1
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Fukui T, Yabumoto M, Nishida M, Hirokawa S, Sato R, Kurisu T, Nakai M, Hassan MA, Kishimoto K. Amino acid deprivation in cancer cells with compensatory autophagy induction increases sensitivity to autophagy inhibitors. Mol Cell Oncol 2024; 11:2377404. [PMID: 39021618 PMCID: PMC11253891 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2024.2377404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of autophagy is an important strategy in cancer therapy. However, prolonged inhibition of certain autophagies in established cancer cells may increase therapeutic resistance, though the underlying mechanisms of its induction and enhancement remain unclear. This study sought to elucidate the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance through repeated autophagy inhibition and amino acid deprivation (AD) in an in vitro model of in vivo chronic nutrient deprivation associated with cancer cell treatment. In the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa and human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, initial extracellular AD induced the immediate expression of endosomal microautophagy (eMI). However, repeated inhibition of eMI with U18666A and extracellular AD induced macroautophagy (MA) to compensate for reduced eMI, simultaneously decreasing cytotoxicity. Here, hyperphosphorylated JNK was transformed into a hypophosphorylated state, suggesting conversion of the cell death signal to a survival signal. In a nutrient medium, cell death could not be induced by MA inhibition. However, since LAT1 inhibitors induce intracellular AD, combining them with MA and eMI inhibitors successfully promoted cell death in resistant cells. Our study identified a novel therapeuic approach for promoting cell death and addressing therapeutic resistance in cancers under autophagy-inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Fukui
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manami Yabumoto
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Misuzu Nishida
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shiori Hirokawa
- Graduate School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riho Sato
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taichi Kurisu
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakai
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Md. Abul Hassan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Walweel N, Aydin O. Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy in Cancer Treatment: Integrating Nanomedicine with Autophagy Inhibition Strategies. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27832-27852. [PMID: 38973850 PMCID: PMC11223161 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The complicated stepwise lysosomal degradation process known as autophagy is in charge of destroying and eliminating damaged organelles and defective cytoplasmic components. This mechanism promotes metabolic adaptability and nutrition recycling. Autophagy functions as a quality control mechanism in cells that support homeostasis and redox balance under normal circumstances. However, the role of autophagy in cancer is controversial because, mostly depending on the stage of the tumor, it may either suppress or support the disease. While autophagy delays the onset of tumors and slows the dissemination of cancer in the early stages of tumorigenesis, numerous studies demonstrate that autophagy promotes the development and spread of tumors as well as the evolution and development of resistance to several anticancer drugs in advanced cancer stages. In this Review, we primarily emphasize the therapeutic role of autophagy inhibition in improving the treatment of multiple cancers and give a broad overview of how its inhibition modulates cancer responses. There have been various attempts to inhibit autophagy, including the use of autophagy inhibitor drugs, gene silencing therapy (RNA interference), and nanoparticles. In this Review, all these topics are thoroughly covered and illustrated by recent studies and field investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Walweel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- NanoThera
Lab, ERFARMA-Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Omer Aydin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- NanoThera
Lab, ERFARMA-Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- ERKAM-Clinical-Engineering
Research and Implementation Center, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38030, Turkey
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Song H, Zhao Z, Ma L, Zhao W, Hu Y, Song Y. Novel exosomal circEGFR facilitates triple negative breast cancer autophagy via promoting TFEB nuclear trafficking and modulating miR-224-5p/ATG13/ULK1 feedback loop. Oncogene 2024; 43:821-836. [PMID: 38280941 PMCID: PMC10920198 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are in a more hypoxic and starved state than non-TNBC cells, which makes TNBC cells always maintain high autophagy levels. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the progress of tumorigenesis. However, the regulation and functions of autophagy-induced circRNAs in TNBC remain unclear. In our study, autophagy-responsive circRNA candidates in TNBC cells under amino acid starved were identified by RNA sequencing. The results showed that circEGFR expression was significantly upregulated in autophagic cells. Knockdown of circEGFR inhibited autophagy in TNBC cells, and circEGFR derived from exosomes induced autophagy in recipient cells in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo functional assays identified circEGFR as an oncogenic circRNA in TNBC. Clinically, circEGFR was significantly upregulated in TNBC and was positively associated with lymph node metastasis. CircEGFR in plasma-derived exosomes was upregulated in breast cancer patients compared with healthy people. Mechanistically, circEGFR facilitated the translocation of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) toward the plasma membrane in TNBC cells, which led to the release of Transcription Factor EB (a transcription factor of autophagy-related proteins, TFEB) from ANXA2-TFEB complex, causing nuclear translocation of TFEB, thereby promoting autophagy in TNBC cells. Meanwhile, circEGFR acted as ceRNA by directly binding to miR-224-5p and inhibited the expression of miR-224-5p, which weakened the suppressive role of miR-224-5p/ATG13/ULK1 axis on autophagy. Overall, our study demonstrates the key role of circEGFR in autophagy, malignant progression, and metastasis of TNBC. These indicate circEGFR is a potential diagnosis biomarker and therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Song
