Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities

Ameliorative action of eugenol on nitrate induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

There is a great concern for studies to prevent nitrate (NO3) induced male reproductive toxicity as it might lead to infertility. Therefore, the study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of eugenol on NO3 induced male reproductive toxicity in wistar rats. Adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=5). The first group was served as control, the second and third group of rats were treated with 100 mg/kg bw of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and NO3 contaminated ground water respectively. The fourth and fifth group of rats were orally intubated with eugenol (100 mg/kg bw) and then exposed to NaNO3 and NO3 contaminated ground water respectively. The treatment was continued for 52 days. Nitrate exposure significantly decreased the sperm motility, testicular 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, serum concentration of testosterone, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in testis and spermatozoa and different categories of germ cells in stage VII of spermatogenesis. Further, there was significant increase in sperm abnormality and levels of nitrite (NO2) and malondialdehyde in testis and spermatozoa of NO3 treated rats. In addition, NO3 exposure distorted the histological architecture of seminiferous tubules of testis. It was established that NO3 induced high production of NO2 affected spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis and sperm motility. However, in the present study, pretreatment of eugenol prevented NO3 induced reproductive alterations by decreasing the level of NO2. These findings clearly showed the protective action of eugenol against NO3 induced oxidative stress in male reproductive system.

Exploring the anti-protozoal mechanisms of Syzygium aromaticum phytochemicals targeting Cryptosporidium parvum lactate dehydrogenase through molecular dynamics simulations

Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), a protozoan parasite, is known to induce significant gastrointestinal disease in humans. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a protein of C. parvum, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for developing effective drugs against infection. This study utilized a computational drug discovery approach to identify potential drug molecules against the LDH protein of C. parvum. In the present investigation, we conducted a structure-based virtual screening of 55 phytochemicals from the Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum). This process identified four phytochemicals, including Gallotannin 23, Eugeniin, Strictinin, and Ellagitannin, that demonstrated significant binding affinity and dynamic stability with LDH protein. Interestingly, these four compounds have been documented to possess antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The docked complexes were simulated for 100 ns using Desmond to check the dynamic stability. Finally, the free binding energy was computed from the last 10ns MD trajectories. Gallotannin 23 and Ellagitannin exhibited considerable binding affinity and stability with the target protein among all four phytochemicals. These findings suggest that these predicted phytochemicals from S. aromaticum could be further explored as potential hit candidates for developing effective drugs against C. parvum infection. The in vitro and in vivo experimental validation is still required to confirm their efficacy and safety as LDH inhibitors.

Effect of zinc oxide-eugenol endodontic paste on planktonic aggregates and biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis - An atomic force microscopy evaluation

OBJECTIVE

This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of zinc oxide-eugenol paste (ZOE) on planktonic aggregates (EfPA) and biofilm (EfBio) of Enterococcus faecalis, focusing on their morphological aspects observed and analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

DESIGN

The eugenol and paste were characterized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effect of ZOE on EfPA and EfBio was evaluated by a direct-contact test through colony counting and crystal violet staining protocol. AFM images of untreated and treated EfPA and EfBio growth on bovine dentin were obtained to analyze the morphological damage caused by the treatments.

RESULTS

The characterization showed high purity in the eugenol composition and chemical interaction between the components of the paste. A bactericidal effect on aggregates was observed after 6 h of exposure, and on biofilm after 24 h of treatment (p < 0.001). A disruptive effect on the biofilm was also evident. AFM images revealed the formation of EfPA, with a notable presence of an exopolysaccharide matrix. After 6 h of ZOE treatment, there was a significant increase in the size and surface roughness profile of treated cells (p < 0.05). Loss of typical cell morphology was observed after 24 h. The effect on the biofilm showed a tendency towards a less condensed biofilm pattern in the treated group, with no differences in surface roughness.

CONCLUSION

ZOE presents bactericidal action on EfPA and EfBio, promoting significant morphological changes after treatment, especially in the aggregates.

Development and Evaluation of Oromucosal Spray Formulation Containing Plant-Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Oral Cavity

According to data in the literature, natural products and essential oils are often used in dental practice. To develop a new oromucosal spray for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, clove CO2 extract and essential oils of lavender and grapefruit were used as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Clove extract was obtained by the method of subcritical extraction from various raw materials, the choice of which was based on the yield of the CO2 extract and the study of its phytochemical and microbiological properties. Based on the results of microscopic and diffraction analyses, the rational time of ultrasonic exposure for the emulsion of active pharmaceutical ingredients was established. Mucoadhesive polymers were used as stabilizers of the two-phase system and prolongators. This article discusses the impact of the type and concentration of mucoadhesive polymers on the stability of the emulsion system; the viscous, textural, adhesive, and film characteristics of oromucosal spray; and the parameters determining sprayability.

Stress-relieving properties of a polyherbal blend with Syzygium aromaticum L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner: A review and bibliometric analysis

OBJECTIVE

Syzygium aromaticum and Coffea canephora are acknowledged for their outstanding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nerve-stimulant properties, showcasing potential in brain protection. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively review existing literature and assess the potential of using it to formulate a herbal tea blend for managing stress and anxiety.

METHODS

Data was retrieved from the Scopus database, and a bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software.

RESULTS

Following a screening process, a total of 121 articles were identified, with S. aromaticum yielding a higher number compared to C. canephora. A detailed exploration of each plant revealed active components such as eugenol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caffeine, mangiferin, and chlorogenic acids, each exhibiting stimulatory effects alongside antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The neuroprotective effects were attributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, coupled with the stimulation of neurotransmitters and hormones like dopamine, serotonin, cortisol, and adrenaline.

CONCLUSIONS

The review showed that these plants positively affect mood and cognition by influencing the brain's pleasure system. This suggests the need for further research to combine these plant extracts for developing 'Tenang tea', a potential herbal blend for managing stress and anxiety.

Synergistic potential of essential oil combinations against Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton

Dermatophyte infections globally account for 20 to 25% of fungal infections. Dermatophytes have begun exhibiting antifungal drug resistance, making it challenging to treat this particular infection. Essential oils could be used as alternative solutions as they have been used for a long period to treat different infections. The research has demonstrated the antifungal efficacy of cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, tea tree, thyme, and garlic essential oils, and the impact of their combinations was assayed against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the most prevalent M. canis. The accession number of M. canis was obtained as ON007275. All tested essential oils exhibited antidermatophytic action except garlic. A synergistic effect was attained by cinnamon + clove, cinnamon + lemongrass, clove + lemongrass, clove + tea tree, and thyme + tea tree combinations. Concerning antifungal activity, M. canis was the most susceptible dermatophytic species, except in the case of thyme T. violaceum, which was the most susceptible dermatophytic species. The maximum inhibition was recorded in the cases of cinnamon and cinnamon + lemongrass combination against M. canis. The least minimum inhibitory concentrations were attained by cinnamon and clove against M. canis, cinnamon + clove against M. canis and T. violaceum, and cinnamon + lemongrass against M. canis, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and E. floccosum. The least minimum fungicidal concentration showed by cinnamon against M. canis, cinnamon + clove against M. canis and T. violaceum, cinnamon + lemongrass against M. canis, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and E. floccosum, and clove + lemongrass against M. canis.

