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Ghamarpoor R, Fallah A, Jamshidi M. A Review of Synthesis Methods, Modifications, and Mechanisms of ZnO/TiO 2-Based Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Contaminants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25457-25492. [PMID: 38911730 PMCID: PMC11191136 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The environment being surrounded by accumulated durable waste organic compounds has become a critical crisis for human societies. Generally, organic effluents of industrial plants released into the water source and air are removed by some physical and chemical processes. Utilizing photocatalysts as cost-effective, accessible, thermally/mechanically stable, nontoxic, reusable, and powerful UV-absorber compounds creates a new gateway toward the removal of dissolved, suspended, and gaseous pollutants even in trace amounts. TiO2 and ZnO are two prevalent photocatalysts in the field of removing contaminants from wastewater and air. Structural modification of the photocatalysts with metals, nonmetals, metal ions, and other semiconductors reduces the band gap energy and agglomeration and increases the affinity toward organic compounds in the composite structures to expand their usability on an industrial scale. This increases the extent of light absorbance and improves the photocatalytic efficiency. Selecting a suitable synthesis method is necessary to prepare a target photocatalyst with distinct properties such as high specific surface area, numerous surface functional groups, and an appropriate crystalline phase. In this Review, significant parameters for the synthesis and modification of TiO2- and ZnO-based photocatalysts are discussed in detail. Several proposed mechanistic routes according to photocatalytic composite structures are provided. Some electrochemical analyses using charge carrier trapping agents and delayed recombination help to plot mechanistic routes according to the direction of photoexcited species (electron-hole pairs) and design more effective photocatalytic processes in terms of cost-effective photocatalysts, saving time and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghamarpoor
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Garmsar, Garmsar 3588115589, Iran
- Constructional
Polymers and Composites Research Lab, School of Chemical, Petroleum
and Gas Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1311416846, Iran
| | - Akram Fallah
- Department
of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research
Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran 3313193685, Iran
| | - Masoud Jamshidi
- Constructional
Polymers and Composites Research Lab, School of Chemical, Petroleum
and Gas Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1311416846, Iran
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2
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Chand P, Narula K, Vs R, Sharma S, Kumari S, Mondal N, Singh SP, Mishra P, Prasad T. Mechanistic Insights into Cellular and Molecular Targets of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots (ZnO QDs) in Fungal Pathogen, Candida albicans: One Drug Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1914-1934. [PMID: 38831663 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Rationally designed multitargeted drugs, known as network therapeutics/multimodal drugs, have emerged as versatile therapeutic solutions to combat drug-resistant microbes. Here, we report novel mechanistic insights into cellular and molecular targets of ZnO quantum dots (QDs) against Candida albicans, a representative of fungal pathogens. Stable, monodispersed 4-6 nm ZnO QDs were synthesized using a wet chemical route, which exhibited dose-dependent inhibition on the growth dynamics of Candida. Treatment with 200 μg/mL ZnO QDs revealed an aberrant morphology and a disrupted cellular ultrastructure in electron microscopy and led to a 23% reduction in ergosterol content and a 53% increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. Significant increase in steady-state fluorescence polarization and fluorescence lifetime decay of membrane probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in treated cells, respectively, implied reduction in membrane fluidity and enhanced microviscosity. The observed reduction in passive diffusion of fluorescent Rhodamine 6G across the membrane validated the intricate relationship between ergosterol, membrane fluidity, and microviscosity. An inverse relationship existing between ergosterol biosynthetic genes, ERG11 and ERG3 in treated cells, related well with displayed higher susceptibilities. Furthermore, treated cells exhibited impaired functionality and downregulation of ABC drug efflux pumps. Multiple cellular targets of ZnO QDs in Candida were validated by in silico molecular docking. Thus, targeting ERG11, ERG3, and ABC drug efflux pumps might emerge as a versatile, nano-ZnO-based strategy in fungal therapeutics to address the challenges of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chand
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kritika Narula
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Vs
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Special Centre for Nano Sciences and AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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3
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Maniah K. Anticandidal effectiveness of greenly synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against candidal pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 58:1097-1110. [PMID: 38351615 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2315922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance of pathogenic candidal strains to conventional antifungal agents represents a significant health issue contributing to high morbidity worldwide. Hence, the aim of the current study focused on evaluating the antifungal and synergistic activities of the green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles formulated using Laurus nobilis leaf extract. The biogenic ZnONPs were hexagonal in shape with average particle size diameter of 37.98 nm and pure crystalline structure as detected by XRD data. The highest antifungal activity of biogenic ZnONPs was detected against Candida parapsilosis strain demonstrating relative inhibitory zone diameters of 17.13 ± 0.74 and 25.78 ± 0.47 mm, at the concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/disk, respectively. Moreover, the biogenic ZnONPs demonstrated the highest synergistic activity with clotrimazole antifungal agent against Candida glabrata followed by Candida auris strains. MTT assay revealed that the biogenic ZnONPs showed low toxicity demonstrating relative IC50 value of 774.45 µg/mL against normal lung fibroblast cells which further affirmed their biosafety for application. In conclusion, the bioinspired ZnONPs could be utilized for the formulation of effective antifungal agents against drug resistant candidal strains and also could be combined with antifungal agents to boost their antifungal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Maniah
- Department of Biology, King Khalid Military Academy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shiraz M, Imtiaz H, Azam A, Hayat S. Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants. Biometals 2024; 37:23-70. [PMID: 37914858 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV-visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shiraz
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Havza Imtiaz
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Ameer Azam
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Islamic Universityof Madinah Al Jamiah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Cai L, Huang X, Feng H, Fan G, Sun X. Composite g-C 3 N 4 @ZnO NP electrostatic self-assembly: enhanced ROS as a key factor for high-efficiency control of tobacco wildfire disease. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:5140-5151. [PMID: 37609876 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of non-metallic inorganic nanomaterials for antimicrobial photocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising approach to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Recently, g-C3 N4 nanosheets have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional stability, degradability, low cost, and remarkable antibacterial properties. In this study, a facile electrostatic self-assembly approach was utilized to functionalize ZnO nanoparticles with g-C3 N4 nanosheets, resulting in the formation of g-C3 N4 @ZnO nanoparticle composites. RESULTS The Z-shaped heterojunction architecture of these composites facilitates efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and enhances visible light catalytic performance. Moreover, the formation of the g-C3 N4 @ZnO heterostructure showed a higher photocatalytic capacity and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than g-C3 N4 nanosheets. The photocatalytic antibacterial mechanisms of g-C3 N4 @ZnO at the transcriptomic level primarily involve disrupting bacterial membrane synthesis and inhibiting motility and energy metabolism. Therefore, the antibacterial mechanism of g-C3 N4 @ZnO can be attributed to a combination of physical membrane damage, chemical damage (ROS enhancement) and inhibition of chemotaxis, biofilm formation and flagellar motility. CONCLUSION These findings collectively provide novel high potential and insights into the practical application of photocatalysts in plant disease management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cai
