1
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Shymkiv Y, Yuste R. Aberration-free holographic microscope for simultaneous imaging and stimulation of neuronal populations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:33461-33474. [PMID: 37859128 PMCID: PMC10544954 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A technical challenge in neuroscience is to record and specifically manipulate the activity of neurons in living animals. This can be achieved in some preparations with two-photon calcium imaging and photostimulation. These methods can be extended to three dimensions by holographic light sculpting with spatial light modulators (SLMs). At the same time, performing simultaneous holographic imaging and photostimulation is still cumbersome, requiring two light paths with separate SLMs. Here we present an integrated optical design using a single SLM for simultaneous imaging and photostimulation. Furthermore, we applied axially dependent adaptive optics to make the system aberration-free, and developed software for calibrations and closed-loop neuroscience experiments. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the system with simultaneous calcium imaging and optogenetics in mouse primary auditory cortex in vivo. Our integrated holographic system could facilitate the systematic investigation of neural circuit function in awake behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Shymkiv
- Neurotechnology Center, Dept. Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Dept. Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Qin J, Jiang S, Wang Z, Cheng X, Li B, Shi Y, Tsai DP, Liu AQ, Huang W, Zhu W. Metasurface Micro/Nano-Optical Sensors: Principles and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11598-11618. [PMID: 35960685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are 2D artificial materials consisting of arrays of metamolecules, which are exquisitely designed to manipulate light in terms of amplitude, phase, and polarization state with spatial resolutions at the subwavelength scale. Traditional micro/nano-optical sensors (MNOSs) pursue high sensitivity through strongly localized optical fields based on diffractive and refractive optics, microcavities, and interferometers. Although detections of ultra-low concentrations of analytes have already been demonstrated, the label-free sensing and recognition of complex and unknown samples remain challenging, requiring multiple readouts from sensors, e.g., refractive index, absorption/emission spectrum, chirality, etc. Additionally, the reliability of detecting large, inhomogeneous biosamples may be compromised by the limited near-field sensing area from the localization of light. Here, we review recent advances in metasurface-based MNOSs and compare them with counterparts using micro-optics from aspects of physics, working principles, and applications. By virtue of underlying the physics and design flexibilities of metasurfaces, MNOSs have now been endowed with superb performances and advanced functionalities, leading toward highly integrated smart sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shibin Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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3
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Yamaguchi K, Otomo K, Kozawa Y, Tsutsumi M, Inose T, Hirai K, Sato S, Nemoto T, Uji-i H. Adaptive Optical Two-Photon Microscopy for Surface-Profiled Living Biological Specimens. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:438-447. [PMID: 33458495 PMCID: PMC7807736 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed adaptive optical (AO) two-photon excitation microscopy by introducing a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a commercially available microscopy system. For correcting optical aberrations caused by refractive index (RI) interfaces at a specimen's surface, spatial phase distributions of the incident excitation laser light were calculated using 3D coordination of the RI interface with a 3D ray-tracing method. Based on the calculation, we applied a 2D phase-shift distribution to a SLM and achieved the proper point spread function. AO two-photon microscopy improved the fluorescence image contrast in optical phantom mimicking biological specimens. Furthermore, it enhanced the fluorescence intensity from tubulin-labeling dyes in living multicellular tumor spheroids and allowed successful visualization of dendritic spines in the cortical layer V of living mouse brains in the secondary motor region with a curved surface. The AO approach is useful for observing dynamic physiological activities in deep regions of various living biological specimens with curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Yamaguchi
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Division
of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohei Otomo
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Division
of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory
Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department
of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate
School for Advanced Study, 240-0193 Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kozawa
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Division
of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory
Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Division
of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Exploratory
Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 444-8787 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department
of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate
School for Advanced Study, 240-0193 Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, 060-0814 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- KU
Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijinenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Light-sheet microscopy is an imaging approach that offers unique advantages for a diverse range of neuroscience applications. Unlike point-scanning techniques such as confocal and two-photon microscopy, light-sheet microscopes illuminate an entire plane of tissue, while imaging this plane onto a camera. Although early implementations of light sheet were optimized for longitudinal imaging of embryonic development in small specimens, emerging implementations are capable of capturing light-sheet images in freely moving, unconstrained specimens and even the intact in vivo mammalian brain. Meanwhile, the unique photobleaching and signal-to-noise benefits afforded by light-sheet microscopy's parallelized detection deliver the ability to perform volumetric imaging at much higher speeds than can be achieved using point scanning. This review describes the basic principles and evolution of light-sheet microscopy, followed by perspectives on emerging applications and opportunities for both imaging large, cleared, and expanded neural tissues and high-speed, functional imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M C Hillman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Wenze Li
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Hang Yu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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5
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Cabré G, Garrido-Charles A, Moreno M, Bosch M, Porta-de-la-Riva M, Krieg M, Gascón-Moya M, Camarero N, Gelabert R, Lluch JM, Busqué F, Hernando J, Gorostiza P, Alibés R. Rationally designed azobenzene photoswitches for efficient two-photon neuronal excitation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:907. [PMID: 30796228 PMCID: PMC6385291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of neuronal activity using two-photon excitation of azobenzene photoswitches with near-infrared light has been recently demonstrated, but their practical use in neuronal tissue to photostimulate individual neurons with three-dimensional precision has been hampered by firstly, the low efficacy and reliability of NIR-induced azobenzene photoisomerization compared to one-photon excitation, and secondly, the short cis state lifetime of the two-photon responsive azo switches. Here we report the rational design based on theoretical calculations and the synthesis of azobenzene photoswitches endowed with both high two-photon absorption cross section and slow thermal back-isomerization. These compounds provide optimized and sustained two-photon neuronal stimulation both in light-scattering brain tissue and in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, displaying photoresponse intensities that are comparable to those achieved under one-photon excitation. This finding opens the way to use both genetically targeted and pharmacologically selective azobenzene photoswitches to dissect intact neuronal circuits in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Cabré
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Aida Garrido-Charles
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Miquel Moreno
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Montserrat Porta-de-la-Riva
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Michael Krieg
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Marta Gascón-Moya
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Núria Camarero
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ricard Gelabert
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - José M Lluch
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
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6
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Quicke P, Reynolds S, Neil M, Knöpfel T, Schultz SR, Foust AJ. High speed functional imaging with source localized multifocal two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3678-3693. [PMID: 30338147 PMCID: PMC6191622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multifocal two-photon microscopy (MTPM) increases imaging speed over single-focus scanning by parallelizing fluorescence excitation. The imaged fluorescence's susceptibility to crosstalk, however, severely degrades contrast in scattering tissue. Here we present a source-localized MTPM scheme optimized for high speed functional fluorescence imaging in scattering mammalian brain tissue. A rastered line array of beamlets excites fluorescence imaged with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. We mitigate scattering-induced crosstalk by temporally oversampling the rastered image, generating grouped images with structured illumination, and applying Richardson-Lucy deconvolution to reassign scattered photons. Single images are then retrieved with a maximum intensity projection through the deconvolved image groups. This method increased image contrast at depths up to 112 μm in scattering brain tissue and reduced functional crosstalk between pixels during neuronal calcium imaging. Source-localization did not affect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in densely labeled tissue under our experimental conditions. SNR decreased at low frame rates in sparsely labeled tissue, with no effect at frame rates above 50 Hz. Our non-descanned source-localized MTPM system enables high SNR, 100 Hz capture of fluorescence transients in scattering brain, increasing the scope of MTPM to faster and smaller functional signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quicke
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Stephanie Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Mark Neil
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Amanda J. Foust
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
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7