- Senior Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Senior Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Hu M, Fan JX, He ZY, Zeng J. The regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and tumor cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3984. [PMID: 38494666 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has become a global public health problem and its harmful effects have received widespread attention. Conventional treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and other techniques are applicable to clinical practice, but new drugs are constantly being developed and other therapeutic approaches, such as immunotherapy are being applied. In addition to studying the effects on individual tumor cells, it is important to explore the role of tumor microenvironment on tumor cell development since tumor cells do not exist alone but in the tumor microenvironment. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells are interconnected with other stromal cells and influence each other, among which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most numerous immune cells. At the same time, it was found that cancer cells have different levels of autophagy from normal cells. In cancer therapy, the occurrence of autophagy plays an important role in promoting tumor cell death or inhibiting tumor cell death, and is closely related to the environment. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and tumor cells may be an important breakthrough, providing new perspectives for further research on antitumor immune mechanisms and improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jiao-Xiu Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zi-Yue He
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China
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5
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He J, Zheng L, Li X, Huang F, Hu S, Chen L, Jiang M, Lin X, Jiang H, Zeng Y, Ye T, Lin D, Liu Q, Xu J, Chen K. Obacunone targets macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to impede osteoclastogenesis and alleviate ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Adv Res 2023; 53:235-248. [PMID: 36657717 PMCID: PMC10658311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder where the hyperactive osteoclasts represent the leading role during the pathogenesis. Targeting hyperactive osteoclasts is currently the primary therapeutic strategy. However, concerns about the long-term efficacy and side effects of current frontline treatments persist. Alternative therapeutic agents are still needed. OBJECTIVES Obacunone (OB) is a small molecule with a broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to examine OB's therapeutic potential on osteoporosis and explore the rudimentary mechanisms. METHODS Osteoclast formation and osteoclastic resorption assays were carried out to examine OB's inhibitory effects in vitro, followed by the in-vivo studies of OB's therapeutic effects on ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic preclinical model. To further study the underlying mechanisms, mRNA sequencing and analysis were used to investigate the changes of downstream pathways. The molecular targets of OB were predicted, and in-silico docking analysis was performed. Ligand-target binding was verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay and Western Blotting assay. RESULTS The results indicated that OB suppressed the formation of osteoclast and its resorptive function in vitro. Mechanistically, OB interacts with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which attenuates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling pathways, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These effects eventually caused the diminished expression level of the master transcriptional factor of osteoclastogenesis, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), and its downstream osteoclast-specific proteins. Furthermore, our data revealed that OB alleviated estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by targeting MIF and thus inhibiting hyperactive osteoclasts in vivo. CONCLUSION These results together implicated that OB may represent as a therapeutic candidate for bone disorders caused by osteoclasts, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Furong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Sitao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Manya Jiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Yifan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tianshen Ye
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Dingkun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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Fan M, Gao J, Zhou L, Xue W, Wang Y, Chen J, Li W, Yu Y, Liu B, Shen Y, Xu Q. Highly expressed SERCA2 triggers tumor cell autophagy and is a druggable vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4407-4423. [PMID: 36561988 PMCID: PMC9764070 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance remains a major obstacle to successful treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Identification of druggable vulnerabilities is an important aim for TNBC therapy. Here, we report that SERCA2 expression correlates with TNBC progression in human patients, which promotes TNBC cell proliferation, migration and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, SERCA2 interacts with LC3B via LIR motif, facilitating WIPI2-independent autophagosome formation to induce autophagy. Autophagy-mediated SERCA2 degradation induces SERCA2 transactivation through a Ca2+/CaMKK/CREB-1 feedback. Moreover, we found that SERCA2-targeting small molecule RL71 enhances SERCA2-LC3B interaction and induces excessive autophagic cell death. The increase in SERCA2 expression predisposes TNBC cells to RL71-induced autophagic cell death in vitro and in vivo. This study elucidates a mechanism by which TNBC cells maintain their high autophagy activity to induce chemoresistance, and suggests increased SERCA2 expression as a druggable vulnerability for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China,The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wuhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 25 89687620.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 25 89687620.
