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Ogunleye SC, Akinsulie OC, Aborode AT, Olorunshola MM, Gbore D, Oladoye M, Adesola RO, Gbadegoye JO, Olatoye BJ, Lawal MA, Bakare AB, Adekanye O, Chinyere EC. The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: the role of one health. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1334238. [PMID: 38249416 PMCID: PMC10797020 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1334238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in rural communities and healthcare facilities. The One Health approach was emphasized as crucial in the prevention and management of this issue. Literature suggests that preventing repeated zoonotic introductions could potentially halt the transmission of the mpox virus from animal to human hosts, leading to a potential decrease in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seto C. Ogunleye
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan C. Akinsulie
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mercy M. Olorunshola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Gbore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Ridwan O. Adesola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Gbadegoye
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
- Healthy Africans Platform, Research and Development, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mariam A. Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akeem B. Bakare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
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Atasoy MO, Naggar RFE, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Zoonotic and Zooanthroponotic Potential of Monkeypox. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:75-90. [PMID: 38801572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The current multicounty outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) posed an emerging and continued challenge to already strained public healthcare sector, around the globe. Since its first identification, monkeypox disease (mpox) remained enzootic in Central and West African countries where reports of human cases are sporadically described. Recent trends in mpox spread outside the Africa have highlighted increased incidence of spillover of the MPXV from animal to humans. While nature of established animal reservoirs remained undefined, several small mammals including rodents, carnivores, lagomorphs, insectivores, non-human primates, domestic/farm animals, and several species of wildlife are proposed to be carrier of the MPXV infection. There are established records of animal-to-human (zoonotic) spread of MPXV through close interaction of humans with animals by eating bushmeat, contracting bodily fluids or trading possibly infected animals. In contrast, there are reports and increasing possibilities of human-to-animal (zooanthroponotic) spread of the MPXV through petting and close interaction with pet owners and animal care workers. We describe here the rationales and molecular factors which predispose the spread of MPXV not only amongst humans but also from animals to humans. A range of continuing opportunities for the spread and evolution of MPXV are discussed to consider risks beyond the currently identified groups. With the possibility of MPXV establishing itself in animal reservoirs, continued and broad surveillance, investigation into unconventional transmissions, and exploration of spillover events are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa O Atasoy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Tower Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG, UK.
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Lucena-Neto FD, Falcão LFM, Vieira-Junior AS, Moraes ECS, David JPF, Silva CC, Sousa JR, Duarte MIS, Vasconcelos PFC, Quaresma JAS. Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:2301. [PMID: 38140542 PMCID: PMC10747317 DOI: 10.3390/v15122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the Poxviridae family and Orthopoxvirus genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestations and immune evasion associated with the monkeypox viral infection and its complications, making it appropriate as a narrative review. Common external ocular manifestations of MPXV typically involve a generalized pustular rash, keratitis, discharges, and dried secretions related to conjunctival pustules, photophobia, and lacrimation. Orthopoxviruses can evade host immune responses by secreting proteins that antagonize the functions of host IFNγ, CC and CXC chemokines, IL-1β, and the complement system. One of the most important transcription factors downstream of pattern recognition receptors binding is IRF3, which controls the expression of the crucial antiviral molecules IFNα and IFNβ. We strongly recommend that ophthalmologists include MPXV as part of their differential diagnosis when they encounter similar cases presenting with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or corneal lesions. Furthermore, because non-vaccinated individuals are more likely to exhibit these symptoms, it is recommended that healthcare administrators prioritize smallpox vaccination for at-risk groups, including very young children, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, especially those in close contact with MPXV cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. Lucena-Neto
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Luiz F. M. Falcão
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Evelly C. S. Moraes
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Joacy P. F. David
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Camilla C. Silva
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Jorge R. Sousa
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Maria I. S. Duarte
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Juarez A. S. Quaresma
