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Bhadra R, Singh PK, Mahmud M. HyEpiSeiD: a hybrid convolutional neural network and gated recurrent unit model for epileptic seizure detection from electroencephalogram signals. Brain Inform 2024; 11:21. [PMID: 39167115 PMCID: PMC11339197 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-024-00234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizure (ES) detection is an active research area, that aims at patient-specific ES detection with high accuracy from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The early detection of seizure is crucial for timely medical intervention and prevention of further injuries of the patients. This work proposes a robust deep learning framework called HyEpiSeiD that extracts self-trained features from the pre-processed EEG signals using a hybrid combination of convolutional neural network followed by two gated recurrent unit layers and performs prediction based on those extracted features. The proposed HyEpiSeiD framework is evaluated on two public datasets, the UCI Epilepsy and Mendeley datasets. The proposed HyEpiSeiD model achieved 99.01% and 97.50% classification accuracy, respectively, outperforming most of the state-of-the-art methods in epilepsy detection domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Bhadra
- Department of Information Technology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur University Second Campus, Plot No. 8, Salt Lake Bypass, LB Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, 700 106, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Information Technology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur University Second Campus, Plot No. 8, Salt Lake Bypass, LB Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, 700 106, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Metharath University, 99, Moo 10, Bang Toei, Sam Khok, 12160, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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2
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Villanueva I, Conesa D, Català M, López Cano C, Perramon-Malavez A, Molinuevo D, de Rioja VL, López D, Alonso S, Cardona PJ, Montañola-Sales C, Prats C, Alvarez-Lacalle E. Country-report pattern corrections of new cases allow accurate 2-week predictions of COVID-19 evolution with the Gompertz model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10775. [PMID: 38730261 PMCID: PMC11087483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate short-term predictions of COVID-19 cases with empirical models allow Health Officials to prepare for hospital contingencies in a two-three week window given the delay between case reporting and the admission of patients in a hospital. We investigate the ability of Gompertz-type empiric models to provide accurate prediction up to two and three weeks to give a large window of preparation in case of a surge in virus transmission. We investigate the stability of the prediction and its accuracy using bi-weekly predictions during the last trimester of 2020 and 2021. Using data from 2020, we show that understanding and correcting for the daily reporting structure of cases in the different countries is key to accomplish accurate predictions. Furthermore, we found that filtering out predictions that are highly unstable to changes in the parameters of the model, which are roughly 20%, reduces strongly the number of predictions that are way-off. The method is then tested for robustness with data from 2021. We found that, for this data, only 1-2% of the one-week predictions were off by more than 50%. This increased to 3% for two-week predictions, and only for three-week predictions it reached 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Villanueva
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Conesa
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - M Català
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C López Cano
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - A Perramon-Malavez
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - D Molinuevo
- Medical Image Processing Lab, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Laussane, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V L de Rioja
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - D López
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - S Alonso
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - P J Cardona
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Respiratory Diseases CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Montañola-Sales
- Department of Quantitative Methods, IQS School of Management, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Prats
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - E Alvarez-Lacalle
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech), 08860, Castelldefels, Spain.
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3
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Vimbi V, Shaffi N, Mahmud M. Interpreting artificial intelligence models: a systematic review on the application of LIME and SHAP in Alzheimer's disease detection. Brain Inform 2024; 11:10. [PMID: 38578524 PMCID: PMC10997568 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-024-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has gained much interest in recent years for its ability to explain the complex decision-making process of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. The Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) and Shaply Additive exPlanation (SHAP) frameworks have grown as popular interpretive tools for ML and DL models. This article provides a systematic review of the application of LIME and SHAP in interpreting the detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Adhering to PRISMA and Kitchenham's guidelines, we identified 23 relevant articles and investigated these frameworks' prospective capabilities, benefits, and challenges in depth. The results emphasise XAI's crucial role in strengthening the trustworthiness of AI-based AD predictions. This review aims to provide fundamental capabilities of LIME and SHAP XAI frameworks in enhancing fidelity within clinical decision support systems for AD prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswan Vimbi
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, OM 311, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Noushath Shaffi
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, OM 311, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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4