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality, Guiyang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xunliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Feng
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guizhou Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality, Guiyang, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Hills OJ, Noble IO, Heyam A, Scott AJ, Smith J, Chappell HF. Atomistic modelling and NMR studies reveal that gallium can target the ferric PQS uptake system in P. aeruginosa biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001422. [PMID: 38117289 PMCID: PMC10765035 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous gallium nitrate therapy is a novel therapeutic strategy deployed to combat chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by interfering with iron (Fe3+) uptake. The therapy is a source of Ga3+, which competes with Fe3+ for siderophore binding, subsequently disrupting iron metabolism and inhibiting biofilm proliferation in vivo. It was recently demonstrated that the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) can chelate Fe3+ to assist in bacterial iron uptake. However, it is unknown whether exogenous gallium also targets [Fe(PQS)3] uptake, which, in turn, would extend the mechanism of gallium therapy beyond siderophore competition, potentially supporting use of the therapy against P. aeruginosa mutants deficient in siderophore uptake proteins. To that end, the thermodynamic feasibility of iron-for-gallium cation exchange into [Fe(PQS)3] was evaluated using quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) modelling and verified experimentally using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We demonstrate here that Ga3+ can strongly bind to three PQS molecules and, furthermore, displace and substitute Fe3+ from the native chelate pocket within PQS complexes, through a Trojan horse mechanism, retaining the key structural features present within the native ferric complex. As such, [Fe(PQS)3] complexes, in addition to ferric-siderophore complexes, represent another target for gallium therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Hills
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Isaac O.K. Noble
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alex Heyam
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J. Scott
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Smith
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen F. Chappell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Al-Sarraj F, Alotibi I, Al-Zahrani M, Albiheyri R, Alghamdi MA, Nass NM, Abd-Ellatif S, Makhlof RTM, Alsaad MA, Sajer BH, Elshafie HS. Green Synthesis of Chitosan-Capped Gold Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Extract: Biochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7762. [PMID: 38067495 PMCID: PMC10707927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance to the action of existing antibiotics has prompted researchers to identify new natural molecules with antimicrobial potential. In this study, a green system was developed for biosynthesizing gold nanoparticles (BAuNPs) using sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaf extract bioconjugated with non-toxic, eco-friendly, and biodegradable chitosan, forming chitosan/gold bioconjugates (Chi/BAuNPs). Characterization of the BAuNPs and Chi/BAuNPs conjugates takes place using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and zeta potential (Z-potential). The chemical composition of S. officinalis extract was evaluated via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of human pathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) and multisensitive (MS) bacterial isolates using the agar diffusion method. Chi/BAuNPs showed inhibition of the MDR strains more effectively than BAuNPs alone as compared with a positive standard antibiotic. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells (MCF7) were more sensitive toward the toxicity of 5-Fu + BAuNPs and 5-Fu + Chi/BAuNPs composites compared to non-malignant human fibroblast cells (HFs). The study shows that BAuNPs and Chi/BAuNPs, combined with 5-FU NPs, can effectively treat cancer at concentrations where the free chemical drug (5-Fu) is ineffective, with a noted reduction in the required dosage for noticeable antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Al-Sarraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.-S.); (R.A.); (M.A.A.); (N.M.N.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Ibrahim Alotibi
- Health Information Technology Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Al-Zahrani
- Biological Science Department, College of Science and Art, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.-S.); (R.A.); (M.A.A.); (N.M.N.); (B.H.S.)
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A. Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.-S.); (R.A.); (M.A.A.); (N.M.N.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Nada M. Nass
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.-S.); (R.A.); (M.A.A.); (N.M.N.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Sawsan Abd-Ellatif
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research (SRTA-City) and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Raafat T. M. Makhlof
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (R.T.M.M.); (M.A.A.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. Alsaad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (R.T.M.M.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Bayan H. Sajer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.-S.); (R.A.); (M.A.A.); (N.M.N.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Hazem S. Elshafie
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Huq MA, Apu MAI, Ashrafudoulla M, Rahman MM, Parvez MAK, Balusamy SR, Akter S, Rahman MS. Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2634. [PMID: 38004613 PMCID: PMC10675506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc.) of plants have been exploited for the facile, rapid, cost-effective and non-toxic synthesis of ZnONPs. Plant extracts, microbial biomass or culture supernatant contain various biomolecules including enzymes, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which serve as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. The biosynthesized ZnONPs are generally characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, etc. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for global public health. Due to mutation, shifting environmental circumstances and excessive drug use, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes is continuously rising. To solve this issue, novel, safe and effective antimicrobial agents are needed urgently. Biosynthesized ZnONPs could be novel and effective antimicrobial agents because of their safe and non-toxic nature and powerful antimicrobial characteristics. It is proven that biosynthesized ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnONPs are the generation of reactive oxygen species, physical interactions, disruption of the cell walls and cell membranes, damage to DNA, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation, ribosomal destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs using microbes and plants and their characterization have been reviewed comprehensively. Also, the antimicrobial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized ZnONPs against various pathogenic microorganisms have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Aminul Islam Apu
- Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Md. Ashrafudoulla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Sri Renukadevi Balusamy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
| | - Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md. Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
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Saleha A, Shende SS, Ingle P, Rai M, Minkina TM, Gade A. Cell free extract-mediated biogenic synthesis of ZnONPs and their application with kanamycin as a bactericidal combination. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:334. [PMID: 37807015 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a main public health issue and a challenge for the scientific community all over the globe. Hence, there is a burning need to build new bactericides that resist the AMR. The ZnONPs were produced by cell free extract of mint (Mentha piperita L.) leaves. Antibiotics that are ineffective against resistant bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were treated. The antibiotics were first screened, and then antibacterial activity was checked by disk diffusion, and MIC of Mp-ZnONPs individually and using Kanamycin (KAN) were determined against these pathogens by broth microdilution method. The synergism between Mp-ZnONPs and KAN was confirmed by checkerboard assay. The MIC showed robust antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens. The combination of KAN and Mp-ZnONPs reduces the MIC of KAN as it efficiently inhibits E. coli's growth, and KAN significantly enhances the antibacterial activity of Mp-ZnONPs. Taken together, Mp-ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity, and KAN significantly improves it against the tested pathogens, which would offer an effective, novel, and benign therapeutic methodology to regulate the incidence. The combination of Mp-ZnONPs and KAN would lead to the development of novel bactericides, that could be used in the formulation of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Saleha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
| | - Sudhir S Shende
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Pramod Ingle
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Tatiana M Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Aniket Gade
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
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10
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Sivagami M, Asharani IV. Sunlight-assisted photocatalytic degradation of orange G dye using cost-effective zinc oxide nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2445-2462. [PMID: 37493919 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
We have used an environmentally friendly approach to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles from an aqueous extract of Cucumis maderaspatanus L. leaves (Cm-ZnO NPs). Leaf extract phytoconstituents work as both reducing and stabilising agents. Calcination at 300, 500, 700, and 800 °C allowed fine-tuning of the bandgap of synthesised Cm-ZnO NPs, which has been well-characterized. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the Cm-ZnO NPs. The Cm-ZnO NPs were found to be spherical and averaged 8.6 nm in size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. TGA testing validated the nanoparticles' resilience to heat. The zeta potential measurements showed that the Cm-ZnO NPs were stable. By analysing the sorption of nitrogen onto the nanoparticles, we were able to calculate their surface area, which came in at 19 m2/g. The degradation of orange G (OG) dye in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) served as an oxidizing agent and measured the photocatalytic efficiency of the Cm-ZnO NPs. In addition, the effect of varying dye, H2O2, and catalyst concentrations on photodegradation was studied. The rate of reactions was computed. In conclusion, the obtained data demonstrated that the produced Cm-ZnO NPs can be employed as a cost-efficient catalyst for textile industrial effluent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sivagami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - I V Asharani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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11
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Seghir BB, Hima M, Moulatti F, Sahraoui I, Ben Amor I, Zeghoud S, Hemmami H, Kouadri I, Ben Amor A, Messaoudi M, Ahmed S, Rebiai A, Pohl P. Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Green-Synthesized MgO and ZnO Nanoparticles from Two Plant Root Extracts. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2425. [PMID: 37686933 PMCID: PMC10489724 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The green approach-based nanoparticle synthesis is considered a more cost-effective and ecologically responsible method of producing nanoparticles than other standard techniques. A major accomplishment in resolving these issues is the use of nanoparticles for environmental pollution remediation. This article describes a simple method for producing MgO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza roots as the stabilizing and reducing agents, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersed X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy methods were used to characterize the biologically synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs). The XRD results showed that the mean crystallite sizes of synthesized ZnO and MgO NPs, which have excellent purity, are 12.35 nm and 4.83 nm, respectively. The spherical or elliptical shape of the synthesized NPs was confirmed by the SEM analysis. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was thoroughly investigated. With a medium zone of inhibition of 7 to 10 mm, the as-synthesized MgO NPs and ZnO NPs demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity towards various bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Ben Seghir
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Industrial Analysis and Materials Engineering (LAGIM), University of 8 May 1945, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Meriem Hima
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Fatima Moulatti
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Ibtihal Sahraoui
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Ilham Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Soumeia Zeghoud
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Hadia Hemmami
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Imane Kouadri
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Industrial Analysis and Materials Engineering (LAGIM), University of 8 May 1945, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of 8 May 1945, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Asma Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (M.H.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (I.B.A.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (A.B.A.)
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, Ain Oussera 17200, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment (LCAE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El Oued, B.P. 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Kashmir 185211, India;
- Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190001, India
- University Center for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Abdelkrim Rebiai
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria; (I.K.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment (LCAE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El Oued, B.P. 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Dwivedi K, Mandal AK, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Sahoo A, Alossaimi MA, Almalki WH, Alzahrani A, Barkat MA, Almeleebia TM, Mir Najib Ullah SN, Rahman M. Emergence of Nano-Based Formulations for Effective Delivery of Flavonoids against Topical Infectious Disorders. Gels 2023; 9:671. [PMID: 37623126 PMCID: PMC10453850 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic substances in vegetables, fruits, flowers, seeds, wine, tea, nuts, propolis, and honey. They belong to a versatile category of natural polyphenolic compounds. Their biological function depends on various factors such as their chemical structure, degree of hydroxylation, degree of polymerization conjugation, and substitutions. Flavonoids have gained considerable attention among researchers, as they show a wide range of pharmacological activities, including coronary heart disease prevention, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging, anticancer, and anti-atherosclerotic activities. Plants synthesize flavonoid compounds in response to pathogen attacks, and these compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. However, certain antibacterial flavonoids have the ability to selectively target the cell wall of bacteria and inhibit virulence factors, including biofilm formation. Moreover, some flavonoids are known to reverse antibiotic resistance and enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotic drugs. However, due to their poor solubility in water, flavonoids have limited oral bioavailability. They are quickly metabolized in the gastrointestinal region, which limits their ability to prevent and treat various disorders. The integration of flavonoids into nanomedicine constitutes a viable strategy for achieving efficient cutaneous delivery owing to their favorable encapsulation capacity and diminished toxicity. The utilization of nanoparticles or nanoformulations facilitates drug delivery by targeting the drug to the specific site of action and exhibits excellent physicochemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khusbu Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sambhunath Institute of Pharmacy Jhalwa, Prayagraj 211015, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ashok Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Abdulmalik Saleh Alfawaz Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ankit Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Pharmaceuticals Chemistry Department, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq 65779, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tahani