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Alandijany TA, El-Daly MM, Tolah AM, Bajrai LH, Khateb AM, Kumar GS, Dubey A, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. A multi-targeted computational drug discovery approach for repurposing tetracyclines against monkeypox virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14570. [PMID: 37666979 PMCID: PMC10477205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox viral infection is an emerging threat and a major concern for the human population. The lack of drug molecules to treat this disease may worsen the problem. Identifying potential drug targets can significantly improve the process of developing potent drug molecules for treating monkeypox. The proteins responsible for viral replication are attractive drug targets. Identifying potential inhibitors from known drug molecules that target these proteins can be key to finding a cure for monkeypox. In this work, two viral proteins, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp) and viral core cysteine proteinase, were considered as potential drug targets. Sixteen antibiotic drugs from the tetracycline class were screened against both viral proteins through high-throughput virtual screening. These tetracycline class of antibiotic drugs have the ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, which makes these antibiotics drugs a prominent candidate for drug repurposing. Based on the screening result obtained against DdRp, top two compounds, namely Tigecycline and Eravacycline with docking scores of - 8.88 and - 7.87 kcal/mol, respectively, were selected for further analysis. Omadacycline and minocycline, with docking scores of - 10.60 and - 7.51 kcal/mol, are the top two compounds obtained after screening proteinase with the drug library. These compounds, along with reference compounds GTP for DdRp and tecovirimat for proteinase, were used to form protein-ligand complexes, followed by their evaluation through a 300 ns molecular dynamic simulation. The MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation and principal components analysis of these selected complexes were also conducted for understanding the dynamic stability and binding affinity of these compounds with respective target proteins. Overall, this study demonstrates the repurposing of tetracycline-derived drugs as a therapeutic solution for monkeypox viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir A Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena H Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiah M Khateb
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geethu S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India.
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Montalti M, Di Valerio Z, Angelini R, Bovolenta E, Castellazzi F, Cleva M, Pandolfi P, Reali C, Resi D, Todeschini R, Gori D. Safety of Monkeypox Vaccine Using Active Surveillance, Two-Center Observational Study in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1163. [PMID: 37514979 PMCID: PMC10385462 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2022, Italy launched a vaccination campaign to combat the spread of the monkeypox virus, which the WHO has designated as a public health emergency. Priority targets for the campaign included laboratory personnel and men who have sex with men with specific risk criteria. Primary immunization involved two doses of the Imvanex/Jynneos vaccine, followed by a single booster dose. We conducted a study in two Italian towns, Bologna and Forlì, in October and November 2022 to investigate adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) of the monkeypox vaccine through participant-based active surveillance. Participants who received the vaccine and were aged 18 and over were invited to complete an e-questionnaire by scanning a QR code during their second vaccine appointment or by email one month after the booster dose. A descriptive analysis of AEFI incidences was conducted, with the results stratified by type and severity of symptoms. A total of 135 first-dose, 50 second-dose, and 6 single-dose recipients were included, with a mean age of 36.4 ± 8.7 years. Systemic reactions after the first and second doses were reported by 39.3% and 26.0% of participants, respectively, with asthenia being the most common symptom. Local site reactions were reported by 97.0% and 100.0% of participants, respectively, with redness, swelling, and itching being the most common local AEFIs. Grade 3 or 4 AEFIs were reported for local AEFIs only by 16.8% and 14.0% of participants after the first and second doses, respectively. Our findings suggest that the monkeypox vaccine has a high tolerability profile in terms of short-term common systemic AEFIs. However, the high incidence and severity of local AEFIs highlight the need to monitor their persistence following intradermal administration of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montalti
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Zeno Di Valerio
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Angelini
- Department of Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Via della Rocca 19, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Elena Bovolenta
- Department of Public Health, Bologna Local Health Authority, Via Gramsci 12, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Castellazzi
- Department of Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Via della Rocca 19, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Marta Cleva
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Public Health, Bologna Local Health Authority, Via Gramsci 12, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Reali
- Department of Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Via della Rocca 19, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Davide Resi
- Department of Public Health, Bologna Local Health Authority, Via Gramsci 12, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Todeschini
- Department of Public Health, Bologna Local Health Authority, Via Gramsci 12, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Gori