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Hillman EM, Voleti V, Patel K, Li W, Yu H, Perez-Campos C, Benezra SE, Bruno RM, Galwaduge PT. High-speed 3D imaging of cellular activity in the brain using axially-extended beams and light sheets. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:190-200. [PMID: 29642044 PMCID: PMC6002850 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As optical reporters and modulators of cellular activity have become increasingly sophisticated, the amount that can be learned about the brain via high-speed cellular imaging has increased dramatically. However, despite fervent innovation, point-scanning microscopy is facing a fundamental limit in achievable 3D imaging speeds and fields of view. A range of alternative approaches are emerging, some of which are moving away from point-scanning to use axially-extended beams or sheets of light, for example swept confocally aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy. These methods are proving effective for high-speed volumetric imaging of the nervous system of small organisms such as Drosophila (fruit fly) and D. Rerio (Zebrafish), and are showing promise for imaging activity in the living mammalian brain using both single and two-photon excitation. This article describes these approaches and presents a simple model that demonstrates key advantages of axially-extended illumination over point-scanning strategies for high-speed volumetric imaging, including longer integration times per voxel, improved photon efficiency and reduced photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mc Hillman
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kripa Patel
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenze Li
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Citlali Perez-Campos
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sam E Benezra
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Bruno Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Bruno Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pubudu T Galwaduge
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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8
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O'Hare JK, Li H, Kim N, Gaidis E, Ade K, Beck J, Yin H, Calakos N. Striatal fast-spiking interneurons selectively modulate circuit output and are required for habitual behavior. eLife 2017; 6:26231. [PMID: 28871960 PMCID: PMC5584985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Habit formation is a behavioral adaptation that automates routine actions. Habitual behavior correlates with broad reconfigurations of dorsolateral striatal (DLS) circuit properties that increase gain and shift pathway timing. The mechanism(s) for these circuit adaptations are unknown and could be responsible for habitual behavior. Here we find that a single class of interneuron, fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), modulates all of these habit-predictive properties. Consistent with a role in habits, FSIs are more excitable in habitual mice compared to goal-directed and acute chemogenetic inhibition of FSIs in DLS prevents the expression of habitual lever pressing. In vivo recordings further reveal a previously unappreciated selective modulation of SPNs based on their firing patterns; FSIs inhibit most SPNs but paradoxically promote the activity of a subset displaying high fractions of gamma-frequency spiking. These results establish a microcircuit mechanism for habits and provide a new example of how interneurons mediate experience-dependent behavior. From biting fingernails to the daily commute, habits are sets of actions that can be completed almost without thinking and that are difficult to change or stop. Behavioral neuroscientists refer to habits as “stimulus-response” behaviors, and know that forming a new habit requires a region deep within the brain called the dorsolateral striatum. Indeed, in this region, the outgoing neurons – which make up 95% of the cells - respond differently to incoming signals in mice that have learned habits compared to non-habitual mice. However a question remained: what exactly was producing these differences? O’Hare et al. have now found, unexpectedly, that the answer resides not in the 95% of outgoing neurons, but rather in a rare type of cell known as the fast-spiking interneuron. This cell is connected to many others and it appears to act like a conductor, orchestrating the previously identified changes in the output neurons. These findings were made using mice that had been trained to press a lever for a sugar pellet reward. Habit was measured by how long mice kept pressing even if they had just been allowed to eat their fill of pellets and the test lever was no longer dispensing pellets. Habitual mice continue to press the lever in this circumstance, while other mice do not. O’Hare et al. found that inactivating the “conductor” cell made the output neurons respond in the opposite way to how they normally respond in habitual mice. Further experiments showed that fast-spiking interneurons were also more easily activated in habitual mice. To test whether this putative “conductor” cell was necessary for habitual behaviors, a technique known as chemogenetics was used to turn down its activity in habitual mice. Indeed, reducing activity in the conductor cell blocked the habitual behavior. While some habits are a helpful and economical way to get through daily life, habits are also thought to be corrupted in a number of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, addictions and compulsions. Identifying this specific, yet rare, cell as a critical part of maintaining habits points out a new target to consider for therapies. Further work is needed before such treatments might become available to treat habit-related disorders; though O'Hare et al. are now taking steps in this direction by trying to work out how the fast-spiking interneuron changes its own activity when a habit is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K O'Hare