Chemical characterization of the essential oil from the leaves of Eugenia flavescens DC. (Myrtaceae) and its potential in the treatment of pain, inflammation, and ethanol- and ethanol/HCL-induced gastric ulcers in mice

Eugenia flavescens is a species cultivated in Brazil for food purposes. Given the potential application of essential oils from plants of the genus Eugenia, this study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition, acute toxicity, antioxidant, antinociceptive, gastroprotective activities, and possible mechanisms of action of the essential oil from the leaves of E. flavescens (EOEf). The EOEf was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition was obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated, as well as the acute toxicity and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice. In addition, the gastroprotective effect was investigated using an acute gastric lesion model, considering possible mechanisms of action. The major components found in the EOEf were guaiol (19.97%), germacrene B (12.53%), bicyclogermacrene (11.11%), and E-caryophyllene (7.53%). The EOEf did not cause signs of toxicity in the acute oral toxicity test and showed in vitro antioxidant activity with IC50 ranging from 247.29 to 472.39 µg/mL in the tests ABTS and DPPH. In the nociceptive test, EOEf showed a 72.05% reduction in nociception at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect, the essential oil inhibited paw edema by 95.50% and 97.69% at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The results showed that EOEf has a gastroprotective effect, acting through the sulfhydryl compounds (-SH), nitric oxide (NO), and synthesis PGE2 pathways. The results suggested that EOEf is a promising source of constituents with antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties with application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of antimicrobial activities of common culinary spices: Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper)

Background

The increasing resistance of microbial pathogens to conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical properties of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) extracts, both of which are known for their historical use in traditional medicine and culinary applications.

Methods

Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of clove and black pepper were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was assessed using the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of key bioactive compounds, while quantitative analysis measured total phenolic and flavonoid contents. LC-HRMS/MS analysis of ethanolic extracts was performed.

Results

Both spices extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 14 to 18 mm. clove showed superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to black paper, particularly against fungi. MIC values ranged between 3 mg/mL and 6 mg/mL for both spices. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents in clove, with hydroalcoholic extracts showing greater concentrations than aqueous extracts. HPLC quantified higher eugenol content in clove extracts and higher piperine content in black pepper extracts. The differences in bioactive compound content were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The study confirms that both spices possess significant antimicrobial properties, attributable to their rich phytochemical composition, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. Clove exhibited slightly superior antimicrobial activity compared to black paper. These findings support the potential use of these spices as complementary antimicrobial agents. Further research should investigate their synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics and explore their applications in food preservation and alternative medicine.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-biopolymer carriers loaded with clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) extract as an anticancer agent: an in vitro study

The objective of this work was to design a new drug nanoparticle (NP) composed of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin/sodium tripolyphosphate/alginate (CS/βCD/TPP/AL) loaded with a clove extract (CE) for potential anticancer effects. The extract was prepared by two extraction methods: hydroalcoholic maceration (MAC) with 80% MeOH and supercritical fluid (SCF). The MACCE and SCFCE CE NPs had particle sizes of 71 nm and 20 nm, respectively with irregular spherical shapes. The nanocarriers achieved entrapment efficiencies of over 90%. MACCE-NPs and SCFCE-NPs released 18.35% and 10.12% of the extract after 6 h, respectively. Cell viability decreased to 54%, 7%, and 12% in HeLa, U87, and KB cell lines, respectively, after a 48-hour treatment with SCFCE-NPs and 75%, 8%, and 17% after treatment with MACCE-NPs, significantly reduced compared to the control. It is concluded that NPs containing CE exhibit a higher degree of toxicity due to better penetration into cells.

Studies on the mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori inhibition by Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract

BACKGROUND

The aqueous extract of the dried buds of Syzygium aromaticum (SAAE) have the potential to alleviate Helicobacter pylori infection, but the specific molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SAAE on H. pylori pathogenicity.

METHODS

The inhibitory kinetics and anti-H. pylori adhesive capacity assays were conducted to examine the effects of SAAE on the growth and adhesive capability of H. pylori. The H. pylori outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were purified from the culture supernatant through high-speed centrifugation, filtration, and two rounds of ultracentrifugation. Their characteristics and protein composition were then identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and qualitative proteomics study. Subsequently, the effect of SAAE on the pathogenicity of H. pylori OMVs was investigated using the Griess reagent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative proteomics study, TEM, and western blotting assay.

RESULTS

SAAE exhibited inhibitory effects on H. pylori growth and adhesion. The isolated H. pylori OMVs showed particle size of 27-242 nm and Zeta potential of -9.67 ± 0.53 mV. A total of 599 proteins were identified in the OMVs. Proteomics study indicated that the differential expressed proteins induced by OMVs with or without SAAE commonly enriched in P53 and autophagy pathways. Besides, SAAE counteracted the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated the induction of cell autophagy caused by H. pylori OMVs. Furthermore, SAAE normalized the abnormal regulation of downstream targets (AIFM2 and IGFBP3) in the P53 signaling pathway caused by H. pylori OMVs.

CONCLUSION

SAAE can inhibit the growth and adhesion of H. pylori, reduce the inflammation and autophagy induced by H. pylori OMVs, and combated the abnormal regulation of P53 signaling pathway caused by H. pylori OMVs. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms through which SAAE reduces the pathogenicity of H. pylori.

Synergistic combination of Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis and investigation of their molecular mechanism of action

Combination therapy at appropriately suitable doses presents a promising alternative to monotherapeutic drugs. In this study, Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their major compounds have exhibited substantial leishmaniacidal potential against both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) major. However, they displayed high cytotoxicity against Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Interestingly, when combined with each other or with amphotericin B, they demonstrated a synergistic effect (FIC<0.5) with low cytotoxicity. These combinations are able to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Notably, the combination of S. aromaticum Essential oil with amphotericin B stimulates macrophage cells by increasing NO production to eliminate leishmanial parasites. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism of action of these synergistic combinations reveals potent inhibition of the sterol pathway through the inhibition of the CYP51 gene expression. The findings suggest that combination therapy may offer significant therapeutic benefits in both food and pharmaceutical fields.

Bioactivity of Eugenol: A Potential Antibiotic Adjuvant with Minimal Ecotoxicological Impact

Combining commercial antibiotics with adjuvants to lower their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is vital in combating antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating the ecotoxicity of such compounds is crucial due to environmental and health risks. Here, eugenol was assessed as an adjuvant for 7 commercial antibiotics against 14 pathogenic bacteria in vitro, also examining its acute ecotoxicity on various soil and water organisms (microbiota, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Eisenia foetida, and Allium cepa). Using microdilution methods, checkerboard assays, and kinetic studies, the MICs for eugenol were determined together with the nature of its combinations with antibiotics against bacteria, some unexposed to eugenol previously. The lethal dose for the non-target organisms was also determined, as well as the Average Well Color Development and the Community-Level Physiological Profiling for soil and water microbiota. Our findings indicate that eugenol significantly reduces MICs by 75 to 98%, which means that it could be a potent adjuvant. Ecotoxicological assessments showed eugenol to be less harmful to water and soil microbiota compared to studied antibiotics. While Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna were susceptible, Allium cepa and Eisenia foetida were minimally affected. Given that only 0.1% of eugenol is excreted by humans without metabolism, its environmental risk when used with antibiotics appears minimal.

