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Chakraborty D, Mandal AH, Ghosh S, Sadhu A, Das D, Saha NC, Saha S. The physiological effects of acute and sub-lethal exposure to phenol on antioxidant enzyme activity in the freshwater sludge worm Tubifex tubifex. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101717. [PMID: 39280992 PMCID: PMC11399712 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the severe effects of commonly employed chemicals, such as phenol, on the freshwater bottom-dwelling annelids of Tubifex tubifex. In an acute toxicity test, phenol's 96-hour LC50 value against Tubifex tubifex was identified to be 221.552 mg/L. Using the GUTS simulation, which places the GUTS-SD model on top of the GUTS-IT model, it was possible to confirm that the test organism would survive an acute exposure to phenol overall. After 14 days of treatment with 10 % and 20 % of the phenol's 96-hour LC50 values, long-term bioassays revealed changes in protein levels and in oxidative stress enzyme levels. Total protein concentration dropped during the bioassay, but levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GST, SOD, and MDA) increased. The Pearson correlation matrix and the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index were used for examining the relationship between biomarkers, toxicants, and phenol-induced stress. The results show that exposure to phenol is detrimental to the survival and general health of Tubifex tubifex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Chakraborty
- Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Ahamadul Hoque Mandal
- Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Auroshree Sadhu
- Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Debraj Das
- Centre for Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, Sector 1, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Shubhajit Saha
- Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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2
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Wang Y, Xiao R, Hu Y, Li J, Guo C, Zhang L, Zhang K, Jorquera MA, Pan W. Accumulation and ecological risk assessment of diazinon in surface sediments of Baiyangdian lake and its potential impact on probiotics and pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124408. [PMID: 38906403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agriculture and household pest control, and its use also poses several environmental and health hazards. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of diazinon in Baiyangdian, evaluated its potential ecological risk and toxicity to aquatic organisms based on RQ (Risk quotient) and TU (Toxic unit) analysis, and assessed the potential effects of diazinon accumulation on probiotics and pathogens based on statistical analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. The results showed that diazinon in Baiyangdian posed a low to moderate chronic risk to sediment-dwelling organisms and a low toxicity effect on aquatic invertebrates, which was mainly concentrated in October and human-intensive areas. Meanwhile, increases in sediment electrical conductivity (EC), amorphous iron oxides content and phenol oxidase activity favored diazinon accumulation in sediments, whereas the opposite was the case for sediment organic carbon, β-1,4-glucosidase, phosphatase, catalase and pH, suggesting that environmental indicators play a key role in the behavior and distribution of diazinon. In addition, diazinon in heavily contaminated areas seem to inhibit the rare probiotics (Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Serratia sp.), while promoted dominant pathogens (e.g., Burkholderia cenocepacia), which can lead to increased disease risk to humans and ecosystems, disruption of ecological balance and potential health problems. However, probiotic Streptomyces xiamenensis resist to diazinon would be a potential degrader for diazinon remove. In conclusion, this study unveiled the effects of diazinon pollution on wetland ecosystems, emphasizing ecological impacts and potential health concerns. In addition, the discovery of diazinon resistant probiotics provided new insights into wetland ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Yanping Hu
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Junming Li
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Congling Guo
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kegang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, University of La Frontera, Temuco, 01145, Chile
| | - Wenbin Pan
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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Sharma P, Chukwuka A, Chatterjee S, Chakraborty D, Saha NC. Pathological and ultrastructural changes of Bellamya bengalensis under chronic carboxylic acid exposure at environmentally relevant levels: Inferences from general unified threshold model for survival (GUTS) predictions and hepatopancreatic integrity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142542. [PMID: 38844104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the effects of freshwater acidification, driven by industrial runoff, agricultural activities, and atmospheric deposition, on the freshwater mollusk Bellamya bengalensis. By systematically investigating the impact of two common carboxylic acids, acetic acid (AA) and benzoic acid (BA), this research employed diverse toxicological, pathological, and ecological assessments. We explored survival predictions through the generic unified threshold model of survival (GUTS-SD), examined oxidative stress responses, and investigated hepatopancreatic alterations. In the experimental design, Bellamya bengalensis were subjected to environmentally relevant sublethal concentrations (10%, 20% LC50) of AA (39.77 and 79.54 mg/l) and BA (31.41 and 62.82 mg/l) over 28 days. Acute toxicity tests revealed increased LC50 values, indicating heightened toxicity with prolonged exposure, particularly due to the greater potency of benzoic acid compared to acetic acid. The GUTS-SD model provided accurate predictions of time-specific effects on populations, presenting long-term exposure (100 days) LC50 values for AA (263.7 mg/l) and BA (330.9 mg/l). Sequentially, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis across study intervals highlighted the 28-day interval as the most sensitive, with GST emerging as the most responsive enzyme to oxidative stress induced by AA and BA. Histopathological and ultrastructural assessments of the hepatopancreas showed severe alterations, including necrosis, vacuolation and disrupted micro-villi, which were especially pronounced in higher BA exposure concentrations. These findings highlight the health and survival impacts of carboxylic acid toxicity on Bellamya bengalensis, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to mitigate acidification in aquatic ecosystems. The broader ecological implications underscore the importance of effective management and conservation strategies to address ongoing environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramita Sharma
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Azubuike Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Uğurlu P, Satar Eİ, Ünlü E. Toxic effects of commercial grade indoxacarb and endosulfan on Gammarus kischineffensis (Schellenberg, 1937) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142387. [PMID: 38801905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of two frequently used commercial insecticides containing endosulfan and indoxacarb on a freshwater amphipod Gammarus kischineffensis. In this context, the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of these pesticides were determined for G. kischineffensis. Then the histopathological effects of these pesticides on the gill tissues of this species were evaluated. At the end of the study, the 96 h LC50 values of commercial-grade endosulfan and indoxacarb for G. kischineffensis were determined as 1.861 μg L-1 and 20.212 mg L-1, respectively. Histopathologically, the most common histopathological alterations in individuals exposed to sublethal concentrations of commercial-grade endosulfan and indoxacarb were pillar cell hypertrophy resulting in atrophy of the hemocoelic space and hemocytic infiltration. Considering these results, it can be said that commercial-grade endosulfan is extremely and indoxacarb is slightly toxic to G. kischineffensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Uğurlu
- Dicle University Science and Technology Application and Research Center, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Elif İpek Satar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Ünlü