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Ying B, Xu W, Nie Y, Li Y. HSPA8 Is a New Biomarker of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Related to Prognosis and Immune Infiltration. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8446857. [PMID: 36452344 PMCID: PMC9705114 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8446857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a kind of cancer that endangers the lives of women all over the world in the 21st century. Heat shock protein member 8 (HSPA8) is the chaperone gene of the heat shock protein family. It is involved in many cellular functions. For example, it promotes the circulation between ATP and ADP, participates in protein folding, and can change the vitality of the cell and inhibit its growth. However, the abnormal expression of HSPA8 gene in TNBC and its diagnostic and prognostic significance still need to be further studied. METHODS First, we used related databases (such as TCGA, GEO, GTEx, ONCOMINE, TIMER2.0, UALCAN, HPA, STRING, CCLE, and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases) to analyze the relationship between HSPA8 and TNBC by bioinformatics. Then, the analysis using only a small part of the experimental work is used to explain our findings. For example, HSPA8 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical method in TNBC tissues. Western blotting experiments were carried out to verify the results. Then, the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with TNBC were analyzed by R software and Cox regression analysis. On the basis, a nomogram is constructed to estimate the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS). The prognostic nomogram performance was calibrated and evaluated by the calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS In the study, we analyzed the three GEO databases (including GSE86945, GSE106977, and GSE102088) and found that HSPA8 is one of the central genes of TNBC. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) researches indicated that HSPA8 was mainly involved in partner-mediated autophagy, mRNA catabolism, neutrophil activation, immune response, protein targeting, RNA splicing, RNA catabolism, and other biological processes. Next, we used bioinformatics technology to find that the expression level of HSPA8 in breast cancer (BC) and TNBC samples was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues, which was determined by analyzing hospital patient samples and related experiments. In addition, the expression level of HSPA8 in BC and TNBC samples was significantly correlated with clinical indexes such as TNM stage. The Cox analysis revealed that the expression of HSPA8 in TNBC had significant clinical prognostic value. The results of nomogram and ROC test show that HSPA8 has significant predictive ability in TNBC. The results of immune infiltration of HSPA8 through the TIMER2.0 database showed that there was a significant correlation between HSPA8 and immune cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the expression of HSPA8 in TNBC has important clinical diagnostic significance and clarify the potential molecular mechanism that promotes the evolution of TNBC. The high expression of HSPA8 may be related with the poor clinical outcome of TNBC. This helps to provide us with a new direction of TNBC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Ying
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Nie
- Yanqing District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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8
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Wang K, Xuan Z, Liu X, Zheng M, Yang C, Wang H. Immunomodulatory role of metalloproteinase ADAM17 in tumor development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059376. [PMID: 36466812 PMCID: PMC9715963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 is a member of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family of transmembrane proteases involved in the shedding of some cell membrane proteins and regulating various signaling pathways. More than 90 substrates are regulated by ADAM17, some of which are closely relevant to tumor formation and development. Besides, ADAM17 is also responsible for immune regulation and its substrate-mediated signal transduction. Recently, ADAM17 has been considered as a major target for the treatment of tumors and yet its immunomodulatory roles and mechanisms remain unclear. In this paper, we summarized the recent understanding of structure and several regulatory roles of ADAM17. Importantly, we highlighted the immunomodulatory roles of ADAM17 in tumor development, as well as small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies targeting ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zixue Xuan
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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9
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Adipokines as Regulators of Autophagy in Obesity-Linked Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203230. [PMID: 36291097 PMCID: PMC9600294 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight and obesity have become significant risk factors for cancer development. During obesity, adipose tissue alters its biological function, deregulating the secretion of bioactive factors such as hormones, cytokines, and adipokines that promote an inflammatory microenvironment conducive to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Adipokines regulate tumor processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. Additionally, it has been found that they can modulate autophagy, a process implicated in tumor suppression in healthy tissue and cancer progression in established tumors. Since the tumor-promoting role of autophagy has been well described, the process has been suggested as a therapeutic target in cancer. However, the effects of targeting autophagy might depend on the tumor type and microenvironmental conditions, where circulating adipokines could influence the role of autophagy in cancer. Here, we review recent evidence related to the role of adipokines in cancer cell autophagy in an effort to understand the tumor response in the context of obesity under the assumption of an autophagy-targeting treatment.
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10
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Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4032704. [PMID: 36132227 PMCID: PMC9484957 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology was reported to be an inappropriate and uncontrolled immune response, evidenced by activated macrophages, and a robust surge of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the release of reactive oxygen species, that synergistically result in acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibroproliferative lung response, and possibly even death. For these reasons, all identified risk factors and pathophysiological processes of COVID-19, which are feasible for the prevention and treatment, should be addressed in a timely manner. Accordingly, the evolving anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy for severe COVID-19 and hindering post-COVID-19 fibrosis development should be comprehensively investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that renalase, a novel amino-oxidase, derived from the kidneys, exhibits remarkable organ protection, robustly addressing the most powerful pathways of cell trauma: inflammation and oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis. As demonstrated, systemic renalase administration also significantly alleviates experimentally induced organ fibrosis and prevents adverse remodeling. The recognition that renalase exerts cytoprotection via sirtuins activation, by raising their NAD+ levels, provides a “proof of principle” for renalase being a biologically impressive molecule that favors cell protection and survival and maybe involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This premise supports the rationale that renalase's timely supplementation may prove valuable for pathologic conditions, such as cytokine storm and related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the aim for this review is to acknowledge the scientific rationale for renalase employment in the experimental model of COVID-19, targeting the acute phase mechanisms and halting fibrosis progression, based on its proposed molecular pathways. Novel therapies for COVID-19 seek to exploit renalase's multiple and distinctive cytoprotective mechanisms; therefore, this review should be acknowledged as the thorough groundwork for subsequent research of renalase's employment in the experimental models of COVID-19.