M. Almeleebia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Zungu B, Kamdem Paumo H, Gaorongwe JL, Tsuene GN, Ruzvidzo O, Katata-Seru L. Zn nutrients-loaded chitosan nanocomposites and their efficacy as nanopriming agents for maize ( Zea mays) seeds. Front Chem 2023; 11:1243884. [PMID: 37638104 PMCID: PMC10457009 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1243884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in agro-inputs research have led to the development of nanomaterials that can promote precision agriculture and better environmental security. The agricultural sector is increasingly facing the negative impacts of changing climates due to various stress conditions. To curb this scenario, economical and low-risk practices such as decreasing fertilizer inputs and seed priming have been promoted. In the current study, the H. odoratissimum aqueous extract was used to nucleate the Zn ionic species and grow the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The developed nanocomposites and their ionic zinc precursor were then integrated into tripolyphosphate (TPP)-crosslinked chitosan (CS/TPP) nanostructures by ionic gelation. Advanced physicochemical characterization techniques (SEM, EDS, TEM, DLS, FTIR, TGA, and XPS) were exploited to report the morphology, hydrodynamic size, surface charge, and structural organization of the developed nanomaterials. These revealed positively charged particles with hydrodynamic size in the 149-257 nm range. The NPs were used as priming agents for Zea mays seeds. At 0.04%, the ZnO-loaded CS/TPP NPs achieved higher root and shoot elongation in 10-day old seedlings compared to other treatments. The pristine CS/TPP NPs, Zn(II)-laden CS/TPP NPs, and ZnO-loaded CS/TPP NPs at 0.01% significantly promoted the early seedling development of seeds under salt stress. This represents the first report showing ZnO integrated chitosan nanocomposites as an auspicious nanopriming agent for stimulating the seed germination of maize. The study envisages offering perspectives on utilizing green nanotechnology to improve the early seedling development of maize. Furthermore, it has the potential to contribute towards UN SDG 2, thus addressing the threats to global food insecurity and doubling agricultural productivity by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongiwe Zungu
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Hugues Kamdem Paumo
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Joseph Lesibe Gaorongwe
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gaborone Neo Tsuene
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Oziniel Ruzvidzo
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lebogang Katata-Seru
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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14
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Yassin MT, Al-Otibi FO, Al-Askar AA, Elmaghrabi MM. Synergistic Anticandidal Effectiveness of Greenly Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Antifungal Agents against Nosocomial Candidal Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1957. [PMID: 37630517 PMCID: PMC10458712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of fungal resistance to antifungal drugs necessitates finding new antifungal combinations to boost the antifungal bioactivity of these agents. Hence, the aim of the present investigation was to greenly synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Salvia officinalis and investigate their antifungal activity and synergistic efficiency with common antifungal agents. The biofabricated ZnO-NPs were characterized to detect their physicochemical properties. A disk diffusion assay was employed to investigate the antifungal effectiveness of the greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs and evaluate their synergistic patterns with common antifungal agents. The Candida tropicalis strain was detected to be the most susceptible strain to ZnO-NPs at both tested concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/disk, demonstrating relative suppressive zones of 19.68 ± 0.32 and 23.17 ± 0.45 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO-NPs against the C. tropicalis strain was 40 µg/mL, whereas the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was found to be 80 µg/mL. The highest synergistic efficiency of the biogenic ZnO-NPs with terbinafine antifungal agent was detected against the C. glabrata strain, whereas the highest synergistic efficiency was detected with fluconazole against the C. albicans strain, demonstrating relative increases in fold of inhibition area (IFA) values of 6.82 and 1.63, respectively. Moreover, potential synergistic efficiency was detected with the nystatin antifungal agent against the C. tropicalis strain with a relative IFA value of 1.06. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis affirmed the morphological deformations of candidal cells treated with the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs as the formation of abnormal infoldings of the cell wall and membranes and also the formation of pores in the cell wall and membranes, which might lead to the leakage of intracellular constituents. In conclusion, the potential synergistic efficiency of the biogenic ZnO-NPs with terbinafine, nystatin, and fluconazole against the tested candidal strains highlights the potential application of these combinations in formulating novel antifungal agents of high antimicrobial efficiency. The biogenic ZnO nanoparticles and antifungal drugs exhibit powerful synergistic efficiency, which highlights their prospective use in the formulation of efficient antimicrobial medications, including mouthwash, ointments, lotions, and creams for effective candidiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.O.A.-O.); (A.A.A.-A.); (M.M.E.)
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15
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Alrajhi AH, Ahmed NM, Halim MM, Altowyan AS, Azmi MN, Almessiere MA. Distinct Optical and Structural (Nanoyarn and Nanomat-like Structure) Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanofilm Derived by Using Salvia officinalis Leaves Extract Made without and with PEO Polymer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4510. [PMID: 37444824 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the optical properties of zinc oxide nanofilm fabricated by using organic natural products from Salvia officinalis leaves (SOL) extract and discusses the effect of the nanocrystal (NC) structure (nanoyarn and nanomat-like structure) on nanofilm optical properties. The surface-active layer of the nanofilm of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was passivated with natural organic SOL leaves hydrothermally, then accumulated on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). The nanofilms were fabricated (with and without PEO) on glass substrate (at 85 °C for 16 h) via chemical solution deposition (CSD). The samples were characterized by UV-vis, PL, FESEM, XRD, and TEM measurements. TEM micrographs confirmed the nucleation of ZnO NPs around 4 nm and the size distribution at 1.2 nm of ZnO QDs as an influence of the quantum confinement effect (QCE). The nanofilms fabricated with SOL surfactant (which works as a capping agent for ZnO NPs) represent distinct optoelectronic properties when compared to bulk ZnO. FESEM images of the nanofilms revealed nanoyarn and nanomat-like structures resembling morphologies. The XRD patterns of the samples exhibited the existence of ZnO nanocrystallites (ZnO NCs) with (100), (002), and (101) growth planes. The nanofilms fabricated represented a distinct optical property through absorption and broad emission, as the optical energy band gap reduced as the nanofilms annealed (at 120 ℃). Based on the obtained results, it was established that phytochemicals extracted from organic natural SOL leaves have a distinct influence on zoic oxide nanofilm fabrication, which may be useful for visible light spectrum trapping. The nanofilms can be used in photovoltaic solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan H Alrajhi
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Naser M Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mahadi Halim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Abeer S Altowyan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nurul Azmi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Munirah A Almessiere