- Department of Biology, Section of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Jindal R, Sharma R, Kaur P, Kaur S, Multisanti CR, Faggio C. Mitigation of haemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus carpio via silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28419. [PMID: 38590886 PMCID: PMC10999925 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examined the potential of Silymarin, a blend of bioactive flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle Silybum marianum, to mitigate Deltamethrin-induced toxicity in the blood of Cyprinus carpio. Fish were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.66 μg/L), the plant extract, or a combination of both for a duration of thirty days. Various parameters, including serum biochemical markers, erythrocytic abnormalities, and genotoxicity endpoints, were assessed. Results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and TLC in the fish exposed to the pesticide. Conversely, total protein, TEC, and Hb showed a notable decrease. There was also a notable rise in micronuclei and erythrocytic abnormalities such as acanthocytes, microcytes, and notched cells. Under ultrastructural examination, phenotypic deformities like spherocytosis, discocytes, and clumped erythrocytes were observed. However, dietary supplementation of silymarin (1 g/kg) significantly restored the biochemical, genetic, and cellular parameters, resembling those of the control group. This suggests the potential of this plant extract in protecting the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Deltamethrin-induced damage by scavenging free radicals and reducing DNA oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ritu Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmani Kaur
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina-Italy Messina, Italy
- Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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Tahir R, Samra, Afzal F, Liang J, Yang S. Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109418. [PMID: 38301811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The rice fish system represents an innovative and sustainable approach to integrated farming, combining rice cultivation with fish rearing in the same ecosystem. However, one of the major challenges in this system is the pesticidal pollution resulting from various sources, which poses risks to fish health and overall ecosystem balance. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising bioactive compounds with potential chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties. These polyphenols, derived from various plant sources, have shown great potential in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and improving the health of fish within the rice fish system. This review aims to explore the novel aspects of using dietary polyphenols to mitigate pesticidal toxicity and enhance fish health in the rice fish system. It provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols and their beneficial effects on fish health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential application methods of dietary polyphenols, such as direct supplementation in fish diets or through incorporation into the rice fields. By understanding the interplay between dietary polyphenols and pesticides in the rice fish system, researchers can develop innovative and sustainable strategies to promote fish health, minimize pesticide impacts, and ensure the long-term viability of this integrated farming approach. The information presented in this review will be valuable for scientists, aqua-culturists, and policymakers aiming to implement eco-friendly and health-enhancing practices in the rice fish system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fozia Afzal
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Ramya S, Barathinivas A, Jayakumararaj R, Pothiraj C, Ali D, Piccione G, Multisanti CR, Balaji P, Faggio C. Ecotoxicological insights: Effects of pesticides on ionic metabolism regulation in freshwater catfish, Mystus keletius. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106764. [PMID: 37972502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Fish maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis using sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms through gills ionocytes. Pesticide-induced ionic imbalance in fish has been recognized as a valuable tool to determine its toxic effects. Acute exposure to synthetic and organo-chemical pesticides on the regulation of ionic (Na+, Ca2+, P) metabolism in freshwater catfish Mystus keletius was evaluated. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/l) of selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results indicated that chemical pesticides - Impala and Ekalux - evoked adverse toxic effects on selected tissues compared to organo-chemical pesticide tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two-way ANOVA was significant (p-value<0.001). Variations in the cellular parameters analysed were attributed to the physiological acclimatization of fish to the pesticide exposed. Based on the results it is concluded that organic pesticides may be preferred for rice field application considering safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Ramya
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Yadava College (Men), Madurai, TN, India
| | - Ayyanar Barathinivas
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Yadava College (Men), Madurai, TN, India
| | | | | | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Paulraj Balaji
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur, TN, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy.
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Zulfahmi I, El Rahimi SA, Suherman SD, Almunawarah A, Sardi A, Helmi K, Nafis B, Perdana AW, Adani KH, Admaja Nasution IA, Sumon KA, Rahman MM. Acute toxicity of palm oil mill effluent on zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822): Growth performance, behavioral responses and histopathological lesions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139788. [PMID: 37574082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the toxicity of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is critical as part of the effort to develop waste management regulations for the palm oil industry. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of POME on growth performance, behavioral response, and histopathology of gill and liver tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In total, 550 adult male zebrafish were used for the toxicity experiment including range finding test, acute toxicity test, growth performance and behaviour test. Static non-renewal acute toxicity bioassays were conducted by exposing fish to POME (1.584-9.968 mL/L) for 96 h. Growth performance, behavior response, and histopathological lesions in untreated and POME treated (96-h LC50: 5.156 mL/L) fish were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Time-dependent significant decline in body length and body weight of POME-exposed zebrafish was observed. Furthermore, several behavioral changes were recorded, including hyperactivity, loss of balance, excessive mucus secretion, and depigmentation. Decreasing operculum movement and oxygen consumption rate as well as alterations in gill tissues (i.e. hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hemorrhage, and necrosis) of POME-exposed zebrafish were observed, suggesting a dysfunction in respiratory performance. On the other hand, liver tissue alterations (congestion, hemorrhage, hyperplasia, shrinkage of hepatocytes, hydrophilic degeneration, and necrosis) indicated a disruption in detoxification performance. We conclude that exposure to POME at acute concentration caused histopathological lesions both in gill and liver tissue along with changes in fish behaviors which disrupted respiratory and detoxification performance, resulting in mortality and reduced growth of zebrafish. These findings might provide valuable information for guiding POME management and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Zulfahmi
- Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Saed Dedi Suherman
- Center for Aquatic Research and Conservation (CARC), Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Almunawarah Almunawarah
- Center for Aquatic Research and Conservation (CARC), Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Arif Sardi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Kamaliah Helmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Badratun Nafis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Adli Waliul Perdana
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Khalisah Huwaina Adani
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ihdina Alfi Admaja Nasution
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Kizar Ahmed Sumon
- Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Shiry N, Derakhshesh N, Alavinia SJ, Pouladi M, Falco F, Faggio C. Anodonta cygnea, a freshwater swan mussel, exposed to diazinon: toxicity thresholds in behaviour and physiology. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1303-1319. [PMID: 36763184 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Swan mussels (Anodonta cygnea) have been suggested as suitable bioindicators for the presence of pollutants in the environment. Application of the physiological and behavioral markers in these sessile species can be beneficial for environmental monitoring. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the behavioral disorders of movement and siphoning associated with the inhibition of tissue Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). For experiments, overally 120 bivalves of Anodonta cygnea (mean total length 80.33 ± 6.7 mm) were transported from the agricultural drains and canals in Sari county (Mazandaran Province, Iran) to our laboratory. First, the LC50-96 h of diazinon was estimated according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 1992) guideline with static water conditions. The sub-lethal toxicity pesticide experiments were conducted on the basis of the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC). The LC50-96 h, LOEC, and MATC values of diazinon were 85.2, 42.1, and 8.5 mg L- 1, respectively. Based on the observations of mussels' movement, the burrowing and displacement decreased with the concentration of toxicant in water. Moreover, the presence of diazinon in water and its exposure to experimental animals significantly reduces their siphoning rate. The RDA showed that the AChE activity had a higher correlation with the siphoning behavior than the movement behavior. The comparison of enzyme activity at different exposure and recovery times showed that there was a significant difference among the groups affected by the consumed pesticide (p = 0.001, between contrasts). The most remarkable morphometric characteristic was the siphon opening that was inversely correlated with the enzymatic activity. Studies in bioethics might benefit from paying attention to these traits that are directly related to the level of toxicity and behavioral adaptations required for animal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Shiry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Iran Fisheries Organization, Administration of Khuzestan Province, Abadan, Iran
| | - Negin Derakhshesh
- Iran Fisheries Organization, Administration of Khuzestan Province, Abadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalil Alavinia
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Pouladi
- Iran Fisheries Organization, Administration of Bushehr Province, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Francesca Falco
- National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Banaee M, Impellitteri F, Multisanti CR, Sureda A, Arfuso F, Piccione G, Faggio C. Evaluating Silymarin Extract as a Potent Antioxidant Supplement in Diazinon-Exposed Rainbow Trout: Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameter Analysis. TOXICS 2023; 11:737. [PMID: 37755747 PMCID: PMC10535037 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of diazinon on fish, focusing on hepatotoxic biomarkers and the potential protective effects of silymarin supplementation. One hundred eighty rainbow trout were randomly assigned to four groups: control, diazinon exposed (0.1 mg L-1), silymarin supplemented (400 mg kg-1), and diazinon + silymarin. Blood samples and liver tissue were collected after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure to analyze biochemical parameters and oxidative biomarkers. Diazinon exposure in fish resulted in liver damage, as indicated by increased antioxidant enzyme activities in the hepatocytes. Silymarin showed the potential to mitigate this damage by reducing oxidative stress and restoring enzyme activities. Nevertheless, diazinon increased creatine phosphokinase activity, which may not be normalized by silymarin. Exposure to diazinon increased glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, whereas total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were significantly decreased in fish. However, silymarin controlled and maintained these levels within the normal range. Diazinon increased creatinine, urea, uric acid, and ammonia contents. Silymarin could regulate creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels while having limited effectiveness on ammonia excretion. Furthermore, diazinon increased malondialdehyde in hepatocytes, whereas administration of silymarin could restore normal malondialdehyde levels. Overall, silymarin showed potential as a therapeutic treatment for mitigating oxidative damage induced by diazinon in fish, but its effectiveness on creatine phosphokinase, glutathione reductase, and ammonia may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan 6361663973, Iran
| | - Federica Impellitteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy (F.A.)
| | - Cristiana Roberta Multisanti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy (F.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy (F.A.)
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
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Banaee M, Beitsayah A, Prokić MD, Petrović TG, Zeidi A, Faggio C. Effects of cadmium chloride and biofertilizer (Bacilar) on biochemical parameters of freshwater fish, Alburnus mossulensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 268:109614. [PMID: 36940894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fish in wild are often faced with various types of xenobiotics, that may display synergistic or antagonistic effects. In this study, we aim to examine how exposure to agrochemical compound (Bacilar) and cadmium (CdCl2) alone and in combination affect biochemical parameters (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase; creatine phosphokinase (CKP), cholinesterase) and oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, catalase, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl concentrations) of freshwater fish Alburnus mossulensis. Fish were exposed to two concentrations of Bacilar (0.3, and 0.6 mL L-1) and to 1 mg L-1 cadmium chloride alone and in combination for 21 days. Results showed that fish accumulate Cd in their body, with the highest rate in individuals exposed to Cd in combination with Bacilar. Both xenobiotics in fish liver induced the activation of liver enzymes suggesting hepatotoxic effects, with the greatest impact in co-exposed groups. A significant decrease in the hepatocyte's total antioxidant capacity indicates the collapse of the antioxidant defense in fish exposed to Cd and Bacilar. A decrease in the antioxidant biomarkers was followed by increased oxidative damage of lipids and proteins. We also reported altered function in the muscle of individuals exposed to Bacilar and Cd seen as decreased activities in CKP and butyrylcholinesterase. Overall, our results point to the toxicity of both Bacilar and Cd on fish but also to their synergistic effects on Cd bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and liver and muscle damage. This study highlights the need for evaluating the use of agrochemicals and their possible additive effects on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Amal Beitsayah
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Marko D Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Amir Zeidi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Caterina Faggio
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Ferdinando Stagno, d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Abdelmagid AD, Said AM, Abd El-Gawad EA, Shalaby SA, Dawood MAO. Glyphosate-induced liver and kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, immunosuppression in Nile tilapia, but ginger showed a protection role. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:445-455. [PMID: 35773603 PMCID: PMC10209248 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The water-borne herbicides are involved in the toxicity of aquatic animals resulting in impaired health status and low productivity. Dietary medicinal herbs present a practical solution to relieve the impacts of herbicides toxicity on the performances of aquatic animals. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of commercial glyphosate-induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, liver and kidney dysfunction, and the protective role of ginger or ginger nanoparticles in Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated into four groups: the first group presented the control without glyphosate toxicity and ginger feeding, the second group intoxicated with glyphosate at 0.6 mg/L and fed ginger free diet, the third group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger at 2.5 g/kg, and the fourth group intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles at 2.5 g/kg. Fish were kept under the experimental conditions for four weeks, and the samples of blood and tissues were collected after 2 and 4 weeks. Markedly, fish exposed to glyphosate showed the highest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA) in gills and tissues. While fish in the control and fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the lowest ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Fish fed dietary ginger had lower ALT and AST activities, glucose and cortisol levels, and MDA levels than the glyphosate intoxicated group after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Interestingly, fish-fed ginger nanoparticles showed lower urea and creatinine levels and higher total protein, albumin, and globulin than the glyphosate intoxicated group (P < 0.05) and similar to the control (P > 0.05). Further, fish intoxicated with glyphosate and fed ginger nanoparticles had the highest GSH, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin levels after 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ginger nanoparticles are superior to the standard ginger form in enhancing the antioxidative and immune responses of Nile tilapia exposed to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf D Abdelmagid
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa M Said
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abd El-Gawad
- Aquatic Animal Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Sara A Shalaby
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt.
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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13
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Sovierzoski JCF, Severino MA, Ribas E, Gomes MF, Rocha Martins LR, Ramsdorf WA. Biomarkers activity in Oreochromis niloticus under sub-chronic exposure to a UV filters ternary mixture. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138756. [PMID: 37146775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of organic UV filters in aquatic ecosystems and living organisms raises concern. For the first time, biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in the liver and brain of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 0.001 and 0.5 mg L-1 of a benzophenone-3 (BP-3), octyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and octocrylene (OC) mixture for 29 days. Before the exposure, the stability of these UV filters was investigated using liquid chromatography. The experiment with aeration in the aquarium showed a high percentage of concentration reduction (%) after 24 h: 62 ± 2 for BP-3, 96 ± 6 for EHMC, and 88 ± 2 for OC versus 5 ± 4 for BP-3, 8 ± 7 for EHMC, and 2 ± 3 for OC when without aeration. These results defined the bioassay protocol. The stability of the filters concentrations after being stored in PET flasks and subjected to freezing and thawing cycles was also verified. In PET bottles, the BP-3, EHMC, and OC presented concentration reductions of 8 ± 1, 28 ± 7 and 25 ± 5 respectively, after 96 h storage and four freezing cycles. In falcon tubes the concentration reductions observed were 47 ± 2 for BP-3, >95 ± 1 for EHMC and 86 ± 2 for OC after 48 h and two cycles. The 29 days of sub-chronic exposure indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress through the enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels for the groups exposed to both bioassay concentrations. The catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities did not show significant alterations. The genetic adverse effects were analyzed in erythrocytes of fish exposed to 0.001 mg L-1 of the mixture by comet and micronucleus biomarkers and no significant damage was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Caroline Freire Sovierzoski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Address Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Severino
- Undergraduate Course of Technology in Environmental Processes, Federal University of Technology, Address Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Eberton Ribas
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Address Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Monike Felipe Gomes
- Graduate Program in Sciences - Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Address XV de Novembro, 1299, 80060-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucia Regina Rocha Martins
- Program in Urban Environmental Sustainability, Federal University of Technology, Address Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Algarte Ramsdorf
- Program in Urban Environmental Sustainability, Federal University of Technology, Address Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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14
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Burraco P, Salla RF, Orizaola G. Exposure to ionizing radiation and liver histopathology in the tree frogs of Chornobyl (Ukraine). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137753. [PMID: 36608893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation has the potential to damage organic molecules and decrease the health and survival of wildlife. The accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Plant (Ukraine, 1986) led to the largest release of radioactive material to the environment. Among the different organs of a vertebrate, the liver plays a crucial role in detoxification processes, and has been used as a biomarker to investigate cellular damage in ecotoxicological research. Here, we examined the impact of the exposure to the current levels of ionizing radiation present in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone on the liver of Eastern tree frogs (Hyla orientalis). We quantified the area of melanomacrophage cells and morphological variables of hepatocytes, two cell types often used to estimate damage caused by pollutants in vertebrates. First, we investigated whether these hepatic parameters were indicative of frog (individual) condition. Then, we analyzed the effect of individual absorbed dose rates and ambient radiation levels on frog livers. Most of the studied parameters were correlated with individual body condition (a good predictor of amphibian fitness and survival). We did not detect marked morphological lesions in the liver of frogs captured in medium-high radiation environments. The area occupied by melanomacrophages and the morphology of hepatocytes did not change across a gradient of radiocontamination covering two orders of magnitude. Once accounting for body condition and sampling locality, the area of melanomacrophages was lower in areas with high radiation levels. Finally, the area occupied by melanomacrophages was not linked to dorsal skin coloration. Our results indicate that current levels of radiation experienced by tree frogs in Chornobyl do not cause histopathological damage in their liver. These results agree with previous physiological work in the species in the Chornobyl area, and encourage further molecular and physiological research to fully disentangle the current impact of the Chornobyl accident on wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden; Doñana Biological Station, Spanish Research Council (EBD-CSIC), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernanda Salla
- Postgraduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, 74605-050, Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | - Germán Orizaola
- IMIB-Biodiversity Research Institute (Univ. Oviedo-CSIC-Princip. Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33600, Mieres, Asturias, Spain; Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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15
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Okeke ES, Feng W, Mao G, Chen Y, Qian X, Luo M, Xu H, Qiu X, Wu X, Yang L. A transcriptomic-based analysis predicts the neuroendocrine disrupting effect on adult male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) following long-term exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109527. [PMID: 36442598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are now ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE) pollution in environment media poses a significant threat to humans and aquatic organisms as a result of its potential neurotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting effect. The endocrine-disrupting effects of TBBPA-DHEE on aquatic organisms, however, have received limited attention. In this study, the neurotoxicity and reproductive endocrine-disruptive effect of TBBPA-DHEE was evaluated by observing the neurobehavioral changes, vitellogenin (VTG), testosterone, 17β-estradiol and gene expression levels in adult male and female zebrafish exposed to TBBPA-DHEE (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L) for 100 days. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to unravel other potential neuroendocrine-disrupting mechanism. Our result showed TBBPA-DHEE significantly (p < 0.05) altered the locomotor behavior and motor coordination abilities in both sexes. Steroid hormone and VTG levels were also altered indicating the neuroendocrine-disrupting effect of TBBPA-DHEE on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis. A total of 1568 genes were upregulated and 542 genes downregulated in males, whereas, 1265 upregulated and 535 downregulated genes were observed in females. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that cell cycle and p55 signaling pathways were significantly enriched due to TBBPA-DHEE exposure. These pathways and its component genes are potential target of EDCs. The significant upregulation of genes in these pathways could partly explain the neuroendocrine disrupting effect of TBBPA-DHEE. The observed toxic effects of TBBPA-DHEE observed in this study is confirmation of the endocrine-disrupting toxicity of this chemical which would be valuable in biosafety evaluation and biomonitoring of TBBPA-DHEE for public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria. https://twitter.com/Okeke