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Tariq MU, Ismail SB. AI-powered COVID-19 forecasting: a comprehensive comparison of advanced deep learning methods. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024; 15:115-136. [PMID: 38621765 PMCID: PMC11082441 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose significant challenges to the public health sector, including that of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency and accuracy of various deep-learning models in forecasting COVID-19 cases within the UAE, thereby aiding the nation's public health authorities in informed decision-making. METHODS This study utilized a comprehensive dataset encompassing confirmed COVID-19 cases, demographic statistics, and socioeconomic indicators. Several advanced deep learning models, including long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional LSTM, convolutional neural network (CNN), CNN-LSTM, multilayer perceptron, and recurrent neural network (RNN) models, were trained and evaluated. Bayesian optimization was also implemented to fine-tune these models. RESULTS The evaluation framework revealed that each model exhibited different levels of predictive accuracy and precision. Specifically, the RNN model outperformed the other architectures even without optimization. Comprehensive predictive and perspective analytics were conducted to scrutinize the COVID-19 dataset. CONCLUSION This study transcends academic boundaries by offering critical insights that enable public health authorities in the UAE to deploy targeted data-driven interventions. The RNN model, which was identified as the most reliable and accurate for this specific context, can significantly influence public health decisions. Moreover, the broader implications of this research validate the capability of deep learning techniques in handling complex datasets, thus offering the transformative potential for predictive accuracy in the public health and healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Tariq
- Marketing, Operations, and Information System, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Univesiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaida Binti Ismail
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Univesiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia
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5
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Wu Z, Loo CK, Obaidellah U, Pasupa K. A novel online multi-task learning for COVID-19 multi-output spatio-temporal prediction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18771. [PMID: 37636411 PMCID: PMC10450863 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, predicting its trend would significantly impact decision-making. However, this is not a straightforward task due to three main difficulties: temporal autocorrelation, spatial dependency, and concept drift caused by virus mutations and lockdown policies. Although machine learning has been extensively used in related work, no previous research has successfully addressed all three challenges simultaneously. To overcome this challenge, we developed a novel online multi-task regression algorithm that incorporates a chain structure to capture spatial dependency, the ADWIN drift detector to adapt to concept drift, and the lag time series feature to capture temporal autocorrelation. We conducted several comparative experiments based on the number of daily confirmed cases in 20 areas in California and affiliated cities. The results from our experiments demonstrate that our proposed model is superior in adapting to concept drift in COVID-19 data and capturing spatial dependencies across various regions. This leads to a significant improvement in prediction accuracy when compared to existing state-of-the-art batch machine learning methods, such as N-Beats, DeepAR, TCN, and LSTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Wu
- Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chu Kiong Loo
- Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Unaizah Obaidellah
- Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kitsuchart Pasupa
- School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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6
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Tariq MU, Ismail SB, Babar M, Ahmad A. Harnessing the power of AI: Advanced deep learning models optimization for accurate SARS-CoV-2 forecasting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287755. [PMID: 37471397 PMCID: PMC10359009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic has significantly affected many countries including the USA, UK, Asia, the Middle East and Africa region, and many other countries. Similarly, it has substantially affected Malaysia, making it crucial to develop efficient and precise forecasting tools for guiding public health policies and approaches. Our study is based on advanced deep-learning models to predict the SARS-CoV-2 cases. We evaluate the performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-directional LSTM, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), CNN-LSTM, Multilayer Perceptron, Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). We trained these models and assessed them using a detailed dataset of confirmed cases, demographic data, and pertinent socio-economic factors. Our research aims to determine the most reliable and accurate model for forecasting SARS-CoV-2 cases in the region. We were able to test and optimize deep learning models to predict cases, with each model displaying diverse levels of accuracy and precision. A comprehensive evaluation of the models' performance discloses the most appropriate architecture for Malaysia's specific situation. This study supports ongoing efforts to combat the pandemic by offering valuable insights into the application of sophisticated deep-learning models for precise and timely SARS-CoV-2 case predictions. The findings hold considerable implications for public health decision-making, empowering authorities to create targeted and data-driven interventions to limit the virus's spread and minimize its effects on Malaysia's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Tariq
- Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Babar
- Robotics and Internet of Things Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashir Ahmad
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Rahman MA, Brown DJ, Mahmud M, Harris M, Shopland N, Heym N, Sumich A, Turabee ZB, Standen B, Downes D, Xing Y, Thomas C, Haddick S, Premkumar P, Nastase S, Burton A, Lewis J. Enhancing biofeedback-driven self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy through arousal detection from multimodal data using machine learning. Brain Inform 2023; 10:14. [PMID: 37341863 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-023-00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a novel intervention technique that allows individuals to experience anxiety-evoking stimuli in a safe environment, recognise specific triggers and gradually increase their exposure to perceived threats. Public-speaking anxiety (PSA) is a prevalent form of social anxiety, characterised by stressful arousal and anxiety generated when presenting to an audience. In self-guided VRET, participants can gradually increase their tolerance to exposure and reduce anxiety-induced arousal and PSA over time. However, creating such a VR environment and determining physiological indices of anxiety-induced arousal or distress is an open challenge. Environment modelling, character creation and animation, psychological state determination and the use of machine learning (ML) models for anxiety or stress detection are equally important, and multi-disciplinary expertise is required. In this work, we have explored a series of ML models with publicly available data sets (using electroencephalogram and heart rate variability) to predict arousal states. If we can detect anxiety-induced arousal, we can trigger calming activities to allow individuals to cope with and overcome distress. Here, we discuss the means of effective selection of ML models and parameters in arousal detection. We propose a pipeline to overcome the model selection problem with different parameter settings in the context of virtual reality exposure therapy. This pipeline can be extended to other domains of interest where arousal detection is crucial. Finally, we have implemented a biofeedback framework for VRET where we successfully provided feedback as a form of heart rate and brain laterality index from our acquired multimodal data for psychological intervention to overcome anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David J Brown
