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Paterson S, Villanueva-Bermejo D, Hernández-Ledesma B, Gómez-Cortés P, de la Fuente MA. Supercritical CO 2 extraction increases the recovery levels of omega-3 fatty acids in Tetraselmis chuii extracts. Food Chem 2024; 453:139692. [PMID: 38781905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Tetraselmis chuii is a microalgae marketed as ingredient meeting the acceptance criteria for novel foods established by the European Union and can be an important source of healthy fatty acids (FA). The aim of this research was to characterize the FA profile of T. chuii fractions obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction operating with two sequential co-solvents and to evaluate the effect of biomass pretreatment (freeze/thaw cycles followed by ultrasounds). T. chuii biomass was confirmed to be an important source of omega-3 FA, mainly due to the abundance of α-linolenic acid, and pre-treatment significantly improved the lipid yield. Other omega-3 FA, such as 16:3, 16:4, 18:4, 18:5, 20:3 and 20:5, were also detected in different proportions. When SCCO2 extraction of pretreated and un-pretreated T. chuii was compared with conventional solvent extraction, the nutritional quality indices of the extracts were improved by the use of SCCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Paterson
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Villanueva-Bermejo
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departmental Section of Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Cantoblanco Campus, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel de la Fuente
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Smolińska K, Szopa A, Sobczyński J, Serefko A, Dobrowolski P. Nutritional Quality Implications: Exploring the Impact of a Fatty Acid-Rich Diet on Central Nervous System Development. Nutrients 2024; 16:1093. [PMID: 38613126 PMCID: PMC11013435 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the comprehensive examination of the role of fatty acid-rich diets in central nervous system development in children, this study bridges significant gaps in the understanding of dietary effects on neurodevelopment. It delves into the essential functions of fatty acids in neurodevelopment, including their contributions to neuronal membrane formation, neuroinflammatory modulation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Despite the acknowledged importance of these nutrients, this review reveals a lack of comprehensive synthesis in current research, particularly regarding the broader spectrum of fatty acids and their optimal levels throughout childhood. By consolidating the existing knowledge and highlighting critical research gaps, such as the effects of fatty acid metabolism on neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for age-specific dietary guidelines, this study sets a foundation for future studies. This underscores the potential of nutritional strategies to significantly influence neurodevelopmental trajectories, advocating an enriched academic and clinical understanding that can inform dietary recommendations and interventions aimed at optimizing neurological health from infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolińska
- Chronic Wounds Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jan Sobczyński
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Rahman SU, Weng TN, Qadeer A, Nawaz S, Ullah H, Chen CC. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential therapeutic role in protozoan infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339470. [PMID: 38633251 PMCID: PMC11022163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Protozoa exert a serious global threat of growing concern to human, and animal, and there is a need for the advancement of novel therapeutic strategies to effectively treat or mitigate the impact of associated diseases. Omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-PUFAs), including Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6), are constituents derived from various natural sources, have gained significant attention for their therapeutic role in parasitic infections and a variety of essential structural and regulatory functions in animals and humans. Both ω-3 and ω-6 decrease the growth and survival rate of parasites through metabolized anti-inflammatory mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, and have both in vivo and in vitro protective effects against various protozoan infections. The ω-PUFAs have been shown to modulate the host immune response by a commonly known mechanism such as (inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic process, production of anti-inflammatory mediators, modification of intracellular lipids, and activation of the nuclear receptor), and promotion of a shift towards a more effective immune defense against parasitic invaders by regulation the inflammation like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, are involved in controlling the inflammatory reaction. The immune modulation may involve reducing inflammation, enhancing phagocytosis, and suppressing parasitic virulence factors. The unique properties of ω-PUFAs could prevent protozoan infections, representing an important area of study. This review explores the clinical impact of ω-PUFAs against some protozoan infections, elucidating possible mechanisms of action and supportive therapy for preventing various parasitic infections in humans and animals, such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, coccidiosis, and chagas disease. ω-PUFAs show promise as a therapeutic approach for parasitic infections due to their direct anti-parasitic effects and their ability to modulate the host immune response. Additionally, we discuss current treatment options and suggest perspectives for future studies. This could potentially provide an alternative or supplementary treatment option for these complex global health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ur Rahman