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Qian
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Luo
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
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16
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Saha S, Dhara K, Chukwuka AV, Pal P, Saha NC, Faggio C. Sub-lethal acute effects of environmental concentrations of inorganic mercury on hematological and biochemical parameters in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109511. [PMID: 36396087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of mercury to the air-breathing fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) was determined in this study using hematological (including hemoglobin, hematocrit, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and biochemical (including total serum protein, serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin) biomarkers at predetermined exposure concentrations (0.069 and 0.139 mg/L). Although significant differences were observed between exposure groups for all hematological and biochemical variables, a distinctive reduction in hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and total erythrocyte count in the mercury-exposed fish compared to the control was observed from 24 h-96 h. Similarly, marked differences in serum globulin, total serum protein and cholesterol levels were observed across exposure groups from 24 h-96 h. While the marked hematological responses strongly suggestive of toxicant-related anemia, the marked biochemical responses suggest immune-modulation and metabolic disruption. The magnitude of toxic effects under graded toxicant exposures for weighted scores of combined biomarker response index (IBR) indicated an approximately 3-fold deterioration in overall health of mercury-exposed fish compared to control group. Depictions of hematological and biochemical effects in hardy species like Clarias batrachus indicate an imminent onset of anemia, immune-modulation and metabolic disruption within 24hs of exposure to inorganic mercury. Such observations for portends greater deleterious effects to less hardy aquatic biota under acute inorganic mercury environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Saha
- Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, Pathankhali, South 24 Parganas, 743611, West Bengal, India
| | - Kishore Dhara
- Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre, Directorate of Fisheries, Kulia, Kalyani, Nadia 741 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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17
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Souza VVD, Souza TDS, Campos JMSD, Oliveira LAD, Ribeiro YM, Hoyos DCDM, Xavier RMP, Charlie-Silva I, Lacerda SMDSN. Ecogenotoxicity of environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations: A threat to aquatic bioindicators. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105297. [PMID: 36549823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide that is frequently present in surface waters and may result in damage to the health of various organisms, including humans. However, most scientific literature reports injuries caused by ATZ at high concentrations, which are not found in the environment. Therefore, the scope of this study was to investigate the impacts of realistic concentrations of ATZ found in surface waters (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/L) using the bioindicators Allium cepa, Daphnia magna and zebrafish (Danio rerio). ATZ elicited a genotoxic effect in A. cepa, manifested by the induction of chromosomal aberrations, and a mutagenic effect with increased incidence of micronuclei formation, promotion of cell death and reduction in nuclear size revealed by flow cytometry analysis. D. magna exposed to 10, 15 and 20 μg/L of ATZ showed significant reduction in body size after 21 days, delayed first-brood release, decreased egg production and total offspring, as well as swimming behavioral changes. ATZ exposure promoted physiological and developmental alterations in zebrafish embryos, including an increased spontaneous movement rate, which led to premature hatching at all concentrations investigated. Increase in total body length, decrease of the yolk sac area, pericardial edema and higher heart rate were also detected in ATZ-treated zebrafish. In summary, environmentally relevant concentrations of ATZ can induce substantial alterations in the three bioindicators investigated. This study evidences the deleterious effects of ATZ on three aquatic bioindicators employing established and current techniques, and may contribute to elucidate the risks caused by this widely used herbicide even at low concentrations and short-to-medium-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ventura de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Araújo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yves Moreira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ichthyohistology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Muthukumaravel K, Kanagavalli V, Pradhoshini KP, Vasanthi N, Santhanabharathi B, Alam L, Musthafa MS, Faggio C. Potential biomarker of phenol toxicity in freshwater fish C. mrigala: Serum cortisol, enzyme acetylcholine esterase and survival organ gill. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109492. [PMID: 36283648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this modern industrialized era of large-scale production of agrochemicals, various emerging contaminants form the main components of waste water and sludge in most of the developing countries of the world. In this concern, phenol- an inevitable and alarming chemical pollutant in aquatic ecosystem, gains a speedy access into the water bodies as an industrial by-product. Though the detrimental effects of phenol have been studied in various aspects of aquatic life, current study is an initiative to unravel the toxic effects of phenol at molecular level in Cirrhinus mrigala. Plasma cortisol level and acetylcholine esterase activity in fish was estimated by Chemiluminescent immunoassay technique and Ellman assay respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies were carried out to unravel the gill histopathological alterations in exposed fish. It was observed that phenol (22.32 mg/l) inhibits 50 % of acetylcholine esterase activity in brain thereby affecting the locomotion of the targeted carp. Cortisol elevated during the 7th day in exposed fish, but declined progressively on the forthcoming 21st and 28th days. Manifestations in gill encompass curling, fusion, aberrations, sloughing of gill epithelium, wider inter filamentary space and mucus coating in the primary gill filament. It concludes that the discernable deviations produced in both biochemical parameters and key organ gill can be used as a biomarker and bio-indicator respectively for assessing the existence of emerging toxicants in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannayiram Muthukumaravel
- P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Adirampattinam, Tamil Nadu 614 701, India
| | | | - Kumara Perumal Pradhoshini
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 014, India; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Natarajan Vasanthi
- P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Adirampattinam, Tamil Nadu 614 701, India
| | - Bharathi Santhanabharathi
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 014, India
| | - Lubna Alam
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 014, India; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166 S.Agata-Messina, Italy.
