Potential Role of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations to Treat Various Types of Cancers

Protective effects of L-theanine and dihydromyricetin on reproductive function in male mice under heat stress

Heat stress can impair the male reproductive function. L-Theanine and dihydromyricetin have biological activities against heat stress; however, their effects on reproductive function in heat-stressed males are unclear. In this study, male mice were given L-theanine, dihydromyricetin, or a combination of both for 28 days, followed by 2 h of heat stress daily for 7 days. All interventions alleviated heat stress-induced testicular damage, improving the testicular organ index, sperm density, acrosome integrity, sperm deformity rate, and hormone levels. Treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased the markers of oxidative and inflammatory stress in the testes. A combination dose of 200 + 200 mg kg-1 d-1 showed the best protective effect. The potential mechanism involves the regulation of HSP27 and HSP70, which regulate the levels of reproductive hormones through the StAR/Cyp11a1/Hsd3b1/Cyp17a1/Hsd17b3 pathway, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress through the P38/NF-κB/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and regulate the Bcl-2/Fas/Caspase3 apoptotic pathway. Overall, L-theanine and dihydromyricetin may play a protective role against heat stress-induced reproductive dysfunction, suggesting their potential use in heat stress-resistant foods.

The Emerging Role of Natural Products in Cancer Treatment

The exploration of natural products as potential agents for cancer treatment has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the diverse array of natural compounds, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, lignans, polyketides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, highlighting their emerging roles in cancer therapy. These compounds, derived from various botanical sources, exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, targeting critical pathways involved in cancer progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through a meticulous examination of preclinical and clinical studies, we provide insights into the therapeutic potential of these natural products across different cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges associated with their use in cancer treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and delivery methods. Overall, this review underscores the importance of natural products in advancing cancer therapeutics and paves the way for future investigations into their clinical applications.

Novel Functional Dressing Materials for Intraoral Wound Care

Intraoral wounds represent a particularly challenging category of mucosal and hard tissue injuries, characterized by the unique structures, complex environment, and distinctive healing processes within the oral cavity. They have a common occurrence yet frequently inflict significant inconvenience and pain on patients, causing a serious decline in the quality of life. A variety of novel functional dressings specifically designed for the moist and dynamic oral environment have been developed and realized accelerated and improved wound healing. Thoroughly analyzing and summarizing these materials is of paramount importance in enhancing the understanding and proficiently managing intraoral wounds. In this review, the particular processes and unique characteristics of intraoral wound healing are firstly described. Up-to-date knowledge of various forms, properties, and applications of existing products are then intensively discussed, which are categorized into animal products, plant extracts, natural polymers, and synthetic products. To conclude, this review presents a comprehensive framework of currently available functional intraoral wound dressings, with an aim to provoke inspiration of future studies to design more convenient and versatile materials.

Exploration of the photothermal role of curcumin-loaded targeted carbon nanotubes as a potential therapy for melanoma cancer

In this research, the hydrophilic structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was modified by synthesizing polycitric acid (PCA) and attaching folic acid (FA) to create MWCNT-PCA-FA. This modified nanocomplex was utilized as a carrier for the lipophilic compound curcumin (Cur). Characterization techniques including TGA, TEM, and UV-visible spectrophotometry were used to analyze the nanocomplex. The mechanism of cancer cell death induced by MWCNT-PCA-FA was studied extensively using the MTT assay, colony formation analysis, cell cycle assessment via flow cytometry, and apoptosis studies. Furthermore, we assessed the antitumor efficacy of these targeted nanocomplexes following exposure to laser radiation. The results showed that the nanocomposites and free Cur had significant toxicity on melanoma cancer cells (B16F10 cells) while having minimal impact on normal cells (NHDF cells). This selectivity for cancerous cells demonstrates the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, MWCNT-PCA-FA/Cur showed superior cytotoxicity compared to free Cur alone. Colony formation studies confirmed these results. The researchers found that MWCNT-FA-PCA/Cur effectively induced programmed cell death. In photothermal analysis, MWCNT-PCA-FA/Cur combined with laser treatment achieved the highest mortality rate. These promising results suggest that this multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatform holds the potential for combination cancer therapies that utilize various established therapeutic methods.

Targeting brain tumors with innovative nanocarriers: bridging the gap through the blood-brain barrier

Background

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is recognized as the most lethal and most highly invasive tumor. The high likelihood of treatment failure arises from the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and stem cells around GBM, which avert the entry of chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor mass.

Objective

Recently, several researchers have designed novel nanocarrier systems like liposomes, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, nanodiamonds, and nanorobot approaches, allowing drugs to infiltrate the BBB more efficiently, opening up innovative avenues to prevail over therapy problems and radiation therapy.

Methods

Relevant literature for this manuscript has been collected from a comprehensive and systematic search of databases, for example, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and others, using specific keyword combinations, including "glioblastoma," "brain tumor," "nanocarriers," and several others.

Conclusion

This review also provides deep insights into recent advancements in nanocarrier-based formulations and technologies for GBM management. Elucidation of various scientific advances in conjunction with encouraging findings concerning the future perspectives and challenges of nanocarriers for effective brain tumor management has also been discussed.

Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review

Cancer stands as the second leading cause of death in the United States (US). Most chemotherapeutic agents exhibit severe adverse effects that are attributed to exposure of drugs to off-target tissues, posing a significant challenge in cancer therapy management. In recent years, inulin, a naturally occurring prebiotic fiber has gained substantial attention for its potential in cancer treatment owing to its multitudinous health values. Its distinctive structure, stability, and nutritional properties position it as an effective adjuvant and carrier for drug delivery in cancer therapy. To address some of the above unmet clinical issues, this review summarizes the recent efforts towards the development of inulin-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for healthcare applications with special emphasis on the multifunctional role of inulin in cancer therapy as a synergist, signaling molecule, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic molecule. Furthermore, the review provides a concise overview of ongoing clinical trials and observational studies associated with inulin-based therapy. In conclusion, the current review offers insights on the significant role of inulin interventions in exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.

The Role of mTOR in Doxorubicin-Altered Cardiac Metabolism: A Promising Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds

Doxorubicin (DOX) is commonly used for the treatment of various types of cancer, however can cause serious side effects, including cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms involved in DOX-induced cardiac damage are complex and not yet fully understood. One mechanism is the disruption of cardiac metabolism, which can impair cardiac function. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cardiac energy metabolism, and dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. Natural compounds (NCs) have been shown to improve cardiac function in vivo and in vitro models of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. This review article explores the protective effects of NCs against DOX-induced cardiac injury, with a focus on their regulation of mTOR signaling pathways. Generally, the modulation of mTOR signaling by NCs represents a promising strategy for decreasing the cardiotoxic effects of DOX.