Anti-inflammatory naphthoquinone-monoterpene adducts and neolignans from Eugenia caryophyllata

A phytochemical investigation on the buds of edible medicinal plant, Eugenia carvophyllata, led to the discovery of seven new compounds, caryophones A-G (1-7), along with two biogenetically-related known ones, 2-methoxy-7-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione (8) and eugenol (9). Compounds 1-3 represent the first examples of C-5-C-1' connected naphthoquinone-monoterpene adducts with a new carbon skeleton. Compounds 4-7 are a class of novel neolignans with unusual linkage patterns, in which the C-9 position of one phenylpropene unit coupled with the aromatic core of another phenylpropene unit. The chemical structures of the new compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction crystallography, and quantum-chemical calculation. Among the isolates, compounds (-)-2, 3, 6, and 9 showed significant in vitro inhibitory activities against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells.

Attitude and Practice of Pharmacy Students Toward Traditional Herbal Medicines, Sudan

Purpose

Traditional herbal medicines (THMs) are widely used in Sudan, but there is scarcity of research on pharmacy students' attitudes and utilization of THMs. This study aims to assess the attitudes and practices of pharmacy students toward THM.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Khartoum (Sudan). Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire adapted from previous studies. A statistical package for the social sciences was used for data analysis.

Results

Among the 264 respondents, the average age was 21.8 years, and 84.8% of them were females. Nearly 85% of respondents were residents of Khartoum. The overall respondent's attitudes towards THMs were positive, it ranged from high (19.7%), moderate (79.9%). About 87.8% of respondents are interested in learning more about THMs. In addition, 36.4%, and 50.4% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed that THMs should be officially licensed and controlled. A 17.8% and 63.3% of respondents, respectively, reported using traditional herbal remedies either always or occasionally. Supermarkets (35.2%) and friends/family (36.4%) were the main sources of THMs for the participants, and oral administration was the most used route (87.1%). More than 90% of respondents said they would suggest THMs to others, and the most common justifications for doing so were their accessibility (46.6%) and affordability (16.3%). The most widely used herbs were Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Acacia nilotica, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Syzygium aromaticum. Data revealed a significant association between attitude levels and respondents' gender (p=0.046), year of study (p=0.000), and residence (p=0.017).

Conclusion

Most undergraduate pharmacy students had a positive attitude and utilized THMs. Development of effective educational initiatives, research, and regulations are recommended to ensure the appropriate utilization of traditional herbal remedies.

In vitro efficacy of essential oils against various Candida species

Candida species are responsible for the most common fungal infections worldwide. We studied the in vitro antifungal activity of a large panel of essential oils (EOs) against various Candida species. The EOs activity against Candida spp. was tested using a gradient microdilution assay ranging from 4% to 0.008% (v/v). After a preliminary screening including 31 EOs, seven selected EOs were tested against 13 clinical isolates and four reference strains belonging to six Candida species. Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cymbopogon giganteus EOs exhibited the best antifungal activity against all clinical and reference strains, with MIC ranges of 0.015%-0.25% (v/v). EOs from Litsea citrata, Backhousia citriodora and Ocimum sanctum presented MIC ranges of 0.03%-0.5% (v/v). The antifungal efficacy of EOs was independent of the susceptibility of Candida strains to usual antifungal agents. These EOs could have a promising antifungal action.

A review on the alternatives to antibiotics and the treatment of antibiotic pollution: Current development and future prospects

Antibiotics, widely used in the fields of medicine, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and agriculture, pose a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. To prevent antibiotic pollution, efforts have been made in recent years to explore alternative options for antibiotics in animal feed, but the effectiveness of these alternatives in replacing antibiotics is not thoroughly understood due to the variation from case to case. Furthermore, a systematic summary of the specific applications and limitations of antibiotic removal techniques in the environment is crucial for developing effective strategies to address antibiotic contamination. This comprehensive review summarized the current development and potential issues on different types of antibiotic substitutes, such as enzyme preparations, probiotics, and plant extracts. Meanwhile, the existing technologies for antibiotic residue removal were discussed under the scope of application and limitation. The present work aims to highlight the strategy of controlling antibiotics from the source and provide valuable insights for green and efficient antibiotic treatment.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil of the Malaysian endemic Syzygium variolosum (King) Chantar. & J.Parn

This study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Syzygium variolosum (King) Chantar. & J.Parn. and their cytotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. In total, 32 chemical components were identified in the essential oil, which made up 98.9%. The essential oil is mainly composed of β-elemene (20.2%), bicyclogermacrene (13.5%), viridiflorol (11.1%), globulol (8.6%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (5.3%). Acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated with the Ellman method, mushroom tyrosinase, and lipoxygenase enzymes, respectively, while cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay. The results showed that essential oil gave significant percentage inhibition (I%: acetylcholinesterase 35.2%, antityrosinase 42.5%, lipoxygenase 48.6%). Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, HepG2, MCF7, and A549, with IC50 values ranging from 90.2 to 95.2 μg/mL. The current study highlights the potential of the use of essential oils as an alternative to the development of pharmaceutical antichemopreventives or cosmetics.

Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect on Improving the Efficacy of β-Cypermethrin against Blattella germanica

We screened the contact activity of 32 commercial essential oils (EOs) and their synergistic effect with β-cypermethrin against Blattella germanica. Results showed that the most effective EOs against B. germanica were from Illicium verum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cinnamomum camphora, with LD50 values of less than 500 μg/insect. The most potent synergistic effects of β-cypermethrin on B. germanica were from Dysphania ambrosioides and Mentha canadensis. Both oils have a co-toxic factor of 133.33. The results of the major compound testing of the EOs showed that trans-anisaldehyde and thymol have the best insecticidal activity against B. germanica, with LD50 values of 141.30 and 138.61 μg/insect, respectively. The compounds with the best synergistic effect on β-cypermethrin were γ-terpinene and linalool at a concentration of 0.5%. The co-toxic factors for γ-terpinene and linalool were 150 and 133.33, respectively, which were similar to the synergistic effect observed with 2% piperonyl butoxide.

Insights from Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Encapsulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity

Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL-1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g-1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates.

Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications

Plants have proven to be important sources for discovering new compounds that are useful in the treatment of various diseases due to their phytoconstituents. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), an aromatic plant widely cultivated around the world, has been traditionally used for food preservation and medicinal purposes. In particular, clove essential oil (CEO) has attracted attention for containing various bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (eugenol and eugenol acetate), terpenes (β-caryophyllene and α-humulene), and hydrocarbons. These constituents have found applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine industries due to their bioactivity. Pharmacologically, CEO has been tested against a variety of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal properties. Additionally, many studies have also demonstrated the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this essential oil. However, CEO could degrade for different reasons, impacting its quality and bioactivity. To address this challenge, encapsulation is viewed as a promising strategy that could prolong the shelf life of CEO, improving its physicochemical stability and application in various areas. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of CEO and its constituents, as well as extraction methods to obtain it. Moreover, encapsulation strategies for CEO and numerous applications in different food fields are also highlighted.