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Haofang Li
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Erin Gaidis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Kristen Ade
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jeff Beck
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Henry Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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9
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Tinning PW, Franssen AJPM, Hridi SU, Bushell TJ, McConnell G. A 340/380 nm light-emitting diode illuminator for Fura-2 AM ratiometric Ca 2+ imaging of live cells with better than 5 nM precision. J Microsc 2017; 269:212-220. [PMID: 28837217 PMCID: PMC5836901 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of a fast wavelength‐switchable 340/380 nm light‐emitting diode (LED) illuminator for Fura‐2 ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of live cells. The LEDs closely match the excitation peaks of bound and free Fura‐2 and enables the precise detection of cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which is only limited by the Ca2+ response of Fura‐2. Using this illuminator, we have shown that Fura‐2 acetoxymethyl ester (AM) concentrations as low as 250 nM can be used to detect induced Ca2+ events in tsA‐201 cells and while utilising the 150 μs switching speeds available, it was possible to image spontaneous Ca2+ transients in hippocampal neurons at a rate of 24.39 Hz that were blunted or absent at typical 0.5 Hz acquisition rates. Overall, the sensitivity and acquisition speeds available using this LED illuminator significantly improves the temporal resolution that can be obtained in comparison to current systems and supports optical imaging of fast Ca2+ events using Fura‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Tinning
- Department of Physics, SUPA University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
| | - A J P M Franssen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
| | - S U Hridi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
| | - T J Bushell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
| | - G McConnell
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
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10
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Ji N, Freeman J, Smith SL. Technologies for imaging neural activity in large volumes. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:1154-64. [PMID: 27571194 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuitry has evolved to form distributed networks that act dynamically across large volumes. Conventional microscopy collects data from individual planes and cannot sample circuitry across large volumes at the temporal resolution relevant to neural circuit function and behaviors. Here we review emerging technologies for rapid volume imaging of neural circuitry. We focus on two critical challenges: the inertia of optical systems, which limits image speed, and aberrations, which restrict the image volume. Optical sampling time must be long enough to ensure high-fidelity measurements, but optimized sampling strategies and point-spread function engineering can facilitate rapid volume imaging of neural activity within this constraint. We also discuss new computational strategies for processing and analyzing volume imaging data of increasing size and complexity. Together, optical and computational advances are providing a broader view of neural circuit dynamics and helping elucidate how brain regions work in concert to support behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeremy Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Spencer L Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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11
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Dvornikov A, Gratton E. Imaging in turbid media: a transmission detector gives 2-3 order of magnitude enhanced sensitivity compared to epi-detection schemes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3747-3755. [PMID: 27699135 PMCID: PMC5030047 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Imaging depth in turbid media by two-photon fluorescence microscopy depends on the ability of the optical system to detect weak fluorescence signals. We have shown that use of a wide area detector in transmission geometry allows increasing imaging depth in turbid media due to efficient photon collection. Compared to the conventional epi-detection scheme used in most commercial microscopes, the transmission detector was found to be 2-3 orders of magnitude more sensitive when used for in depth imaging in scattering samples simulating brain optical properties.
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12
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Simultaneous Multi-plane Imaging of Neural Circuits. Neuron 2016; 89:269-84. [PMID: 26774159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recording the activity of large populations of neurons is an important step toward understanding the emergent function of neural circuits. Here we present a simple holographic method to simultaneously perform two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations across multiple areas and layers of mouse cortex in vivo. We use prior knowledge of neuronal locations, activity sparsity, and a constrained nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm to extract signals from neurons imaged simultaneously and located in different focal planes or fields of view. Our laser multiplexing approach is simple and fast, and could be used as a general method to image the activity of neural circuits in three dimensions across multiple areas in the brain.