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Nicholas Shopland
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Nadja Heym
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Alexander Sumich
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Zakia Batool Turabee
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Bradley Standen
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David Downes
- Nottingham School of Art & Design, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Yangang Xing
- School of ADBE, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Carolyn Thomas
- Nottingham School of Art & Design, Nottingham Trent University, Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Sean Haddick
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Preethi Premkumar
- Division of Psychology, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | | | - Andrew Burton
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - James Lewis
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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8
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Kellner D, Lowin M, Hinz O. Improved healthcare disaster decision-making utilizing information extraction from complementary social media data during the COVID-19 pandemic. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 2023:113983. [PMID: 37359458 PMCID: PMC10124098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dss.2023.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Managing an extreme event like a healthcare disaster requires accurate information about the event's circumstances to comprehend the full consequences of acting. However, information quality is rarely optimal since it takes time to determine the information of relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic showed that even official data sources are far from optimal since they suffer from reporting delays that slow decision-making. To support decision-makers with timely information, we utilize data from online social networks to propose an adaptable information extraction solution to create indices helping to forecast COVID-19 case numbers and hospitalization rates. We show that combining heterogeneous data sources like Twitter and Reddit can leverage these sources' inherent complementarity and yield better predictions than those using a single data source alone. We further show that the predictions run ahead of the official COVID-19 incidences by up to 14 days. Additionally, we highlight the importance of model adjustments whenever new information becomes available or the underlying data changes by observing distinct changes in the presence of specific symptoms on Reddit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Kellner
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 4, D-60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lowin
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 4, D-60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Hinz
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 4, D-60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Kokabi M, Sui J, Gandotra N, Pournadali Khamseh A, Scharfe C, Javanmard M. Nucleic Acid Quantification by Multi-Frequency Impedance Cytometry and Machine Learning. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13030316. [PMID: 36979528 PMCID: PMC10046493 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determining nucleic acid concentrations in a sample is an important step prior to proceeding with downstream analysis in molecular diagnostics. Given the need for testing DNA amounts and its purity in many samples, including in samples with very small input DNA, there is utility of novel machine learning approaches for accurate and high-throughput DNA quantification. Here, we demonstrated the ability of a neural network to predict DNA amounts coupled to paramagnetic beads. To this end, a custom-made microfluidic chip is applied to detect DNA molecules bound to beads by measuring the impedance peak response (IPR) at multiple frequencies. We leveraged electrical measurements including the frequency and imaginary and real parts of the peak intensity within a microfluidic channel as the input of deep learning models to predict DNA concentration. Specifically, 10 different deep learning architectures are examined. The results of the proposed regression model indicate that an R_Squared of 97% with a slope of 0.68 is achievable. Consequently, machine learning models can be a suitable, fast, and accurate method to measure nucleic acid concentration in a sample. The results presented in this study demonstrate the ability of the proposed neural network to use the information embedded in raw impedance data to predict the amount of DNA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Kokabi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jianye Sui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Neeru Gandotra
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Curt Scharfe
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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10
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Hajamohideen F, Shaffi N, Mahmud M, Subramanian K, Al Sariri A, Vimbi V, Abdesselam A. Four-way classification of Alzheimer's disease using deep Siamese convolutional neural network with triplet-loss function. Brain Inform 2023; 10:5. [PMID: 36806042 PMCID: PMC9937523 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-023-00184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes irreversible damage to several brain regions, including the hippocampus causing impairment in cognition, function, and behaviour. Early diagnosis of the disease will reduce the suffering of the patients and their family members. Towards this aim, in this paper, we propose a Siamese Convolutional Neural Network (SCNN) architecture that employs the triplet-loss function for the representation of input MRI images as k-dimensional embeddings. We used both pre-trained and non-pretrained CNNs to transform images into the embedding space. These embeddings are subsequently used for the 4-way classification of Alzheimer's disease. The model efficacy was tested using the ADNI and OASIS datasets which produced an accuracy of 91.83% and 93.85%, respectively. Furthermore, obtained results are compared with similar methods proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Hajamohideen
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Noushath Shaffi
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Subramanian
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Arwa Al Sariri
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Viswan Vimbi