Efficacy and safety of Link Natural Sudarshana, an Ayurvedic herbal preparation in COVID-19 patients: A phase II multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown anti-viral and immunomodulatory actions in components of many traditional medicines. Various constituents of traditional medicines have been found to be effective against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in several clinical trials and in-silico studies. Sudarshana cúrna, a polyherbal Ayurvedic medicine, has been used over thousands of years for a variety of infectious fevers.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Link Natural Sudarshana (LNS) tablets, in patients with COVID 19 disease. LNS is a polyherbal preparation comprising 49 medicinal plants included in the Sudarshana cúrna.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A randomized parallel-group double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center phase II clinical trial was conducted in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. They were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received LNS tablets whereas the control group received placebo tablets for 10 days or until the patient was discharged from the hospital. All patients received standard symptomatic treatment. The primary outcome, a reduction in mean log viral load was assessed at day 5 of treatment. The secondary outcomes, clinical progression and safety, were assessed by, monitoring changes in symptoms daily on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 4 and laboratory tests respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 171 patients (treatment group 83, control group 88) completed the trial. There were no significant differences between the baseline status of the two groups except that body mass index was significantly higher in the placebo group. The mean log viral load reduction at day 5 was higher in the treatment group (2.20 ± 1.67) compared to the placebo group (1.93 ± 1.80), with a mean difference of -0.278. This difference was not statistically significant at the 5% significant level. Reduction of mean cumulative symptom score, which included 16 symptoms graded according to severity, was higher in the treatment group compared to the placebo group. This difference was not statistically significant. None of the study participants developed hypoxia. Among the 7 lymphopenia patients in the placebo group, 3 continued to have lymphopenia at day 10, whereas 9 lymphopenia patients in the treatment group, reverted to normal counts. C reactive proteins (CRP) showed a greater reduction in the treatment group. None reported adverse effects. No significant changes occurred in hematological and biochemical parameters that assessed safety.

CONCLUSIONS

LNS is safe to use in COVID-19 patients and accelerated the decline in viral load, relieved symptoms, reduced CRP levels and reversed lymphopenia earlier, when compared to the placebo.

Modulation efficiency of clove oil nano-emulsion against genotoxic, oxidative stress, and histological injuries induced via titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have found wide applications in medical and industrial fields. However, the toxic effect of various tissues is still under study. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effect of TiO2-NP on stomach, liver, and kidney tissues and the amelioration effect of clove oil nanoemulsion (CLV-NE) against DNA damage, oxidative stress, pathological changes, and the apoptotic effect of TiO2-NPs. Four groups of male mice were subjected to oral treatment for five consecutive days including, the control group, the group treated with TiO2-NPs (50 mg/kg), the group treated with (CLV-NE) (5% of the MTD), and the group treated with TiO2-NPs plus CLV-NE. The results revealed that the treatment with TiO2-NPs significantly caused DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and kidney tissues due to increased ROS as indicated by the reduction of the antioxidant activity of SOD and Gpx and increased MDA level. Further, abnormal histological signs and apoptotic effect confirmed by the significant elevation of p53 expression were reported after TiO2-NPs administration. The present data reported a significant improvement in the previous parameters after treatment with CLV-NE. These results showed the collaborative effect of the oils and the extra role of nanoemulsion in enhancing antioxidant effectiveness that enhances its disperse-ability and further promotes its controlled release. One could conclude that CLV-NE is safe and can be used as a powerful antioxidative agent to assess the toxic effects of the acute use of TiO2-NPs.

Pharmacological and immunomodulatory modes of action of medically important phytochemicals against arthritis: A molecular insight

Arthritis is a common illness that affects joints and it may result in inflammation and pain. Even though arthritis usually affects older people, it can also affect children, adults, and both genders. Numerous arthritic mouse models have been developed but the CIA model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has received the most attention. With the use of steroids, DMARDs, and NSAIDs, therapy objectives such as reduced disease incidence and better pain management are achieved. Long-term usage of these therapeutic approaches may have negative side effects. Herbal medications are the source of several medicinal substances. Studies have explored the potential benefits of medicinal plants in treating RA. These benefits include up-regulating antioxidant potential, inhibiting cartilage degradation, down-regulating inflammatory cytokines such as NF-kB, IL-6, and TNF-α, and suppressing oxidative stress. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of traditional medicinal plants in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease treatment. The role of different medicinal plants such as Curcuma longa, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale and Withania somnifera, against arthritis is discussed in this review.

In Situ Preparation of Dehydrodieugenol-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles and their Antischistosomal Activity

Schistosomiasis is a major neglected disease that imposes a substantial worldwide health burden, affecting approximately 250 million people globally. As praziquantel is the only available drug to treat schistosomiasis, there is a critical need to identify new anthelmintic compounds, particularly from natural sources. To enhance the activity of different natural products, one potential avenue involves its combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Based on this approach, a one-step green method for the in situ preparation of dehydrodieugenol (DHDG) by oxidation coupling reaction using silver and natural eugenol is presented. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy due to the appearance of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 430 nm which is characteristic of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were spherical with sizes in the range of 40 to 50 nm. Bioassays demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles loaded with DHDG exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms without toxicity to mammalian cells and an in vivo animal model (Caenorhabditis elegans), contributing to the development of new prototypes based on natural products for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of dehydrocostus lactone isolated from Echinops kebericho root

Background and Aim

Echinops kebericho, an endemic plant to Ethiopia, traditionally used to treat infectious as well as noninfectious diseases. The primary objective of this study was isolating dehydrocostus lactone (DHCL) from E. kebericho and evaluating antibacterial activities on selected human pathogenic bacteria.

Methods

Extraction method used in this study was maceration. Based on the bioassay information methanol extract of the root of E. kebericho was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel by increasing solvent gradients to isolate DHCL. Optimized amount isolation of DHCL was done by dissolving methanol crude extract by hexane followed by recrystallization at room temperature in the dark place. Different concentrations of the extract were subjected by disc diffusion method against tested bacterial species and antioxidant activity test.

Results

The phytochemical analysis of E. kebericho revealed a high presence of terpenoids, which are diverse natural compounds known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This suggests that terpenoids contribute significantly to the pharmacological effects of E. kebericho. In antibacterial testing, Escherichia coli was the most sensitive bacterium among all extracts and concentrations. The methanol extract displayed higher antioxidant activity compared to ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, indicating a higher concentration of antioxidant compounds. Notably, the isolated compound DHCL showed promising activity against tested pathogens and significant antioxidant activity. The higher activity of DHCL compared to the crude extracts suggests its responsibility for the observed effects, indicating that the isolation and purification process may have concentrated its beneficial properties. These findings highlight the potential of E. kebericho and DHCL as sources of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications.