Exploring the Prospective of Curcumin-loaded Nanomedicine in Brain Cancer Therapy: An Overview of Recent Updates and Patented Nanoformulations

Cancer is a complex, one of the fatal non-communicable diseases, and its treatment has enormous challenges, with variable efficacy of traditional anti-cancer agents. By 2025, it is expected that 420 million additional cases of cancer will be diagnosed yearly. However, among various types of cancer, brain cancer treatment is most difficult due to the presence of blood-brain barriers. Nowadays, phytoconstituents are gaining popularity because of their biosafety and low toxicity to healthy cells. This article reviews various aspects related to curcumin for brain cancer therapeutics, including epidemiology, the role of nanotechnology, and various challenges for development and clinical trials. Furthermore, it elaborates on the prospects of curcumin for brain cancer therapeutics. In this article, our objective is to illuminate the anti-cancer potential of curcumin for brain cancer therapy. Moreover, it also explores how to defeat its constraints of clinical application because of poor bioavailability, stability, and rapid metabolism. This review also emphasizes the possibility of curcumin for the cure of brain cancer using cuttingedge biotechnological methods based on nanomedicine. This review further highlights the recent patents on curcumin-loaded nanoformulations for brain cancer. Overall, this article provides an overview of curcumin's potential in brain cancer therapy by considering challenges to be overwhelmed and future prospective. Moreover, this review summarizes the reported literature on the latest research related to the utility of curcumin in brain cancer therapy and aims to provide a reference for advanced investigation on brain cancer treatment.

Curcumin, its derivatives, and their nanoformulations: Revolutionizing cancer treatment

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from turmeric and can target malignant tumor molecules involved in cancer propagation. It has potent antioxidant activity, but its effectiveness is limited due to poor absorption and rapid elimination from the body. Various curcumin derivatives have also shown anticancer potential in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Curcumin can target multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development/progression or induce cancer cell death through apoptosis. In addition, curcumin and its derivatives could also enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and reduce their associated side effects. Lately, nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being developed/explored to overcome the challenges associated with curcumin's delivery, increasing its overall efficacy. The use of an imaging system to track these formulations could also give beneficial information about the bioavailability and distribution of the nano-curcumin complex. In conclusion, curcumin holds significant promise in the fight against cancer, especially in its nanoform, and could provide precise delivery to cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells.

BRCA1/TP53 tumor proteins inhibited by novel analogues of curcumin - Insight from computational modelling, dynamic simulation and experimental validation

The current study aimed to design novel curcumin analogue inhibitors with antiproliferative and antitumor activity towards BRCA1 and TP53 tumor proteins and to study their therapeutic potential by computer-aided molecular designing and experimental investigations. Four curcumin analogues were computationally designed and their drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted. The binding of these analogues against six protein targets belonging to BRCA1 and TP53 tumor proteins were modelled by molecular docking and their binding energies were compared with that of curcumin and the standard drug cyclophosphamide and its validated target. The stabilities of selected docked complexes were confirmed by molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) and MMGBSA calculations. The best-docked analogue was chemically synthesized, characterized, and used for in vitro cytotoxic screening using DLA, EAC, and C127I cell lines. In vivo antitumor studies were carried out in Swiss Albino Mice. The study revealed that the designed analogues satisfied drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrated better binding affinity to the selected targets than curcumin. Among the analogues, NLH demonstrated significant interaction with the BRCA1-BRCT-c domain (TG3; binding energy -8.3 kcal/mol) when compared to the interaction of curcumin (binding energy -6.19 kcal) and cyclophosphamide (binding energy -3.8 kcal/mol) and its usual substrate (TG7). The MDS and MM/GBSA studies revealed that the binding free energy of the NLH-TG3 complex (-61.24 kcal/mol) was better when compared to that of the cyclophosphamide-TG7 complex (-21.67 kcal/mol). In vitro, cytotoxic studies showed that NLH demonstrated significant antiproliferative activities against tumor cell lines. The in vivo study depicted NLH possesses the potential for tumor inhibition. Thus, the newly synthesized curcumin analogue is probably used to develop novel therapeutic agents against breast cancer.

Applications of Curcumin and Its Nanoforms in the Treatment of Cancer

Due to the diverse medicinal and pharmacokinetic properties of turmeric, it is well-known in the therapeutic, pharmaceutic, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and dietary industries. It gained importance due to its multitude of properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, cytoprotective, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Even though the natural healing effect of turmeric has been known to Indians as early as 2500 BCE, the global demand for turmeric has increased only recently. A major reason for the beneficiary activities of turmeric is the presence of the yellow-colored polyphenolic compound called curcumin. Many studies have been carried out on the various properties of curcumin and its derivatives. Despite its low bioavailability, curcumin has been effectively used for the treatment of many diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. The advent of nanobiotechnology has further opened wide opportunities to explore and expand the use of curcumin in the medical field. Nanoformulations using curcumin and its derivatives helped to design new treatment modalities, specifically in cancer, because of the better bioavailability and solubility of nanocurcumin when compared to natural curcumin. This review deals with the various applications of curcumin nanoparticles in cancer therapy and broadly tries to understand how it affect the immunological status of the cancer cell.

Antiradical and Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Containing 1,3-Dicarbonyl Moiety: An Overview

Free radicals and oxidants may cause various damages both to the lifeworld and different products. A typical solution for the prophylaxis of oxidation-caused conditions is the usage of various antioxidants. Among them, various classes are found-polyphenols, conjugated polyalkenes, and some sulfur and nitrogen derivatives. Regarding the active site in the molecules, a widely discussed group of compounds are 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Among them are natural (e.g., curcumin and pulvinic acids) and synthetic (e.g., 4-hydroxy coumarins, substituted Meldrum's acids) compounds. Herein, information about various compounds containing the 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety is covered, and their antiradical and antioxidant activity, depending on the structure, is discussed.

Potential Therapeutic Targets of Quercetin in the Cutaneous Melanoma Model and Its Cellular Regulation Pathways: A Systematic Review

Melanoma is a skin cancer with a high mortality rate due to its invasive characteristics. Currently, immunotherapy and targeted therapy increase patient survival but are ineffective in the advanced stages of the tumor. Quercetin (Que) is a natural compound that has demonstrated chemopreventive effects against different types of tumors. This review provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of Que in melanoma and identifies its main targets. The Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched, and studies that used free or encapsulated Que in melanoma models were included, excluding associations, analogs, and extracts. As a result, 73 articles were retrieved and their data extracted. Que has multiple cellular targets in melanoma models, and the main regulated pathways are cell death, redox metabolism, metastasis, and melanization. Que was also able to regulate important targets of signaling pathways, such as PKC, RIG-I, STAT, and P53. In murine models, treatment with Que reduced tumor growth and weight, and decreased metastatic nodules and angiogenic vasculature. Several studies have incorporated Que into carriers, demonstrating improved efficacy and delivery to tumors. Thus, Que is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of melanoma; however, further studies are needed to evaluate its effectiveness in clinical trials.

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Curcumin in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the main reason women die from cancer. Due to the significant side effects of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the search for supplemental and alternative natural drugs with lower toxicity and side effects is of interest to researchers. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CUR is an effective anticancer drug that works by modifying different intracellular signaling pathways. CUR's therapeutic utility is severely constrained by its short half-life in vivo, low water solubility, poor stability, quick metabolism, low oral bioavailability, and potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with high oral doses. One of the most practical solutions to the aforementioned issues is the development of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) based on nanomaterials. To improve drug targeting and efficacy and to serve as a reference for the development and use of CUR TDDSs in the clinical setting, this review describes the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of CUR and its mechanism of action on BC, with emphasis on recent studies on TDDSs for BC in combination with CUR, including passive TDDSs, active TDDSs and physicochemical TDDSs.

A novel intra-tumoral drug delivery carrier for treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma

The treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) includes systemic chemotherapy and is associated with aggressive side effects on patients. This study evaluated a new intra-tumor-targeted drug delivery method for the treatment of OSCC induced on the dorsum of the tongue in white mice. The induced tumors were examined by needle biopsy. A targeted anticancer drug (Cetuximab) and [Cisplatin and 5 Fluorouracil (5-FU)] chemotherapeutic agents were loaded on polyethylene glycol-polylactide-polyethylene glycol (PEG-PLA-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) designed for intralesional injection while systemic administration was used as control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to study NP chemical structure, a drug release profile was conducted to study release kinetics, and histopathological evaluation was performed before and after treatment to evaluate tissue reactions (n-28, ά = 0.05). The drug release profile was characteristic of the chemotherapeutic agent showing early quick ascend followed by sustained slow release. FTIR peaks identified the polymeric structure of the drug nano-carrier. Histopathologic examination of chemically induced OSCC revealed different grades ranging from non-invasive to invasive stages of OSCC. Intra-tumoral test group revealed significant remission of observed cancer grade compared to the systemically administered group (X² = 12.63, P < 0.001). Finally, using synthesized PEG-PLA-PEG NPs for intralesional injection is a promising route for the treatment of OSCC.

Enhancing the Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Curcumin in Combination with Quercetin, for the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. Although epidemiologic studies show that a higher intake of polyphenols, curcumin (CUR), and quercetin (QRT), in particular, result in lower prostate cancer risk, the chemopreventive mechanisms underlying the effects of CUR and QRT have not been fully understood yet, and most investigations were conducted with individual compounds. Here, we investigated the anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of CUR in combination with QRT, respectively, in a human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, and in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and found that their combination significantly inhibited proliferation and arrested the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, so exhibiting synergic activities stronger than single drug use. Moreover, via their antioxidant effects, the combination of CUR and QRT modulated several inflammation-mediated signaling pathways (ROS, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) thus helping protect cells from undergoing molecular changes that trigger carcinogenesis. Although additional studies, including in vivo experiments and translational studies, are required, this study raises the possibility of their use as a safe, effective, and affordable therapeutic approach to prostate cancer.

The potential preventive effect of dietary phytochemicals In Vivo

INTRODUCTION

Chemoprevention refers to using specific substances during oncogenesis. Curcumin and catechins are both polyphenol types of phytochemicals present in curcuma longa and green tea. The effect of curcumin is synergistic with epigallocatechin gallate, the most abundant polyphenol in tea.

AIM

To evaluate and compares the chemopreventive effect of both green tea and curcumin (each individually and in combination) through induction of hamster buccal pouch carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Squamous cell carcinoma was chemically induced in fifty Syrian golden hamsters divided into 5 groups (10 each). The first group was used as a normal control group. The second group received the carcinogenic agent only. The other three groups received green tea, curcumin, and a combination of both, respectively. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical assays were used to evaluate apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. ANOVA test was used to analyze the results between the study groups.

RESULTS

The cells of the positive control group (B) resulted in 11.57% apoptosis. In the study groups, treatment of the cells with green tea (C), and curcumin (D) and both of them (E) showed increased apoptosis. The fluorescent image in group B showed an increase of the red fluorescence in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the squamous cell carcinoma cells while groups C, D, and E showed a decrease of the red fluorescence in the nuclei of the squamous cell carcinoma cells. The microvessel density was higher in the positive control group as compared to the treated groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of green tea and curcumin has a significant chemopreventive effect against oral carcinogenesis.

Recent Progress in Nanotechnology Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols for Cancer

Polyphenols derived from fruits, vegetables, and plants are bioactive compounds potentially beneficial to human health. Notably, compounds such as quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol have been highlighted as antiproliferative agents for cancer. Due to their low solubility and limited bioavailability, some alternative nanotechnologies have been applied to encapsulate these compounds, aiming to improve their efficacy against cancer. In this comprehensive review, we evaluate the main nanotechnology approaches to improve the therapeutic potential of polyphenols against cancer using in vitro studies and in vivo preclinical models, highlighting recent advancements in the field. It was found that polymeric nanomaterials, lipid-based nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used classes of nanocarriers for encapsulating polyphenols. These delivery systems exhibit enhanced antitumor activity and pro-apoptotic effects, particularly against breast, lung, prostate, cervical, and colorectal cancer cells, surpassing the performance of free bioactive compounds. Preclinical trials in xenograft animal models have revealed decreased tumor growth after treatment with polyphenol-loaded delivery systems. Moreover, the interaction of polyphenol co-delivery systems and polyphenol-drug delivery systems is a promising approach to increase anticancer activity and decrease chemotherapy side effects. These innovative approaches hold significant implications for the advancement of clinical cancer research.

Glioblastoma management in low and middle-income countries; existing challenges and policy recommendations

Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most prevalent malignant CNS tumors globally, affecting about 3.19 per 100,000 people. The standard of care of GBM management includes surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy owing to the high recurrent rates. Despite the advances in neurosurgical practice and brain cancer research, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) did not benefit greatly from these advances compared to high-income countries (HICs). First, the case ascertainment is low in LMICs, which contributes to a lower than actual disease burden and delayed presentation of the tumors with a worse prognosis. Second, GBM treatment is expensive; unregulated radiation and chemotherapy costs can expose the patients to financial hardships and lead to treatment discontinuation. Third, the lack of trained neurosurgical workforce in poor resource settings in LMICs further complicates the situation. Fourth, radiation therapy and chemotherapies are expensive and unavailable in many poor-resource settings in LMICs. Fifth, LMICs suffer from a weak infrastructure especially with low numbers of prepared ORs, laboratories, and advanced imaging techniques. In the present article, we highlight the major challenges of GBM management and further propose solutions for governments and health policy makers to improve GBM care in LMICs.

Reproductive and metabolic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics in adult female Wistar rats: a mechanistic study

Microplastics, such as polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), have become an emerging environmental hazard for animals and humans. Long-term exposure to PS-MPs has led to neurotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, and carcinogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-chronic exposure of PS-MPs on metabolic and reproductive functions in female rats. The PS-MPs were prepared by cryogenic technique. The PS-MPs were given orally to female Wistar rats for 45 days at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day. The average PS-MPs' size diameter was 876 nm. The PS-MPs administration resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver and ovary. The effect of PS-MPs on reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in the liver and ovarian tissues of rats was statistically insignificant. The PS-MP exposure exhibited an increase in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein and decrease in high-density lipoprotein. The PS-MPs caused glucose intolerance and increase in insulin. Moreover, the PS-MP exposure increased follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and testosterone. Serum level of interleukin-6 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was elevated in animals treated with PS-MPs. The PS-MP exposed rats showed normal ovarian histology, but activated hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis. It is concluded that the sub-chronic exposure to PS-MPs resulted in metabolic and endocrine disruption in female rats through oxidative damage, hormonal imbalance, and chronic inflammation.