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19
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Saha S, Chukwuka AV, Mukherjee D, Dhara K, Saha NC, Faggio C. Behavioral and physiological toxicity thresholds of a freshwater vertebrate (Heteropneustes fossilis) and invertebrate (Branchiura sowerbyi), exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO): A General Unified Threshold model of Survival (GUTS). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109450. [PMID: 36058464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on Branchiura sowerbyi and Heteropneustes fossilis, was assessed in a 96-hour acute exposure regime using behavioral (including loss-of balance and clumping tendencies) and physiological (mucus secretion and oxygen consumption) endpoints. While the relationship between behavioral, physiological biomarkers, and exposure concentrations was assessed using correlation analysis, nZnO toxicity was further predicted using the General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS). The time-dependent lethal limits for acute nZnO toxicity (LC50) on B. sowerbyi were estimated to be 0.668, 0.588, 0.448, and 0.400 mg/l, respectively, at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h whereas for H. fossilis the LC50 values are 0.954, 0.905, 0.874 and 0.838 mg/l. Threshold effect values i.e., LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration), NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration), and MATC (Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration) threshold effect values at 96 h were higher for fish compared to the oligochaete. For B. sowerbyi, the GUTS-SD (stochastic death) model is a better predictor of nanoparticle exposure effects compared to the GUTS-IT (individual tolerance) model, however in the case of H. fossilis, the reverse pattern was observed. Oxygen consumption rate was negatively correlated to mortality under acute exposure duration. The strong negative correlation between mortality and oxygen consumption strongly suggests a metabolic-toxicity pathway for nZnO exposure effects. The higher toxicity threshold values i.e., LOEC, NOEC, and MATC for fish compared to the oligochaete invertebrate indicates greater risks for invertebrates compared to vertebrates, with resultant implications for local habitat trophic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Saha
- Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, South 24, Parganas 743 611, West Bengal, India. https://twitter.com/@DrShubhajitS
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria
| | - Dip Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, S.B.S. Government College, Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur 733126, India
| | - Kishore Dhara
- Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre, Directorate of Fisheries, Kalyani, Nadia 741 251, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman 713 104, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Hodkovicova N, Hollerova A, Svobodova Z, Faldyna M, Faggio C. Effects of plastic particles on aquatic invertebrates and fish - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104013. [PMID: 36375728 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises the current knowledge on the effects of microplastics and their additives on organisms living in the aquatic environment, particularly invertebrates and fish. To date, microplastics have been recognised to affect not only the behaviour of aquatic animals but also their proper development, causing variations in fertility, oxidative stress, inflammations and immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and changes in metabolic pathways and gene expression. The ability of microplastics to bind other xenobiotics and cause combined toxicity along side the effect of other agents is also discussed as well. Microplastics are highly recalcitrant materials in both freshwater and marine environments and should be considered extremely toxic to aquatic ecosystems. They are severely problematic from ecological, economic and toxicological standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Hollerova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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21
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Dong K, Li L, Chen C, Tengbe MS, Chen K, Shi Y, Wu X, Qiu X. Impacts of cetylpyridinium chloride on the behavior and brain neurotransmitter levels of juvenile and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109393. [PMID: 35700941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic surfactant that has been widely used as an antibacterial ingredient in pharmaceutical and personal care products. Due to its high residue in surface waters, there is increasing concern over the potential risk of CPC to aquatic ecosystems. However, knowledge of its impacts on fish is still limited. Therefore, this study exposed juvenile and adult zebrafish to CPC (0, 10, and 40 μg/L) for four days. Subsequently, changes in their behavioral traits and brain levels of several neurotransmitters were investigated. The behavioral assay showed that CPC exposure significantly decreased the locomotor activity and social interaction of zebrafish at both life stages, and juveniles were more sensitive to CPC exposure than adults. In the control groups, the brain neurotransmitters concentrations increased with age in zebrafish. However, CPC exposure tended to increase the brain neurotransmitter levels of juveniles but decreased their levels in adults. Correlation analysis revealed that the brain monoamine neurotransmitters and their turnover might play important roles in the life stage-dependent behavioral response to CPC. In particular, the DOPAC/DA ratio was significantly associated with CPC-induced hypoactivity and reduced social interactions in juveniles but not adults. Our findings demonstrated that CPC exposure could cause abnormal behavior in juvenile and adult zebrafish and disturb their brain neurotransmitters, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, and thus highlighted the necessity for further assessing its potential risks to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Dong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Michaela Sia Tengbe
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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22
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Mukherjee D, Saha S, Chukwuka AV, Ghosh B, Dhara K, Saha NC, Pal P, Faggio C. Antioxidant enzyme activity and pathophysiological responses in the freshwater walking catfish, Clarias batrachus Linn under sub-chronic and chronic exposures to the neonicotinoid, Thiamethoxam®. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155716. [PMID: 35526629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophilic nature and resultant persistence of neonicotinoids in aquatic systems increase the exposure duration for non-target organisms. The sublethal toxicity of the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam® spanning sub-chronic and chronic durations was investigated in Clarias batrachus, a non-target freshwater fish species. 96 h LC50 value of Thiamethoxam® on Clarias batrachus was 138.60 mg L-1. Pre-determined exposure concentrations of Thiamethoxam® (6.93 and 13.86 mg L-1) were used and effects were assessed at days 15, 30, and 45 exposure intervals. Biomarker effects were evaluated using antioxidant enzyme responses (CAT, SOD) neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity), haematological and serum biochemistry changes (including haemoglobin content, total erythrocyte count, and serum albumin total leukocyte count, total serum protein, serum globulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, phospholipid, and total serum glucose), histopathological alterations (gill and liver). Thiamethoxam®-exposed fish showed a marked reduction in haemoglobin content, total erythrocyte count, and serum albumin levels compared to control fish. Similarly, gill and liver antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD) and neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase) also showed altered responses between sub-chronic exposure on day-15 and chronic responses on day-45. Histopathological observations in gill tissue revealed alterations ranging from vacuolation, hypertrophy, disruption of primary lamellar architecture, haemorrhage, the fusion of secondary lamella, and sloughing of outer epithelia. For liver tissue of exposed fish histopathological observations included increased sinusoidal spaces (ISS), necrosis of hepatocytes (NOH), nuclear degeneration (ND), disruption of architecture (DOA), macrophage infiltration of the central vein, vacuolation (V), hypertrophied hepatocytes, and haemorrhages. The gradients of toxic responses across exposure concentrations and depictions of impaired fish health with increasing thiamethoxam® exposure duration portend lowered physiological capacity for survival in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dip Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, S.B.S. Government College, Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur, 733126 West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhajit Saha
- Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, South 24 Parganas, 743 611 West Bengal, India
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Osogbo, Nigeria.