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdelhamid Abdesselam
- Department of Computer Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Jamia Street, 311 Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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11
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Hasan MM, Islam MU, Sadeq MJ, Fung WK, Uddin J. Review on the Evaluation and Development of Artificial Intelligence for COVID-19 Containment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:527. [PMID: 36617124 PMCID: PMC9824505 DOI: 10.3390/s23010527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has significantly enhanced the research paradigm and spectrum with a substantiated promise of continuous applicability in the real world domain. Artificial intelligence, the driving force of the current technological revolution, has been used in many frontiers, including education, security, gaming, finance, robotics, autonomous systems, entertainment, and most importantly the healthcare sector. With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, several prediction and detection methods using artificial intelligence have been employed to understand, forecast, handle, and curtail the ensuing threats. In this study, the most recent related publications, methodologies and medical reports were investigated with the purpose of studying artificial intelligence's role in the pandemic. This study presents a comprehensive review of artificial intelligence with specific attention to machine learning, deep learning, image processing, object detection, image segmentation, and few-shot learning studies that were utilized in several tasks related to COVID-19. In particular, genetic analysis, medical image analysis, clinical data analysis, sound analysis, biomedical data classification, socio-demographic data analysis, anomaly detection, health monitoring, personal protective equipment (PPE) observation, social control, and COVID-19 patients' mortality risk approaches were used in this study to forecast the threatening factors of COVID-19. This study demonstrates that artificial-intelligence-based algorithms integrated into Internet of Things wearable devices were quite effective and efficient in COVID-19 detection and forecasting insights which were actionable through wide usage. The results produced by the study prove that artificial intelligence is a promising arena of research that can be applied for disease prognosis, disease forecasting, drug discovery, and to the development of the healthcare sector on a global scale. We prove that artificial intelligence indeed played a significantly important role in helping to fight against COVID-19, and the insightful knowledge provided here could be extremely beneficial for practitioners and research experts in the healthcare domain to implement the artificial-intelligence-based systems in curbing the next pandemic or healthcare disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Asian University of Bangladesh, Ashulia 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Usama Islam
- School of Computing and Informatics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Muhammad Jafar Sadeq
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Asian University of Bangladesh, Ashulia 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Wai-Keung Fung
- Department of Applied Computing and Engineering, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Jasim Uddin
- Department of Applied Computing and Engineering, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
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Bhandari M, Shahi TB, Siku B, Neupane A. Explanatory classification of CXR images into COVID-19, Pneumonia and Tuberculosis using deep learning and XAI. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106156. [PMID: 36228463 PMCID: PMC9549800 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chest X-ray (CXR) images are considered useful to monitor and investigate a variety of pulmonary disorders such as COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis (TB). With recent technological advancements, such diseases may now be recognized more precisely using computer-assisted diagnostics. Without compromising the classification accuracy and better feature extraction, deep learning (DL) model to predict four different categories is proposed in this study. The proposed model is validated with publicly available datasets of 7132 chest x-ray (CXR) images. Furthermore, results are interpreted and explained using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), Local Interpretable Modelagnostic Explanation (LIME), and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) for better understandably. Initially, convolution features are extracted to collect high-level object-based information. Next, shapely values from SHAP, predictability results from LIME, and heatmap from Grad-CAM are used to explore the black-box approach of the DL model, achieving average test accuracy of 94.31 ± 1.01% and validation accuracy of 94.54 ± 1.33 for 10-fold cross validation. Finally, in order to validate the model and qualify medical risk, medical sensations of classification are taken to consolidate the explanations generated from the eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework. The results suggest that XAI and DL models give clinicians/medical professionals persuasive and coherent conclusions related to the detection and categorization of COVID-19, Pneumonia, and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Bhandari
- Samriddhi College, Lokanthali, Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Tej Bahadur Shahi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Norman Gardens, 4701, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Birat Siku
- Samriddhi College, Lokanthali, Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Arjun Neupane
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Norman Gardens, 4701, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Kamalov F, Rajab K, Cherukuri AK, Elnagar A, Safaraliev M. Deep learning for Covid-19 forecasting: State-of-the-art review. Neurocomputing 2022; 511:142-154. [PMID: 36097509 PMCID: PMC9454152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has galvanized scientists to apply machine learning methods to help combat the crisis. Despite the significant amount of research there exists no comprehensive survey devoted specifically to examining deep learning methods for Covid-19 forecasting. In this paper, we fill the gap in the literature by reviewing and analyzing the current studies that use deep learning for Covid-19 forecasting. In our review, all published papers and preprints, discoverable through Google Scholar, for the period from Apr 1, 2020 to Feb 20, 2022 which describe deep learning approaches to forecasting Covid-19 were considered. Our search identified 152 studies, of which 53 passed the initial quality screening and were included in our survey. We propose a model-based taxonomy to categorize the literature. We describe each model and highlight its performance. Finally, the deficiencies of the existing approaches are identified and the necessary improvements for future research are elucidated. The study provides a gateway for researchers who are interested in forecasting Covid-19 using deep learning.
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14
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A Brief Analysis of a New Device to Prevent Early Intubation in Hypoxemic Patients: An Observational Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for mechanical ventilation is one of the main concerns related to the care of patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a bubble device for oxygen supplementation. This device was implemented for the selected patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia with persistent low oxygen saturation. Patients were selected in three major COVID-19 hospitals of Bahia state in Brazil from July to November 2020, where they remained with the device for seven days and were monitored for different factors, such as vital signs, oximetry evaluation, and arterial blood gasometry. Among the 51 patients included in the study, 68.63% successfully overcame hypoxemia without the necessity to be transferred to mechanical ventilation, whereas 31.37% required tracheal intubation (p value < 0.05). There was no difference of note on the analysis of the clinical data, chemistry, and hematological evaluation, with the exception of the SpO2 on follow-up days. Multivariate analysis revealed that the independent variable, male sex, SpO2, and non-inhaled mask, was associated with the necessity of requiring early mechanical ventilation. We concluded that this bubble device should be a prior step to be utilized before indication of mechanical ventilation in patients with persistent hypoxemia of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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15
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Abdalrada AS, Abawajy J, Al-Quraishi T, Islam SMS. Machine learning models for prediction of co-occurrence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a retrospective cohort study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:251-261. [PMID: 35673486 PMCID: PMC9167176 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause significant healthcare burden globally and often co-exists. Current approaches often fail to identify many people with co-occurrence of DM and CVD, leading to delay in healthcare seeking, increased complications and morbidity. In this paper, we aimed to develop and evaluate a two-stage machine learning (ML) model to predict the co-occurrence of DM and CVD. Methods We used the diabetes complications screening research initiative (DiScRi) dataset containing >200 variables from >2000 participants. In the first stage, we used two ML models (logistic regression and Evimp functions) implemented in multivariate adaptive regression splines model to infer the significant common risk factors for DM and CVD and applied the correlation matrix to reduce redundancy. In the second stage, we used classification and regression algorithm to develop our model. We evaluated the prediction models using prediction accuracy, sensitivity and specificity as performance metrics. Results Common risk factors for DM and CVD co-occurrence was family history of the diseases, gender, deep breathing heart rate change, lying to standing blood pressure change, HbA1c, HDL and TC\HDL ratio. The predictive model showed that the participants with HbA1c >6.45 and TC\HDL ratio > 5.5 were at risk of developing both diseases (97.9% probability). In contrast, participants with HbA1c >6.45 and TC\HDL ratio ≤ 5.5 were more likely to have only DM (84.5% probability) and those with HbA1c ≤5.45 and HDL >1.45 were likely to be healthy (82.4%. probability). Further, participants with HbA1c ≤5.45 and HDL <1.45 were at risk of only CVD (100% probability). The predictive accuracy of the ML model to detect co-occurrence of DM and CVD is 94.09%, sensitivity 93.5%, and specificity 95.8%. Conclusions Our ML model can significantly predict with high accuracy the co-occurrence of DM and CVD in people attending a screening program. This might help in early detection of patients with DM and CVD who could benefit from preventive treatment and reduce future healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaker Abdalrada
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Wasit University, Al Kut, Iraq
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Jemal Abawajy
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Tahsien Al-Quraishi
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Wasit University, Al Kut, Iraq
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC 3125 Australia
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16
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Islam SMS, Talukder A, Awal MA, Siddiqui MMU, Ahamad MM, Ahammed B, Rawal LB, Alizadehsani R, Abawajy J, Laranjo L, Chow CK, Maddison R. Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Hypertension and Its Associated Factors Using Population-Level Data From Three South Asian Countries. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:839379. [PMID: 35433854 PMCID: PMC9008259 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.839379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in South Asia. Machine learning (ML) models have been shown to outperform clinical risk predictions compared to statistical methods, but studies using ML to predict hypertension at the population level are lacking. This study used ML approaches in a dataset of three South Asian countries to predict hypertension and its associated factors and compared the model's performances.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study using ML analyses to detect hypertension using population-based surveys. We created a single dataset by harmonizing individual-level data from the most recent nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. The variables included blood pressure (BP), sociodemographic and economic factors, height, weight, hemoglobin, and random blood glucose. Hypertension was defined based on JNC-7 criteria. We applied six common ML-based classifiers: decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), logistic regression (LR), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to predict hypertension and its risk factors.ResultsOf the 8,18,603 participants, 82,748 (10.11%) had hypertension. ML models showed that significant factors for hypertension were age and BMI. Ever measured BP, education, taking medicine to lower BP, and doctor's perception of high BP was also significant but comparatively lower than age and BMI. XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA showed the highest accuracy score of 90%, RF and DT achieved 89 and 83%, respectively, to predict hypertension. DT achieved the precision value of 91%, and the rest performed with 90%. XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA achieved a recall value of 100%, RF scored 99%, and DT scored 90%. In F1-score, XGBoost, GBM, LR, and LDA scored 95%, while RF scored 94%, and DT scored 90%. All the algorithms performed with good and small log loss values <6%.ConclusionML models performed well to predict hypertension and its associated factors in South Asians. When employed on an open-source platform, these models are scalable to millions of people and might help individuals self-screen for hypertension at an early stage. Future studies incorporating biochemical markers are needed to improve the ML algorithms and evaluate them in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
| | - Ashis Talukder
- Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Awal
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Martuza Ahamad
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Benojir Ahammed
- Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Lal B. Rawal
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jemal Abawajy
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Liliana Laranjo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Applied Research Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clara K. Chow
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Applied Research Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph Maddison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Alali Y, Harrou F, Sun Y. A proficient approach to forecast COVID-19 spread via optimized dynamic machine learning models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2467. [PMID: 35165290 PMCID: PMC8844088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop an assumption-free data-driven model to accurately forecast COVID-19 spread. Towards this end, we firstly employed Bayesian optimization to tune the Gaussian process regression (GPR) hyperparameters to develop an efficient GPR-based model for forecasting the recovered and confirmed COVID-19 cases in two highly impacted countries, India and Brazil. However, machine learning models do not consider the time dependency in the COVID-19 data series. Here, dynamic information has been taken into account to alleviate this limitation by introducing lagged measurements in constructing the investigated machine learning models. Additionally, we assessed the contribution of the incorporated features to the COVID-19 prediction using the Random Forest algorithm. Results reveal that significant improvement can be obtained using the proposed dynamic machine learning models. In addition, the results highlighted the superior performance of the dynamic GPR compared to the other models (i.e., Support vector regression, Boosted trees, Bagged trees, Decision tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost) by achieving an averaged mean absolute percentage error of around 0.1%. Finally, we provided the confidence level of the predicted results based on the dynamic GPR model and showed that the predictions are within the 95% confidence interval. This study presents a promising shallow and simple approach for predicting COVID-19 spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasminah Alali
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouzi Harrou
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ying Sun
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Reconstruction of Epidemiological Data in Hungary Using Stochastic Model Predictive Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a model-based method for the reconstruction of not directly measured epidemiological data. To solve this task, we developed a generic optimization-based approach to compute unknown time-dependent quantities (such as states, inputs, and parameters) of discrete-time stochastic nonlinear models using a sequence of output measurements. The problem was reformulated as a stochastic nonlinear model predictive control computation, where the unknown inputs and parameters were searched as functions of the uncertain states, such that the model output followed the observations. The unknown data were approximated by Gaussian distributions. The predictive control problem was solved over a relatively long time window in three steps. First, we approximated the expected trajectories of the unknown quantities through a nonlinear deterministic problem. In the next step, we fixed the expected trajectories and computed the corresponding variances using closed-form expressions. Finally, the obtained mean and variance values were used as an initial guess to solve the stochastic problem. To reduce the estimated uncertainty of the computed states, a closed-loop input policy was considered during the optimization, where the state-dependent gain values were determined heuristically. The applicability of the approach is illustrated through the estimation of the epidemiological data of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. To describe the epidemic spread, we used a slightly modified version of a previously published and validated compartmental model, in which the vaccination process was taken into account. The mean and the variance of the unknown data (e.g., the number of susceptible, infected, or recovered people) were estimated using only the daily number of hospitalized patients. The problem was reformulated as a finite-horizon predictive control problem, where the unknown time-dependent parameter, the daily transmission rate of the disease, was computed such that the expected value of the computed number of hospitalized patients fit the truly observed data as much as possible.
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AlArjani A, Nasseef MT, Kamal SM, Rao BVS, Mahmud M, Uddin MS. Application of Mathematical Modeling in Prediction of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022; 47:10163-10186. [PMID: 35018276 PMCID: PMC8739391 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The entire world has been affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 since early 2020. Human carriers are largely the spreaders of this new disease, and it spreads much faster compared to previously identified coronaviruses and other flu viruses. Although vaccines have been invented and released, it will still be a challenge to overcome this disease. To save lives, it is important to better understand how the virus is transmitted from one host to another and how future areas of infection can be predicted. Recently, the second wave of infection has hit multiple countries, and governments have implemented necessary measures to tackle the spread of the virus. We investigated the three phases of COVID-19 research through a selected list of mathematical modeling articles. To take the necessary measures, it is important to understand the transmission dynamics of the disease, and mathematical modeling has been considered a proven technique in predicting such dynamics. To this end, this paper summarizes all the available mathematical models that have been used in predicting the transmission of COVID-19. A total of nine mathematical models have been thoroughly reviewed and characterized in this work, so as to understand the intrinsic properties of each model in predicting disease transmission dynamics. The application of these nine models in predicting COVID-19 transmission dynamics is presented with a case study, along with detailed comparisons of these models. Toward the end of the paper, key behavioral properties of each model, relevant challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali AlArjani
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 16273 Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Taufiq Nasseef
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sanaa M. Kamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - B. V. Subba Rao
- Dept of Information Technology, PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Chalasani Nagar, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520007 India
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Md Sharif Uddin
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 16273 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
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20
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Rahman MS, Chowdhury AH, Amrin M. Accuracy comparison of ARIMA and XGBoost forecasting models in predicting the incidence of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000495. [PMID: 36962227 PMCID: PMC10021465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate predictive time series modelling is important in public health planning and response during the emergence of a novel pandemic. Therefore, the aims of the study are three-fold: (a) to model the overall trend of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh; (b) to generate a short-term forecast of 8 weeks of COVID-19 cases and deaths; (c) to compare the predictive accuracy of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for precise modelling of non-linear features and seasonal trends of the time series. The data were collected from the onset of the epidemic in Bangladesh from the Directorate General of Health Service (DGHS) and Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR). The daily confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 of 633 days in Bangladesh were divided into several training and test sets. The ARIMA and XGBoost models were established using those training data, and the test sets were used to evaluate each model's ability to forecast and finally averaged all the predictive performances to choose the best model. The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean percentage error (MPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The findings reveal the existence of a nonlinear trend and weekly seasonality in the dataset. The average error measures of the ARIMA model for both COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths were lower than XGBoost model. Hence, in our study, the ARIMA model performed better than the XGBoost model in predicting COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh. The suggested prediction model might play a critical role in estimating the spread of a novel pandemic in Bangladesh and similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Siddikur Rahman
- Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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21
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Naeem M, Yu J, Aamir M, Khan SA, Adeleye O, Khan Z. Comparative analysis of machine learning approaches to analyze and predict the COVID-19 outbreak. PeerJ Comput Sci 2021; 7:e746. [PMID: 35036527 PMCID: PMC8725668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forecasting the time of forthcoming pandemic reduces the impact of diseases by taking precautionary steps such as public health messaging and raising the consciousness of doctors. With the continuous and rapid increase in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19, statistical and outbreak prediction models including various machine learning (ML) models are being used by the research community to track and predict the trend of the epidemic, and also in developing appropriate strategies to combat and manage its spread. METHODS In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of various ML approaches including Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network in predicting the COVID-19 outbreak in the epidemiological domain. We first apply the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method to identify and model the short and long-run relationships of the time-series COVID-19 datasets. That is, we determine the lags between a response variable and its respective explanatory time series variables as independent variables. Then, the resulting significant variables concerning their lags are used in the regression model selected by the ARDL for predicting and forecasting the trend of the epidemic. RESULTS Statistical measures-Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE)-are used for model accuracy. The values of MAPE for the best-selected models for confirmed, recovered and deaths cases are 0.003, 0.006 and 0.115, respectively, which falls under the category of highly accurate forecasts. In addition, we computed 15 days ahead forecast for the daily deaths, recovered, and confirm patients and the cases fluctuated across time in all aspects. Besides, the results reveal the advantages of ML algorithms for supporting the decision-making of evolving short-term policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Computer Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Statistics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Olayinka Adeleye
- Department of Computer Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zardad Khan
- Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan
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22
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Ahamed KU, Islam M, Uddin A, Akhter A, Paul BK, Yousuf MA, Uddin S, Quinn JM, Moni MA. A deep learning approach using effective preprocessing techniques to detect COVID-19 from chest CT-scan and X-ray images. Comput Biol Med 2021; 139:105014. [PMID: 34781234 PMCID: PMC8566098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory viral disease first reported in late 2019 that has spread worldwide. Although some wealthy countries have made significant progress in detecting and containing this disease, most underdeveloped countries are still struggling to identify COVID-19 cases in large populations. With the rising number of COVID-19 cases, there are often insufficient COVID-19 diagnostic kits and related resources in such countries. However, other basic diagnostic resources often do exist, which motivated us to develop Deep Learning models to assist clinicians and radiologists to provide prompt diagnostic support to the patients. In this study, we have developed a deep learning-based COVID-19 case detection model trained with a dataset consisting of chest CT scans and X-ray images. A modified ResNet50V2 architecture was employed as deep learning architecture in the proposed model. The dataset utilized to train the model was collected from various publicly available sources and included four class labels: confirmed COVID-19, normal controls and confirmed viral and bacterial pneumonia cases. The aggregated dataset was preprocessed through a sharpening filter before feeding the dataset into the proposed model. This model attained an accuracy of 96.452% for four-class cases (COVID-19/Normal/Bacterial pneumonia/Viral pneumonia), 97.242% for three-class cases (COVID-19/Normal/Bacterial pneumonia) and 98.954% for two-class cases (COVID-19/Viral pneumonia) using chest X-ray images. The model acquired a comprehensive accuracy of 99.012% for three-class cases (COVID-19/Normal/Community-acquired pneumonia) and 99.99% for two-class cases (Normal/COVID-19) using CT-scan images of the chest. This high accuracy presents a new and potentially important resource to enable radiologists to identify and rapidly diagnose COVID-19 cases with only basic but widely available equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khabir Uddin Ahamed
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Manowarul Islam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Corresponding author
| | - Ashraf Uddin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arnisha Akhter
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bikash Kumar Paul
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abu Yousuf
- Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahadat Uddin
- Complex Systems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Julian M.W. Quinn
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia,Artificial Intelligence & Digital Health Data Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia,Corresponding author. Artificial Intelligence & Digital Health Data Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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A Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model Algorithm for Predicting COVID-19 in Gulf Countries. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111118. [PMID: 34832994 PMCID: PMC8625101 DOI: 10.3390/life11111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction models have become the first goal for aiding pandemic-related decisions. Modeling and predicting the number of new active cases and deaths are important steps for anticipating and controlling COVID-19 outbreaks. The aim of this research was to develop an accurate prediction system for the COVID-19 pandemic that can predict the numbers of active cases and deaths in the Gulf countries of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. The novelty of the proposed approach is that it uses an advanced prediction model—the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network deep learning model. The datasets were collected from an available repository containing updated registered cases of COVID-19 and showing the global numbers of active COVID-19 cases and deaths. Statistical analyses (e.g., mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient) were employed to evaluate the results of the adopted Bi-LSTM model. The Bi-LSTM results based on the correlation metric gave predicted confirmed COVID-19 cases of 99.67%, 99.34%, 99.94%, 99.64%, 98.95%, and 99.91% for Saudi Arabia, Oman, the UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar, respectively, while testing the Bi-LSTM model for predicting COVID-19 mortality gave accuracies of 99.87%, 97.09%, 99.53%, 98.71%, 95.62%, and 99%, respectively. The Bi-LSTM model showed significant results using the correlation metric. Overall, the Bi-LSTM model demonstrated significant success in predicting COVID-19. The Bi-LSTM-based deep learning network achieves optimal prediction results and is effective and robust for predicting the numbers of active cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the studied Gulf countries.
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Modeling and Analyzing Transmission of Infectious Diseases Using Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some infectious diseases such as COVID-19 have the characteristics of long incubation period, high infectivity during the incubation period, and carriers with mild or no symptoms which are more likely to cause negligence. Global researchers are working to find out more about the transmission of infectious diseases. Modeling plays a crucial role in understanding the transmission of the new virus and helps show the evolution of the epidemic in stages. In this paper, we propose a new general transmission model of infectious diseases based on the generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN). First, we qualitatively analyze the transmission mode of each stage of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and explain the factors that affect the spread of the epidemic. Second, the GSPN model is built to simulate the evolution of the epidemic. Based on this model’s isomorphic Markov chain, the equilibrium state of the system and its changing laws under different influencing factors are analyzed. Our paper demonstrates that the proposed GSPN model is a compelling tool for representing and analyzing the transmission of infectious diseases from system-level understanding, and thus contributes to providing decision support for effective surveillance and response to epidemic development.
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Satu MS, Khan MI, Mahmud M, Uddin S, Summers MA, Quinn JMW, Moni MA. TClustVID: A novel machine learning classification model to investigate topics and sentiment in COVID-19 tweets. Knowl Based Syst 2021; 226:107126. [PMID: 33972817 PMCID: PMC8099549 DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 infection, varies greatly in its severity but presents with serious respiratory symptoms with vascular and other complications, particularly in older adults. The disease can be spread by both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected individuals. Uncertainty remains over key aspects of the virus infectiousness (particularly the newly emerging variants) and the disease has had severe economic impacts globally. For these reasons, COVID-19 is the subject of intense and widespread discussion on social media platforms including Facebook and Twitter. These public forums substantially influence public opinions and in some cases can exacerbate the widespread panic and misinformation spread during the crisis. Thus, this work aimed to design an intelligent clustering-based classification and topic extracting model named TClustVID that analyzes COVID-19-related public tweets to extract significant sentiments with high accuracy. We gathered COVID-19 Twitter datasets from the IEEE Dataport repository and employed a range of data preprocessing methods to clean the raw data, then applied tokenization and produced a word-to-index dictionary. Thereafter, different classifications were employed on these datasets which enabled the exploration of the performance of traditional classification and TClustVID. Our analysis found that TClustVID showed higher performance compared to traditional methodologies that are determined by clustering criteria. Finally, we extracted significant topics from the clusters, split them into positive, neutral and negative sentiments, and identified the most frequent topics using the proposed model. This approach is able to rapidly identify commonly prevailing aspects of public opinions and attitudes related to COVID-19 and infection prevention strategies spreading among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahriare Satu
- Department of Management Information Systems, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Khan
- Department of Computer Scienc & Engineering, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, and Medical Technology Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton, Nottingham - NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Shahadat Uddin
- Complex Systems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Matthew A Summers
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Healthy Ageing Theme, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Healthy Ageing Theme, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Healthy Ageing Theme, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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