfulness and coping in adults (N = 694). Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale were high indicating high levels of pandemic-related stress. The SEM model demonstrated direct effects of playfulness on PSE, PH, adaptive, maladaptive, and supportive coping. Both dimensions of perceived stress were partial mediators in the relationship among playfulness and coping outcomes. Findings illustrate the pathways by which adult playfulness can amplify or attenuate the impact of stress perceptions on coping strategies. The importance of building psychological resources such as playfulness to boost adaptive outcomes in stressful situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-02870-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellis Paulk
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Qiyang Lin
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | | | | | - Leslie D. Frazier
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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17
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Saeed H, Eslami A, Nassif NT, Simpson AM, Lal S. Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042189. [PMID: 35206374 PMCID: PMC8871867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has incited a rise in anxiety, with uncertainty regarding the specific impacts and risk factors across multiple populations. A qualitative systematic review was conducted to investigate the prevalence and associations of anxiety in different sample populations in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four databases were utilised in the search (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO). The review period commenced in April 2021 and was finalised on 5 July 2021. A total of 3537 studies were identified of which 87 were included in the review (sample size: 755,180). Healthcare workers had the highest prevalence of anxiety (36%), followed by university students (34.7%), the general population (34%), teachers (27.2%), parents (23.3%), pregnant women (19.5%), and police (8.79%). Risk factors such as being female, having pre-existing mental conditions, lower socioeconomic status, increased exposure to infection, and being younger all contributed to worsened anxiety. The review included studies published before July 2021; due to the ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, this may have excluded relevant papers. Restriction to only English papers and a sample size > 1000 may have also limited the range of papers included. These findings identify groups who are most vulnerable to developing anxiety in a pandemic and what specific risk factors are most common across multiple populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsah Saeed
- Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ardalan Eslami
- Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.T.N.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.T.N.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Sara Lal
- Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Bracone F, Gialluisi A, Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Persichillo M, Olivieri M, Cerletti C, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L, Bonaccio M. Retrospective Recall of Psychological Distress Experienced During the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: Results From the ALT RISCOVID-19 Survey. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604345. [PMID: 35153649 PMCID: PMC8833312 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To estimate psychological distress experienced during the Italian lockdown (March-May 2020) by assessing, in the transition period of the pandemic (June-September 2020), participants’ recalling of their psychological state. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis on 1,880 adults (mean age 48.9 ± 14.5 years) from the web-based ALT RISCOVID-19 survey. Participants were asked to retrospectively recall their psychological state during lockdown concerning symptoms of depression (Patients’ Health Questionnaire), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder), stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and post-traumatic stress (Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health). Results: Experienced symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress was recalled by 15.8, 15.3 and 13.1% of respondents, respectively. These psychometric scales tended to decrease during the 4-month period of assessment (p < 0.05), while perceived stress levels did not (p = 0.13). Men and older individuals reported lower symptoms of depression (β = −0.42 and β = −0.42; p < 0.0001, respectively), anxiety (β = −0.41 and β = −0.45; p < 0.0001, respectively), stress (β = −0.36 and β = 0.50; p < 0.0001, respectively) and post-traumatic stress (β = −0.42; p < 0.0001, men vs women). Conclusion: Recalled psychological distress experienced during COVID-19 lockdown tended to decrease during the transition period of the pandemic, except for stress. Women and younger people were at higher risk to recall psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bracone
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Simona Costanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Cerletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- *Correspondence: Licia Iacoviello,
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19
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Gobin KC, Mills JS, McComb SE. The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Eating, Body Image, and Social Media Habits Among Women With and Without Symptoms of Orthorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2022; 12:716998. [PMID: 34975611 PMCID: PMC8714632 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting people's mental health worldwide. The current study examined the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on adult women's eating, body image, and social media habits. Furthermore, we compared individuals with and without signs of orthorexia nervosa, a proposed eating disorder. Participants were 143 women, aged 17-73 years (M = 25.85, SD = 8.12), recruited during a COVID-19 lockdown in Canada from May-June 2020. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on their eating, body image, and social media habits during the pandemic. The Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ) assessed symptoms of orthorexia nervosa. Compared to the period prior to lockdown, women with higher total orthorexia nervosa scores reported eating a lot more than usual, feeling greater pressure to diet and lose weight, thinking about food more often than usual, experiencing greater weight gain, and perceiving more pressure from social media specifically to lose weight and to exercise, compared to their healthy counterparts. We examined associations between individual EHQ subscales and perceived changes to eating and weight. Women who scored high on EHQ-Problems reported seeing more weight loss content on their social media than those who reported fewer orthorexia nervosa symptoms. Conversely, those who scored low on EHQ-Feelings reported feeling a lot less pressure to lose weight, somewhat less or a lot less pressure to lose weight or to exercise from social media specifically, and trended toward less laxative use during lockdown, compared to those who scored higher on orthorexia nervosa. And those who scored low on EHQ-Knowledge reported feeling somewhat less or a lot less pressure to lose weight than those who reported more orthorexia nervosa symptoms. Together, the findings suggest that women with symptoms of orthorexia nervosa are experiencing an exacerbation of disordered eating thoughts and behaviors during COVID-19, and that social media may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisha C Gobin
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sarah E McComb
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Thartori E, Pastorelli C, Cirimele F, Remondi C, Gerbino M, Basili E, Favini A, Lunetti C, Fiasconaro I, Caprara GV. Exploring the Protective Function of Positivity and Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy in Time of Pandemic COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13171. [PMID: 34948780 PMCID: PMC8702160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite several empirical studies on the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic that have highlighted its detrimental effect on individuals' mental health, the identification of psychological factors that may moderate its impact on individuals' behavior and well-being remains partly unexplored. The present study was conceived to examine the mediation role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy in the relationship between positivity and anxiety, depression, and perceived self-efficacy in complying with the containment measures to contrast the COVID-19 spread. Furthermore, the moderation role of age was tested. A sample of 1258 participants (64.2% women; Mage = 42.09, SD = 13.62) enrolled from the Italian general population answered an online survey aimed at investigating the role of individual differences in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. We opted for a snowball recruiting procedure to find participants. The online survey was disseminated through email invitation and using social media platforms (i.e., Facebook, Instagram). A multi-group path analysis model was performed using Mplus 8.4 to explore the hypothesized relations among variables. The following criteria were employed to evaluate the goodness of fit: χ2 likelihood ratio statistic, CFI and TLI > 0.95, RMSEA < 0.06 and SRMR < 0.08. The findings corroborated the protective role of both positivity and regulatory emotional self-efficacy in reducing individuals' anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as in fostering individuals' capabilities in complying with the containment measures imposed by the government to reduce the risk of illness and to contain the spread of the virus COVID-19. Specifically, regulatory emotional self-efficacy beliefs partially mediated the relations between positivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms and fully mediated the effect of positivity on perceived self-efficacy beliefs in complying with the containment measures. These paths were equal across ages. The results of the present study appear relevant to implementing psychological interventions aimed to reduce the deleterious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health through the promotion of individuals' optimistic orientation and emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriona Thartori
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (A.F.); (C.L.); (I.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gian Vittorio Caprara
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (F.C.); (C.R.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (A.F.); (C.L.); (I.F.)
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21
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Bozkurt F, Yousef A, Abdeljawad T, Kalinli A, Mdallal QA. A fractional-order model of COVID-19 considering the fear effect of the media and social networks on the community. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 152:111403. [PMID: 34522071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has experienced from a virus, known as Covid-19, that is highly transmittable and is now spread worldwide. Many mathematical models and studies have been implemented to work on the infection and transmission risks. Besides the virus's transmission effect, another discussion appears in the community: the fear effect. People who have never heard about coronavirus, face every day uncertain and different information regarding the effect of the virus and the daily death rates from sources like the media, the medical institutions or organizations. Thus, the fear of the virus in the community can possibly reach the point that people become scared and confused about information polluted from different networks with long-term trend discussions. In this work, we use the Routh-Hurwitz Criteria to analyze the local stability of two essential critical points: the disease-free and the co-existing critical point. Using the discretization process, our analysis have shown that one should distinguish between the spread of "awareness" or "fear" in the community through the media and others to control the virus's transmission. Finally, we conclude our theoretical findings with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bozkurt
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Yousef
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Thabet Abdeljawad
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adem Kalinli
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Rectorate, Middle East Technical Univerity, 06800 Cankaya-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qasem Al Mdallal
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Mathematics, Al Ain, UAE
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22
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Bozkurt F, Yousef A, Abdeljawad T, Kalinli A, Mdallal QA. A fractional-order model of COVID-19 considering the fear effect of the media and social networks on the community. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 152:111403. [PMID: 34522071 PMCID: PMC8429358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has experienced from a virus, known as Covid-19, that is highly transmittable and is now spread worldwide. Many mathematical models and studies have been implemented to work on the infection and transmission risks. Besides the virus's transmission effect, another discussion appears in the community: the fear effect. People who have never heard about coronavirus, face every day uncertain and different information regarding the effect of the virus and the daily death rates from sources like the media, the medical institutions or organizations. Thus, the fear of the virus in the community can possibly reach the point that people become scared and confused about information polluted from different networks with long-term trend discussions. In this work, we use the Routh-Hurwitz Criteria to analyze the local stability of two essential critical points: the disease-free and the co-existing critical point. Using the discretization process, our analysis have shown that one should distinguish between the spread of "awareness" or "fear" in the community through the media and others to control the virus's transmission. Finally, we conclude our theoretical findings with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bozkurt
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Yousef
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Thabet Abdeljawad
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adem Kalinli
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Rectorate, Middle East Technical Univerity, 06800 Cankaya-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qasem Al Mdallal
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Mathematics, Al Ain, UAE
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23
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Sozański B, Ćwirlej-Sozańska A, Wiśniowska-Szurlej A, Jurek K, Górniak P, Górski K, Englert-Bator A, Perenc L. Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the adult population in Poland - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1929. [PMID: 34688271 PMCID: PMC8541812 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed to assess the emotional state, the occurrence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as the quality of life of adults living in Poland during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD The study was conducted on a group of 700 people aged 18 and over living in Poland. An anonymous online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS - 21). The quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTS In Poland, a high average level of post-traumatic stress was found as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with at least the minimum level occurring in all surveyed people. There was also a high incidence of depression (48.00%), anxiety (39.29%), and stress (54.86) in the first phase of the pandemic. The average level of quality of life in Poland was the lowest for the physical domain and amounted to 49.56 (SD = 11.71). The standard of living in the psychological domain was 60.26 (SD = 13.14). CONCLUSIONS The pandemic is having a significant impact on human mental health. The very high average levels of post-traumatic stress, stress, anxiety, and depression as well as low quality of life make it necessary to consider interventions that will favor the use of more adaptive defense mechanisms and build mental resilience during an infectious disease pandemic and its long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Sozański
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland.,Polish Society of Public Health, Branch of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.,Gerontoprophylaxis Laboratory, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ćwirlej-Sozańska
- Polish Society of Public Health, Branch of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. .,Gerontoprophylaxis Laboratory, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej
- Polish Society of Public Health, Branch of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.,Gerontoprophylaxis Laboratory, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland.,Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Krystian Jurek
- Scientific Club of Physiotherapy in Geriatrics and Health Prevention, Section of Physioprophylaxis, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Patryk Górniak
- Scientific Club of Physiotherapy in Geriatrics and Health Prevention, Section of Physioprophylaxis, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Karol Górski
- Scientific Club of Physiotherapy in Geriatrics and Health Prevention, Section of Physioprophylaxis, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Englert-Bator
- Institute of Pedagogy, College of Social Sciences of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lidia Perenc
- Polish Society of Public Health, Branch of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.,Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
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Gori A, Topino E, Caretti V. The impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on perceived stress: The role of defence mechanisms and coping strategies. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8652453 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic represents a unique global challenge. To deter its spread, several countries have put lockdown and physical distancing measures in place that could have potentially harmful consequences on people's mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between anxiety and perceived stress in individuals who were experiencing the COVID‐19 lockdown measures, while also analyzing the impact of coping strategies interacting with defence mechanisms. A sample of 1408 individuals (Mage = 34.69; SD = 11.87) completed the Ten Item Perceived Stress Scale, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory—Form X3, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced and Forty‐Item Defense Style Questionnaire, after providing written informed consent. Results highlighted the significant impact of state anxiety levels on perceived stress, both directly and indirectly. The indirect pathways have been explored by performing three mixed serial‐parallel mediation analyses, where significant associations between coping strategies (Social Support, Avoidance Strategies, Positive Attitude, Problem‐solving and Turning to Religion) and mature, neurotic, or immature defences have been found. These findings may contribute to orientate prevention and intervention activity during the several management phases of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Firenze Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences LUMSA University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences LUMSA University of Rome Rome Italy