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Singh N, Singh R, Shah K, Pramanik BK. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using lychee peel and its application in anti-bacterial properties and CR dye removal from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138497. [PMID: 37001759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In nanoscience and nanobiotechnology, using plant extracts in synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) has recently come to light as an exciting opportunity with several benefits over traditional physicochemical methods. In the present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) based nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by green chemistry route using lychee peel extract to capture hazardous congo red dye from wastewater and illustrate their antimicrobial behavior. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra confirm the wurtzite crystal structure, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra confirm the functional group in ZnO, which is suitable for dye adsorption. It was found that the NPs were spherical and had a size of <10 nm. The synthesized ZnO NPs could effectively remove >98% of CR dye from wastewater within 120 min of contact time at a wide pH range from 2 to 10. The primary mechanism involved in removing dye was the electrostatic interaction between ZnO adsorbent and CR dye. The antimicrobial performance of synthesized ZnO NPs was found to show 34% inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6538), 52% against Escherichia coli (ATCC 11103), 58% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25668) and 32% against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) using well diffusion assay. ZnO demonstrates a suitable anti-bacterial property over both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Overall, the green synthesized method for developing ZnO NPs shows promising and significant anti-bacterial performance and is a highly potential adsorbent for removing CR dye from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahar Singh
- BND Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalpit Shah
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
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17
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Hamouda RA, Alharbi AA, Al-Tuwaijri MM, Makharita RR. The Antibacterial Activities and Characterizations of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, and Their Coated with Alginate Derived from Fucus vesiculosus. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102335. [PMID: 37242910 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have many advantages for nano-biotechnologists due to their intense biomedical applications. ZnO-NPs are used as antibacterial agents, which influence bacterial cells through the rupture of the cell membrane and the generation of reactive free radicals. Alginate is a polysaccharide of natural origin due to its excellent properties that are used in various biomedical applications. Brown algae are good sources of alginate and are used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This study aims to synthesize ZnO-NPs by using brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Fu/ZnO-NPs) and also to extract alginate from the same alga, which is used in coating the ZnO-NPs (Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs). The characterizations of Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs were determined by FTIR, TEM, XRD, and zeta potential. The antibacterial activities were applied against multidrug resistance bacteria of both gram-positive and negative. The results obtained in FT-TR showed there are some shifts in the peak positions of Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs. The peak at 1655 cm-1, which assigned amide I-III, is present in both Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu-Alg-ZnO-NCMs; this band is responsible for bio-reductions and stabilization of both nanoparticles. The TEM images proved the Fu/ZnO-NPs have rod shapes with sizes ranging from 12.68 to 17.66 and are aggregated, but Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs are spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 12.13 to 19.77. XRD-cleared Fu/ZnO-NPs have nine sharp peaks that are considered good crystalline, but Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs have four broad and sharp peaks that are considered semi-crystalline. Both Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs have negative charges (-1.74 and -3.56, respectively). Fu/ZnO-NPs have more antibacterial activities than Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs in all tested multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs had no effect on Acinetobacter KY856930, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterobacter aerogenes, whereas there was an apparent effect of ZnO-NPs against the same strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa A Hamouda
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Asrar A Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdah M Al-Tuwaijri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab R Makharita
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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18
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Mohamed HEA, Khalil AT, Hkiri K, Ayaz M, Abbasi JA, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Nawaz A, Ullah I, Maaza M. Physicochemical and nanomedicine applications of phyto-reduced erbium oxide (Er 2O 3) nanoparticles. AMB Express 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 36840788 PMCID: PMC9968365 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyphaene thebaica fruits were used for the fabrication of spherical erbium oxide nanoparticles (HT-Er2O3 NPS) using a one-step simple bioreduction process. XRD pattern revealed a highly crystalline and pure phase with crystallite size of ~ 7.5 nm, whereas, the W-H plot revealed crystallite size of 11 nm. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic Er-O atomic vibrations in the fingerprint region. Bandgap was obtained as 5.25 eV using K-M function. The physicochemical and morphological nature was established using Raman spectroscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, SAED and HR-TEM. HT-Er2O3 NPS were further evaluated for antidiabetic potential in mice using in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays. The synthesized HT-Er2O3 NPS were screened for in vitro anti-diabetic potentials against α-glucosidase enzyme and α-amylase enzyme and their antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH free radical assay. A dose dependent inhibition was obtained against α-glucosidase (IC50 12 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 78 μg/mL) while good DPPH free radical scavenging potential (IC50 78 μg mL-1) is reported. At 1000 μg/mL, the HT-Er2O3 NPS revealed 90.30% and 92.30% inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. HT-Er2O3 NPs treated groups were observed to have better glycemic control in diabetic animals (503.66 ± 5.92*** on day 0 and 185.66 ± 2.60*** on day 21) when compared with positive control glibenclamide treated group. Further, HT-Er2O3 NPS therapy for 21 days caused a considerable effect on serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL as compared to untreated diabetic group. In conclusion, our preliminary findings on HT-Er2O3 NPS revealed considerable antidiabetic potential and thus can be an effective candidate for controlling the post-prandial hyperglycemia. However, further studies are encouraged especially taking into consideration the toxicity aspects of the nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Elsayed Ahmad Mohamed
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, 25000 KP, Pakistan.
| | - Khaoula Hkiri
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000, Pakistan.
| | - Jamil Anwar Abbasi
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Asif Nawaz
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- grid.440530.60000 0004 0609 1900Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, KP Pakistan
| | - Malik Maaza
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
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Trichoderma-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activities. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020133. [PMID: 36836248 PMCID: PMC9960922 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern and one of the gravest challenges to humanity today. Antibiotic resistance has been acquired by certain bacterial strains. As a result, new antibacterial drugs are urgently required to combat resistant microorganisms. Species of Trichoderma are known to produce a wide range of enzymes and secondary metabolites that can be exploited for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In the present study, Trichoderma asperellum was isolated from rhizosphere soil and used for the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs. To examine the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs against human pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used. The obtained antibacterial results show that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs were efficient antibacterial agents against the pathogens E. coli and S. aureus, with an inhibition zone of 3-9 mm. The ZnO NPs were also effective in the prevention of S. aureus biofilm formation and adherence. The current work shows that the MIC dosages of ZnO NPs (25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) have effective antibacterial activity and antibiofilm action against S. aureus. As a result, ZnO NPs can be used as a part of combination therapy for drug-resistant S. aureus infections, where biofilm development is critical for disease progression.