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ju W, Sannusi SN, Mohamad E. Stigmatizing Monkeypox and COVID-19: A Comparative Framing Study of The Washington Post's Online News. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3347. [PMID: 36834039 PMCID: PMC9965175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma relating to health can result in a broad range of vulnerabilities and risks for patients and healthcare providers. The media play a role in people's understanding of health, and stigma is socially constructed through many communication channels, including media framing. Recent health issues affected by stigma include monkeypox and COVID-19. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to examine how The Washington Post (WP) framed the stigma around monkeypox and COVID-19. Guided by framing theory and stigma theory, online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19 was analyzed to understand the construction of social stigma through media frames. METHODS This research used qualitative content analysis to compare news framings in The Washington Post's online news coverage of monkeypox and COVID-19. RESULTS Using endemic, reassurance, and sexual-transmission frames, The Washington Post predominantly defined Africa as the source of monkeypox outbreaks, indirectly labeled gays as a specific group more likely to be infected with monkeypox, and emphasized that there was no need to worry about the spread of the monkeypox virus. In its COVID-19 coverage, The Washington Post adopted endemic and panic frames to describe China as the source of the coronavirus and to construct an image of panic regarding the spread of the virus. CONCLUSIONS These stigma discourses are essentially manifestations of racism, xenophobia, and sexism in public health issues. This research confirms that the media reinforces the stigma phenomenon in relation to health through framing and provides suggestions for the media to mitigate this issue from a framing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Ju
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Nazmi Sannusi
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Emma Mohamad
- Centre for Research in Media and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- UKM × UNICEF Communication for Development Centre in Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Tehranchinia Z, Robati RM, Moravvej H, Memariani M, Memariani H. Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2023; 11:e19. [PMID: 36743704 PMCID: PMC9887230 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v11i1.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Despite being endemic in Central and West Africa, the disease has received relatively little research attention until recent times. As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to affect the world, the rising number of monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries has further stoked global public health concerns about another pandemic. Unlike previous outbreaks outside Africa, most patients in the present outbreak had no history of travel to the endemic regions. The overwhelming majority of patients were initially identified amongst homosexual men, who had attended large gatherings. Mutations in the coding regions of the viral genome may have resulted in fitness adaptation, enhancement of immune evasion mechanisms, and more efficient transmissibility of the 2022 monkeypox virus. Multiple factors such as diminished cross-protective herd immunity (cessation of smallpox vaccination), deforestation, civil war, refugee displacement, farming, enhanced global interconnectedness, and even climate change may facilitate the unexpected emergence of the disease. In light of the increasing number of cases reported in the present outbreak, healthcare professionals should update their knowledge about monkeypox disease, including its diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. Herein, we provide an overview of monkeypox, with a focus on the 2022 outbreak, to serve as a primer for clinical practitioners who may encounter the disease in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tehranchinia
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza M Robati
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Reza M Robati; Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +9821-22741509, E-mail: ; , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-8642
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yan D, Yan B. Metabolism Pathways of Major Therapeutics for Treating Monkeypox Mono- and Co-infection with Human Immunodeficient Virus or SARS-CoV-2. Curr Drug Metab 2023; 24:240-249. [PMID: 37287302 PMCID: PMC11089469 DOI: 10.2174/1389200224666230607124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease and remains endemic in tropical regions of Central and West Africa. Since May of 2022, cases of monkeypox have soared and spread worldwide. Confirmed cases have shown no travel history to the endemic regions as seen in the past. The World Health Organization declared monkeypox a global public health emergency in July 2022, and the United States government followed suit one month later. The current outbreak, in contrast to traditional epidemics, has high coinfection rates, particularly with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and to a lesser extent with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the pathogen of COVID-19. No drugs have been approved specifically for monkeypox. However, there are therapeutic agents authorized to treat monkeypox under the Investigational New Drug protocol, including brincidofovir, cidofovir, and tecovirimat. In contrast to limited options for monkeypox treatment, there are available drugs specifically for HIV or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, these HIV and COVID-19 medicines share metabolism pathways with those authorized to treat monkeypox, particularly of hydrolysis, phosphorylation, and active membrane transport. This review discusses how these pathways shared by these medicines should be considered to gain therapeutic synergy and maximize safety for treating monkeypox coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States
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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards monkeypox during the 2022 outbreak: An online cross-sectional survey among clinicians in Ohio, USA. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1459-1465. [PMID: 36403402 PMCID: PMC9650995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling monkeypox effectively requires clinicians have knowledge of monkeypox, attitudes supporting of controlling it, and intentions to adopt practices to address it. Little is known, however, about levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) in clinician populations in Ohio, United States. METHODS A cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire assessed knowledge related to monkeypox, attitudes toward ability to control monkeypox and the threat of monkeypox, and prior relevant practices of having received a smallpox vaccine or having knowledge of monkeypox before 2022, intentions to adopt preventive practices, and demographics. Frequency reporting was used to assess overall knowledge and attitudes. Binary logistic regression was used to predict which KAPs were associated with behavioral intentions. RESULTS A total of 197 clinicians participated. No demographic factor was associated with KAPs. Clinicians had relatively poor levels of knowledge. Participants expressed mixed attitudes about eventual control of monkeypox and about threat posed by monkeypox. About one in four participants reported previous knowledge of monkeypox, and about 40 % had received a smallpox vaccine Clinicians reported insufficient levels of intention to adopt preventive practices. Binary regression analysis suggests only perceptions of the threat of monkeypox to public health were associated with intentions to vaccinate self or others. CONCLUSIONS Educational interventions with clinicians should address inadequate knowledge to support correct diagnosis and treatment. Efforts to enhance the perception of threat of monkeypox to public health may support adherence to preventive recommendations.
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Ophinni Y, Frediansyah A, Sirinam S, Megawati D, Stoian AM, Enitan SS, Akele RY, Sah R, Pongpirul K, Abdeen Z, Aghayeva S, Ikram A, Kebede Y, Wollina U, Subbaram K, Koyanagi A, Al Serouri A, Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi H, Edwards J, Sallam DE, Khader Y, Viveiros-Rosa SG, Memish ZA, Amir-Behghadami M, Vento S, Rademaker M, Sallam M. Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts. NARRA J 2022; 2:e90. [PMID: 38449905 PMCID: PMC10914130 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdiil Ophinni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- PRTPP-National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Salin Sirinam
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ana M. Stoian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Seyi S. Enitan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Richard Y. Akele
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Applied Science, University of Brighton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem
| | - Sevda Aghayeva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baku Medical Plaza Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Heath, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Maldives
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - H. Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Khader
- The Center of Excellence for Applied Epidemiology, The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ziad A. Memish
- Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Clinical Trial New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Strategy of developing nucleic acid-based universal monkeypox vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050309. [PMID: 36389680 PMCID: PMC9646902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Until May 2022, zoonotic infectious disease monkeypox (MPX) caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) was one of the forgotten viruses considered to be geographically limited in African countries even though few cases outside of Africa were identified. Central and West African countries are known to be endemic for MPXV. However, since the number of human MPX cases has rapidly increased outside of Africa the global interest in this virus has markedly grown. The majority of infected people with MPXV have never been vaccinated against smallpox virus. Noteworthily, the MPXV spreads fast in men who have sex with men (MSM). Preventive measures against MPXV are essential to be taken, indeed, vaccination is the key. Due to the antigenic similarities, the smallpox vaccine is efficient against MPXV. Nevertheless, there is no specific MPXV vaccine until now. Nucleic acid vaccines deserve special attention since the emergency approval of two messenger RNA (mRNA)-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in 2020. This milestone in vaccinology has opened a new platform for developing more mRNA- or DNA-based vaccines. Certainly, this type of vaccine has a number of advantages including time- and cost-effectiveness over conventional vaccines. The platform of nucleic acid-based vaccines gives humankind a huge opportunity. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a universal vaccine against MPXV. This review will shed the light on the strategies for developing nucleic acid vaccines against MPXV in a timely manner. Consequently, developing nucleic acid-based vaccines may alleviate the global threat against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- *Correspondence: Yunjiao He, ; Peng George Wang,
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