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Bianco F, Levante A, Petrocchi S, Lecciso F, Castelli I. Maternal Psychological Distress and Children's Internalizing/Externalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role Played by Hypermentalization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910450. [PMID: 34639750 PMCID: PMC8507724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the caregiver–child relationship, we investigated the interplay among COVID-19 exposure and children’s internalizing/externalizing problems during the Italian lockdown, hypothesizing a mediation effect played by maternal distress. Additionally, we included maternal reflective functioning (i.e., hypermentalization) as a moderator factor among this interplay. A total of 305 Italian mothers of children aged 6–13 years (M = 10.3; SD = 2.4) filled in an online survey. Findings revealed an indirect effect of maternal COVID-19 exposure on children’s anxious/depressed (k2 = 0.46) and attention problems (k2 = 0.32) via maternal distress. Hypermentalization moderated the impact of maternal COVID-19 exposure on children’s anxious/depressed problems (β = −1.08, p = 0.04). Hypermentalization moderated both the relation between maternal distress and children’s aggressive behaviors (β = 12.226; p < 0.001) and between maternal distress and children’s attention problems (β = 5.617, p < 0.001). We found pivotal significant effects of maternal hypermentalization on children’s anxious/depressed and attention problems, indicating that the higher the mother’s hypermentalization was, the higher the children’s problems were. Our results broaden what we knew on the role of maternal reflective and emotional functioning on children’s emotional/behavioral adjustment during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianco
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo 24129, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Annalisa Levante
- Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.L.); (F.L.)
- Lab of Applied Psychology, Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Serena Petrocchi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Buffi 13, Lugano 6900, Switzerland;
| | - Flavia Lecciso
- Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.L.); (F.L.)
- Lab of Applied Psychology, Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo 24129, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.C.)
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Dönmez YE, Uçur Ö. Frequency of Anxiety, Depression, and Irritability Symptoms in Children During the COVID-19 Outbreak and Potential Risk Factors Associated With These Symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:727-733. [PMID: 34582401 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anxiety, depression, and irritability symptoms in children during the COVID-19 outbreak and to investigate the associated factors of these symptoms. This study was conducted with 1071 children aged 6 to 17. Results showed that 49.9% of the participants had anxiety symptoms, 29.5% had depression symptoms, and 51.4% had irritability symptoms. Low age was a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms. Female sex was a potential risk factor for anxiety and depression symptoms. A COVID-19 death in the family or environment was a potential risk factor for depression and irritability symptoms. Exposure to COVID-19 information on television and on the internet was a potential risk factor for anxiety, depression, and irritability symptoms. In conclusion, this study revealed that the COVID-19 outbreak may have serious effects on the mental health of children, and the study highlighted potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Dönmez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine
| | - Ömer Uçur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
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27
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Guido A, Marconi E, Peruzzi L, Dinapoli N, Tamburrini G, Attinà G, Balducci M, Valentini V, Ruggiero A, Chieffo DPR. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Parents of Pediatric Cancer Patients. Front Psychol 2021; 12:730341. [PMID: 34630243 PMCID: PMC8493250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes and general alarm of the current COVID-19 pandemic have amplified the sense of precariousness and vulnerability for family members who, in addition to the emotional trauma of the cancer diagnosis, add the distress and fear of the risks associated with infection. The primary objectives of the present study were to investigate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the parents of pediatric cancer patients, and the level of stress, anxiety, and the child's quality of life perceived by the parents during the COVID-19 epidemic. The parents of 45 consecutive children with solid and hematological tumors were enrolled. Four questionnaires (Impact of Event Scale-Revised - IES-R; Perceived Stress Scale - PSS; Spielberger State - Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI-Y; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - PedsQL) were administered to the parents at the beginning of the pandemic lockdown. A 75% of parents exhibited remarkable levels of anxiety, with 60 subjects in state scale and 45 subjects in trait scale having scores that reached and exceeded the STAI-Y cut off. The bivariate matrix of correlation found a significant positive correlation between the IES-R and PSS scores (r = 0.55, P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the PSS and PedsQL (emotional needs) scale (P < 0.001) and a negative correlation between IES-R and STAI-Y (P < 0.001). The results confirm that parents of pediatric cancer patients have a high psychological risk for post-traumatic symptoms, high stress levels, and the presence of clinically significant levels of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Guido
- UOS Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Marconi
- UOS Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Peruzzi
- UOS Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Dinapoli
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Attinà
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Balducci
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pia Rosaria Chieffo
- UOS Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Campbell H, Wood AC. Challenges in Feeding Children Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Systematic Review of Changes in Dietary Intake Combined with a Dietitian's Perspective. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:155-165. [PMID: 33993426 PMCID: PMC8123103 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the evidence that the dietary quality of children changed between the period preceding the COVID-19 pandemic and the first year during the pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS A systematic review of the evidence for dietary changes occurring as a result of the pandemic-related restrictions, in Part I of this article, yielded 38 original research articles. These articles had conflicting results, some describing improvements in overall quality and some describing deteriorations. As a whole the studies were characterized by a low study quality, and children were poorly represented. Taken together, these studies do not provide enough evidence to draw conclusions about whether dietary habits changed or not as a result of the pandemic. However, in a wider, narrative review of the psychosocial changes occurring as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the known associations of these factors with a dietary intake in Part II, we conclude that there is a reason to expect that the dietary quality of children might have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. One the one hand, the literature fails to provide conclusive evidence on changes in the dietary quality of children resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the broader literature supports the hypothesis that children's dietary quality will have declined during the pandemic. Taken together, we urgently need more high-quality research on children's changes in dietary intake occurring over the pandemic. This will provide important information on whether any potential long-term consequences of such changes, if they exist, need to be examined and ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1000 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77071, USA.
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Putting into Words the COVID-19 Lockdown Experience: Psychological Symptoms and the Referential Process. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091100. [PMID: 34574874 PMCID: PMC8464981 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic is a unique collective event which has affected the physical and psychological health of all individuals. Restrictions imposed by governments to counteract this situation have represented risk factors for developing psychopathological symptoms. This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological symptoms and the referential process (RP). Forty-eight healthy participants (25 males, mean age = 39.3; SD = 16.6) completed a demographic questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) through an online platform and wrote about their experience 3 weeks after the imposition of the lockdown. Different linguistic measures of the RP were applied to the narratives. The logical functions expressed through written narratives (The Italian Reflection Dictionary score, IREF) showed significant positive correlations with the SCL-90-R General Score Index (GSI) and different SCL-90-R subscales (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and paranoid ideation). On the contrary, the reorganization and reflection function related to emotional events (The Italian Weighted Reflection and Reorganization List score, IWRRL) showed significant negative correlations with the SCL-90-R’s GSI and different subscales (obsessive-compulsiveness, depression, anxiety). The results highlight the relationship between psychological symptoms and complex defense mechanisms based on the intellectualization of negative emotions and a positive strategy of reorganization based on emotional elaboration. These results suggest the importance of supporting collective elaborations of citizens in the context of the pandemic.
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Ingegnoli F, Buoli M, Posio C, Di Taranto R, Lo Muscio A, Cumbo E, Ostuzzi S, Caporali R. COVID-19 related poor mental health and sleep disorders in rheumatic patients: a citizen science project. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:385. [PMID: 34344329 PMCID: PMC8330176 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs) are more vulnerable and the containment measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic might have severe psychological consequences. We investigated the presence of and risk factors associated with poor mental health, sleep disorders among RDs during the pandemic. METHODS This cross-sectional Italian citizen science project evaluated the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with RDs. Between May and September 2020, eleven RD patients' associations sent the survey by using their mailing list and the related webpage and social network. 507 RD patients completed an ad-hoc anonymous online survey including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). RESULTS The mean scores on the PSS-10 and the IES-R were 18.1 and 29.7, respectively. Higher PSS scores were associated with younger age (p < 0.01), female gender (p < 0.01), overweight/obesity (p = 0.01), psychiatric pharmacotherapy (p < 0.01), and anxiety for loss of income (p < 0.01). Higher IES-R scores were associated with female gender (p < 0.01), intestinal diseases (p = 0.03), anxiety (p < 0.01), and health concern (p < 0.01). Among 375 patients with inflammatory arthritis, 246 (65.6%) had trouble staying asleep, 238 (63.5%) falling asleep, and 112 (29.9%) had dreams about the pandemic. Older age (OR = 1.038, CI 1.002-1.076), psychiatric pharmacotherapy (OR = 25.819, CI 11.465-58.143), and COVID infection (OR = 2.783, CI 1.215-6.372) were predictive of insomnia during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS A considerable COVID-19 related psychosocial burden has been detected in RDs. Different factors were predictive of poor mental health and sleep disorders in these patients. Focused supportive strategies should be implemented to improve the psychological well-being of fragile patients during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ingegnoli
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Posio
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Taranto
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lo Muscio
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Cumbo
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ostuzzi
- ALOMAR Lombard Association for Rheumatic Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Aafjes-Van Doorn K, Békés V, Luo X, Prout TA, Hoffman L. What Do Therapist Defense Mechanisms Have to Do With Their Experience of Professional Self-Doubt and Vicarious Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Front Psychol 2021; 12:647503. [PMID: 34393887 PMCID: PMC8363079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to examine psychotherapists' levels of defense mechanisms, their concurrent relationship with professional work-related stress (professional self-doubt and vicarious trauma), and how their levels of defense mechanisms predict the changes in these professional stresses over the course of 3 months since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from two online studies (Study 1; N = 105 and Study 2; N = 336), using two self-report measures of therapists' defense mechanisms (Defense Style Questionnaire-40 in Study 1 and Defense Mechanism Rating Scales Self-Report-30 in Study 2), are presented. Therapists reported higher levels of mature defense mechanisms, and lower levels of immature defense mechanisms, compared to published community and clinical populations assessed before and during the pandemic. Therapists' lower level of mature defense mechanisms and higher levels of neurotic and immature defense mechanisms were related to higher concurrent levels of vicarious trauma and professional doubt. Therapists who reported higher levels of mature defense mechanisms at 3-month follow-up showed less vicarious trauma and professional self-doubt at follow-up, after controlling for these professional stressors at baseline. Implications for clinical supervision and training are discussed. The context and professional challenges during the pandemic are unique and future replications of the results outside the pandemic context are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Békés
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaochen Luo
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leon Hoffman
- New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Wirtz K. Changing readiness to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 steered long-term epidemic and social trajectories. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13919. [PMID: 34230560 PMCID: PMC8260599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Societal responses crucially shape the course of a pandemic, but are difficult to predict. Mitigation measures such as social distancing are here assumed to minimize a utility function that consists of two conflicting sub-targets, the disease related mortality and the multifaceted consequences of mitigation. The relative weight of the two sub-targets defines the mitigation readiness H, which entails the political, social, and psychological aspects of decision making. The dynamics of social and behavioral mitigation thus follows an adaptive rule, which in turn is mediated by a non-adaptive dynamics of H. This framework for social dynamics is integrated into an epidemiological model and applied to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Unperturbed simulations accurately reproduce diverse epidemic and mitigation trajectories from 2020 to 2021, reported from 11 European countries, Iran, and 8 US states. High regional variability in the severity and duration of the spring lockdown and in peak mortality rates of the first SARS-CoV-2 wave can be explained by differences in the reconstructed readiness H. A ubiquitous temporal decrease of H has greatly intensified second and third waves and slowed down their decay. The unprecedented skill of the model suggests that the combination of an adaptive and a non-adaptive rule may constitute a more fundamental mode in social dynamics. Its implementation in an epidemic context can produce realistic long-term scenarios relevant for strategic planning, such as on the feasibility of a zero-infection target or on the evolutionary arms race between mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and social responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wirtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany.
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Orrù G, Bertelloni D, Diolaiuti F, Conversano C, Ciacchini R, Gemignani A. A Psychometric Examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and the Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Scale in the Italian Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:669384. [PMID: 34220641 PMCID: PMC8249697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has caused not only significant physical health problems but also mental health disorders. Anxiety and fear appear to be the main psychological symptoms associated with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anxiety and fear related to COVID-19 are influenced by sociodemographics and whether specific conditions, such as positivity for COVID-19 or death among relatives and friends, can further enhance these symptoms. In this cross-sectional study, 697 Italians responded to an online survey assessing sociodemographic information, the presence/absence of positive cases, or deaths due to COVID-19 among relatives or acquaintances. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS-19S) were administered in order to assess the levels of anxiety and fear associated with COVID-19. The data were collected in November 2020. Anxiety and fear scores were positively correlated. Both male and female subjects with higher CAS scores also displayed higher FCS-19S scores. The CAS and FCS-19S scores tended to increase with age, with older subjects exhibiting higher scores than younger subjects. Additionally, respondents with lower educational levels demonstrated higher scores on both the CAS and FCS-19S. Similarly, respondents living with older people and/or experiencing the death of one or more relatives due to COVID-19 exhibited corresponding outcomes. This study demonstrates how the levels of anxiety and fear, measured by CAS and FCS-19S associated with COVID-19, are influenced by gender, age, cohabitation status, educational levels, and the presence of positive cases or deaths due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Orrù
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Bertelloni
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Diolaiuti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ciacchini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Gori A, Topino E, Palazzeschi L, Di Fabio A. Which personality traits can mitigate the impact of the pandemic? Assessment of the relationship between personality traits and traumatic events in the COVID-19 pandemic as mediated by defense mechanisms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251984. [PMID: 34010358 PMCID: PMC8133418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant influence on the lives of people around the world and could be a risk factor for mental health diseases. This study aimed to explore the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying patterns related to post-traumatic symptoms by considering personality and defensive styles. Specifically, it was hypothesized that neuroticism was negatively associated with impact of event, as opposed to extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness traits. The mediation role of mature, neurotic, and immature defenses in these relationships was also investigated. This study involved 557 Italian individuals (71.3% women, 28.7% men; Mage = 34.65, SD = 12.05), who completed an online survey including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Forty Item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) and Ten Item Personality Inventory. Results showed a nonsignificant effect for extraversion and openness on impact of event. The negative influence of neuroticism was instead confirmed in a partial parallel mediation involving significant effects from immature and neurotic defenses in the indirect path. Finally, agreeableness and conscientiousness delineated two protective pathways regarding impact of event, determining two total parallel mediation models in which both these personality traits were negatively associated with immature defensive styles, and conscientiousness was also positively related to mature defenses. These findings provide an exploration post-traumatic symptom patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic, involving the big five personality traits and defense mechanisms. These results may be useful for developing interventions, treatments, and prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Palazzeschi
- Department of Education, Languages, Interculture, Letters and Psychology (Psychology Section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Di Fabio
- Department of Education, Languages, Interculture, Letters and Psychology (Psychology Section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Di Giuseppe M, Nepa G, Prout TA, Albertini F, Marcelli S, Orrù G, Conversano C. Stress, Burnout, and Resilience among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Emergency: The Role of Defense Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5258. [PMID: 34069270 PMCID: PMC8156145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The experience of working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 healthcare crisis has presented a cumulative traumatic experience that affects healthcare professionals' well-being. Psychological resources such as resilience and adaptive defense mechanisms are essential in protecting individuals from severe stress and burnout. During September 2020, 233 healthcare workers responded to an online survey to test the impact of demographic variables, COVID-19 exposure, and psychological resources in determining stress and burnout during the COVID-19 emergency. Frontline workers reported higher scores for stress, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization (p < 0.001) as compared to colleagues working in units not directly serving patients with COVID-19. Mature defensive functioning was associated with resilience and personal accomplishment (r = 0.320; p < 0.001), while neurotic and immature defenses were related to perceived stress and burnout. Stress and burnout were predicted by lower age, female gender, greater exposure to COVID-19, lower resilience, and immature defensive functioning among healthcare professionals (R2 = 463; p < 0.001). Working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic appears to provoke greater stress and burnout. On the other hand, resilience and adaptive defense mechanisms predicted better adjustment. Future reaction plans should promote effective programs offering support for healthcare workers who provide direct care to patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Gianni Nepa
- Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL 4, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Fabrizio Albertini
- Hospital “G. Mazzoni”, Asur Marche Area Vasta 5 Ascoli Piceno, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (F.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Marcelli
- Hospital “G. Mazzoni”, Asur Marche Area Vasta 5 Ascoli Piceno, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (F.A.); (S.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Graziella Orrù
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.O.); (C.C.)
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Gava G, Fisher AD, Alvisi S, Mancini I, Franceschelli A, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC. Mental Health and Endocrine Telemedicine Consultations in Transgender Subjects During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey. J Sex Med 2021; 18:900-907. [PMID: 33903046 PMCID: PMC10016818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender people are a vulnerable group with a higher incidence of mental health issues and, during the COVID-19 outbreak, they may have faced psychological, physical and social obstacles. AIM To evaluate the impact of the pandemic and the access to health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the transgender people living in Italy. METHODS An anonymous web-based survey was conducted among transgender people living in Italy. OUTCOMES The survey consisted of 41 questions (to address socio-demographic and COVID-19 related variables, general health problems and trans-related health issues) and three validated questionnaires (the Impact of Event Scale [IES], the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II] and the SF-12. RESULTS In total 108 respondents were included in the analysis, of these 73.1% were transmen and 26.9% transwomen. The mean age was 34.3 ± 11.7 years with 88.9% undergoing gender affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT). Of these respondents 55.6% were not working during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly because they lost their jobs due to the lockdown (30.5%) or because they were otherwise unemployed (25.0%). Only four subjects were quarantined at home because of a positive COVID-19 swab. The mean total IES score was 21.1 ± 14.9 with 24.1% of subjects scoring over the cut-off score of 26 thereby suggesting a moderate-to-severe impact of the pandemic event. Mean BDI score was 8.6 ± 8.4. SF-12 total mean score was 96.1 ± 11.9 with a Mental Component Summary (MCS) score of 42.8 ± 9.1. Access to endocrinological consultations for hormonal prescription via telemedicine services was associated with better IES total scores (P = .01). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Our results highlight the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of this particular population and how telemedicine services may serve to mitigate negative psychological effects. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Internet-based surveys may select a group of people not necessary representative of the whole population. The self-reporting bias should also be considered. Those who responded to our survey were mainly from northern Italy were COVID-19 has had a greater impact. CONCLUSION Vulnerable groups such as the transgender population should receive more consideration also during pandemic events and their access to health services especially for endocrine and mental health care should be improved. A nationwide plan for the extended use of telemedicine should be established with targeted intervention to reduce psychological distress. Gava G, Fisher AD, Alvisi S, et al. Mental Health and Endocrine Telemedicine Consultations in Transgender Subjects During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey. J Sex Med 2021;18:900-907.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gava
- Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Daphne Fisher
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, University of Florence, Forence, Italy
| | - Stefania Alvisi
- Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mancini
- Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Renato Seracchioli
- Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Meriggiola
- Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Davidsen AH, Petersen MS. The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Mental Well-Being and Working Life among Faroese Employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4775. [PMID: 33947133 PMCID: PMC8125278 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The societal changes caused by COVID-19 have been far-reaching, causing challenges for employees around the world. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the COVID-19 restrictions on mental well-being, working life, family life and social life among Faroese employees within a broad range of professions. A total of 1328 Faroese employees answered an anonymous self-report survey from 13 April to 4 May 2020. Employee mental well-being was only modestly affected by the restrictions and the respondents had a mean score of 50.7 on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale where a score between 41-44 is found to correspond with possible depression. Work commitment, work and family life, work satisfaction and work ability were all rated significantly worse after the COVID-19 outbreak than before (all p values < 0.005). Contrary to previous research, employees in health services assessed their work ability significantly higher than employees in teaching, and child and youth care (p < 0.05). Working parents had higher levels of stress and assessed their work ability significantly lower than employees without children (p < 0.05), and women tended to be more worried than men because of the pandemic. In conclusion, the overall mental well-being of Faroese employees was on an average level during lock-down in April and May 2020. Their working life seemed, however, to be worse than usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika H. Davidsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands;
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Zeng W, Zeng Y, Xu Y, Huang D, Shao J, Wu J, Wu X. The Influence of Post-Traumatic Growth on College Students' Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination. Front Psychol 2021; 12:665973. [PMID: 33935927 PMCID: PMC8079774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to test the mediating effect of general self-efficacy on the relationship between post-traumatic growth (PTG) and creativity and the moderating effect of deliberate rumination in the second path of the indirect mediation path during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A sample of 881 university students from Guangdong Province, China, was surveyed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Deliberate Rumination Inventory. SPSS (23 version) and PROCESS (3.3 version) were used for correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis. Results: (1) PTG was positively correlated with creativity, self-efficacy, and deliberate rumination. Creativity was positively correlated with self-efficacy and deliberate rumination. Deliberate rumination was positively correlated with self-efficacy. (2) Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between PTG and creativity. (3) Deliberate rumination moderated the second half of the path of "PTG → self-efficacy → creativity." Conclusions: PTG affected creativity directly and also indirectly through self-efficacy. In particular, deliberate rumination moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and creativity, such that the association was stronger when the incidence of deliberate rumination was low. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the positive link between PTG and creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zeng
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongtao Huang
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Shao
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingrou Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Conversano C. The Psychodynamic Approach During COVID-19 Emotional Crisis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:670196. [PMID: 33897574 PMCID: PMC8062854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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40
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Vancea F, Apostol MŞ. Changes in mental health during the COVID-19 crisis in Romania: A repeated cross-section study based on the measurement of subjective perceptions and experiences. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211025873. [PMID: 34143706 PMCID: PMC10455032 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211025873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused dramatic changes in the daily lives of Romanians, affecting their mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved at three significant peaks, which sequentially occurred on: April 29, 2020; September 18, 2020; and the third wave registered the highest severity on November 27, 2020. Little is known about the mental health changes during this phase of this pandemic. This study evaluated mental health levels in Romania at the end of the first wave of the pandemic and amidst the third and most severe wave. We administered a two-phase internet-based survey among 543 and 583 participants, respectively, recruited through snowball sampling at a 6-month interval. The IPAT Anxiety Scale measured anxiety, the Beck's Depression Inventory measured depression, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale measured dissociation. We observed no statistically significant differences in the number of participants with clinically relevant scores at either time point. In the first survey, 23.8%, 19.2%, and 32.6% reported being clinically anxious, clinically depressed, and showed clinical dissociation, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated that age, education level, and previous traumatic events were significantly associated with clinical levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis reported a collective significant effect of gender, age, psychological impact, traumatic events, and dissociation on predicting high levels of anxiety and depression. Romanian adults' mental health status was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it did not change 6 months after the first lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Vancea
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Braşov, Spiru Haret University, Braşov, Romania
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Cervellione B, Rossi S, Carbone R, Ferracane G, Lombardo EMC, Pedrelli E, Sozzi A, Artioli G, Sarli L, Iacolino C. The intervention of the emergency psychologist: the SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna during the first lockdown from COVID-19. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021019. [PMID: 33855979 PMCID: PMC8138816 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92is2.11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose of this work: WHO 11 March 2020 declares that Sars-Cov-2 infection is not only a health emergency but must be considered a pandemic. Covid-19 required the urgency of a new psychological intervention model to better address the crisis and ensure a direct support response to the people involved in the pandemic. The present study aimed to detect the symptoms and reactions of the population with respect to the event. The survey was carried out by describing the clinical symptoms that emerged from the triage card used by SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna (Italy), connoting the criteria of emergency psychology. METHODS A retrospective quantitative study was conducted on 288 psychological triage cards. RESULTS only 11% of users who ask for support say they are positive while 85% report not having contracted the virus. Of the total, 40.9% call for psychological support in the management of anxiety symptoms, a need also reported by 55% of the subsample who declared previous psychological problems. In reaction to the pandemic event, 51.1% of the total refers to coping resources and availability for help. DISCUSSIONS the need for support of the population to manage symptoms highlights the need for early interventions, also to facilitate that slice of the population that does not have effective individual coping strategies and resources available to help. CONCLUSIONS it can be deduced that interventions during these types of emergencies must be timely and aimed not only at those affected but also at the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Cervellione
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections; Faculty of Human Sciences and Society, University of Enna "Kore".
| | - Sandra Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma.
| | - Roberta Carbone
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections; Faculty of Human Sciences and Society, University of Enna "Kore".
| | - Giuseppina Ferracane
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections.
| | - Ester M C Lombardo
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections; Faculty of Human Sciences and Society, University of Enna "Kore";.
| | - Enrica Pedrelli
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections.
| | - Anna Sozzi
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections.
| | | | - Leopoldo Sarli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma.
| | - Calogero Iacolino
- Italian Society of Emergency Psychology Social Support, SIPEM SoS Emilia Romagna and Sicily sections; Faculty of Human Sciences and Society, University of Enna "Kore";.
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Petrocchi S, Iannello P, Ongaro G, Antonietti A, Pravettoni G. The interplay between risk and protective factors during the initial height of the COVID-19 crisis in Italy: The role of risk aversion and intolerance of ambiguity on distress. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 41:437-448. [PMID: 33776380 PMCID: PMC7978462 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to test a model of relations to ascertain the determinants of distress caused by lockdown for COVID-19. It was hypothesized that the exposure to the COVID-19 increased distress directly and through the mediation of worry, health-related information seeking, and perception of the utility of the lockdown. It was also expected that higher levels of ambiguity intolerance corresponded to higher distress directly and through the mediation of worry, health information seeking behaviors, and perceived utility of the lockdown. Finally, it was expected that risk aversion positively influenced distress directly and through the increasing of worry, health-related information seeking behavior, and more positive perception of the utility of the lockdown The study was conducted in Italy during the mandatory lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic on 240 individuals (age range 18-76). Data recruitment was conducted via snowball sampling. COVID-19 exposure was positively associated with worry and health-related information seeking. Risk-aversion was positively associated with health-related information seeking and perceived utility of the lockdown to contain the spread of the virus. Worry and health-related information seeking were positively associated with distress, whereas the perceived utility of the lockdown was negatively associated with distress. Intolerance for the ambiguity was directly linked to distress with a positive sign. Findings suggest that risk aversion represents both a risk factor and a protective factor, based on what kind of variable mediates the relationship with distress, and that the intolerance to the ambiguity is a risk factor that busters distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Petrocchi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20132 Milan, MI Italy
| | - P. Iannello
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Ongaro
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20132 Milan, MI Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato–Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20132 Milan, MI Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato–Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Osimo SA, Aiello M, Gentili C, Ionta S, Cecchetto C. The Influence of Personality, Resilience, and Alexithymia on Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630751. [PMID: 33716896 PMCID: PMC7943855 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries worldwide have put lockdowns in place to prevent the virus from spreading. Evidence shows that lockdown measures can affect mental health; it is, therefore, important to identify the psychological characteristics making individuals more vulnerable. The present study aimed, first, to identify, through a cluster analysis, the psychological attributes that characterize individuals with similar psychological responses to the COVID-19 home confinement; second, to investigate whether different psychological characteristics, such as personality traits, alexithymia, and resilience, specifically influence anxiety, stress, and depression, depending on the scope of the confinement. We analyzed data from 393 participants who completed an online survey on their experiences during two different phases of the Italian lockdown, characterized by more or less strict measures of confinement. Two clusters were identified which included participants reporting a better (+ER) and worse (−ER) emotional response to the lockdown, respectively. Individuals in the −ER group showed lower emotional stability, resilience, and higher alexithymia. Moreover, even if lifting part of the restrictions decreased psychological distress among all participants, a reduction in perceived stress was observed only among individuals with high resilience. Finally, personality traits, alexithymia, and resilience differently affected depression, anxiety, and stress. Our results suggest that different psychological interventions should be planned depending on the context: mental health professionals should focus on enhancing the individuals’ coping strategies to alleviate stress in emergencies, while long-term intervention aiming at alleviating anxiety and depressive symptoms should focus on alexithymic tendencies and personality constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Adelaide Osimo
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marilena Aiello
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Gentili
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Cecchetto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Expressive Flexibility and Dispositional Optimism Contribute to the Elderly's Resilience and Health-Related Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041698. [PMID: 33578873 PMCID: PMC7916547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak had a negative impact on psychological status among elderly subjects, negatively affecting their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Psychological factors that promote resilience might beneficially contribute also to promoting a better HRQoL among elderly subjects. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of dispositional optimism and expressive flexibility on the HRQoL of elderly outpatients during the COVID-19 outbreak. The outpatients were recruited from October 2018 to October 2019, and then followed-up during April 2020, by evaluating their HRQoL. The baseline sample consisted of 141 elderly outpatients (mean age 80.31 ± 6.84 years); the final number of outpatients included in the follow-up evaluation was 104 (mean age 80.26 ± 6.39). Univariate and multivariate linear regressions were developed to explore significant associations with the physical and mental component of HRQoL. Baseline dispositional optimism was a predictor of the mental component of HRQoL at follow-up; the flexible suppression of emotional expression was a predictor of the physical component of HRQoL at follow-up. From a psychogeriatric perspective, the accurate assessment of psychological factors, such as dispositional optimism and expressive flexibility, might help physicians and psychologists to recognize additional patients' vulnerabilities during the current emergency.
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45
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Conversano C, Di Giuseppe M. Psychological Factors as Determinants of Chronic Conditions: Clinical and Psychodynamic Advances. Front Psychol 2021; 12:635708. [PMID: 33584488 PMCID: PMC7876054 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Husky MM, Pietrzak RH, Marx BP, Mazure CM. Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Methods and Implications in General Population Samples. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2021; 5:24705470211051327. [PMID: 34765850 PMCID: PMC8576091 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concern about the mental health sequelae to the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a surge in research and publications on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in general population samples in relation to the pandemic. We examined how posttraumatic stress disorder in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has been studied to date and found three general themes: (1) assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms relied on self-report measures and often did not determine direct trauma exposure as required by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Criterion A to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder; (2) inadequate assessment of pre-existing mental disorders and co-occurring stress; and (3) the use of cross-sectional designs in most studies, often relying on snowball sampling strategies to conduct online surveys. Notwithstanding these methodological limitations, these studies have reported moderate to severe posttraumatic symptoms in 25.8% of the general population on average in relation to the pandemic (ranging from 4.6% to 55.3%). Opportunities for advancing future research that will inform public health planning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West
Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P. Marx
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston
Healthcare System, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Mazure
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's Health
Research at Yale, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Gray NS, O'Connor C, Knowles J, Pink J, Simkiss NJ, Williams SD, Snowden RJ. The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Well-Being and Psychological Distress: Impact Upon a Single Country. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:594115. [PMID: 33262714 PMCID: PMC7686842 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.594115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have affected the psychological well-being and mental health of many people. Data on prevalence rates of mental health problems are needed for mental health service planning. Psychological well-being and prevalence of clinically significant mental distress were measured in a large sample from Wales 11-16 weeks into lockdown and compared to population-based data collected in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using an online survey disseminated across Wales and open to adults (age 16+) from 9th June to 13th July 2020. Psychological well-being was indexed via the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, and psychological distress was indexed via the K10. Data from 12,989 people who took part in this study were compared to that from April 2018 - March 2019, gathered by the National Survey for Wales (N = 11,922). Well-being showed a large decrease from 2019 levels. Clinically significant psychological distress was found in around 50% of the population (men = 47.4%, women = 58.6%), with around 20% showing "severe" effects (men = 17.0%, women = 20.9%): a 3-4-fold increase in prevalence. Most affected were young people, women, and those in deprived areas. By June-July 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic had dramatic effects on the mental health of people living in Wales (and by implication those in the UK and beyond). The effects are larger than previous reports. This probably reflects that the current data were taken deeper into the lockdown period than previous evaluations. Mental health services need to prepare for this wave of mental health problems with an emphasis on younger adults, women, and in areas of greater deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. Gray
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, & Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Chris O'Connor
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - James Knowles
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Pink
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Simkiss
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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48
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Walker G, McCabe T. Psychological defence mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case series. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020; 35:41-45. [PMID: 33191967 PMCID: PMC7648496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives COVID-19 has had a negative effect on mental health across the world's population. Healthcare workers in particular have experienced increased levels of psychological distress, depression and anxiety. Any perceived stress to an individual can provoke psychological defence mechanisms. Using psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is described as an unconscious psychological strategy, with or without resulting behaviour, which aims to reduce or eliminate anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. This paper aims to describe a range of psychological defence mechanisms encountered within colleagues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using the methodology of a case series, specific defence mechanisms are explored with reference to further literature in the field. Results The author has encountered varying psychological defence mechanisms, both within himself and in other members of the multidisciplinary team. These have been illustrated in the attached clinical vignettes, relating to the specific psychological coping mechanisms of; denial, hypochondriasis, altruism, sublimation and humour. Conclusion We encourage acknowledgement of psychological defence mechanisms and their implications on day to day practice. Whilst defence mechanisms can have a number of negative consequences as described in this article, they also have an important role, particularly in the case of mature defence mechanisms, as protective factors against psychological distress and symptom formation. Deeper understanding of the gold-standard hierarchical organisation of defence mechanisms could help increase utilisation of specific therapeutic interventions for enhancing changes from immature to mature defensive responses to stressful experiences as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walker
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T McCabe
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Prout TA, Zilcha-Mano S, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Békés V, Christman-Cohen I, Whistler K, Kui T, Di Giuseppe M. Identifying Predictors of Psychological Distress During COVID-19: A Machine Learning Approach. Front Psychol 2020; 11:586202. [PMID: 33240178 PMCID: PMC7682196 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific understanding about the psychological impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic is in its nascent stage. Prior research suggests that demographic factors, such as gender and age, are associated with greater distress during a global health crisis. Less is known about how emotion regulation impacts levels of distress during a pandemic. The present study aimed to identify predictors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 2,787) provided demographics, history of adverse childhood experiences, current coping strategies (use of implicit and explicit emotion regulation), and current psychological distress. The overall prevalence of clinical levels of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress was higher than the prevalence outside a pandemic and was higher than rates reported among healthcare workers and survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Younger participants (<45 years), women, and non-binary individuals reported higher prevalence of symptoms across all measures of distress. A random forest machine learning algorithm was used to identify the strongest predictors of distress. Regression trees were developed to identify individuals at greater risk for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Somatization and less reliance on adaptive defense mechanisms were associated with greater distress. These findings highlight the importance of assessing individuals' physical experiences of psychological distress and emotion regulation strategies to help mental health providers tailor assessments and treatment during a global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Prout
- School-Clinical Child Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Katie Aafjes-van Doorn
- Clinical Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Vera Békés
- Clinical Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Isabelle Christman-Cohen
- School-Clinical Child Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn Whistler
- School-Clinical Child Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Kui
- School-Clinical Child Psychology Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Parola A, Rossi A, Tessitore F, Troisi G, Mannarini S. Mental Health Through the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Growth Curve Analysis on Italian Young Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:567484. [PMID: 33132973 PMCID: PMC7566042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health emergencies, such as epidemics, have detrimental and long-lasting consequences on people's mental health, which are higher during the implementation of strict lockdown measures. Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. METHODS Participants (n = 97) provided self-reports in four time intervals (1-week intervals) in 1 month. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. To determine the time-varying effects of prolonged quarantine, a growth curve modeling will be performed. RESULTS The results showed an increase in anxiety/depression, withdrawal, somatic complaints, aggressive behavior, rule-breaking behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problems and a decrease in intrusive behavior and personal strengths from T1 to T4. CONCLUSIONS The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults' mental health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parola
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Family Research, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Gina Troisi
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Family Research, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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