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11
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Silva RCMC, Ribeiro JS, da Silva GPD, da Costa LJ, Travassos LH. Autophagy Modulators in Coronavirus Diseases: A Double Strike in Viral Burden and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845368. [PMID: 35433503 PMCID: PMC9010404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the etiologic agents of several diseases. Coronaviruses of critical medical importance are characterized by highly inflammatory pathophysiology, involving severe pulmonary impairment and infection of multiple cell types within the body. Here, we discuss the interplay between coronaviruses and autophagy regarding virus life cycle, cell resistance, and inflammation, highlighting distinct mechanisms by which autophagy restrains inflammatory responses, especially those involved in coronavirus pathogenesis. We also address different autophagy modulators available and the rationale for drug repurposing as an attractive adjunctive therapy. We focused on pharmaceuticals being tested in clinical trials with distinct mechanisms but with autophagy as a common target. These autophagy modulators act in cell resistance to virus infection and immunomodulation, providing a double-strike to prevent or treat severe disease development and death from coronaviruses diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jhones Sousa Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Marsdenia tenacissima Extract Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Cells via MIF/mToR Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7354700. [PMID: 35280512 PMCID: PMC8916871 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7354700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seriously endangers humans. In traditional Chinese medicine, Marsdenia tenacissima (MTE) has anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, antihypertensive, and anticancer effects. This study reveals the antiproliferative effect of MTE on the HCC cells in vitro and provides a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of anti-HCC agents. Methods. MHCC-97H and HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro and exposed to various concentrations and durations of MTE, and an MTT assay was used to detect the effects of MTE on cell proliferation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the morphological changes in the two cell lines after MTE stimulation. The MTE effects on the apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of the cell lines were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect target gene expression at the protein and mRNA levels, respectively. Results. MTE reduced the viability of the MHCC-97H and HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manners (P < 0.05). Autophagic vesicles and apoptotic bodies were found in the MHCC-97H and HepG2 cells after MTE incubation, and the Annexin V-PI assay showed that the apoptotic rates of the cell lines increased with increasing MTE concentration (P < 0.05). Autophagy inducer rapamycin promoted the MTE-induced apoptotic rates of the cell lines, whereas autophagy inhibitor chloroquine inhibited the apoptotic rates. More cells in the S phase were found in the two cell lines after MTE treatment (P < 0.05). After MTE incubation, MIF, CD47, and beclin-1 protein levels significantly increased. Furthermore, in the MTE group, Akt, mTOR, and caspase3 expressions decreased; however, LC 3 expression increased, which was significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions. MTE inhibited proliferation and induced autophagy, apoptosis, and S phase cell cycle arrest in the MHCC-97H and HepG2 cells. These effects might be related to the activation of MIF and mTOR signaling inhibition.
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The Role of Autophagy in Tumor Immune Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2022; 2022:2055676. [PMID: 35321516 PMCID: PMC8938087 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2055676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study is aimed at exploring the association between autophagy and tumor immune infiltration (TII) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods and Materials. We downloaded the transcriptome profiling and clinical data for CRC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and obtained the normal colon transcriptome profiling data from Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) database. The list of autophagy-related signatures was obtained from the Human Autophagy Database. We isolated the autophagy-related genes from the CRC gene expression matrix and constructed an autophagy-related prognostic (ARP) risk model. Then, we constructed a multiROC curve to validate the prognostic ability of the ARP risk model. CIBERSORT was used to determine the fractions of 22 immune cells in each CRC sample, and the association between these TII cells and CRC clinical variables was further investigated. Finally, we estimated the association of 3 hub-ARP signatures and 20 different types of TII cell distribution. Results. We classified 447 CRC patients into 224 low-risk and 223 high-risk patients using the median ARP risk score. According to the univariate survival test results, except for gender (
), age (
), cancer stage, and pathological stage T, M, and N were closely correlated with the prognosis of CRC patients (
). Multivariate survival analysis results indicate that age and rescore were the only independent prognostic indicators with significant differences (
). After merging the immune cell distribution (by CIBERSORT) with the CRC clinical data, the results indicate that activated macrophage M0 cells exhibited the highest clinical response, which included cancer stage and stage T, N, and M. Additionally, six immune cells were closely associated with cancer stage, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), gamma delta T cells, follicular helper T cells, activated memory CD4 T cells, activated NK cells, and resting dendritic cells. Finally, we evaluated the correlation of ARP signatures with TII cell distribution. Compared with the other correlation, NRG1 and plasma cells (↑), risk score and macrophage M1 (↑), NRG1 and dendritic cell activated (↑), CDKN2A and T cell CD4 memory resting (↓), risk score and T cell CD8 (↑), risk score and T cell CD4 memory resting (↓), and DAPK1 and T cell CD4 memory activated (↓) exhibited a stronger association (
). Conclusions. In summary, we explored the correlation between the risk of autophagy and the TII microenvironment in CRC patients. Furthermore, we integrated different CAR signatures with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and found robust associations between different levels of CAR signature expression and immune cell infiltrating density.