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Yassin MT, Elgorban AM, Al-Askar AA, Sholkamy EN, Ameen F, Maniah K. Synergistic Anticandidal Activities of Greenly Synthesized ZnO Nanomaterials with Commercial Antifungal Agents against Candidal Infections. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14010209. [PMID: 36677271 PMCID: PMC9865458 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The high occurrence of mycological resistance to conventional antifungal agents results in significant illness and death rates among immunodeficient patients. In addition, the underprivileged therapeutic results of conventional antifungal agents, besides the potential toxicity resulting from long term therapy necessitate the fabrication of efficient antimicrobial combinations. Hence, the objective of the present investigation is to synthesize, characterize and investigate the anticandidal action of green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) formulated using Camellia sinensis leaf extract against three candidal pathogens. The eco-friendly synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized utilizing different physicochemical methods and their anticandidal potency was tested utilizing a disk diffusion assay. In this setting, the size of the biofabricated ZnO-NPs was detected using transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs, recording an average particle size of 19.380 ± 2.14 nm. In addition, zeta potential analysis revealed that the ZnO-NPs surface charge was -4.72 mV. The biogenic ZnO-NPs reveal the highest anticandidal activity against the C. tropicalis strain, demonstrating relative suppressive zones measured at 35.16 ± 0.13 and 37.87 ± 0.24 mm in diameter for ZnO-NPs concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/disk, respectively. Excitingly, Candida glabrata showed a high susceptibility to the biofabricated ZnO nanomaterials at both ZnO-NPs' concentrations (50 and 100 μg/disk) compared to the control. Moreover, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs revealed potential synergistic effectiveness with nystatin and terbinafine antifungal agents against the concerned strains. The maximum synergistic efficiency was noticed against the C. glabrata strain, demonstrating relative synergistic percentages of 23.02 and 45.9%, respectively. The biogenic ZnO-NPs revealed no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes revealing their biosafety and hemocompatibility. Finally, the high anticandidal effectiveness of biogenic ZnO-NPs against the concerned candidal pathogens, as well as potential synergistic patterns with conventional antifungal agents such as nystatin and terbinafine, emphasize the prospective application of these combinations for the fabrication of biocompatible and highly efficient antifungal agents.
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Dhiman V, Kondal N, Prashant. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles with prodigious potential for solar driven photocatalytic degradation of industrial contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114751. [PMID: 36370810 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In an era of environment-friendly development plant extract-based biological techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles have gained a lot of attention over traditionally famous chemical and physical synthesis techniques. In the present study we have synthesized biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (BPLE-ZnO NPs) using Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract, compared its native properties and solar-driven photocatalytic activity with chemically prepared ZnO nanoparticles (Chem-ZnO NPs). In order to characterize and compare the Chem-ZnO and BPLE-ZnO, various techniques were used, including UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffractrometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyzer. The results revealed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO, with no significant difference between the two methods; however, the use of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract in ZnO NPs synthesis resulted in reduced size, presence of biomolecules on its surface and better monodispersity than purely chemical synthesis. Further, the BPLE-ZnO NPs showed better efficiency in the solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye compared to Chem-ZnO NPs. Under solar exposure at a dose of 0.50 mg/mL BPLE-ZnO, resulted in 97.31% photodegradation with a rate constant of 0.06 min-1 of 20 mg/L MB solution within just 60 min which was 9.51% higher compared to the Chem-ZnO NPs. The BPLE-ZnO NPs were also employed to investigate their solar-driven photocatalytic performance for degrading the pharmaceutical (Metronidazole and Amoxycillin) and textile pollutants (Methyl orange dye) under sunlight. The results show that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract-mediated ZnO NPs have an excellent potential in solar-based photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Dhiman
- Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India; Govt. College Dhaliara, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kondal
- Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Prashant
- Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
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22
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Mutukwa D, Taziwa RT, Khotseng L. Antibacterial and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Lamiaceae-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12244469. [PMID: 36558321 PMCID: PMC9785588 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plant extracts has been receiving tremendous attention as an alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. The Lamiaceae plant family is one of the largest herbal families in the world and is famous for its aromatic and polyphenolic biomolecules that can be utilised as reducing and stabilising agents during the synthesis of ZnO NPs. This review will go over the synthesis and how synthesis parameters affect the Lamiaceae-derived ZnO NPs. The Lamiaceae-mediated ZnO NPs have been utilised in a variety of applications, including photocatalysis, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, solar cells, and so on. Owing to their optical properties, ZnO NPs have emerged as potential catalysts for the photodegradation of organic dyes from wastewater. Furthermore, the low toxicity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity of ZnO against various bacteria have led to the application of ZnO NPs as antibacterial agents. Thus, this review will focus on the application of Lamiaceae-mediated ZnO NPs for the photodegradation of organic dyes and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Mutukwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Rd., Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Raymond T. Taziwa
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Old King William Town Road, Potsdam Site, East London 5200, South Africa
| | - Lindiwe Khotseng
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Rd., Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Alotaibi B, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, El-Masry TA, Elharty ME, Saleh A, Abdelkader DH, Mokhtar FA. Antibacterial activity of nano zinc oxide green-synthesised from Gardenia thailandica triveng. Leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates: in vitro and in vivo study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 50:96-106. [PMID: 35361019 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2056191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing emergence of bacterial resistance is a challenge for the research community, thus novel antibacterial agents should be developed. Metal nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents and could solve the problem of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we used Gardenia thailandica methanol extract (GTME) to biogenically synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The characterisation of ZnO-NPs was performed by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was studied both in vitro and in vivo against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Its minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 2 to 64 µg/mL, and it significantly decreased the membrane integrity and resulted in a significant increase in the inner and outer membrane permeability. Also, the ZnO-NPs treated cells possessed a distorted and deformed shape when examined by scanning electron microscope. The in vivo study (biochemical parameters and histological investigation) was conducted and it revealed a protective effect of ZnO-NPs against the deleterious influences of P. aeruginosa bacteria on lung, liver, and kidney tissues. LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed a phytochemical tentative identification of 57 compounds for the first time. We propose that GTME is a useful source for ZnO-NPs which has a promising antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elharty
- Study Master in Pharmaceutical Science at the Institute of Research and Environmental Studies, Al Sadat, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia H Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fatma Alzahraa Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Salam University, Al Gharbia, Egypt
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Characterization of green route synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract: Antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and photocatalytic potential. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Bloch K, Mohammed SM, Karmakar S, Shukla S, Asok A, Banerjee K, Patil-Sawant R, Mohd Kaus NH, Thongmee S, Ghosh S. Catalytic dye degradation by novel phytofabricated silver/zinc oxide composites. Front Chem 2022; 10:1013077. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1013077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytofabrication of the nanoparticles with exotic shape and size is an attractive area where nanostructures with noteworthy physicochemical and optoelectronic properties that can be significantly employed for photocatalytic dye degradation. In this study a medicinal plant, Plumbago auriculata leaf extract (PALE) was used to synthesize zinc oxide particles (ZnOPs) and silver mixed zinc oxide particles (ZnOAg1Ps, ZnOAg10Ps, ZnO10Ag1Ps) by varying the concentration of the metal precursor salts, i.e. zinc acetate and silver nitrate. The PALE showed significantly high concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugar, starch, citric acid and plumbagin up to 314.3 ± 0.33, 960.0 ± 2.88, 121.3 ± 4.60, 150.3 ± 3.17, 109.4 ± 2.36, and 260.4 ± 8.90 μg/ml, respectively which might play an important role for green synthesis and capping of the phytogenic nanoparticles. The resulting particles were polydispersed which were mostly irregular, spherical, hexagonal and rod like in shape. The pristine ZnOPs exhibited a UV absorption band at 352 nm which shifted around 370 in the Ag mixed ZnOPs with concomitant appearance of peaks at 560 and 635 nm in ZnO10Ag1Ps and ZnOAg1Ps, respectively. The majority of the ZnOPs, ZnOAg1Ps, ZnOAg10Ps, and ZnO10Ag1Ps were 407, 98, 231, and 90 nm in size, respectively. Energy dispersive spectra confirmed the elemental composition of the particles while Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the involvement of the peptide and methyl functional groups in the synthesis and capping of the particles. The composites exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, maximum being 95.7% by the ZnOAg10Ps with a rate constant of 0.0463 s−1 following a first order kinetic model. The present result clearly highlights that Ag mixed ZnOPs synthesized using Plumbago auriculata leaf extract (PALE) can play a critical role in removal of hazardous dyes from effluents of textile and dye industries. Further expanding the application of these phytofabricated composites will promote a significant complementary and alternative strategy for treating refractory pollutants from wastewater.