Conclusion

All tested extracts and pure compound showed higher inhibition than positive controls in both bioassay. DHCL the principal bioactive component in the root extract of the plant and it displayed potent antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Human Health Treatment

The use of natural compounds to prevent and treat infective diseases is increasing its importance, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms-mediated infections. The drug resistance phenomenon is today a global problem, so it is important to have available substances able to counteract MDR infections. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (commonly called clove) is a spice characterized by several biological properties. Clove essential oil (EO) consists of numerous active molecules, being eugenol as the principal component; however, other compounds that synergize with each other are responsible for the biological properties of the EO. S. aromaticum is traditionally used for bowel and stomach disorders, cold and flu, oral hygiene, tooth decay, and for its analgesic action. Its EO has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-stress, anticancer, and anti-nociceptive activities. This review aims to investigate the role of E. S. aromaticum EO in the counteraction of MDR microorganisms responsible for human disorders, diseases, or infections, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Giardia lamblia, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study might orient clinical researchers on future therapeutic uses of S. aromaticum EO in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review

The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.

Assessment of acute and subacute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of eugenol nanoparticles after oral exposure in Wistar rats

The present study aimed to assess the safety, toxicity, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of eugenol nanoparticles (EONs) following oral administration in Wistar rat models. In the acute toxicity study, the rats were given a fixed dose of 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight per group orally and screened for 2 weeks after administration. In the subacute study, three different doses (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg BW) of EON were administered for 28 days. The results indicated no significant differences in food and water consumption, bodyweight change, hematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights, gross findings, or histopathology compared to the control. Additionally, no significant changes were observed in the expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα in the plasma, confirming the absence of systemic inflammation. Biodistribution analysis revealed rapid absorption of eugenol and improved bioavailability due to gradual and sustained release, leading to a maximum eugenol concentration of 15.05 μg/mL (Cmax) at approximately 8 h (Tmax) in the blood plasma. Thus, the study provides valuable insights into the utilization of EON for enhancing the stability, solubility, and sustained release of eugenol and highlights its promising safety profile in vivo.

An integrated in vitro approach on the enzymatic and antioxidant mechanisms of four commercially available essential oils (Copaifera officinalis, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Helichrysum italicum, and Syzygium aromaticum) traditionally used topically for their anti-inflammatory effects

Introduction: Despite the increasing number of essential oils being reported on their potential therapeutic effects, some remain relatively unknown on their biological properties. That is the case of the essential oils obtained from copaiba (Copaifera officinalis L.), wintergreen (Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.), everlasting (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), commonly labelled as being useful on the amelioration of conditions with an inflammatory background. Methods: To further broaden the current knowledge on the four essential oils, commercially available samples were approached on their effects upon a series of mediators that are involved on the inflammatory and oxidative response, both through in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays (5-lipoxygenase activity, lipid peroxidation, free radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging properties or tyrosinase inhibition). Results: The four oils proved to be active at some of the concentrations tested in most of the performed assays. Significant differences were found between the essential oils, S. aromaticum proving to tbe the most active, followed by G. fragrantissima against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and linoleic acid peroxidation, proving their potential use as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In fact, the IC50 value of S. aromaticum in the 5-LOX assay was 62.30 μg mL-1. Besides S. aromaticum efficiently scavenged superoxide radicals generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, displaying an IC50 value of 135.26 μg mL-1. The essential oil obtained from H. italicum exhibited a significant decrease in the nitric oxide levels on BV-2 cells, showing its potential as a cytoprotective agent against toxic damage. Copaiba oil ranked first as the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 98.22 μg mL-1. Conclusion: More studies are needed to describe the essential oils properties, but these results confirm the potential of these essential oils as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

The Use of Nanocarriers to Enhance the Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Dietary Flavonoids in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have become a common and growing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in older adults. The natural flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have been shown to have therapeutic effects against many diseases, including NDs; however, in general, flavonoids have limited bioavailability to the target cells. One promising strategy to increase bioavailability is to entrap them in nanocarriers.

OBJECTIVE

This article aims to review the potential role of nanocarriers in enhancing the antineuroinflammatory efficacy of flavonoids in experimentally induced ND.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted in the scientific databases using the keywords "neurodegenerative", "anti-neuroinflammatory", "dietary flavonoids," "nanoparticles", and "therapeutic mechanisms".

RESULTS

A total of 289 articles were initially identified, of which 45 articles reported on flavonoids. After completion of the selection process, five articles that met the criteria of the review were selected for analysis. Preclinical studies identified in this review showed that nanoencapsulated flavonoids attenuated cognitive impairment and seizure, improved behavioral patterns, and reduced levels of astrocytes. Importantly, they exhibited strong antioxidant properties, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers. Moreover, nanocarrier-complexed flavonoids decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation (NLRP3). They also had remarkable effects on important ND-related neurotransmitters, improved cognitive function via cholinergic neurotransmission, and increased prefrontal cortical and hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).

CONCLUSION

Nanoencapsulated flavonoids should, therefore, be considered a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of NDs.

Evaluation of polyherbal gel for musculoskeletal injuries in industrial workers

BACKGROUND

Industrial workers often have musculoskeletal disorders due to the nature of their work.

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to investigate the scientific use of polyherbal gel in relieving pain and stiffness due to musculoskeletal injuries and improving activities of daily living (ADLs) in industrial workers.

METHODS

A pragmatic, single-blinded, randomized control study divided 200 musculoskeletal injury patients into four parallel groups (n = 50). Groups 1 and 2 were applied polyherbal gel via phonophoresis with therapeutic ultrasound and superficial massage. Groups 3 and 4 received diclofenac diethyl-ammonium 1% gel by phonophoresis and superficial massage. The Global Pain Relief Scale, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) were used to measure pain, stiffness, and ADLs. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test to compare mean±SD of four independent groups before and after gel application. The confidence interval was 95%, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

The results revealed that polyherbal gel reduced pain (NPRS, WOMAC and Global pain relief scales) more efficiently (p≤0.000) when applied with phonophoresis as compared to applied with massage and standard diclofenac (p≤0.005), furthermore, polyherbal gel when applied with phonophoresis showed more efficient results.

CONCLUSION

Industrial workers with musculoskeletal injuries benefited from the use of polyherbal gel for pain and inflammation relief. The polyherbal gel is natural, cost-effective, and easy to formulate.

A Mechanistic Review on Protective Effects of Mangosteen and its Xanthones Against Hazardous Materials and Toxins

Due to its pharmacological properties, α-Mangostin, mainly found in Garcinia mangostana (G. mangostana) L. (Mangosteen, queen of fruits), treats wounds, skin infections, and many other disorders. In fact, α-Mangostin and other xanthonoid, including β-Mangostin and γ-Mangostin, are found in G. mangostana, which have various advantages, namely neuroprotective, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic through multiple signaling mechanisms, for instance, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK 1/2), mitogenactivated Protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review presents comprehensive information on Mangosteen's pharmacological and antitoxic aspects and its xanthones against various natural and chemical toxins. Because of the insufficient clinical study, we hope the current research can benefit from performing clinical and preclinical studies against different toxic agents.

Extending shelf life and optimizing effective parameters by using clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum oleum)/orange oil (Citrus aurantium var dulcis oleum) in bread: thermal, morphological and sensory approach

The aim of the present study was to extend the shelf life of bread by using organic additives and optimization techniques. Quadruple effects of temperature (-18, + 4, + 20 °C), clove oil (0, 1, 2%), orange oil (0, 1, 2%), residence time (7, 14, 21 days) were investigated to determine optimum bread as moisture response. Quadratic model was found to be suitable with an accuracy of 0.9854 for moisture response. Rheological properties remained intact for 7 days at 20 °C in bread with 1% clove oil and 1% orange oil added. The effect of 4 effective parameters from 3 levels was examined with Box-Behnken in Design Expert. Optimum and control samples at two different temperatures were determined with SEM, TG-DTA and polarized light microscope. Consumer survey was conducted as appearance, colour, smell for optimum, control samples for bread and cake. It was concluded that bread samples could be stored with clove and orange oil at + 20 °C with period of 7 days without losing their quality properties.