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14
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Bouras E, Karhunen V, Gill D, Huang J, Haycock PC, Gunter MJ, Johansson M, Brennan P, Key T, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, Murphy N, Platz EA, Travis R, Yarmolinsky J, Zuber V, Martin P, Katsoulis M, Freisling H, Nøst TH, Schulze MB, Dossus L, Hung RJ, Amos CI, Ahola-Olli A, Palaniswamy S, Männikkö M, Auvinen J, Herzig KH, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Raitakari O, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Jarvelin MR, Dehghan A, Tsilidis KK. Circulating inflammatory cytokines and risk of five cancers: a Mendelian randomization analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 35012533 PMCID: PMC8750876 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked chronic inflammation to cancer aetiology. It is unclear whether associations for specific inflammatory biomarkers are causal or due to bias. In order to examine whether altered genetically predicted concentration of circulating cytokines are associated with cancer development, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. METHODS Up to 31,112 individuals of European descent were included in genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses of 47 circulating cytokines. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with the cytokines, located in or close to their coding gene (cis), were used as instrumental variables. Inverse-variance weighted MR was used as the primary analysis, and the MR assumptions were evaluated in sensitivity and colocalization analyses and a false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Corresponding germline GWAS summary data for five cancer outcomes (breast, endometrial, lung, ovarian, and prostate), and their subtypes were selected from the largest cancer-specific GWASs available (cases ranging from 12,906 for endometrial to 133,384 for breast cancer). RESULTS There was evidence of inverse associations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with breast cancer (OR per SD = 0.88, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.94), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist with endometrial cancer (0.86, 0.80 to 0.93), interleukin-18 with lung cancer (0.87, 0.81 to 0.93), and beta-chemokine-RANTES with ovarian cancer (0.70, 0.57 to 0.85) and positive associations of monokine induced by gamma interferon with endometrial cancer (3.73, 1.86 to 7.47) and cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine with lung cancer (1.51, 1.22 to 1.87). These associations were similar in sensitivity analyses and supported in colocalization analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to current knowledge on the role of specific inflammatory biomarker pathways in cancer aetiology. Further validation is needed to assess the potential of these cytokines as pharmacological or lifestyle targets for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Bouras
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip C Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genomics Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genomics Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tim Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil Murphy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruth Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Yarmolinsky
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michail Katsoulis
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nutehtal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laure Dossus
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saranya Palaniswamy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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15
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Lou SJ, Hou MF, Chang HT, Lee HH, Chiu CC, Yeh SCJ, Shi HY. Breast Cancer Surgery 10-Year Survival Prediction by Machine Learning: A Large Prospective Cohort Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010047. [PMID: 35053045 PMCID: PMC8773427 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning algorithms have proven to be effective for predicting survival after surgery, but their use for predicting 10-year survival after breast cancer surgery has not yet been discussed. This study compares the accuracy of predicting 10-year survival after breast cancer surgery in the following five models: a deep neural network (DNN), K nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), naive Bayes classifier (NBC) and Cox regression (COX), and to optimize the weighting of significant predictors. The subjects recruited for this study were breast cancer patients who had received breast cancer surgery (ICD-9 cm 174-174.9) at one of three southern Taiwan medical centers during the 3-year period from June 2007, to June 2010. The registry data for the patients were randomly allocated to three datasets, one for training (n = 824), one for testing (n = 177), and one for validation (n = 177). Prediction performance comparisons revealed that all performance indices for the DNN model were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than in the other forecasting models. Notably, the best predictor of 10-year survival after breast cancer surgery was the preoperative Physical Component Summary score on the SF-36. The next best predictors were the preoperative Mental Component Summary score on the SF-36, postoperative recurrence, and tumor stage. The deep-learning DNN model is the most clinically useful method to predict and to identify risk factors for 10-year survival after breast cancer surgery. Future research should explore designs for two-level or multi-level models that provide information on the contextual effects of the risk factors on breast cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jer Lou
- Graduate Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Tai Chang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 80457, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Hsien Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73658, Taiwan;
| | - Chong-Chi Chiu
- Department of General Surgery, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Jennifer Yeh
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80420, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Yi Shi
- Graduate Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80420, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3211101 (ext. 2648); Fax: +886-7-3137487
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16