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13
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Gascón-Moya M, Pejoan A, Izquierdo-Serra M, Pittolo S, Cabré G, Hernando J, Alibés R, Gorostiza P, Busqué F. An Optimized Glutamate Receptor Photoswitch with Sensitized Azobenzene Isomerization. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9915-25. [PMID: 26414427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new azobenzene-based photoswitch, 2, has been designed to enable optical control of ionotropic glutamate receptors in neurons via sensitized two-photon excitation with NIR light. In order to develop an efficient and versatile synthetic route for this molecule, a modular strategy is described which relies on the use of a new linear fully protected glutamate derivative stable in basic media. The resulting compound undergoes one-photon trans-cis photoisomerization via two different mechanisms: direct excitation of its azoaromatic unit and irradiation of the pyrene sensitizer, a well-known two-photon sensitive chromophore. Moreover, 2 presents large thermal stability of its cis isomer, in contrast to other two-photon responsive switches relying on the intrinsic nonlinear optical properties of push-pull substituted azobenzenes. As a result, the molecular system developed herein is a very promising candidate for evoking large photoinduced biological responses during the multiphoton operation of neuronal glutamate receptors with NIR light, which require accumulation of the protein-bound cis state of the switch upon repeated illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gascón-Moya
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Arnau Pejoan
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Pittolo
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Cabré
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC) , Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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Cha JW, Yew EYS, Kim D, Subramanian J, Nedivi E, So PTC. Non-descanned multifocal multiphoton microscopy with a multianode photomultiplier tube. AIP ADVANCES 2015; 5:084802. [PMID: 25874160 PMCID: PMC4387602 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) improves imaging speed over a point scanning approach by parallelizing the excitation process. Early versions of MMM relied on imaging detectors to record emission signals from multiple foci simultaneously. For many turbid biological specimens, the scattering of emission photons results in blurred images and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We have recently demonstrated that a multianode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT) placed in a descanned configuration can effectively collect scattered emission photons from each focus into their corresponding anodes significantly improving image SNR for highly scattering specimens. Unfortunately, a descanned MMM has a longer detection path resulting in substantial emission photon loss. Optical design constraints in a descanned geometry further results in significant optical aberrations especially for large field-of-view (FOV), high NA objectives. Here, we introduce a non-descanned MMM based on MAPMT that substantially overcomes most of these drawbacks. We show that we improve signal efficiency up to fourfold with limited image SNR degradation due to scattered emission photons. The excitation foci can also be spaced wider to cover the full FOV of the objective with minimal aberrations. The performance of this system is demonstrated by imaging interneuron morphological structures deep in the brains of living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Cha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elijah Y S Yew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daekeun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dankook University , Korea
| | - Jaichandar Subramanian
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Cha JW, Tzeranis D, Subramanian J, Yannas IV, Nedivi E, So PTC. Spectral-resolved multifocal multiphoton microscopy with multianode photomultiplier tubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21368-21381. [PMID: 25321515 PMCID: PMC4247179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy is the preferred method for in vivo deep tissue imaging. Many biological applications demand both high imaging speed and the ability to resolve multiple fluorophores. One of the successful methods to improve imaging speed in a highly turbid specimen is multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) based on use of multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMT). This approach improves imaging speed by using multiple foci for parallelized excitation without sacrificing signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to the scattering of emission photons. In this work, we demonstrate that the MAPMT based MMM can be extended with spectral resolved imaging capability. Instead of generating multiple excitation foci in a 2D grid pattern, a linear array of foci is generated. This leaves one axis of the 2D MAPMT available for spectral dispersion and detection. The spectral-resolved MMM can detect several emission signals simultaneously with high imaging speed optimized for high-throughput, high-contents applications. The new procedure is illustrated using imaging data from the kidney, peripheral nerve regeneration and dendritic morphological data from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Cha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Dimitrios Tzeranis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Jaichandar Subramanian
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Ioannis V. Yannas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Elly Nedivi
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
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16
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Izquierdo-Serra M, Gascón-Moya M, Hirtz JJ, Pittolo S, Poskanzer KE, Ferrer È, Alibés R, Busqué F, Yuste R, Hernando J, Gorostiza P. Two-photon neuronal and astrocytic stimulation with azobenzene-based photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8693-701. [PMID: 24857186 PMCID: PMC4096865 DOI: 10.1021/ja5026326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Synthetic photochromic compounds
can be designed to control a variety
of proteins and their biochemical functions in living cells, but the
high spatiotemporal precision and tissue penetration of two-photon
stimulation have never been investigated in these molecules. Here
we demonstrate two-photon excitation of azobenzene-based protein switches
and versatile strategies to enhance their photochemical responses.