Graphical abstract

Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites for Regenerative Therapy

Tissue accidents provide numerous pathways for pathogens to invade and flourish, causing additional harm to the host tissue while impeding its natural healing and regeneration. Essential oils (EOs) exhibit rapid and effective antimicrobial properties without promoting bacterial resistance. Clove oils (CEO) demonstrate robust antimicrobial activity against different pathogens. Chitosan (CS) is a natural, partially deacetylated polyamine widely recognized for its vast antimicrobial capacity. In this study, we present the synthesis of four membrane formulations utilizing CS, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol (Gly) incorporated with CEO and nanobioglass (n-BGs) for applications in subdermal tissue regeneration. Our analysis of the membranes' thermal stability and chemical composition provided strong evidence for successfully blending polymers with the entrapment of the essential oil. The incorporation of the CEO in the composite was evidenced by the increase in the intensity of the band of C-O-C in the FTIR; furthermore, the increase in diffraction peaks, as well as the broadening, provide evidence that the introduction of CEO perturbed the crystal structure. The morphological examination conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the incorporation of CEO resulted in smooth surfaces, in contrast to the porous morphologies observed with the n-BGs. A histological examination of the implanted membranes demonstrated their biocompatibility and biodegradability, particularly after a 60-day implantation period. The degradation process of more extensive membranes involved connective tissue composed of type III collagen fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells, which supported the reabsorption of the composite membranes, evidencing the material's biocompatibility.

Efficacy of clove and tulsi supplementation in drinking water in broiler immunity

BACKGROUND

Medicinal plants or their products are popular substitutes for antibiotics or other synthetic growth promoters for their beneficial effects and cost-effectiveness. Clove (Cv) and tulsi (Ts) are rich in phytochemicals and are used to augment the growth performance of poultry.

OBJECTIVES

The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of Cv and Ts supplementation in drinking water on the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs.

METHODS

The experiment was conducted on 60 broiler chicks, divided into 4 homogenous groups (5 pens/group and 3 broilers/pen) named T0 (control), T1 (0.5% Cv and 2% Ts), T2 (1% Cv and 3% Ts) and T3 (1.5% Cv and 4% Ts). The treatments were administered from days 8 to 28. Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius) were collected on days 14, 21 and 28 after sacrificing five broilers from each group.

RESULTS

The treatment groups had higher thymus and spleen weights on day 21, whereas the weights of the bursa of Fabricius were higher on days 14, 21 and 28. In the histomorphologic study, no noticeable difference in the histoarchitectures of the lymphoid organs was noticed. However, substantial differences in the cortico-medullary ratio and the number of follicles in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, respectively, were found in the histomorphometric investigation.

CONCLUSION

The inclusion of Cv and Ts in drinking water augments the weight of lymphoid organs with histomorphometric adaptations that might improve the immune status in broilers.

Quality Standards and Pharmacological Interventions of Natural Oils: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

Medicinal plants are rich sources of natural oils such as essential and fixed oils used traditionally for nutritive as well as medicinal purposes. Most of the traditional formulations or phytopharmaceutical formulations contain oil as the main ingredient due to their own therapeutic applications and thus mitigating several pathogeneses such as fungal/bacterial/viral infection, gout, psoriasis, analgesic, antioxidant, skin infection, etc. Due to the lack of quality standards and progressive adulteration in the natural oils, their therapeutic efficacy is continuously deteriorated. To develop quality standards and validate scientific aspects on essential oils, several chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as HPTLC, HPLC, NMR, LC-MS, and GC-MS have been termed as the choices of techniques for better exploration of metabolites, hence sustaining the authenticity of the essential oils. In this review, chemical profiling and quality control aspects of essential or fixed oils have been explored from previously reported literature in reputed journals. Methods of chemical profiling, possible identified metabolites in essential oils, and their therapeutic applications have been described. The outcome of the review reveals that GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, and NMR-based chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques are the most liable, economic, precise, and accurate techniques for determining the spuriousness or adulteration of oils based on their qualitative and quantitative chemical profiling studies. This review occupies the extensive information about the quality standards of several oils obtained from natural sources for their regulatory aspects via providing the detailed methods used in chemoprofiling techniques. Hence, this review helps researchers in further therapeutic exploration as well as quality-based standardization for their regulatory purpose.

Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl3 induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by hippocampal, and cortical neuron deterioration, oxidative stress, and severe cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum is a neurotoxin inducer for cognitive impairments associated with AD. The treatment approaches for AD are unsatisfactory. Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum are known for their pharmacological assets, including antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study explored the possible mitigating effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD. The AD model was established using AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), and the rats were orally administrated with Boswellia papyrifera or Syzygium aromaticum or a combination of them daily for 8 weeks. The Y-maze test was used to test cognition in the rats, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative stress markers were estimated in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus were investigated. The results revealed that administration of either B. papyrifera or S. aromaticum extracts significantly improved the cognitive functions of AD rats, enhanced AChE levels, increased oxidative enzymes levels, including SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and confirmed by improvement in histological examination. However, using a combination therapy gave better results compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the present study provided primary evidence for using a combination of B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum to treat cognitive dysfunction associated with AlCl3 Induced AD by improving the AChE levels and modulating oxidative stress in the brain.

Chromosome-scale assemblies of S. malaccense, S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides provide insights into the evolution of Syzygium genomes

Syzygium is a large and diverse tree genus in the Myrtaceae family. Genome assemblies for clove (Syzygium aromaticum, 370 Mb) and sea apple (Syzygium grande, 405 Mb) provided the first insights into the genomic features and evolution of the Syzygium genus. Here, we present additional de novo chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium jambos, and Syzygium syzygioides. Genome profiling analyses show that S. malaccense, like S. aromaticum and S. grande, is diploid (2n = 2x = 22), while the S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides specimens are autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 44). The genome assemblies of S. malaccense (430 Mb), S. aqueum (392 Mb), S. jambos (426 Mb), and S. syzygioides (431 Mb) are highly complete (BUSCO scores of 98%). Comparative genomics analyses showed conserved organization of the 11 chromosomes with S. aromaticum and S. grande, and revealed species-specific evolutionary dynamics of the long terminal repeat retrotransposon elements belonging to the Gypsy and Copia lineages. This set of Syzygium genomes is a valuable resource for future structural and functional comparative genomic studies on Myrtaceae species.