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Rojas-Sanchez G, García-Miranda A, Montes-Alvarado JB, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Sarmiento-Salinas FL, Jimenez-Ignacio EE, Ramírez-Ramírez D, Romo-Rodríguez RE, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Pazos-Salazar NG, Maycotte P. Chloroquine Induces ROS-mediated Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Secretion and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in ER-positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:341-355. [PMID: 34813005 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the world. Since tumor cells employ autophagy as a survival pathway, it has been proposed that autophagy inhibition could be beneficial for cancer treatment. There are several onging clinical trials where autophagy is being inhibited (using chloroquine, CQ or hydroxychloroquine, HCQ) along with chemotherapy with promising results. However, there is also in vitro evidence in which autophagy inhibition can induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, indicating that, at least in some cases, this strategy could be detrimental for cancer patients. In this study, we found that the genetic inhibition of autophagy primed cells for EMT by inducing a decrease in E-cadherin protein levels, while CQ treatment decreased E-cadherin levels, induced morphological changes related to EMT, increased EMT-related transcription factor (EMT-TF) expression and migration in estrogen receptor positive (ER +) BC cell lines. Importantly, CQ treatment increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induced the secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine related to malignancy. Both ROS production and MIF secretion were responsible for the mesenchymal morphology and increased migratory capacity induced by CQ. Our results indicate that CQ treatment increased malignancy by inducing ROS production, MIF secretion and EMT and suggest that autophagy inhibition in ER + BC patients might have detrimental effects. Our data indicates that a careful selection of patients should be performed in order to determine who will benefit the most from autophagy inhibition with available pharmacological agents for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Alin García-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 39090, Mexico
| | - José Benito Montes-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Lilí Sarmiento-Salinas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Eleazar Jimenez-Ignacio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Coatzacoalcos, Coatzacoalcos, 96536, Mexico
| | - Dalia Ramírez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Rubí Esmeralda Romo-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Nidia Gary Pazos-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico.
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Raudenska M, Balvan J, Masarik M. Crosstalk between autophagy inhibitors and endosome-related secretory pathways: a challenge for autophagy-based treatment of solid cancers. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:140. [PMID: 34706732 PMCID: PMC8549397 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is best known for its role in organelle and protein turnover, cell quality control, and metabolism. The autophagic machinery has, however, also adapted to enable protein trafficking and unconventional secretory pathways so that organelles (such as autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies) delivering cargo to lysosomes for degradation can change their mission from fusion with lysosomes to fusion with the plasma membrane, followed by secretion of the cargo from the cell. Some factors with key signalling functions do not enter the conventional secretory pathway but can be secreted in an autophagy-mediated manner.Positive clinical results of some autophagy inhibitors are encouraging. Nevertheless, it is becoming clear that autophagy inhibition, even within the same cancer type, can affect cancer progression differently. Even next-generation inhibitors of autophagy can have significant non-specific effects, such as impacts on endosome-related secretory pathways and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies suggest that cancer cells release higher amounts of EVs compared to non-malignant cells, which makes the effect of autophagy inhibitors on EVs secretion highly important and attractive for anticancer therapy. In this review article, we discuss how different inhibitors of autophagy may influence the secretion of EVs and summarize the non-specific effects of autophagy inhibitors with a focus on endosome-related secretory pathways. Modulation of autophagy significantly impacts not only the quantity of EVs but also their content, which can have a deep impact on the resulting pro-tumourigenic or anticancer effect of autophagy inhibitors used in the antineoplastic treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Crosstalk between Autophagy and Inflammatory Processes in Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090903. [PMID: 34575052 PMCID: PMC8466094 DOI: 10.3390/life11090903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response to tissue injury, which is a critical process in order to restore tissue functionality and homeostasis. The association between inflammation and cancer has been a topic of interest for many years, not only inflammatory cells themselves but also the chemokines and cytokines they produce, which affect cancer development. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative process providing elimination of damaged or dysfunctional organelles under stressful conditions such as nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, or chemotherapy. Interestingly, the signaling pathways that are involved in cancer-associated inflammation may regulate autophagy as well. These are (1) the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascade, (2) the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway, (3) the inflammatory cytokine signaling pathway, and (4) the IκB kinase (IKK)/Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling axis. Moreover, the studies on the context-specific functions of autophagy during inflammatory responses in cancer will be discussed here. On that basis, we focus on autophagy inhibitors and activators regulating inflammatory process in cancer as useful candidates for enhancing anticancer effects. This review summarizes how the autophagic process regulates these key inflammatory processes and vice versa in various cancers.