This enables new applications to control the activation of neurons
and astrocytes with cellular and subcellular resolution.
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17
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Cha JW, Singh VR, Kim KH, Subramanian J, Peng Q, Yu H, Nedivi E, So PTC. Reassignment of scattered emission photons in multifocal multiphoton microscopy. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5153. [PMID: 24898470 PMCID: PMC4046171 DOI: 10.1038/srep05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) achieves fast imaging by simultaneously scanning multiple foci across different regions of specimen. The use of imaging detectors in MMM, such as CCD or CMOS, results in degradation of image signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) due to the scattering of emitted photons. SNR can be partly recovered using multianode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMT). In this design, however, emission photons scattered to neighbor anodes are encoded by the foci scan location resulting in ghost images. The crosstalk between different anodes is currently measured a priori, which is cumbersome as it depends specimen properties. Here, we present the photon reassignment method for MMM, established based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, for quantification of crosstalk between the anodes of MAPMT without a priori measurement. The method provides the reassignment of the photons generated by the ghost images to the original spatial location thus increases the SNR of the final reconstructed image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Cha
- 1] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139 [2]
| | - Vijay Raj Singh
- 1] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), BioSyM, Singapore 138602 [2]
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang 790-784, KOREA
| | - Jaichandar Subramanian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Qiwen Peng
- 1] Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*Star, Singapore 138669 [2] Singapore-MIT Alliance, Computation and System Biology, Singapore 117576
| | - Hanry Yu
- 1] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), BioSyM, Singapore 138602 [2] Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*Star, Singapore 138669 [3] National University of Singapore, School of Medicine, Singapore 119077
| | - Elly Nedivi
- 1] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 [2] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Departments of Biology, and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Peter T C So
- 1] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139 [2] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), BioSyM, Singapore 138602 [3] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139
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18
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Crosignani V, Dvornikov A, Aguilar JS, Stringari C, Edwards R, Mantulin WW, Gratton E. Deep tissue fluorescence imaging and in vivo biological applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:116023. [PMID: 23214184 PMCID: PMC3494495 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel technical approach with enhanced fluorescence detection capabilities in twophoton microscopy that achieves deep tissue imaging, while maintaining micron resolution. Compared to conventional two-photon microscopy, greater imaging depth is achieved by more efficient harvesting of fluorescence photons propagating in multiple-scattering media. The system maintains the conventional two-photon microscopy scheme for excitation. However, for fluorescence collection the detection system harvests fluorescence photons directly from a wide area of the turbid sample. The detection scheme relies on a wide area detector, minimal optical components and an emission path bathed in a refractive-index-matching fluid that minimizes emission photon losses. This detection scheme proved to be very efficient, allowing us to obtain high resolution images at depths up to 3 mm. This technique was applied to in vivo imaging of the murine small intestine (SI) and colon. The challenge is to image normal and diseased tissue in the whole live animal, while maintaining high resolution imaging at millimeter depth. In Lgr5-GFP mice, we have been successful in imaging Lgr5-eGFP positive stem cells, present in SI and colon crypt bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Crosignani
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jose S Aguilar
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Chiara Stringari
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Robert Edwards
- University of California at Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - William W. Mantulin
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California at Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Enrico Gratton
- University of California at Irvine, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California at Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92697
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19
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Watson BO, Nikolenko V, Araya R, Peterka DS, Woodruff A, Yuste R. Two-photon microscopy with diffractive optical elements and spatial light modulators. Front Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20859526 PMCID: PMC2940544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is often performed at slow frame rates due to the need to serially scan all points in a field of view with a single laser beam. To overcome this problem, we have developed two optical methods that split and multiplex a laser beam across the sample. In the first method a diffractive optical element (DOE) generates a fixed number of beamlets that are scanned in parallel resulting in a corresponding increase in speed or in signal-to-noise ratio in time-lapse measurements. The second method uses a computer-controlled spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate any arbitrary spatio-temporal light pattern. With an SLM one can image or photostimulate any predefined region of the image such as neurons or dendritic spines. In addition, SLMs can be used to mimic a large number of optical transfer functions including light path corrections as adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon O Watson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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