Flavonoids nanostructures promising therapeutic efficiencies in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is among the frequently diagnosed cancers with high mortality rates around the world. Polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites which exhibit anti-cancer activities along with anti-inflammatory effects. However, due to their hydrophobicity, sensitivity to degradation and low bioavailability, therapeutic effects have shown poor therapeutic effect. Nano delivery systems such as nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, silica nanoparticles have been investigated to overcome these difficulties. This review provides a summary of the efficiency of certain flavonoids and polyphenols (apigenin, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, silymarin, catechins, luteolin, fisetin, gallic acid, rutin, and curcumin) on colorectal cancer models. It comprehensively discusses the influence of nano-formulation of flavonoids on their biological functions, including cellular uptake rate, bioavailability, solubility, and cytotoxicity, as well as their potential for reducing colorectal cancer tumor size under in vivo situations.

The pro-apoptotic activity of sinueracasbanone D isolated from Sinularia Leptoclados in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

The soft-bodied corals of the genera Sarcophyton and Sinularia (Alcyoniidae) are known as a warehouse of casbane and cembranoid diterpenoids with remarkable antitumor effects. Two casbane-type diterpenoids (1, 2) along with four cembrane-type diterpenoids (3-6) were isolated from the diethyl ether soluble fraction of the organic extracts of the Red Sea soft corals Sinularia leptoclados and Sarcophyton glaucum, respectively. The antiproliferative activity of all isolated compounds (1-6) against three hepatocellular carcinoma cells, namely, Huh-7, SNU 499, and HepG2, along with the normal cells EA.hy 926, was evaluated. Sinueracabanone D (1) displayed a remarkable antiproliferative effect against the examined cancer cell lines, especially HepG2 cells with IC₅₀ of 4.0 ± 0.37 µM. Cell cycle analysis indicated compound 1 caused the accumulation of HepG2 cells in the G2/M-phase. Further, compound 1 exhibited significant pro-apoptotic activities in HepG2 cells as evidenced by annexin V staining, enhanced mRNA expression of Bax, cytochrome C, and caspase 3, as well as inhibition of Bcl2 expression. Also, challenging HepG2 cells with sinueracabanone D (1) enhanced the active oxygen species generation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, compound 1 possesses potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cells. These antiproliferative activities are mediated, at least partly, by their ability to induce apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

Crocin treatment exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in liver tissue damage of pinealectomized diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. The liver plays a vital role in glycemic regulation in physiological and pathological conditions such as DM. Free radical formation and inhibition of antioxidant defense systems play a role in the liver damage pathogenesis in diabetic patients The antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties of crocin are known. This study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of crocin against liver tissue damage in pinealectomized diabetic rats. Sixty rats were divided into six groups: Control, Sham+streptozotocin (STZ), Pinealectomy (PINX), PINX+STZ, PINX+Crocin, and PINX+STZ+Crocin. PNX procedure was carried out on the first day of the experiment. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 50 mg/kg STZ was performed on the 30th day of the experiment to induce DM. Crocin (50 mg/kg; i.p.) was applied for 15 days after the pinealectomy procedure and induction of DM. Crocin decreased the markers (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) of liver damage and increased antioxidant enzyme levels and tissue total antioxidant status. Histological results showed that the administration of crocin exhibited a protective effect against liver damage caused by STZ. These results indicate that crocin evidence protection against liver injury caused by STZ.

Development of food-grade antimicrobials of fenugreek oil nanoemulsion-bioactivity and toxicity analysis

Antimicrobials of natural origin are proving to be an effective solution to emerging antimicrobial resistance and its physiological side effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that essential oils encapsulated in the form of nanoemulsions have better antimicrobial activity than the oil itself, possibly due to its high stability, solubility, sustained release, and increased bioavailability. In the present study, fenugreek oil-a well-known antimicrobial and antioxidant-has been used to fabricate nanoemulsion (NE), with an objective to meet potential alternative to synthesized antimicrobials. A combination of three different components, water, fenugreek oil, and Tween 80, has been used to prepare the nanoemulsions of different size and one of the most stable nanoemulsion with lowest concentration of surfactant Tween 80 was used to assess its bioactivity, antimicrobial properties, and toxicity against human hepatic cell line. Among all the formulations, nano-emulsion with 2.5% oil concentration, 30 min sonication (hydrodynamic size 135.2 nm, zeta potential 36.8 mV, PDI 0.135, and pH 5.12), was selected for all studies. The nanoemulsion showed potential antibacterial activity against all the microbial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) used in this study. Interestingly, the nanoemulsion showed potential antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, known to show resistance against ampicillin. The toxicity evaluation in human hepatic cell line (WRL-68) indicated no significant toxicity of nanoemulsion up to the concentration of 800 µg/ml. The synthesized nanoemulsion thus has a translational potential as a food-grade non-toxic natural nanoantimicrobials.

Tumor micro-environment sensitive release of doxorubicin through chitosan based polymeric nanoparticles: An in-vitro study

Conventional chemotherapy poses toxic effects to healthy tissues. A therapeutic system is thus required that can administer, distribute, metabolize, and excrete medicine from human body without damaging healthy cells. This is possible by designing a therapeutic system that can release drug at specific target tissue. In current work, novel chitosan (CS) based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) containing N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM) and 2-(di-isopropyl amino) ethyl methacrylate (DPA) are designed. The presence of available functional groups i.e. OH^- (3262 cm^-1), -NH₂ (1542 cm^-1), and CO (1642 cm^-1), was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectrophotometry (FTIR). The surface morphology and average particle size (175 nm) was determined through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) studies confirmed the amorphous nature and excellent thermal stability of PNPs up to 100 °C with only 2.69% mass loss was confirmed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pH sensitivity of such PNPs for release of encapsulated doxorubicin at malignant site was investigated. The encapsulation efficiency of PNPs was 89% (4.45 mg/5 mg) for doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic) measured by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The drug release profile of loaded PNPs was 88% (3.92 mg/4.45 mg) at pH 5.3, in 96 h. PNPs with varying DPA concentration can effectively be used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents with high efficacy.