| | - Biswatosh Ghosh
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Kishore Dhara
- Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre, Directorate of Fisheries, Nadia 741 251, West Bengal, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman, 713 104 West Bengal, India
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799 210, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Shichiyakh RA, Widjaja G, Altimari US, Aravindhan S, Thijail HA, Mustafa YF, Naserabad SS. Protective effects of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) oil on growth, biochemical, and immune system performance of common carp exposed to pretilachlor herbicide. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1063-1074. [PMID: 35976482 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are many reports on the deleterious effects of herbicides on aquatic organisms which lead to tremendous biological, environmental and economical damage. In this regard, in the present study, the protective effect of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil (SEO) against pretilachlor, one of the most used herbicides was investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish assigned to six treatment groups (T1: control treatment; T2: 25% LC50 pretilachlor herbicide; T3: 50% LC50 pretilachlor herbicide; T4: 1% SEO; T5: 25% LC50 pretilachlor herbicide + 1% SEO; and T6: 25% LC50 pretilachlor herbicide + 1% SEO) for 21 days. The results showed that the SEO-containing treatments significantly increased the survival rate (SR) (P < 0.05). The highest final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in the T4 treatment (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in glucose (GLU) level in pretilachlor treatments and a significant decrease in SEO-containing treatments compared to the control (P < 0.05). The significantly highest total protein (TP) content was observed in T4 treatment containing SEO. Cholesterol (CHOL) and triglyceride (TRIG) levels decreased in SEO-containing treatments with the lowest level in T4 treatment (P < 0.05). Alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50), activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed an increasing trend in SEO-containing treatments with the highest level in T4 treatment (P < 0.05). The activity of liver enzymes showed a significantly lowest level in T4 treatment. To conclude, our findings revealed that the use of SEO in fish exposed to pretilachlor herbicide could improve growth, strengthen the immune system and exert a protective effect on common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Gunawan Widjaja
- Postgraduate Study, Universitas Krisnadwipayana, Bekasi, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
| | | | | | - Hayfaa Attia Thijail
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, 41001, Mosul, Iraq
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24
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Ecotoxicological Effects of Pesticides on Hematological Parameters and Oxidative Enzymes in Freshwater Catfish, Mystus keletius. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematological parameters and changes in stress-induced functionalities of cellular enzymes have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health and determining the toxic effects of pesticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of selected pesticides viz., Ekalux (EC-25%), Impala (EC-55%), and Neemstar (EC-15%) on freshwater catfish Mystus keletius. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/L) of the selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) packed cell volume values decreased with an increase in exposure time to pesticides, whereas the values for parameters viz., leucocytes (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased significantly. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin values coupled with decreased and deformed erythrocytes as signs of anemia were also observed. The effect of pesticides on RBC content was 1.43 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reduced to 1.18 (million/mm3) on days 14 and 21. A similar trend was found for Impala on RBC, which had an initial value of 1.36 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reached a value of 1.10 (million/mm3) on day 28. In contrast, the value of Neemstar decreased from 1.59 (million/mm3) on day 7 in control to 1.02 (million/mm3) on day 28. Data indicates that the order of toxic effect of pesticides recorded a maximum for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar in the selected fish model. Likewise, the overall pattern of pesticidal activity on cellular enzymes (GDH, MDH, and SDH) recorded a maximum toxic effect for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results indicate that Chlorpyrifos pesticide-Impala evoked maximum toxic effect on selected tissues compared to the other two pesticides tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two way ANOVA was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The differences in the hematological parameters analyzed are attributed to the physiological acclimatization of the fish to the local conditions, which influences the energy metabolism and consequently determines the health status of the fish. Overall, Impala exhibited the highest pesticidal activity on cellular enzyme, followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results suggest that natural pesticides may be preferable for rice field application in terms of environmental safety.
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25
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Banaee M, Sureda A, Faggio C. Protective effect of protexin concentrate in reducing the toxicity of chlorpyrifos in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103918. [PMID: 35753671 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of protexin supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in Cyprinus carpio. After 21 days, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant levels significantly decreased in hepatocytes of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos, while malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Treatment with protexin was able to reverse the decrease in SOD and GR and significantly reduce MDA levels. Exposure to chlorpyrifos also induced alterations in blood biochemical parameters and caused immunosuppression. Dietary protexin return some parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase activities, and glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, and complement C4 levels) to values similar to those of the control group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that protexin exerted protective effects against chlorpyrifos exposure in C. carpio reducing oxidative damage, and ameriorating blood biochemical alterations and the immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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26
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Mukherjee D, Ferreira NGC, Saha NC. Effects of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol on Clarias batrachus: a biomarkers approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47011-47024. [PMID: 35175533 PMCID: PMC9232441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common waste among the resulting chlorophenols generated in the production of common products classified as an extremely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and highly persistent xenobiotic in the environment. To evaluate the impact of 2,4,6-TCP in aquatic systems, the catfish species Clarias batrachus has been selected to test its toxicity due to its high market value and consumption in India. Here is presented the impact of this compound on different physiological parameters of fish: haematological parameters (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and mean corpuscular haemoglobin), biochemical parameters (total serum protein and total serum glucose), growth and reproductive parameters (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, maturity index, specific growth rate, growth hormone, 17β-estradiol and testosterone), exposed to two concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L - 1/10th and 1/20th of the LC50) for a period of 15, 30 and 45 days. The results showed that C. batrachus even when exposed to the lower concentration (0.5 mg/L) for the shortest time (15 days) negatively impacted the organism in all the assessed parameters. This was highlighted by the Integrated Biomarker Response index (IBR), showing worse scores for the treatments (up to 20 × worse than the control). This work highlights the importance of continued research on the impact of 2,4,6-TCP, on an important commercial, supported by the high environmental persistence of this compound that can reach the same range of tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dip Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, S.B.S. Government College, Hili, Mera Aptair, Balurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur-733126, West Bengal, India
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
- CIIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- The University of Burdwan, Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Vice Chancellor's Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman, West Bengal, India
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Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae). WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN) is a widely used pesticide that can affect the vital organs of non-target aquatic animals—mainly fish. This study evaluated the acute toxicity (LC50) of six DZN concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg·L−1) and, based on its evaluation after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h, two sublethal concentrations for chronic toxicity testing (0.01 and 0.05 mg·L−1) for 21 days of exposure to DZN on grass carp fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, 1844). The median lethal concentrations of DZN at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 1.83, 1.57, 1.35, and 1.12 mg·L−1, respectively. Next, histological observations after 96 h LC50 showed oedema of the primary lamellae of the gills at low pesticide concentrations (0.5 to 1 mg·L−1) and extensive necrosis of primary lamellae of the gills at higher concentrations (1.5 to 3 mg·L−1). Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuolation and extensive necrosis were observed in liver tissue. Increased skin mucus, unbalanced swimming on the water surface, and increased gill opercula movements were noted during chronic exposure. Haematological parameters such as haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly reduced after 21 days of exposure to 0.05 mg·L−1 of DNZ (p < 0.05). The present study shows that DZN has various toxic effects on grass carp, which may pose a potential risk for other fish species.