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tzu-Nin Weng
- Department of Stomatology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Saqib Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanif Ullah
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- West China Hospital, School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Berzal G, García-García P, Señoráns FJ. Integrated Process for Schizochytrium Oil Extraction, Enzymatic Modification of Lipids and Concentration of DHA Fatty Acid Esters Using Alternative Methodologies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:146. [PMID: 38667763 PMCID: PMC11051022 DOI: 10.3390/md22040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. have a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is attracting interest since it prevents certain neurodegenerative diseases. The obtention of a bioactive and purified DHA fatty acid ester using a whole-integrated process in which renewable sources and alternative methodologies are employed is the aim of this study. For this reason, lyophilized Schizochytrium biomass was used as an alternative to fish oil, and advanced extraction techniques as well as enzymatic modification were studied. Microalgal oil extraction was optimized via a surface-response method using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) obtaining high oil yields (29.06 ± 0.12%) with a high concentration of DHA (51.15 ± 0.72%). Then, the enzymatic modification of Schizochytrium oil was developed by ethanolysis using immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase (Novozym® 435) at two reaction temperatures and different enzymatic loads. The best condition (40 °C and 200 mg of lipase) produced the highest yield of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) (100%) after 8 h of a reaction attaining a cost-effective and alternative process. Finally, an enriched and purified fraction containing DHA-FAEE was obtained using open-column chromatography with a remarkably high concentration of 93.2 ± 1.3% DHA. The purified and bioactive molecules obtained in this study can be used as nutraceutical and active pharmaceutical intermediates of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Javier Señoráns
- Healthy-Lipids Group, Food Science Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.B.); (P.G.-G.)
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Zhang X, Hua J, Song Z, Li K. A review: Marine aquaculture impacts marine microbial communities. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:239-254. [PMID: 38919720 PMCID: PMC11194620 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine aquaculture is key for protein production but disrupts marine ecosystems by releasing excess feed and pharmaceuticals, thus affecting marine microbes. Though vital, its environmental impact often remains overlooked. This article delves into mariculture's effects on marine microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and antibiotic-resistance genes in seawater and sediments. It highlights how different mariculture practices-open, pond, and cage culture-affect these microbial communities. Mariculture's release of nutrients, antibiotics, and heavy metals alters the microbial composition, diversity, and functions. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, a promising sustainable approach, is still developing and needs refinement. A deep understanding of mariculture's impact on microbial ecosystems is crucial to minimize pollution and foster sustainable practices, paving the way for the industry's sustainable advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kejun Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Hall WL. Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake across the life span for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38444046 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major health concern for women. Historically there has been a misconception that men are at greater risk because CVD tends to occur earlier in life compared to women. Clinical guidelines for prevention of heart disease are currently the same for both sexes, but accumulating evidence demonstrates that risk profiles diverge. In fact, several CVD risk factors confer an even greater risk in women relative to men, including high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and raised triglycerides. Furthermore, many female-specific CVD risk factors exist, including early menarche, pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome, reproductive hormonal treatments and menopause. Little is known about how diet interacts with CVD risk factors at various stages of a woman’s life. Long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes are a key dietary factor that may impact risk of CVD throughout the life course differentially in men and women. Oestrogen enhances conversion of the plant n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid, to LCn-3 PUFA. Increasing the frequency of oily fish consumption or LCn-3 PUFA supplementation may be important for reducing coronary risk during the menopausal transition, during which time oestrogen levels decline and the increase in CVD risk factors is accelerated. Women are under-represented in the evidence base for CVD prevention following LC n-3 PUFA supplementation. Therefore it is not clear whether there are sex differences in response to treatment. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence on optimal intakes of LC n-3 PUFA across the lifespan for CVD prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Louise Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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7
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Yang LH, Liu MZ, