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Thorell LB, Burén J, Ström Wiman J, Sandberg D, Nutley SB. Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2503-2526. [PMID: 36562860 PMCID: PMC11272698 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reviews have often shown a link between digital media ADHD symptom levels. However, longitudinal studies are needed to find stronger evidence of a causal effect as well as to determine the direction of effects. The aim of the present review (PROSPERO CRD42021262695) was therefore to provide a systematic review of studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) include longitudinal data investigating associations between digital media (i.e., gaming and social media) and later ADHD symptoms or vice versa, (2) be published within the past 10 years (i.e., 2011 until June 2021), (3) be published in a peer-reviewed journal in English, and (4) include children or adolescents (age 0-17 years). After a systematic search in the Web of Science and PsycInfo databases, we included 28 studies, all with adequate or high quality. Results showed support for reciprocal associations between digital media and ADHD symptoms, with associations being more consistent for problematic use of digital media than for screen time. Thus, children with ADHD symptoms appear more vulnerable to developing high or problematic use of digital media (i.e., selection effects), and digital media also have effects on later ADHD symptom levels, either because of specific characteristics of digital media or because of indirect effects on, for example, sleep and social relations (i.e., media effects). However, it should be emphasized that further studies investigating potential moderators and mediators are needed if we are to better understand the complex associations between digital media and ADHD symptom levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Thorell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Burén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Ström Wiman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Sandberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sissela B Nutley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Philippi J, Simon-Kutscher K, Austermann MI, Thomasius R, Paschke K. Investigating Parental Factors for Adolescent Problematic Gaming and Social Media Use - A Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Approach. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00295-7. [PMID: 39066753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing concern has been raised on the addictive potential of digital games and socialmedia platforms, especially in adolescent users. Hence, investigating the etiology of problematic gaming (PG) and problematic social-media use (PSMU) is of great scientific and clinical interest. Parental factors have not been sufficiently addressed yet. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the predictive values of parental demographic, psychological, parenting, and role model factors for adolescent PG/PSMU. METHODS In a representative parent-child (10-17 years) sample parental factors and adolescent PG/PSMU were assessed cross-sectionally (Ndyads = 1221) and longitudinally (Ndyads = 659) using online-questionnaires at two measurement points 14 months apart. Parental factors included parental media-use patterns, sociodemographic aspects, (digital) emotion regulation, stress perception, (digital) parental self-efficacy, and media rules. Best subset linear regression models were estimated to identify parental factors with greatest predictive values. These were included in prospective linear regression analyses. RESULTS At the cross-sectional level, 18% of model variance predicting PG and 24% predicting PSMU could be explained by parental media-use patterns, media rules, and (digital) parental self-efficacy after controlling for adolescent age. Longitudinally, 33% of variance in the PG model and 34% of variance of the PSMU model could be explained by parental media-use patterns and parental self-efficacy after controlling for adolescent age and baseline PG/PSMU. DISCUSSION This study is the first to differentially investigate parental factors in the context of adolescent PG/PSMU in a prospective representative parent-child study. Aspects of digital parental role modeling and parenting could be identified as promising anchors for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Philippi
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Simon-Kutscher
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Isabella Austermann
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paschke
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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Alvarez de Mon MA, Sánchez-Villegas A, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Screen exposure, mental health and emotional well-being in the adolescent population: is it time for governments to take action ?. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024:jech-2023-220577. [PMID: 38964781 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
During the last decade, a multitude of epidemiological studies with different designs have been published assessing the association between the use of digital media and psychological well-being, including the incidence of mental disorders and suicidal behaviours. Particularly, available research has very often focused on smartphone use in teenagers, with highly addictive potential, coining the term 'problematic smartphone use' and developing specific scales to measure the addictive or problematic use of smartphones. Available studies, despite some methodological limitations and gaps in knowledge, suggest that higher screen time is associated with impaired psychological well-being, lower self-esteem, higher levels of body dissatisfaction, higher incidence of eating disorders, poorer sleeping outcomes and higher odds of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Moreover, a significant association has also been found between screen time and higher suicide risk. Finally, problematic pornography has been shown to be highly prevalent and it is a strong cause of concern to many public health departments and national governments because it might be eventually associated with aggressive sexual behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Alvarez de Mon
- Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Sánchez-Villegas
- Institute for Innovation and Sustained Development in Food Chain (ISFOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Psychiatry Service, San Cecilio University Hospital, Andalusian Health Service, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martinez-Gonzalez
- Institute for Innovation and Sustained Development in Food Chain (ISFOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Paschke K, Thomasius R. [Digital media use and mental health in adolescents-a narrative review]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2024; 67:456-464. [PMID: 38427080 PMCID: PMC10995066 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-024-03848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The opportunities and hazards of digital media, especially with regard to children and adolescents, are currently the subject of frequent family, school, and social debates.Digital platforms can support the accomplishment of adolescent developmental tasks through gaming and social exchange as well as communication and contact promotion, learning, and health promotion, and are widely used for entertainment. In Germany, almost all adolescents own a smartphone. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an intensification of the use of digital games, social media, and streaming offers by adolescents was observed. Exposure to age-uncensored content such as the depiction of violence, extreme political views, and conspiracy theories, as well as personal attacks through cyberbullying, unfiltered initiation of contact including cybergrooming, dysfunctional role models, and addiction-promoting aspects are associated with mental health risks.Cyberbullying affects about 5% of children and adolescents in Germany. A bidirectional relationship with mental health could be shown. The gaming disorder is the first digital media use disorder (DMUD) that has been included in the ICD-11 and thus internationally recognized as a mental illness. Adolescents are affected disproportionately often and experience impairments in their mental development and levels of functioning.Services are available to promote adolescent media literacy, and their expansion, structured application, and evaluation are needed. Evidence-based prevention and treatment options for DMUD are currently largely lacking. Their development, review, and dissemination should be further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Paschke
- Deutsches Zentrum für Suchtfragen des Kindes- und Jugendalters (DZSKJ), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- Deutsches Zentrum für Suchtfragen des Kindes- und Jugendalters (DZSKJ), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland
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5
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Paschke K, Diestelkamp S, Zapf A, Busch K, Arnaud N, Prehn-Kristensen A, Reis O, Stark M, Cloes JO, Schulz AL, Brauer H, Krömer T, Thomasius R. An app-based training for adolescents with problematic digital-media use and their parents (Res@t digital): protocol for a cluster-randomized clinical trial. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1245536. [PMID: 38328520 PMCID: PMC10847547 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1245536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Digital media-use disorders (DMUD) in adolescents are a rising phenomenon associated with psychological distress, comorbid mental disorders, and high burden on affected families. Since the ICD-11 introduced criteria for gaming disorder, these can now be transferred to describe additional DMUD associated with social media platforms and streaming services. Most evidence for effective treatments comes from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). However, interventions based on theoretical models for adolescents and their parents are widely missing, leading to a significant clinical gap. Methods Res@t digital (Resource-Strengthening Training for Adolescents with Problematic Digital-Media Use and their Parents) is the app-based translation of the first model-based digital intervention for adolescents with DMUD and their parents based on CBT. It comprises separate but content-related modules for adolescents (Res@t-A) and parents (Res@t-P), applying multimodal techniques. The effectiveness of Res@t will be evaluated within a multicenter cluster-randomized controlled evaluator-blinded pre-post follow-up trial with the waitlist control group (CG). In addition to the Res@t program in the intervention group, both groups will receive treatment as usual within primary child and adolescent psychiatric/psychotherapeutic healthcare. The primary outcome addresses DMUD symptom reduction after 10 weeks. Secondary outcomes are related to a reduction in psychological and family-related problems and an increase in parental self-efficacy. All outcomes will be assessed using standardized self-report measures. A total of 1,334 participating adolescent-parent dyads from a large clinical network throughout Germany are planned to be included in the primary analyses based on an intention-to-treat approach, applying linear mixed models. Discussion Assuming superiority of Res@t over the control condition, the intervention has the potential to provide evidence-based treatment for a significant number of help-seeking families, supporting local healthcare structures and resources. It is a promising program for practicable implementation and flexible use in different settings. Clinical trial registration https://drks.de, DRKS00031043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Paschke
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology (IMBE), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Busch
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Arnaud
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Reis
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Stark
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology (IMBE), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Ole Cloes
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schulz
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Brauer
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Krömer
- Collaborative Practice for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Sarker MS, Imtiaz A, Haque S, Mahmud KT. The link between Facebook addiction and depression among university students: Evidence from a lower-middle income country. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1755. [PMID: 38089595 PMCID: PMC10713871 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Among all the social media, Facebook is the most popular social networking site among students. That raises a chance of excessive Facebook usage being a form of addiction to hamper students' mental health. The primary goal of this study was to find the association of Facebook addiction with the depression level of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Four hundred ten university students from Bangladesh were selected randomly as samples for this investigation. In this study, the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale and nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire were used to assess the level of Facebook Addiction and depression status of the students, respectively. Ordered probit models were employed to identify the connection between Facebook addiction and depression. Ordinary least square models were utilized further to check the robustness of the findings. Results Ordered probit results confirm that Facebook addiction increases the likelihood of having heightened depression among university students. Besides, sex, household income, and history of being infected by COVID-19 also appeared to be correlated with the depression level of the students. Conclusion Creating opportunities for students to participate in more physically demanding outdoor activities should be prioritized as it could ultimately enhance their capacity to mitigate depression. Appropriate measures must be taken to increase the number of recreational facilities on the campus for students, considering their age, gender, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asif Imtiaz
- Department of Management Information SystemsUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Health PolicyLondon School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)LondonUK
| | - Shejuti Haque
- Department of EconomicsRabindra University, BangladeshSirajganjBangladesh
| | - Kazi Tanvir Mahmud
- Department of EconomicsRabindra University, BangladeshSirajganjBangladesh
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7
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Kessling A, Schmidt LD, Brand M, Wegmann E. Implicit cognitions in problematic social network use. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:590-598. [PMID: 37450371 PMCID: PMC10562812 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Implicit cognitions may be involved in the development and maintenance of specific Internet use disorders such as problematic social network use (PSNU). In more detail, implicit attitude, attentional biases, approach and avoidance tendencies as well as semantic memory associations are considered relevant in the context of PSNU. This viewpoint article summarizes the available literature on implicit cognitions in PSNU. We systematically reviewed articles of implicit cognitions in PSNU from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases based on a targeted search strategy and assessed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The present findings suggest that specific implicit cognitions are important in the context of PSNU and therefore show parallels to other addictive behaviors. However, the empirical evidence is limited to a few studies on this topic. Implicit cognitions in PSNU should be explored in more depth and in the context of other affective and cognitive mechanisms in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Kessling
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lasse David Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP (Substance Use and Related Disorders: Treatment, Epidemiology, and Prevention), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Dam VAT, Dao NG, Nguyen DC, Vu TMT, Boyer L, Auquier P, Fond G, Ho RCM, Ho CSH, Zhang MWB. Quality of life and mental health of adolescents: Relationships with social media addiction, Fear of Missing out, and stress associated with neglect and negative reactions by online peers. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286766. [PMID: 37285351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Social networking is proliferating globally and in Vietnam, but this led to several negative aspects of adolescents' health, including physical activity, sleep quality, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to identify the relationship between social media usage and examine risk factors (Fear of Missing out and Risk of Neglect) on social media usage, and the overall quality of life and mental health among individuals actively using social media networks. An online cross-sectional study was conducted in three cities in Vietnam (Hanoi, Tuyen Quang, and Can Tho) from September through to October 2021. A structured questionnaire assessed for characteristics of social media use and other associated factors. 1891 participants were recruited, with 98.4% having access to social media. s. Factors like "PHQ-9 score", "Problematic Internet use", and "Time average used social media per day", were negatively associated with the EQ5D5L Index. By contrast, "Gender", and "Using smartphone" were positive factors of the EQ5D5L Index. "FOMO score" and "self-harm and suicide" were positive factors of the PHQ-9 score while "Using smartphone" was negative. In terms of self-harm and suicide, "FOMO score" and "Problematic Internet use" were positive factors, by contrast, "Using smartphone" was a negative factor. This is the first study to examine social media addiction among Vietnamese adolescents, its relationship with FOMO score, stresses associated with rejection and neglect, and the overall quality of life. Our results highlighted there is a relationship between FOMO score and impaired overall quality of life, increased depressive symptoms, and an association between stresses relating to negative rejection and FOMO score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Anh Trong Dam
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Nam Gia Dao
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Duy Cao Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Laurent Boyer
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvyn W B Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Po LC, Sher CY, Liu YH. Progress and Future Directions for Research on Social Media Addiction: Visualization-Based Bibliometric Analysis. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2023.101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Schlossarek S, Schmidt H, Bischof A, Bischof G, Brandt D, Borgwardt S, Browne DT, Christakis D, Hurst-Della Pietra P, Demetrocvics Z, Rumpf HJ. Psychometric Properties of Screening Instruments for Social Network Use Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:419-426. [PMID: 36806892 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Children and adolescents spend considerable time on the internet, which makes them a highly vulnerable group for the development of problematic usage patterns. A variety of screening methods have already been developed and validated for social network use disorder (SNUD); however, a systematic review of SNUD in younger age groups has not been performed. OBJECTIVE To review published reports on screening tools assessing SNUD in children and adolescents with a maximum mean age of 18.9 years. EVIDENCE REVIEW To identify instruments for the assessment of SNUD, a systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycArticles, and Scopus. The final search took place on May 2, 2022. Psychometric properties of available tools were examined and evaluated to derive recommendations for suitable instruments for individuals up to 18 years of age. FINDINGS A total of 5746 publications were identified, of which 2155 were excluded as duplicates. Of the remaining 3591 nonredundant publications, 3411 studies were assessed as not relevant after title and abstract screening. A full-text analysis of 180 remaining studies classified as potentially eligible resulted in a final inclusion of 29 studies revealing validation evidence for a total of 19 tools. The study quality was mostly moderate. With regard to validation frequency, 3 tools exhibited the largest evidence base: Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS), the short version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale-Short Form (BSMAS-SF). Among these, 1 study tested a parental version (SMDS-P) for its psychometric properties. Taking all criteria into account, the strongest recommendation was made for the SMDS and BSMAS-SF. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results suggest that the SMDS-SF and BSMAS-SF were appropriate screening measures for SNUD. Advantages of the SMDS are the availability of a short version and the possibility of an external parental rating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schlossarek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anja Bischof
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gallus Bischof
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dominique Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dillon T Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Zsolt Demetrocvics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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11
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Parents Rate Problematic Video Streaming in Adolescents: Conceptualization and External Assessment of a New Clinical Phenomenon Based on the ICD-11 Criteria of Gaming Disorder. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031010. [PMID: 36769663 PMCID: PMC9917676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, video streaming (VS) increased substantially. Adolescents are at significant risk of presenting problematic VS patterns associated with a spectrum of mental-health difficulties. Because VS platforms rely on similar mechanisms as digital games, the ICD-11 criteria for Gaming Disorder (GD) have been successfully implemented to measure Streaming Disorder (StrD) in adolescents. For proper diagnoses, external rating scales are urgently required in addition to self-reports. The Streaming Disorder Scale for Parents (STREDIS-P) was created and validated in a representative sample of n = 891 adolescent-parent dyads. Mental health problems were assessed with standardized instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying factor structure. Cutoff scores were determined using ROC analysis. Accordance between parental and adolescents' self-ratings was calculated. Consistent with the results of previous validation studies for screening instruments assessing similar phenomena based on ICD-11-GD criteria, two factors, cognitive-behavioral symptoms and negative consequences, were confirmed. STREDIS-P demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, criterion validity, and discriminatory power. Accordance with adolescents' self-ratings was moderate. STREDIS-P is the first screening tool for assessing StrD in adolescents by parental ratings. It is highly relevant for conceptualizing a new phenomenon in clinical routine and academic research.
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12
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Pellegrino A, Stasi A, Bhatiasevi V. Research trends in social media addiction and problematic social media use: A bibliometric analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1017506. [PMID: 36458122 PMCID: PMC9707397 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1017506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their increasing ubiquity in people's lives and incredible advantages in instantly interacting with others, social media's impact on subjective well-being is a source of concern worldwide and calls for up-to-date investigations of the role social media plays in mental health. Much research has discovered how habitual social media use may lead to addiction and negatively affect adolescents' school performance, social behavior, and interpersonal relationships. The present study was conducted to review the extant literature in the domain of social media and analyze global research productivity during 2013-2022. Bibliometric analysis was conducted on 501 articles that were extracted from the Scopus database using the keywords social media addiction and problematic social media use. The data were then uploaded to VOSviewer software to analyze citations, co-citations, and keyword co-occurrences. Volume, growth trajectory, geographic distribution of the literature, influential authors, intellectual structure of the literature, and the most prolific publishing sources were analyzed. The bibliometric analysis presented in this paper shows that the US, the UK, and Turkey accounted for 47% of the publications in this field. Most of the studies used quantitative methods in analyzing data and therefore aimed at testing relationships between variables. In addition, the findings in this study show that most analysis were cross-sectional. Studies were performed on undergraduate students between the ages of 19-25 on the use of two social media platforms: Facebook and Instagram. Limitations as well as research directions for future studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Stasi
- Business Administration Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Veera Bhatiasevi
- Business Administration Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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13
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Burke TA, Domoff SE, Croarkin PE, Romanowicz M, Borgen A, Wolff J, Nesi J. Reactions to naturalistic smartphone deprivation among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:17-23. [PMID: 35977433 PMCID: PMC10120858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The standard of care among youth who are psychiatrically hospitalized typically involves smartphone confiscation for the duration of treatment. However, very little is known regarding how youth respond to this period of smartphone "deprivation," factors that may influence this response, and ensuing clinical effects. The present exploratory mixed-methods study sought to elucidate the experience of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents as it relates to smartphone deprivation, and to evaluate the impact of this widespread treatment approach. Psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (N = 181; Mean age = 15.29 years) completed qualitative and quantitative measures assessing the experience of smartphone deprivation during hospitalization. Associations among reactions to smartphone deprivation and smartphone and social media use patterns were explored. Analyses additionally evaluated whether reactions to smartphone deprivation were associated with clinical symptom severity (e.g., suicidal ideation, internalizing and externalizing symptoms) and readiness for psychotherapy. Negative reactions to smartphone deprivation were significantly positively correlated with daily smartphone hours, addictive patterns of use, and both negative and positive emotional responses to social media use. Reactions to smartphone deprivation were not associated with clinical symptom severity. However, negative reactions to smartphone deprivation were associated with lower readiness for therapy, while positive reactions were associated with greater readiness. This preliminary work illustrates the complexities of smartphone use in adolescents and the potential positive and negative effects of smartphone deprivation during psychiatric hospitalization. Future prospective research with adolescents should clarify optimal smartphone access during inpatient hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Burke
- Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Sarah E Domoff
- Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, United States
| | | | - Aubrey Borgen
- Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Jennifer Wolff
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, United States; Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, United States
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, United States; Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, United States
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14
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Wong N, Yanagida T, Spiel C, Graf D. The Association between Appetitive Aggression and Social Media Addiction Mediated by Cyberbullying: The Moderating Role of Inclusive Norms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9956. [PMID: 36011592 PMCID: PMC9407729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Appetitive aggression, i.e., the motivation to obtain rewards through aggressive behaviors, has been suggested as a key driver of cyberbullying. Due to the contextual properties of cyberspace (e.g., anonymity), it is assumed that the negative effects of cyberbullying are masked, leading to a preponderance of its positive outcomes (e.g., thrill). Since cyberbullying occurs predominantly in social media, reward-learning effects may lead to problematic social media use, such as addiction. Anti-cyberbullying inclusive norms might act as a buffering factor to break this chain. However, while inclusive norms are known to reduce cyberbullying in general, their influence on the indirect effect of appetitive aggression via cyberbullying on social media addiction is yet unknown. The present study examined this indirect effect, while taking the moderating role of inclusive norms into account. A total of 1064 adolescents (42.05% male, Mage = 14.07, SD = 2.15) completed questionnaires. Results revealed the indirect effect of appetitive aggression on social media addiction through cyberbullying as expected. Surprisingly, this indirect effect was amplified with increasing anti-cyberbullying inclusive norms. Our findings indicate that appetitive aggression, which manifests in cyberbullying, contributes to the development of social media addiction. The unexpected results and the implications of our findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Takuya Yanagida
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Spiel
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department for Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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Paschke K, Austermann MI, Thomasius R. International Classification of Diseases-11-Based External Assessment of Social Media Use Disorder in Adolescents: Development and Validation of the Social Media Use Disorder Scale for Parents. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:518-526. [PMID: 35796709 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Social media use disorder (SMUD) is associated with substantial impairments in daily functioning, and adolescents are particularly at risk. The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) criteria of gaming disorder (GD) could be shown to be suitable to describe SMUD in adolescents. Since adolescents' insight might be limited due to young age or symptom denial, it is essential to include their parents in the diagnostic process. The development and validation of a parental scale are, therefore, of great interest to clinicians and scientists. The Social Media Use Disorder Scale for Parents (SOMEDIS-P) was developed by clinical experts and validated in 944 parent-child dyads. Adolescents were 10-17 years old and frequently used social media (SM). Besides SM use times, standardized questionnaires were applied to assess SM use patterns according to ICD-11 and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria of (Internet) GD, psychological stress, and depressive symptoms in an online survey. Item structure was investigated by confirmatory factorial analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to determine cutoff values and accordance with adolescent self-ratings were computed. A presumed two-factorial structure of SOMEDIS-P could be confirmed describing cognitive-behavioral symptoms and negative consequences. The instrument showed good to excellent internal consistency and criterion validity with moderate to strong correlations, excellent discriminatory characteristics, and moderate accordance with the adolescents' self-ratings. As the first successfully validated tool for the assessment of ICD-11-based SMUD in adolescents by parental judgment, SOMEDIS-P can make an important contribution to reliable SMUD screening in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Paschke
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Isabella Austermann
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Paschke K, Napp AK, Thomasius R. Applying ICD-11 criteria of Gaming Disorder to identify problematic video streaming in adolescents: Conceptualization of a new clinical phenomenon. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:451-466. [PMID: 35895473 PMCID: PMC9295208 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Internet video streaming (VS) has become a popular leisure activity among the majority of adolescents, especially under the COVID-19 pandemic. Research on binge watching patterns in adults suggests an addictive potential of VS. To date, no unified conceptualization on problematic VS and no standardized assessment tools for adolescents exist even though they might be especially vulnerable. Methods STREDIS-A is based on the ICD-11 criteria of gaming disorder. It was validated in a representative sample of 959 dyads of 10- to 17-year old adolescents with frequent VS and a respective parent using standardized questionnaires on Internet addiction, depressive and anxiety symptoms, insomnia, loneliness, and academic performance in an online survey. Item structure was investigated by factorial analyses. Cutoffs were estimated and latent profile analysis was performed. Results The two-factorial structure of STREDIS-A describes cognitive-behavioral symptoms and negative consequences of VS. Internal consistency and criterion validity were good to excellent. It could excellently discriminate between affected and non-affected adolescents. Discussion and conclusions The present study makes a significant contribution to the conceptualization of a new phenomenon. It provides the very first tool to assess streaming disorder in adolescents for clinical and research settings. Clinical validation is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Paschke
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Napp
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Reer F, Wehden LO, Janzik R, Quandt T. Examining the Interplay of Smartphone Use Disorder, Mental Health, and Physical Symptoms. Front Public Health 2022; 10:834835. [PMID: 35493391 PMCID: PMC9049275 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.834835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined antecedents and possible consequences of smartphone use disorder (SmUD). In particular, we aimed to increase the understanding of the interplay of SmUD, mental health, and physical symptoms. Studies found that SmUD is associated with diverse psychological and physical health impairments, ranging from depression and anxiety to headaches and sleep disturbances. Based on existing works, we assumed that mental problems mediate the relationship between SmUD and bodily problems. We conducted a cross-sectional random-quota online survey among 938 German smartphone owners aged 14 to 64 years. An instrument based on the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was used to measure SmUD severity. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. We identified a rate of 4.0% potentially disordered users. Males and younger participants showed more signs of SmUD. As expected, SmUD severity was found to be associated with physical (more frequent headaches, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal problems) as well as psychological (higher levels of loneliness, stress, depression/anxiety) health impairments. Investigating the interplay of these variables showed that depression and anxiety, and stress partially mediated the relationship between SmUD severity and physical symptoms. Taken together, our results confirm that increased SmUD severity is associated with mental problems as well as with somatic symptoms. We assume complex (and presumably circular) relationships, which future studies should examine in more detail. SmUD prevention and intervention programs should follow a broad approach that considers decreases in physical and mental health, possibly causing or resulting from SmUD.
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Müller SM, Wegmann E, Oelker A, Stark R, Müller A, Montag C, Wölfling K, Rumpf HJ, Brand M. Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11): Introduction of a new screening instrument capturing ICD-11 criteria for gaming disorder and other potential Internet-use disorders. J Behav Addict 2022; 11. [PMID: 35394924 PMCID: PMC9295242 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims With the inclusion of gaming disorder in the ICD-11, diagnostic criteria were introduced for this relatively new disorder. These criteria may also be applied to other potential specific Internet-use disorders, which may be classified in ICD-11 as other disorders due to addictive behaviors, such as online buying-shopping disorder, online pornography-use disorder, social-networks-use disorder, and online gambling disorder. Due to the heterogeneity in existing instruments, we aimed to develop a consistent and economic measure of major types of (potential) specific Internet-use disorders based on ICD-11 criteria for gaming disorder. Methods The new 11-item Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) measures five behavioral addictions with the same set of items by following the principles of WHO's ASSIST. The ACSID-11 was administered to active Internet users (N = 985) together with an adaptation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and screeners for mental health. We used Confirmatory Factor Analyses to analyze the factor structure of ACSID-11. Results The assumed four-factorial structure was confirmed and was superior to the unidimensional solution. This applied to gaming disorder and to the other specific Internet-use disorders. ACSID-11 scores correlated with IGDT-10 as well as with the measures of psychological distress. Discussion and Conclusions The ACSID-11 seems to be suitable for the consistent assessment of (potential) specific Internet-use disorders based on ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder. The ACSID-11 may be a useful and economic instrument for studying various behavioral addictions with the same items and improving comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M. Müller
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Oelker
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP (Substance Use and Related Disorders: Treatment, Epidemiology, and Prevention), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
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Damodar S, Lokemoen C, Gurusamy V, Takhi M, Bishev D, Parrill A, Deviney M, Person U, Korie I, Branch R. #Trending: A Systematic Review of Social Media Use’s Influence on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression. ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2210676612666220225122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
With new technological advancements, adolescents can obtain
devices that give them virtually unlimited access to social media (SM) which may impact
adolescent mental health.
Objectives:
This literature review aims to evaluate the influence of social media use on
adolescent anxiety and depression.
Methods:
A literature search of PubMed from June 2010 through June 2020 was completed
for the following MeSH terms: social media, adolescent, anxiety, depression, and mental
health. English language articles that discussed adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, anxiety
and/or depression and SM were included. Extracted data included the SM platform, impact
on anxiety and depression, interventions, temporal and dose-response relationships, and
observed versus self-reported usage.
Results:
The majority of articles positively associated depression (82.6%) and anxiety
(78.3%) with SM use. depression corresponded with cyber-bullying (42.1%), negative
social perspective (21.0%), diminished self-esteem (15.8%), and sleep disturbance (10.5%).
Anxiety corresponded with a negative social perspective (44.4%), diminished self-esteem
(33.3%), sleep disturbance (16.7%), and cyber-bullying (16.7%). Many studies suggested
the use of interventions to reduce depression (72.7%) and anxiety (72.7%), such as screen
time restrictions (n=6) and social support (n=4), but lacked evaluation of their
implementation.
Conclusion:
Current literature suggests a positive association between adolescent SM use
with anxiety and depression. Our study highlights the need for further investigation of
temporal and dose-response associations between SM use and adolescent mental health, and
the potential benefits of SM-driven interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Damodar
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Cidney Lokemoen
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Vikram Gurusamy
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Manpreet Takhi
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Daniel Bishev
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Allison Parrill
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Melissa Deviney
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Ulziibat Person
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201
Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, New York, 11554, United States
| | - Ijendu Korie
- Henry Mayo Newhall
Hospital, 23845 McBean Pkwy, Valencia, California, 91355, United States
| | - Romain Branch
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201
Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, New York, 11554, United States
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