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Qiu X, Chen C, Shi Y, Chen K, Li M, Xu H, Wu X, Takai Y, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Persistent impact of amitriptyline on the behavior, brain neurotransmitter, and transcriptional profile of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106129. [PMID: 35248893 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuation of amitriptyline (AMI) has been demonstrated to induce long-term withdrawal syndromes in mammals. However, no studies have focused on the persistent impacts of short-term AMI exposure on teleosts. Here, following exposure to AMI (2.5 and 40 μg/L) for 7 days (E7), zebrafish were transferred into AMI-free water to recover for 21 days (R21). The behavior, brain neurotransmitters, and brain transcriptional profiles were investigated on E7 and R21. AMI exposure induced persistent hypoactivity (2.5 and 40 μg/L) and abnormal schooling behavior (40 μg/L). AMI also induced long-term impacts on the brain serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels, several of which showed significant correlations with the locomotor activity or schooling behavior. Transcriptional analysis revealed persistent dysregulation in the pathways involved in the circadian rhythm, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and axon guidance in brain samples. Twelve genes were predicted as key driver genes in response to AMI exposure, and their significantly differential expression may direct changes across the related molecular networks. Moreover, upregulated brain 5-HT may serve as the central modulator of the persistent AMI pathogenesis in zebrafish. Considering AMI residues in natural waters may temporarily exceed μg/L, corresponding persistent adverse effects on teleosts should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yuki Takai
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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29
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Saha S, Chukwuka AV, Mukherjee D, Dhara K, Pal P, Saha NC. Physiological (haematological, growth and endocrine) and biochemical biomarker responses in air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus under long-term Captan® pesticide exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103815. [PMID: 35065295 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sub-lethal toxicity of Captan® on selected haematological (Hemoglobin, Haematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) growth (Condition factor, Hepatosomatic Index, Specific Growth Rate), biochemical (serum glucose, protein), and endocrine parameters (growth hormone, T3 and T4) in Clarias batrachus was examined under chronic exposures. Captan® was administered at predetermined exposure concentrations (0.53 and 1.06 mg/L) and monitored on days 15, 30, and 45 of the experimental periods. The experimental groups showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of haemoglobin content, hematocrit, MCH in Captan® exposed fish compared to control. Serum protein, k-factor and SGR were significantly lower in exposed fish. Endocrine responses (T3 and T4) emerged as the most sensitive biomarker category, depicting modulated responses between sub-chronic exposure at day-15 and chronic responses at day-45. In general, biomarker depictions indicate that Captan® exposures are capable of inducing stress-specific effects at the biochemical and physiological levels negatively impacting the overall health and longevity of such animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Saha
- Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, Pathankhali, South 24 Parganas, 743611 West Bengal, India
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Dip Mukherjee
- Department of Zool ogy, S.B.S. Government College, Hili, Mera Aptair, Balurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur 733126, West Bengal, India
| | - Kishore Dhara
- Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre, Directorate of Fisheries, Kulia, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Purba Barddhaman, West Bengal, India.
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30
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Dhara K, Saha S, Chukwuka AV, Pal P, Saha NC, Faggio C. Fluoride sensitivity in freshwater snail, Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck, 1882): An integrative biomarker response assessment of behavioral indices, oxygen consumption, haemocyte and tissue protein levels under environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103789. [PMID: 34954125 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on fluoride toxicity and risk overview on ecotoxicological risks to aquatic invertebrate populations particularly molluscan taxa. This necessitated the assessment of toxicity responses in the freshwater snail, Bellamya bengalensis exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of sodium fluoride. Under lethal exposures (150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 450 mg/l), the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were determined to be 422.36, 347.10, 333.33 and 273.24 mg/l for B. bengalensis at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h respectively. The rate of mortality of the snails was increased significantly with elevated concentrations of the toxicant. The magnitude of toxicity i.e., toxicity factor at different time scale was also higher with increased exposure duration. Altered behavioural changes i.e., crawling movement, tentacle movement, clumping tendency, touch reflex and mucous secretion in exposed snail with elevated concentrations and exposure duration. Similarly, oxygen consumption rate of the treated snail also lowered significantly during 72 and 96 h of exposure. Under 30-day chronic exposures (Control-0.00 mg/L; T1-27.324 mg/L; T2-54.648 mg/L), protein concentrations in gonad and hepatopancreas of exposure groups was significantly lowered. Chronic exposures also revealed lowered haemocytes counts in exposure groups. The potential for loss of coordination, respiratory distress and physiological disruption in organisms exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoride was demonstrated by this study. The estimation and magnitude of toxicity responses are necessary for a more accurate estimation of ecological risks to molluscan taxa and invertebrate populations under acute and chronic fluoride exposures in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Dhara
- Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre, Government of West Bengal, Kulia, Kalyani, Nadia 741 251, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhajit Saha
- Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, South 24 Parganas 743611, West Bengal, India
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcements Agency (NESREA), Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Fisheries Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor's Research Group), Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Golapbagh, Bardhhaman 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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