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Investigations into the Antifungal, Photocatalytic, and Physicochemical Properties of Sol-Gel-Produced Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196750. [PMID: 36235286 PMCID: PMC9571040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were applied to evaluate the tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) amalgamated by the sol-gel process. XRD was used to examine the tetragonal-shaped crystallite with an average size of 26.95 (±1) nm, whereas the average particle size estimated from the TEM micrograph is 20.59 (±2) nm. A dose-dependent antifun3al activity was performed against two fungal species, and the activity was observed to be increased with an increase in the concentration of SnO2 NPs. The photocatalytic activity of SnO2 NPs in aqueous media was tested using Rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) under solar light illumination. The Rh-6G was degraded at a rate of 0.96 × 10-2 min for a total of 94.18 percent in 350 min.
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Mandal AK, Katuwal S, Tettey F, Gupta A, Bhattarai S, Jaisi S, Bhandari DP, Shah AK, Bhattarai N, Parajuli N. Current Research on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12173066. [PMID: 36080103 PMCID: PMC9459703 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have piqued the curiosity of researchers all over the world due to their extensive biological activity. They are less toxic and biodegradable with the capacity to greatly boost pharmacophore bioactivity. ZnO-NPs are the most extensively used metal oxide nanoparticles in electronic and optoelectronics because of their distinctive optical and chemical properties which can be readily modified by altering the morphology and the wide bandgap. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using extracts of therapeutic plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, etc., improves their stability and biocompatibility in many biological settings, and its biofabrication alters its physiochemical behavior, contributing to biological potency. As such, ZnO-NPs can be used as an effective nanocarrier for conventional drugs due to their cost-effectiveness and benefits of being biodegradable and biocompatible. This article covers a comprehensive review of different synthesis approaches of ZnO-NPs including physical, chemical, biochemical, and green synthesis techniques, and also emphasizes their biopotency through antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral, wound healing, and cardioprotective activity. Green synthesis from plants, bacteria, and fungus is given special attention, with a particular emphasis on extraction techniques, precursors used for the synthesis and reaction conditions, characterization techniques, and surface morphology of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Katuwal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Felix Tettey
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Aakash Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Salyan Bhattarai
- Paraza Pharma, Inc., 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Shankar Jaisi
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Devi Prasad Bhandari
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Thapathali, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Ajay Kumar Shah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Lekhnath 33700, Nepal
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (N.P.)
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Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Application as Bioactive Agents: A Critical Overview. REACTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions3030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide is a safe material for humans, with high biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity. Interestingly, it shows exceptional antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., especially when reduced to the nanometer size. As it is easily understandable, thanks to its properties, it is at the forefront of safe antimicrobials in this pandemic era. Besides, in the view of the 2022 European Green Deal announced by the European Commission, even science and nanotechnology are moving towards “greener” approaches to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Among them, biogenic ZnO nanoparticles have been extensively studied for their biological applications and environmental remediation. Plants, algae, fungi, yeast, etc., (which are composed of naturally occurring biomolecules) play, in biogenic processes, an active role in the formation of nanoparticles with distinct shapes and sizes. The present review targets the biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, with a specific focus on their bioactive properties and antimicrobial application.
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Facile Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Potential Synergistic Activity with Common Antifungal Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Candidal Strains. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence of fungal resistance to antifungal drugs represents a global concern, contributing to high levels of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Moreover, conventional antifungal medications have poor therapeutic outcomes, as well as possible toxicities resulting from long-term administration. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal effectiveness of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against multidrug-resistant candidal strains. Biogenic ZnO NPs were characterized using physicochemical methods, such as UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X ray (EDX) spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. UV spectral analysis revealed the formation of two absorption peaks at 367 and 506 nm, which preliminarily indicated the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs, whereas TEM analysis showed that ZnO NPs exhibited an average particle size of 22.84 nm. The EDX spectrum confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles free of impurities. The FTIR spectrum of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs showed different absorption peaks at 3427.99, 1707.86, 1621.50, 1424.16, 1325.22, 1224.67, 1178.22, 1067.69, 861.22, 752.97 and 574.11 cm−1, corresponding to various functional groups. The average zeta potential value of the ZnO NPs was −7.45 mV. XRD analysis revealed the presence of six diffraction peaks at 2θ = 31.94, 34.66, 36.42, 56.42, 69.54 and 76.94°. The biogenic ZnO NPs (100µg/disk) exhibited potent antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis strains, with suppressive zone diameters of 24.18 ± 0.32, 20.17 ± 0.56 and 26.35 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO NPs against C. tropicalis strain was found to be 10 μg/mL, whereas the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) was found to be 20 μg/mL. Moreover, ZnO NPs revealed a potential synergistic efficiency with fluconazole, nystatin and clotrimazole antifungal drugs against C. albicans strain, whereas terbinafine, nystatin and itraconazole antifungal drugs showed a potential synergism with ZnO NPs against C. glabrata as a multidrug-resistant strain. In conclusion, pomegranate peel extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO NPs with potential physicochemical features and antimicrobial activity. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs could be utilized for formulation of novel drug combinations to boost the antifungal efficiency of commonly used antifungal agents.