Anticancer potential of curcumin-cyclodextrin complexes and their pharmacokinetic properties

Cancer is one of the most common diseases throughout the world, with many treatment modalities currently being used, and new treatment strategies being sought. Most chemotherapeutic molecules have shown extensive toxicity for normal cells, which leads to severe adverse effects. Chemotherapy may also lead to drug resistance, which is one of the major obstacles to the clinical treatment of cancer. Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural compound, has long been considered a therapeutic molecule for a variety of diseases and possesses anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its use is limited due to its hydrophobic nature, poor solubility in water at acidic or neutral pH, and limited bioavailability at the tumor site. Cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin increase curcumin's water solubility, as well as its physicochemical stability to hydrolysis and photochemical decomposition. The most common type of cyclodextrin used for pharmaceutical preparations is β-cyclodextrin. This review focuses on different curcumin-cyclodextrin formulations and compares their pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy.

Genistin modulates high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in Ehrlich-ascites-carcinoma-bearing mice

Cancer is the world's second-largest cause of death. Although there are numerous cancer treatment options, they are typically uncomfortable owing to side effects and ineffectual due to increased resistance to traditional anti-cancer medications or radiation therapy. A key method in cancer treatment is to target delayed/inhibited inflammation and apoptosis, which are very active areas of research. Natural chemicals originating from plants are of particular interest because of their high bioavailability, safety, few side effects, and, most importantly, cost-effectiveness. Flavonoids have become incredibly common as anti-cancer medications, with promising findings as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents that cause cancer cell death. Isolated compound (genistin) was evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The compound exhibited good cytotoxic activities against both cell lines. In vivo antiproliferative efficacy was also investigated in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC). Compared to the control group, genistin revealed a significant decrease in tumor weight, volume, high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) contents. On the other hand, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) contents increase suggesting an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity through inhibition of HMGB1 signaling and activating the Bcl-2 pathway.

Oxidative damage induced by combined exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and cypermethrin in rats for 90 days

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) and cypermethrin (CPM) are widely used in various fields, and they can enter the environment in different ways. Combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM may increase the accumulation of pollutants in organisms and affect human health. This study was undertaken to evaluate the oxidative and inflammatory parameters associated with the combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM in rats. Twenty-four healthy male adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group served as the control, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with TiO₂NPs (450 mg/m³); CPM (6.67 mg/m³) or combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM by inhalation for 90 days. We investigated the oxidative damage induced through combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM in rats by evaluating hematology of the rats and determining the blood biochemical index. Our results demonstrated that inhalation of TiO₂NPs and CPM increased the levels of oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde and alkaline phosphatase in the serum of rats. These were accompanied by a decreased glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase levels. Furthermore, the level of glutathione peroxidase was further decreased while malondialdehyde was increased in the combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM. Interestingly, pathological sections showed that different degrees of tissue injury could be seen in the liver and lung tissues of each exposure group. In summary, the combined exposure of TiO₂NPs and CPM can cause increased oxidative damage in rats and damage the tissue structure of the liver and lung.

Emergence of nutrigenomics and dietary components as a complementary therapy in cancer prevention

Cancer is an illness characterized by abnormal cell development and the capability to infiltrate or spread to rest of the body. A tumor is the term for this abnormal growth that develops in solid tissues like an organ, muscle, or bone and can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. Nutrition is a critical and immortal environmental component in the development of all living organisms encoding the relationship between a person's nutrition and their genes. Nutrients have the ability to modify gene expression and persuade alterations in DNA and protein molecules which is researched scientifically in nutrigenomics. These interactions have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetic properties of bioactive dietary components as well as their site of action/molecular targets. Nutrigenomics encompasses nutrigenetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics as well as other "omic" disciplines like proteomics and metabolomics to explain the vast disparities in cancer risk among people with roughly similar life style. Clinical trials and researches have evidenced that alternation of dietary habits is potentially one of the key approaches for reducing cancer risk in an individual. In this article, we will target how nutrigenomics and functional food work as preventive therapy in reducing the risk of cancer.

Exosomes as Novel Delivery Systems for Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Exosomes, as gifts of nature derived from various cell types with a size range from ~40 to 160 nm in diameter, have gained attention recently. They are composed of a lipid membrane bilayer structure containing different constituents, such as surface ligands and receptors, from the parental cells. Originating from a variety of sources, exosomes have the ability to participate in a diverse range of biological processes, including the regulation of cellular communication. On account of their ideal native structure and characteristics, exosomes are taken into account as drug delivery systems (DDSs). They can provide profound effects on conveying therapeutic agents with great advantages, including specific targeting, high biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Further, they can also be considered to ameliorate natural compounds, the main constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which are usually ignored due to the complexity of their structures, poor stability, and unclear mechanisms of action. This review summarizes the classification of exosomes as well as the research progress on exosome-based DDSs for the treatment of different diseases in TCM. Furthermore, this review discusses the advantages and challenges faced by exosomes to contribute to their further investigation and application.

Review of Under-Recognized Adjunctive Therapies for Cancer

Patients and providers may not be aware that several adjunctive measures can significantly improve the quality of life, response to treatment, and possibly outcomes for cancer patients. This manuscript presents a review of practical under-recognized adjunctive therapies that are effective including exercise; stress-reduction techniques such as mindfulness, massage, yoga, Tai Chi, breathing exercises; importance of sleep quality; diet modifications such as calorie restriction at the time of chemotherapy and avoidance of high carbohydrate foods; supplements such as aspirin, green tea, turmeric, and melatonin; and repurposed prescription medications such as metformin and statins. Each recommendation should be tailored to the individual patient to assure no contraindications.

Free radical biology in neurological manifestations: mechanisms to therapeutics interventions

Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological defects. Free radicals increase the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system through different endogenous sources and thus increased the overall oxidative stress. An increase in oxidative stress causes cell death through different signaling mechanisms such as mitochondrial impairment, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response, inflammation, negative regulation of protein, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, an appropriate balance between free radicals and antioxidants becomes crucial to maintain physiological function. Since the 1brain requires high oxygen for its functioning, it is highly vulnerable to free radical generation and enhanced ROS in the brain adversely affects axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, which results in neuronal cell death. In addition, increased ROS in the brain alters various signaling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and microglial activation, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest, leading to memory and learning defects. Mounting evidence suggests the potential involvement of micro-RNAs, circular-RNAs, natural and dietary compounds, synthetic inhibitors, and heat-shock proteins as therapeutic agents to combat neurological diseases. Herein, we explain the mechanism of free radical generation and its role in mitochondrial, protein, and lipid peroxidation biology. Further, we discuss the negative role of free radicals in synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration through the modulation of various signaling molecules and also in the involvement of free radicals in various neurological diseases and their potential therapeutic approaches. The primary cause of free radical generation is drug overdosing, industrial air pollution, toxic heavy metals, ionizing radiation, smoking, alcohol, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. Excessive generation of free radicals inside the cell R1Q1 increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which causes oxidative damage. An increase in oxidative damage alters different cellular pathways and processes such as mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory response, leading to pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease other neurological defects.