Teodorico Borgognoni's Formulary for Thirteenth Century Anesthetic Preparations

Teodorico Borgognoni was born in Lucca in 1205 and was appointed bishop of Bitonto and Cervia in 1262 and 1270. Following his father, he learned the art of surgery and collected relevant recipes in his most important work, entitled Cyrurgia seu filia principis. Among the disciplines reported in this work, the most interesting and innovative is anesthesia. The recipes in this field contribute to Borbognoni's consideration as the forerunner of modern anesthesia. Such recipes have been reported in other manuscripts from the Middle Ages, like Manuscript No. 1939. In the present work, we investigate the traditional preparations handed down in this manuscript, focusing on type of preparation and botanical ingredients. The results highlight that exploited ingredients can be divided into three groups: the first comprises plants already known for their narcotic effects, the second includes ingredients acting as an adjuvant for absorption or reducing the metabolism, and the last group includes ingredients not associated with biological activity to explain their presence in anesthetic recipes. This third group is of particular interest for future biological investigations. Our goal is to rekindle attention to the work of Teodorico Borgognoni on traditional preparation for anesthetic purposes: a topic often underestimated by ethnobotanical surveys.

Utilization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus extract for food safety application: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial efficacy, and toxicological assessment

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacterial pathogens has raised significant concerns in the food industry. This study explores the antimicrobial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Agaricus bisporus (Mushroom) against foodborne bacterial pathogens. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using various techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs was tested against a panel of foodborne bacterial strains, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated on normal human skin fibroblasts. Among the tested strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 showed the highest sensitivity with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 48 mm, while Klebsiella quasipneumoniae ATTC 700603 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 displayed the highest resistance with IZDs of 20 mm. The silver cations released by AgNPs demonstrated strong bactericidal effects against both Gram-positive (G + ve) and Gram-negative (G - ve) bacteria, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC/MIC) ratio. Moreover, cytotoxicity testing on normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) indicated that AgNPs derived from the mushroom extract were safe, with a cell viability of 98.2%. Therefore, AgNPs hold promise as an alternative means to inhibit biofilm formation in the food industry sector.

Therapeutic activity of eugenol towards mitigation of anaemia and oxidative organ damage caused by Plasmodium berghei

The parasite responsible for causing malaria infection, Plasmodium, is known to exhibit resistance to a number of already available treatments. This has prompted the continue search for new antimalarial drugs ranging from medicinal plant parts to synthetic compounds. In lieu of this, the mitigative action of the bioactive compound, eugenol towards P. berghei-induced anaemia and oxidative organ damage was investigated following a demonstration of in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial effects. Mice were infected with chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. berghei and thereafter treated with eugenol at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) for seven days. The packed cell volume and redox sensitive biomarkers in the liver, brain and spleen were measured. Our result demonstrated that eugenol significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the P. berghei-associated anaemia at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW. In addition, the compound, at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW, significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated the P. berghei-induced organ damage. This evidently confirmed that eugenol plays an ameliorative role towards P. berghei-related pathological alterations. Hence, the study opens up a new therapeutic use of eugenol against plasmodium parasite.

Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers

Background

The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study.

Methods

Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n = 60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n = 12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230).

Results

The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p = 0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p < 0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal.

Discussion

This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.

Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Activities of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion

In the current study, clove oil nanoemulsion (CL-nanoemulsion) and emulsion (CL-emulsion) were prepared through an ecofriendly method. The prepared CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM), where results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 32.67 nm in size and spherical in shape, while CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 225.8 nm with a spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion was carried out using a microbroth dilution method. Results revealed that the preferred CL-nanoemulsion had minimal MIC values between 0.31 and 5 mg/mL. The antibiofilm efficacy of CL-nanoemulsion against S. aureus significantly decreased the development of biofilm compared with CL-emulsion. Furthermore, results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion showed antifungal activity significantly higher than CL-emulsion. Moreover, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion exhibited outstanding antifungal efficiency toward Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus where MICs were 12.5, 3.12, 0.78, 1.56, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion was analyzed for its antineoplastic effects through a modified MTT assay for evaluating apoptotic and cytotoxic effects using HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed the lowest IC50 values (3.4-fold) in CL-nanoemulsion relative to that of CL-emulsion. Thus, CL-nanoemulsion induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inducing caspase-8 and -9 activity and suppressing VEGFR-2. In conclusion, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo.

Toxicity, repellency, and anti-cholinesterase activities of bioactive molecules from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. as an ecological alternative in the search for control Hyalomma scupense (Acari: Ixodidae)

Introduction

The goal of the current study is to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent properties of the ethanolic extract, essential oil, and primary component eugenol from Syzygium aromaticum against Hyalomma scupense cattle ticks. Their potential mechanisms of action were also examined, using an in vitro assay.

Methods

Clove essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify the chemical composition of clove. To evaluate the adulticidal, ovicidal, larvicidal and repellent proprieties of clove essential oil, eugenol and ethanolic extract on H. scupense, in vitro assays were performed using the adult immersion test (AIT), the ovicidal test, the larval packet test (LPT), the filter paper test and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.

Results

After treatment, eugenol, the primary phytoconstituent of clove oil, which accounts for 97.66% of the whole oil, had 99.22% acaricide activity and inhibited egg hatching at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Eugenol and clove essential oil showed potent adulticidal effect at high concentrations (10 mg/mL), achieving 100 and 93.76% mortality, respectively. The ethanolic extract exhibited moderate activity. At high concentration, the larvicidal activity of S. aromaticum oil, eugenol, and ethanolic extract were 100, 100, and 77.18%, respectively. In filter paper experiments, when tested at the concentration 5 mg/mL; eugenol showed the longest repellent effect up to 6 h. We also found that eugenol was the most active AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 0.178 mg/mL). Nevertheless, additional investigations are required to confirm the accurate mechanism and the relevance of clove in practical application.

Conclusion

Overall, our research indicated that, because its effectiveness as acaricide, S. aromaticum essential oil and its phytoconstituent eugenol may offer an alternative source for the control of H. scupense cattle ticks.

The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of avicularin and 4-O-methyl gallic acid isolated from Syzygium myrtifolium leaves

Diabetes Mellitus is the main cause of death on a global scale. In 2019, there were 463 million people with diabetes, and WHO predicts that by 2030, there will be 578 million. As an antidiabetic agent, α-glucosidase inhibitors are one of the methods employed to reduce the prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes is traditionally treated with Syzygium as a primary material, medicine, fruit, ornamental plant, and source of carpentry. This investigation aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of seven species of Syzygium against α-glucosidase enzyme using an in vitro assay and isolate active substances and ascertain their concentrations in each sample. As a solvent, ethanol was used in maceration to extract the substance. Afterward, the extract underwent a series of fractionation techniques, including liquid-liquid extraction, vacuum liquid chromatography, column chromatography, and preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) for purification and isolation. The compound's structures were elucidated using TLC, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Based on concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/mL, Syzygium myrtifolium exhibited the most significant inhibitory effect, followed by other species of Syzygium. The proportion of ethyl acetate had the strongest activity (IC₅₀ 0.40 ± 0.02 µg/mL) contrasted to positive control acarbose (IC₅₀ 55.39 ± 0.67 g/mL) and quercitrin (IC₅₀ 6.47 ± 0.40 µg/mL). Avicularin and 4-O-methyl gallic acid were discovered in the ethyl acetate fraction of Syzygium myrtifolium with IC₅₀ values of 17.05 ± 0.75 µg/mL and 25.19 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively. As α-glucosidase inhibitory, the results of this study indicate Syzygium myrtifolium can be used as a dietary supplement to manage hyperglycemia.