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Facile Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Origanum majorana with Potential Bioactivity against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of nosocomial bacterial resistance contributes to significant mortality and morbidity around the world; thus, finding novel antibacterial agents is of vital concern. Accordingly, the present study attempted to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a green approach. Aqueous leaf extract of Origanum majorana was used to synthesize AgNPs and the antibacterial efficiency against multidrug resistant bacterial strains was detected. Characterization of the biogenic AgNPs was performed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The disc diffusion method was used to detect the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against three nosocomial multidrug-resistant strains. Preliminary UV-Vis analysis revealed the biosynthesis of AgNPs due to peak formation at 374 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of biogenic AgNPs. TEM micrographs detected the synthesis of small AgNPs with an average particle size of 26.63 nm. EDX analysis revealed the presence of the following elements: oxygen (3.69%), carbon (2.93%), aluminum (1.29), silicon (2.83%), chloride (17.89%), and silver (71.37%). Furthermore, XRD analysis revealed the presence of diffraction peaks at 2 theta (θ) degrees of 38.18°, 44.36°, 64.35°, and 77.54°, assigned to the planes of silver crystals (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively. Collectively, these findings affirm the synthesis of biogenic AgNPs with potential physicochemical characteristics. The antimicrobial efficiency of the biogenic AgNPs indicated that Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was the most susceptible strain at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/disk, with inhibitory zones of 21.57 and 24.56 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was found to be 10 µg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was found to be 20 µg/mL. In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of O. majorana mediated synthesis of small sized AgNPs, with potential antimicrobial effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Pachamuthu P, Pricilla Jeyakumari A, Srinivasan N, Chandrasekaran R, Revathi K, Karuppannan P. Structure, surface analysis and bioactivity of Mn doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Szymanski M, Dobrucka R. Application of Phytotests to Study of Environmental Safety of Biologicaly Synthetised Au and Au/ZnO Nanoparticles Using Tanacetum parthenium Extract. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDue to their small sizes and high reactivity, nanoparticles have a completely different toxicity profile than larger particles, and it is difficult to predict their potential ecological impact. There is a need for broad ecotoxicological studies of nanomaterials in order to specify their environmental impact and ensure safe application of nanotechnology products. In this work, we have assessed the toxicity of Au and Au/ZnO metal nanoparticles obtained with the use of Tanacetum parthenium (herba) extract. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry (UV–VIS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In order to assess the toxicity of biologically synthesized nanoparticles, we used seeds of various plants: Lepidium sativum, Linum flavum, Zea mays, Salvia hispanica-chia, Lupinus angustifolius, Petroselinum crispum subsp. Crispum, Beta vulgaris, Phaseolus vulgaris. The in vitro phytotests showed that gold nanoparticles at a specific range of concentrations for all plants stimulated their growth. The highest growth activity was exhibited by the solution at the concentration of 0.300 mg/ml towards corn (Aw ≈ − 135 ± 16) and flax (Aw ≈ − 44 ± 10). Only for parsley the IC50 was determined at 0.57 mg/ml, but solutions at the concentration of 0.030 to 0.150 mg/ml also stimulated plant growth. Au/ZnO had a toxic effect at all concentrations applied in the study.
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Tryfon P, Kamou NN, Mourdikoudis S, Karamanoli K, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Dendrinou-Samara C. CuZn and ZnO Nanoflowers as Nano-Fungicides against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Phytoprotection, Translocation, and Impact after Foliar Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7600. [PMID: 34947215 PMCID: PMC8708589 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) have dynamically emerged in plant protection. The uptake of INPs by plants mostly depends on the size, chemical composition, morphology, and the type of coating on their surface. Herein, hybrid ensembles of glycol-coated bimetallic CuZn and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have been solvothermally synthesized in the presence of DEG and PEG, physicochemically characterized, and tested as nano-fungicides. Particularly, nanoflowers (NFs) of CuZn@DEG and ZnO@PEG have been isolated with crystallite sizes 40 and 15 nm, respectively. Organic coating DEG and PEG (23% and 63%, respectively) was found to protect the NFs formation effectively. The CuZn@DEG and ZnO@PEG NFs revealed a growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a dose-dependent manner with CuZn@DEG NFs being more efficient against both fungi with EC50 values of 418 and 311 μg/mL respectively. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) plants inoculated with S. sclerotiorum were treated with the NFs, and their antifungal effect was evaluated based on a disease index. Plants sprayed with ZnO@PEG NFs showed a relatively higher net photosynthetic (4.70 μmol CO2 m-2s-1) and quantum yield rate (0.72) than with CuZn@DEG NFs (3.00 μmol CO2 m-2s-1 and 0.68). Furthermore, the penetration of Alizarin Red S-labeled NFs in plants was investigated. The translocation from leaves to roots through the stem was evident, while ZnO@PEG NFs were mainly trapped on the leaves. In all cases, no phytotoxicity was observed in the lettuce plants after treatment with the NFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Tryfon
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nathalie N. Kamou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Katerina Karamanoli
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Catherine Dendrinou-Samara
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Acacia caesia Bark Extract and Its Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activities. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the green synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and their microbial and photocatalytic application. The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using Zinc nitrate hexahydrate and the bark extract of Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. The nanoparticles were synthesized at an optimum temperature of 65 °C followed by calcination at 400 °C. The samples were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic peak at 338 nm and the bandgap energy was found to be 3 eV which is specific for ZnO. SEM confirmed the presence of ZnO on its nanoscale. EDX gave the elemental details of Zinc constituting to 37.77% and Oxygen comprising 20.77% of its atomic weight. XRD analysis gave the diffractogram indexed at various angles corresponding to ZnO nanoparticles. It also revealed the average crystalline size to be 32.32 nm and the shape was found to be hexagonal. The functional group present in the nanoparticles was characterized using FTIR, which gave a characteristic peak at 485 cm−1. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant photocatalytic (methyl blue under UV irradiation). The presence of nanoparticles induces changes in its kinetics, whose rate constants and correlation coefficients were analyzed during the photocatalytic degradation of the model pollutant Methyl Blue. Studies on antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus), antifungal (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans) and anti-inflammatory (COX assay) properties were also carried out. The nanoparticles were synthesized in an eco-friendly and cost-effective method. The study opens new horizons in the field of water treatment, biosensors and nanotechnology.
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