5-fluorouracil and curcumin with pectin coating as a treatment regimen for titanium dioxide with dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer model

Colorectal cancer was inducted in Wister rats using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) and dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treatment using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and curcumin (CUR), individually and following a synergistic approach. Compatibility studies are evaluated by using FT-IR spectra analysis, and Vero cell lines as well as HCT-116 cell lines are used for evaluating the synergistic approach. It was then followed by induction of colorectal cancer in rats for 70 days and treatment using 5-FU and CUR with pectin coating (individually and in combination) for 28 days. The reports state that 5-FU and CUR combination was found to be compatible. The synergistic effect was evaluated for1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 2:1 ratio of 5-FU:CUR, where 1:4 ratio shows a CI₅₀ value of 0.853, selected further for the animal studies. The 1:4 ratio of 5-FU and CUR (50:200) shows to be effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer within 28 days, proven using histopathology report, bodyweight analysis, and hematological reports. 5-FU and CUR (1:4) ratio with pectin coating was proven effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer induced by TiO₂NPs with DMH and was found to produce a synergistic effect.

Unboxing the molecular modalities of mutagens in cancer

The etiology of the majority of human cancers is associated with a myriad of environmental causes, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. DNA damage induced by such mutagens is the initial step in the process of carcinogenesis resulting in the accumulation of mutations. Mutational events are considered the major triggers for introducing genetic and epigenetic insults such as DNA crosslinks, single- and double-strand DNA breaks, formation of DNA adducts, mismatched bases, modification in histones, DNA methylation, and microRNA alterations. However, DNA repair mechanisms are devoted to protect the DNA to ensure genetic stability, any aberrations in these calibrated mechanisms provoke cancer occurrence. Comprehensive knowledge of the type of mutagens and carcinogens and the influence of these agents in DNA damage and cancer induction is crucial to develop rational anticancer strategies. This review delineated the molecular mechanism of DNA damage and the repair pathways to provide a deep understanding of the molecular basis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. A relationship between DNA adduct formation and cancer incidence has also been summarized. The mechanistic basis of inflammatory response and oxidative damage triggered by mutagens in tumorigenesis has also been highlighted. We elucidated the interesting interplay between DNA damage response and immune system mechanisms. We addressed the current understanding of DNA repair targeted therapies and DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment and discussed how antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunotherapeutic agents combined with traditional approaches lay the foundations for future cancer therapies.

Impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats

Over the years, many researches have shown the potential protective effects of ginseng for preventing and treating neurological damage and their related diseases. Neuronal disturbance is one of the most common serious effects of cisplatin chemotherapy that triggers memory impairment and cognitive disability. Based on the hypothesis that mechanistic pathways of ginseng against the neurological and biochemical disturbance remain unclear, therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ginseng extract against neurological and behavior abnormality induced by cisplatin in male rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as a control, group 2 was orally administrated with ginseng (100 mg/kg BW) daily for 90 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin (4 mg/kg BW) once a week for 90 days, and group 4 received ginseng and cisplatin. Cisplatin induced a learning and memory dysfunction in the Morris water maze task and locomotor disability in the rotarod test. In addition, cisplatin disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant systems, neuroinflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β), neurotransmitters, and apoptotic (caspase-3, P53, and Bax) and dementia markers (amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β 42). Co-treatment with ginseng extracts successfully ameliorated the cognitive behaviors and intramuscular strength and presented a good protective agent against neurological damage. Histopathological and histochemical studies proved the neuroprotective effect of ginseng. Our data showed that ginseng capable to counteract the memory dysfunction is induced by cisplatin via reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation restoring the neurological efficiency.

A bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited articles on curcumin

Background: Extensive studies related to curcumin were carried out over the preceding several decades. Citation frequencies represent the most prominent contributions in a specific field. This research aimed to identify and analyze the 100 most-cited articles on curcumin and to highlight the most important advances in this field.

Methods: Highly cited articles were identified in the Web of Science core collection database. “curcumin*” was used as the search string to retrieve in the “Title” field. VOSviewer was applied to perform bibliometric analysis of these papers.

Results: Totally 17,645 publications on the topic of curcumin were identified. The top most-cited 100 articles were published between 1973 and 2017. Most of these papers were original (n = 62). The total citation frequency in the top 100 article ranged from 355 to 3364, with a median of 560. The United States and India were the major countries researching curcumin. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center was the institution with the highest contribution rate of these articles. The most frequently nominated authors were Aggarwal B. B., Kunnumakkara A. B., Prasad S., and Priyadarsini K. I. The top 100 articles were published in 68 journals. The top four journals in terms of the number of our included articles were Cancer Research (n = 7), followed by Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biochemical Pharmacology, and Cancer Letters, with 4 articles each. NF-kappa B, cancer, gene expression, apoptosis, inflammation, chemopreventive agent, and nitric oxide synthase are presumed to be the current hot topics. Bioavailability, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities were the major research directions of curcumin.

Conclusion: This study analyzed the 100 most-cited articles on curcumin and provided insights into the characteristics and research hotspots of the articles on this topic.

Curcumin-Based Nanoformulations: A Promising Adjuvant towards Cancer Treatment

Throughout the United States, cancer remains the second leading cause of death. Traditional treatments induce significant medical toxic effects and unpleasant adverse reactions, making them inappropriate for long-term use. Consequently, anticancer-drug resistance and relapse are frequent in certain situations. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to find effective antitumor medications that are specific and have few adverse consequences. Curcumin is a polyphenol derivative found in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), and provides chemopreventive, antitumor, chemo-, and radio-sensitizing properties. In this paper, we summarize the new nano-based formulations of polyphenolic curcumin because of the growing interest in its application against cancers and tumors. According to recent studies, the use of nanoparticles can overcome the hydrophobic nature of curcumin, as well as improving its stability and cellular bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. Several strategies for nanocurcumin production have been developed, each with its own set of advantages and unique features. Because the majority of the curcumin-based nanoformulation evidence is still in the conceptual stage, there are still numerous issues impeding the provision of nanocurcumin as a possible therapeutic option. To support the science, further work is necessary to develop curcumin as a viable anti-cancer adjuvant. In this review, we cover the various curcumin nanoformulations and nanocurcumin implications for therapeutic uses for cancer, as well as the current state of clinical studies and patents. We further address the knowledge gaps and future research orientations required to develop curcumin as a feasible treatment candidate.

Curcumol Inhibits the Development of Prostate Cancer by miR-125a/STAT3 Axis

Aim

This study aimed to learn the antineoplastic activity of curcumol (Cur) on prostate cancer (PCa) and elucidate its potential molecular mechanism.

Methods

The proliferation, invasion, and migration of PCa cells (PC3 and 22RV1) were detected by the cell counting kit 8 (CCK8), transwell, and wound healing assay, respectively. The expression of genes and proteins was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB), respectively. The protein expression in tissues and cells was tested through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to quantify the level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The interaction between microRNA125a (miR-125a) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was confirmed via dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

Cur effectively restrained the proliferation, invasion, and migration of PC3 and 22RV1 cells. After Cur intervention, miR-125a, miR-375, miR-149, miR-183, and miR-106b were all upregulated in PC3 cells, among which miR-125a was the most significantly upregulated. Dual-luciferase reporter assay combined with qRT-PCR and WB experiments confirmed that miR-125a targeted STAT3. Both in vitro and in vivo, Cur enhanced miR-125a expression and suppressed the activation of the STAT3 pathway in PCa. Also, Cur effectively inhibited the growth of PCa.