Protective Effects of Medicinal Plant-Based Foods against Diabetes: A Review on Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Molecular Mechanisms

Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a range of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin release, insulin action, or both. DM is a widespread condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The prevalence of this major public health crisis is predicted to increase in the forthcoming years. Although several drugs are available to manage DM, these are associated with adverse side effects, which limits their use. In underdeveloped countries, where such drugs are often costly and not widely available, many people continue to rely on alternative traditional medicine, including medicinal plants. The latter serves as a source of primary healthcare and plant-based foods in many low- and middle-income countries. Interestingly, many of the phytochemicals they contain have been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic activity such as lowering blood glucose levels, stimulating insulin secretion, and alleviating diabetic complications. Therefore, such plants may provide protective effects that could be used in the management of DM. The purpose of this article was to review the medicinal plant-based foods traditionally used for the management of DM, including their therapeutic effects, pharmacologically active phytoconstituents, and antidiabetic mode of action at the molecular level. It also presents future avenues for research in this field.

The Use of Natural Bioactive Nutraceuticals in the Management of Tick-Borne Illnesses

The primary objective of this paper is to provide an evidence-based update of the literature on the use of bioactive phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and micronutrients (dietary supplements that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value) in the management of persistent cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection (Lyme disease) and two other tick-borne pathogens, Babesia and Bartonella species. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of persistent infections. These advances have increasingly enabled clinicians and patients to utilize a wider set of options to manage these frequently disabling conditions. This broader toolkit holds the promise of simultaneously improving treatment outcomes and helping to decrease our reliance on the long-term use of pharmaceutical antimicrobials and antibiotics in the treatment of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia, and Bartonella.

Effectiveness of Kabasura Kudineer tablets in the management of asymptomatic and mild cases of COVID-19: A pilot double-blinded, randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in 2020. It has had a devastating effect on human life and the global economy. To date, there is no proven therapy for COVID-19, even though rigorous research is ongoing to test multiple compounds across all systems of medicine. A need was felt to systematically explore the Indian system of medicine to assess its efficacy against COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of Kabasura Kudineer as a standalone therapy on the following: time required to achieve symptom relief & resolution, virological clearance, and levels of IL6, CRP and IgG, and compare it to the standard therapy available for treatment of COVID-19.

METHODOLOGY

A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in 110 participants. 55 participants were enrolled in the Kabasura Kudineer arm and 55 in the control (standard therapy + Kabasura Kudineer placebo) arm. Study participants were randomly allocated into the two study arms. They were assessed for symptoms at baseline, and on Day 5 and Day 10. RT PCR, CRP, IL6 and IgG levels were measured at baseline, Day 5 and Day 10. On day 28, participants were interviewed telephonically for symptom assessment alone.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

A per-protocol approach was used. Significant difference between two groups was assessed at baseline, day 5 and day 10 using the Chi-square and Mann Whitney test.

RESULT

A total of 110 patients participated in study. Four patients in the Kabasura Kudineer arm and 9 in the Standard therapy arm were lost to follow-up. Baseline characteristics for both the groups were matched at baseline. 83.9% and 93.9% patients were relieved of all symptoms by the 10th day in Kabasura and standard therapy groups respectively. Decrease in CRP level was more pronounced in the Kabasura group compared to standard therapy viz. 3 mg/l and 1.26 mg/l. No significant difference was found in IgG level and IL6 levels in both the study groups. However, it was noticed that among the unvaccinated group, the surge in IgG levels was much higher in Kabasura Kudineer group than the standard therapy group.

CONCLUSION

Kabasura Kudineer as a standalone therapy was as effective and safe as the standard therapy among patients with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19.

Benchmark Dose Approach to DNA and Liver Damage by Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid in Male Rats: The Protective Effect of a Clove-Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Loaded with Pomegranate Peel Extract

Pesticides are widely used around the world to increase crop production. They also have negative impacts on animals, humans, and the ecosystem. This is the first report evaluating a novel pomegranate-extract-loaded clove-oil-based nanoemulsion (PELCN) and its potential for reducing oxidative stress and DNA damage, as well as its hepatoprotective effects against imidacloprid (IM) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) toxicity in male rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach was also used to study the dose-response toxicity of IM and CPF. IM and CPF were administered daily for 28 days at doses of 14, 28, and 54 mg/kg body weight (bw) of IM and 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg bw of CPF via drinking water. The PELCN was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day of pomegranate extract, 500 mg/kg bw of the clove oil nanoemulsion, and IM or CPF at high doses in the drinking water. In male rats, IM and CPF caused a reduction in body weight gain and hepatotoxic effects as evidenced by increases in the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP. They caused oxidative damage in the liver of male rats as indicated by the decreased liver activity of the GST, GPX, SOD, and CAT enzymes and decreased serum TAC. IM and CPF produced a significant dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in hepatocyte cells, resulting in moderate to severe liver damage with cells that are more inflammatory and have enlarged sinusoids and compacted nuclei. IM had a higher BMD than CPF for both body and liver weight, suggesting that CPF was more dose-dependently toxic than IM. Albumin was a highly sensitive liver biomarker for IM, while total protein was a biomarker for the CPF-treated rats. GPx was an extremely sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress in the IM treatment, while CAT and GPx were highly sensitive parameters in the CPF-treated rats. Therefore, at comparable doses, CPF has a higher potential to cause liver damage and oxidative stress than IM. The hepatotoxicity of IM and CPF can be mitigated by administering a nanoemulsion containing clove oil and pomegranate extract. The nanoemulsion acts as a protector against the oxidative stress caused by these insecticides, especially at high doses. The nanoemulsion based on clove oil increases the bioavailability and stability of the pomegranate extract, which has antioxidant properties.

The Protective Effect of Oxitard on Sperm Function and Antioxidant Status in Rats Exposed to Swimming Stress

BACKGROUND

Infertility is a significant public health issue, but its impact on quality of life and treatment efficacy is limited. Modern medicine lacks safe and effective drugs for male infertility, while traditional medicine has explored herbal extracts like Oxitard, which contains multiple extracts and oils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Oxitard on male rats exposed to swimming (SW) stress.

METHODS

Albino rats weighing 220-250 g were divided into five groups: control, SW stress, and SW treated with Oxitard at low, medium, and high doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day, respectively. The rats were subjected to SW stress for 15 days and then assessed for body weight, reproductive organ weight, testosterone, antioxidant status, sperm function, and histological changes in the testes, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens.

RESULTS

The results showed that SW stress significantly reduced body weight, seminal vesicle weight, testosterone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, and significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The testes of the SW-stress group rats also showed a significant decrease in spermatogenesis and the number of seminiferous tubules containing sperm. In contrast, treatment with Oxitard, especially at the highest dose, demonstrated potent free radical scavenging activity, recovering antioxidant status, and sperm function.

CONCLUSION

SW stress led to decreased sperm function, antioxidant status, and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in male rats. Oxitard treatment, particularly in high doses, showed a potential role as a free radical scavenger in treating oxidative stress (OS)-associated male infertility. Further studies are needed to investigate the individual components of Oxitard and conduct clinical trials in human subjects.