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Cotzomi-Ortega I, Nieto-Yañez O, Juárez-Avelar I, Rojas-Sanchez G, Montes-Alvarado JB, Reyes-Leyva J, Aguilar-Alonso P, Rodriguez-Sosa M, Maycotte P. Autophagy inhibition in breast cancer cells induces ROS-mediated MIF expression and M1 macrophage polarization. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110075. [PMID: 34229086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy can function as a survival mechanism for cancer cells and therefore, its inhibition is currently being explored as a therapy for different cancer types. For breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the subtype most sensitive to the inhibition of autophagy; but its inhibition has also been shown to promote ROS-dependent secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-tumorigenic cytokine. In this work, we explore the role of MIF in breast cancer, the mechanism by which autophagy inhibition promotes MIF secretion and its effects on neighboring cancer cell signaling and macrophage polarization. We analyzed MIF mRNA expression levels in tumors from breast cancer patients from different subtypes and found that Luminal B, HER2 and Basal subtypes, which are associated to high proliferation, displayed high MIF levels. However, MIF expression had no prognostic relevance in any breast cancer subtype. In addition, we found that autophagy inhibition in 66cl4 TNBC cells increased intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, which increased MIF expression and secretion. MIF secreted from 66cl4 TNBC cells induced the activation of MIF-regulated pathways in syngeneic cell lines, increasing Akt phosphorylation in 4T1 cells and ERK phosphorylation in 67NR cells. Regarding MIF/ chemokine receptors, higher levels of CD74 and CXCR2 were found in TNBC tumor cell lines when compared to non-tumorigenic cells and CXCR7 was elevated in the highly metastatic 4T1 cell line. Finally, secreted MIF from autophagy deficient 66cl4 cells induced macrophage polarization towards the M1 subtype. Together, our results indicate an important role for the inhibition of autophagy in the regulation of ROS-mediated MIF gene expression and secretion, with paracrine effects on cancer cell signaling and pro-inflammatory repercussions in macrophage M1 polarization. This data should be considered when considering the inhibition of autophagy as a therapy for different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Imelda Juárez-Avelar
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - José Benito Montes-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico.
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
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20
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Turkoz Uluer E, Kilicaslan Sonmez P, Akogullari D, Onal M, Tanriover G, Inan S. Do Wortmannin and Thalidomide induce apoptosis by autophagy inhibition in 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo? Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6236-6247. [PMID: 34306363 PMCID: PMC8290657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show the effects of autophagy inhibitor Wortmannin and antiangiogenic-proapoptotic Thalidomide on autophagy and apoptosis markers in 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 4T1 cells for Wortmannin and Thalidomide were evaluated by Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. After cancer formation in 28 BALB/C female mice, drugs were administered for seven days. Cells and tissue sections were evaluated for anti-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), anti- the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3 (MAPLC3β), anti-caspase 8, anti-caspase 9, and anti-caspase 3 immunoreactivities by immunohistochemical staining and apoptosis by Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. Both PI3K and MAPLC3β immunoreactivities decreased in all treatments when compared to control group except Thalidomide treatment in primary cancer tissue. The caspase 3, 8, and 9 immunoreactivities were increased in all treatment groups and TUNEL positive cells were the highest in the Wortmannin and Thalidomide group. Our findings suggest that autophagy is an important mechanism for 4T1 cells and both Wortmannin and Thalidomide treatments inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis. In primary cancer tissues, autophagy was not effective as in vitro. The treatment of Wortmannin and Thalidomide increased the apoptotic cells in vivo independent from autophagy inhibition. Different results may be because of microenvironment. Further studies must be done to elucidate the effect of microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elgin Turkoz Uluer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of MedicineManisa, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kilicaslan Sonmez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of MedicineManisa, Turkey
| | - Damla Akogullari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of MedicineManisa, Turkey
| | - Melike Onal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Faculty of MedicineMugla, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanriover
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of MedicineAntalya, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Inan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir University of Economics, Faculty of Medicineİzmir, Turkey
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21
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García-Miranda A, Solano-Alcalá KA, Montes-Alvarado JB, Rosas-Cruz A, Reyes-Leyva J, Navarro-Tito N, Maycotte P, Castañeda-Saucedo E. Autophagy Mediates Leptin-Induced Migration and ERK Activation in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:644851. [PMID: 33763424 PMCID: PMC7982408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.644851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process active in eukaryotic cells that involves the formation of an autophagosome which delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation. This process occurs at low rates under basal conditions, but it can be induced by diverse types of stress such as starvation, hypoxia, metabolic disorders or in response to hormones, including leptin. Leptin is considered a pro-tumorigenic protein whose circulating levels have been related to bad prognosis in obese breast cancer patients. It has been recently demonstrated that leptin can induce autophagy in cancer cell lines from different tissues, suggesting that autophagy could modulate the pro-tumorigenic effects associated with leptin. In this study, the role of autophagy in leptin-induced proliferation, migration, apoptosis and ERK phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines was evaluated. Although leptin differentially induced autophagy in the breast cancer cell lines tested, autophagy inhibition reduced leptin-induced cell proliferation in MCF7 cells and decreased cell migration, ERK activation, and impaired morphological changes in both cell lines. Our data demonstrates an important role for basal autophagy or leptin-induced autophagy in leptin-induced migration and ERK phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines, suggesting a potential use for the inhibition of autophagy in breast cancer associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin García-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Karen Aylín Solano-Alcalá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico.,Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Coatzacoalcos, Coatzacoalcos, Mexico
| | | | - Arely Rosas-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
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Lim J, Murthy A. Targeting Autophagy to Treat Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590344. [PMID: 33381037 PMCID: PMC7768823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that targets its cargo for lysosomal degradation. In addition to its function in maintaining tissue homeostasis, autophagy is recognized to play a context-dependent role in cancer. Autophagy may inhibit tumor initiation under specific contexts; however, a growing body of evidence supports a pro-tumorigenic role of this pathway in established disease. In this setting, autophagy drives treatment resistance, metabolic changes, and immunosuppression both in a tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic manner. This observation has prompted renewed interest in targeting autophagy for cancer therapy. Novel genetic models have proven especially insightful, revealing unique and overlapping roles of individual autophagy-related genes in tumor progression. Despite identification of pharmacologically actionable nodes in the pathway, fundamental challenges still exist for successful therapeutic inhibition of autophagy. Here we summarize the current understanding of autophagy as a driver of resistance against targeted and immuno-therapies and highlight knowledge gaps that, if addressed, may provide meaningful advances in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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Cocco S, Leone A, Piezzo M, Caputo R, Di Lauro V, Di Rella F, Fusco G, Capozzi M, Gioia GD, Budillon A, De Laurentiis M. Targeting Autophagy in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7836. [PMID: 33105796 PMCID: PMC7660056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different biological subtypes, with differences in terms of incidence, response to diverse treatments, risk of disease progression, and sites of metastases. In the last years, several molecular targets have emerged and new drugs, targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and cyclinD/CDK/pRb pathways and tumor microenvironment have been integrated into clinical practice. However, it is clear now that breast cancer is able to develop resistance to these drugs and the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms is paramount to drive further drug development. Autophagy is a highly conserved homeostatic process that can be activated in response to antineoplastic agents as a cytoprotective mechanism. Inhibition of autophagy could enhance tumor cell death by diverse anti-cancer therapies, representing an attractive approach to control mechanisms of drug resistance. In this manuscript, we present a review of autophagy focusing on its interplay with targeted drugs used for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cocco
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Piezzo
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Roberta Caputo
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Lauro
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Fusco
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Monica Capozzi
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Germira di Gioia
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Michelino De Laurentiis
- Breast Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (R.C.); (V.D.L.); (F.D.R.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (G.d.G.)
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach against triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:774. [PMID: 32943608 PMCID: PMC7498597 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as loss of estrogen, progesterone, and Her2 receptors, is a subtype of highly aggressive breast cancer with worse prognosis and poor survival rate. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine aberrantly expressed in many solid tumors and known to promote tumor progression and metastasis. However, its role in TNBC progression and metastasis is unexplored. Here we have shown that in TNBC patients, MIF expression was significantly enriched in the tumor compared to adjacent normal tissue. Using publically available patient datasets, we showed that MIF overexpression correlates with worse survival in TNBC compared to other hormonal status. Orthotopic implantation of TNBC cells into MIF knockout mice showed reduced tumor growth compared to wild-type mice. In addition, we have shown that MIF downregulation inhibits TNBC growth and progression in a syngeneic mouse model. We further showed that CPSI-1306, a small-molecule MIF inhibitor, inhibits the growth of TNBC cells in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that CPSI-1306 induces intrinsic apoptosis by alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, and activation of different caspases. In addition, CPSI-1306 inhibits the activation of cell survival and proliferation-related molecules. CPSI-1306 treatment also reduced the tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic mouse models of mammary carcinoma. CPSI-1306 treatment of tumor-bearing mice significantly inhibited TNBC growth and pulmonary metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis of xenograft tumors revealed a higher number of apoptotic cells in CPSI-1306-treated tumors compared to vehicle controls. Our studies, for the first time, show that MIF overexpression in TNBC enhances growth and metastasis. Taken together, our results indicate that using small molecular weight MIF inhibitors could be a promising strategy to inhibit TNBC progression and metastasis.
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