Conclusion

Cur inhibited the development of PCa by miR-125a/STAT3 axis. This may provide a potential agent for treating PCa.

Plants as a Source of Anticancer Agents: From Bench to Bedside

Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional anticancer therapies are associated with lack of selectivity and serious side effects. Cancer hallmarks are biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells during neoplastic transformation. Targeting multiple cancer hallmarks is a promising strategy to treat cancer. The diversity in chemical structure and the relatively low toxicity make plant-derived natural products a promising source for the development of new and more effective anticancer therapies that have the capacity to target multiple hallmarks in cancer. In this review, we discussed the anticancer activities of ten natural products extracted from plants. The majority of these products inhibit cancer by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks, and many of these chemicals have reached clinical applications. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers and physicians to design more effective combination anticancer therapies using plant-derived natural products.

Slow release curcumin-containing soy protein nanoparticles as anticancer agents for osteosarcoma: synthesis and characterization

Curcumin-containing soy protein nanoparticles (curcumin-SPNs) were synthesized by desolvation (coacervation) method and characterized by SEM, DLS, FTIR, and XRD. For anticancer evaluation, osteogenic sarcoma (SAOS2) cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of nanostructures. The dialysis method was used for assessment of drug release. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated in IC50 dose after 24 h of exposure to free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs. Characterization data showed that the size of drug-free SPNs and curcumin-SPNs were 278.2 and 294.7 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of drug-free SPNs and curcumin-SPNs were - 37.1 and - 36.51 mv, respectively. There was no significant difference between the control and drug-free SPNs groups in terms of cell viability (p > 0.05). The viability of cells in different concentrations of the designed curcumin-SPNs in Saos2 cell line was significantly higher than free drug (p < 0.05). The release of curcumin showed that more than 50% of the drug was released in the first 2 h of incubation. After this time, the slow release of drug was continued to 62-83% of drug. IC50 values of free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs (1/10) were 156.8 and 65.9 µg/mL, respectively (a free curcumin IC50 was 2.4 times more than curcumin-SPNs). Slow-release of the curcumin causes the cell to be exposed to the anticancer drug for a longer period of time. The intracellular ROS levels significantly increased in an IC50 dose after 24 h of exposure to both free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs compared with controls (p < 0.05).

In silico, in vitro screening of antioxidant and anticancer potentials of bioactive secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus (Curvularia sp.) from Phyllanthus niruri L

The main objective of this research work is to discover novel and efficient phytochemical substances from endophytic fungus found in medicinal plants. Curvularia geniculata L. (C. geniculata L.), an endophytic fungus isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.), was tested against hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) in order to screen their antioxidant and anticancer potentials. The profiling of phytochemicals from the fungal extract was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and molecular docking was done for the identified compounds against one of the potential receptors predominantly present in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Among the phytochemicals found, 2-methyl-7-phenylindole had the highest binding affinity (- 8.8 kcal mol^-1) for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The stability of 2-methyl-7-phenylindole in the EGFR-binding pockets was tested using in silico molecular dynamics simulation. The fungal extract showed the highest antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of fungal extract demonstrated the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells after 24 h, and the IC₅₀ (50% cell death) value was estimated to be 62.23 μg mL^-1. Typical morphological changes such as condensation of nuclei and deformed membrane structures are indicative of ongoing apoptosis. The mitochondria of HepG2 cells were also targeted by the endophytic fungal extract, which resulted in substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the destruction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential integrity. These outcomes suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of C. geniculata L. has the potential to be an antioxidant agent and further to be exploited in developing potential anticancer agents.

Alleviation of nicotine-induced reproductive disorder, clastogenicity, and histopathological alterations by fenugreek saponin bulk and nanoparticles in male rats

Nicotine is the most abundant ingredient in cigarette smoking and has serious side effects on the lung, heart, reproductive system, and many other human organs. Saponins extracted from many plants exhibit multiple biological actions such as anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the possible protective effect of fenugreek saponin (FS) and nanofenugreek saponin (NFS) against nicotine-induced toxicity in male rats was investigated in this study. Animals were divided into a control group and the nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day), FS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day), or/and NFS (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day) administered groups. Micronucleus assay, histopathological, and sperm abnormality examinations as well as measurement of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression were conducted. Our findings revealed that nicotine treatment induced significant increases in the incidence of micronucleus, sperm abnormalities, and expression levels of AChE in addition to inducing histopathological changes in rat testis. On the other hand, administration of FS or NFS with nicotine significantly decreased the incidence of micronuclei and the percentage of sperm abnormalities as well as the expression levels of AChE gene. Moreover, nicotine-induced histological alterations were reduced by given FS or NFS with nicotine. In conclusion, nicotine-induced sperm abnormalities, chromosomal damage, and histological injuries were mitigated by administration of FS or NFS with nicotine, and thus, FS and NFS could be used as ameliorating agents against nicotine toxicity.

Effect of gervital in attenuating hepatotoxicity caused by methotrexate or azathioprine in adult albino rats

Methotrexate (MTX) and azathioprine (AZA) are chemotherapeutic, antimetabolic, and immunosuppressive agents with substantial risks such as oxidative lesions to the liver. This study examined the effect of grape seed extract (GSE; gervital) in attenuating hepatotoxicity caused by MTX or AZA treatment. Rats were divided into six groups (six rats per group): Group I, normal control group; Group II, GSE (150 mg/kg/day); Group III, MTX (8 mg/kg/week); Group IV, AZA (15 mg/kg/day); Group V, GSE (150 mg/kg/day) + MTX (8 mg/kg/week); and Group VI, GSE (150 mg/kg/day) + AZA (15 mg/kg/day). After 35-day experimental period, all rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for biochemical study and hemoglobin (Hb) assessment. The liver was weighed and triaged for histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies. MTX and AZA treatment decreased Hb levels, increased relative liver weight, increased the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST) aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values, and displayed histopathological and ultrastructural alterations. These changes included the disorganization of hepatocytes, pyknosis, karyolysis of some nuclei, and mononuclear leukocytic infiltration. The liver with significant oxidative stress (OS) showed decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In contrast, GSE administration ameliorated ALT, AST, and all histopathological and ultrastructural changes. GSE treatment also reduced MDA levels but increased the antioxidant parameters. In conclusion, it was concluded that GSE supplementation could be considered as a promising antioxidant in reducing OS, histopathological and ultrastructural alterations induced by MTX and AZA.

Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration in vitro

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reported to have a high incidence rate and is one of the most prevalent types of cancer contributing towards 85% of all incidences of lung cancer. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid which offers a broad range of therapeutical and pharmacological actions against cancer. However, extremely low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability have largely restricted its therapeutic applications. To overcome these limitations, we formulated berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) and investigated their in vitro antiproliferative and antimigratory activity in human lung epithelial cancer cell line (A549). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), trypan blue staining, and colony forming assays were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity, while scratch wound healing assay and a modified Boyden chamber assay were carried out to determine the anti-migratory activity. We also investigated major proteins associated with lung cancer progression. The developed nanoparticles were found to have an average particle size of 181.3 nm with spherical shape, high entrapment efficiency (75.35%) and have shown sustained release behaviour. The most remarkable findings reported with berberine-loaded LCNs were significant suppression of proliferation, inhibition of colony formation, inhibition of invasion or migration via epithelial mesenchymal transition, and proliferation related proteins associated with cancer progression. Our findings suggest that anti-cancer compounds with the problem of poor solubility and bioavailability can be overcome by formulating them into nanotechnology-based delivery systems for better efficacy. Further in-depth investigations into anti-cancer mechanistic research will expand and strengthen the current findings of berberine-LCNs as a potential NSCLC treatment option.

Multifaceted role of natural sources for COVID-19 pandemic as marine drugs

COVID-19, which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly spread over the world, posing a global health concern. The ongoing epidemic has necessitated the development of novel drugs and potential therapies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Advances in vaccination and medication development, no preventative vaccinations, or viable therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed to date. As a result, additional research is needed in order to find a long-term solution to this devastating condition. Clinical studies are being conducted to determine the efficacy of bioactive compounds retrieved or synthesized from marine species starting material. The present study focuses on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of marine-derived phytochemicals, which has been investigated utilizing in in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models to determine their effectiveness. Marine-derived biologically active substances, such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, lectins, polysaccharides, and lipids, can affect SARS-CoV-2 during the viral particle's penetration and entry into the cell, replication of the viral nucleic acid, and virion release from the cell; they can also act on the host's cellular targets. COVID-19 has been proven to be resistant to several contaminants produced from marine resources. This paper gives an overview and summary of the various marine resources as marine drugs and their potential for treating SARS-CoV-2. We discussed at numerous natural compounds as marine drugs generated from natural sources for treating COVID-19 and controlling the current pandemic scenario.

Neuroprotective potential of curcuminoids in modulating Alzheimer's Disease via multiple signaling pathways

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and frequent neurodegenerative disease of elderly people. In the 21st century, owing to the increasing prevalence of AD, there is a crucial need for finding better and effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches. This review article demonstrated the various sources and possible metabolic pathways of curcuminoids obtained from Curcuma longa herb, to prevent and treat AD but the information related to the metabolic fate of curcuminoids is deficient. Different in vitro and in vivo research studies demonstrating the mechanisms by which curcuminoids attenuated AD have been summarized. Administration of curcuminoids has been indicated to inhibit hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, deposition, and oligomerization of amyloid beta plaques in several AD models. Curcuminoids also chelate metals and form complexes, have antioxidant properties, mediates neuroinflammatory signaling pathways by modifying microglial cells activity, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activities and also modulates other associated signaling pathways including insulin signaling pathways and heme-oxygenase pathway. Briefly curcuminoids exhibit the capability to be more productive and efficacious compared to many recent treatments due to their antioxidant, delayed neuron degeneration and anti-inflammatory potential. Although their effectiveness as a curative agent is considered to be reduced due to their low bioavailability, If the issue of curcuminoids' low bioavailability is resolved then curcuminoid-based medications are hopefully on the horizon against AD.

Multiple health benefits of curcumin and its therapeutic potential

Turmeric, or Curcuma longa as it is formally named, is a multifunctional plant with numerous names. It was dubbed "the golden spice" and "Indian saffron" not only for its magnificent yellow color, but also for its culinary use. Turmeric has been utilized in traditional medicine since the dawn of mankind. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which are all curcuminoids, make up turmeric. Although there have been significant advancements in cancer treatment, cancer death and incidence rates remain high. As a result, there is an increasing interest in discovering more effective and less hazardous cancer treatments. Curcumin is being researched for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-metabolic syndrome, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties. Turmeric has long been used as a home remedy for coughs, sore throats, and other respiratory problems. As a result, turmeric and its compounds have the potential to be used in modern medicine to cure a variety of diseases. In this current review, we highlighted therapeutic potential of curcumin and its multiple health benefits on various diseases.

A Review of Twenty Years of Research on the Regulation of Signaling Pathways by Natural Products in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of death among women, and it has become a global health issue due to the increasing number of cases. Different treatment options, including radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and anti-estrogen therapy, aromatase inhibitors, anti-angiogenesis drugs, and anthracyclines, are available for BC treatment. However, due to its high occurrence and disease progression, effective therapeutic options for metastatic BC are still lacking. Considering this scenario, there is an urgent need for an effective therapeutic strategy to meet the current challenges of BC. Natural products have been screened as anticancer agents as they are cost-effective, possess low toxicity and fewer side effects, and are considered alternative therapeutic options for BC therapy. Natural products showed anticancer activities against BC through the inhibition of angiogenesis, cell migrations, proliferations, and tumor growth; cell cycle arrest by inducing apoptosis and cell death, the downstream regulation of signaling pathways (such as Notch, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, and NFAT-MDM2), and the regulation of EMT processes. Natural products also acted synergistically to overcome the drug resistance issue, thus improving their efficacy as an emerging therapeutic option for BC therapy. This review focused on the emerging roles of novel natural products and derived bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents against BC. The present review also discussed the mechanism of action through signaling pathways and the synergistic approach of natural compounds to improve their efficacy. We discussed the recent in vivo and in vitro studies for exploring the overexpression of oncogenes in the case of BC and the current status of newly discovered natural products in clinical investigations.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity and Anti-Migratory Effect of Berberine–Phytantriol Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle Formulation on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that is commercially available for use as a supplement for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic benefits of berberine are limited by its extremely low bioavailability and toxicity at higher doses. Increasing evidence suggests that the incorporation of drug compounds in liquid crystal nanoparticles provides a new platform for the safe, effective, stable, and controlled delivery of the drug molecules. This study aimed to formulate an optimized formulation of berberine–phytantriol-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles (BP-LCNs) and to investigate the in vitro anti-cancer activity in a human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. The BP-LCN formulation possessing optimal characteristics that was used in this study had a favorable particle size and entrapment efficiency rate (75.31%) and a superior drug release profile. The potential mechanism of action of the formulation was determined by measuring the mRNA levels of the tumor-associated genes PTEN, P53, and KRT18 and the protein expression levels with a human oncology protein array. BP-LCNs decreased the proliferation, migration, and colony-forming activity of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner by upregulating the mRNA expression of PTEN and P53 and downregulating the mRNA expression of KRT18. Similarly, BP-LCNs also decreased the expression of proteins related to cancer cell proliferation and migration. This study highlights the utility of phytantriol-based LCNs in incorporating drug molecules with low GI absorption and bioavailability to increase their pharmacological effectiveness and potency in NSCLC.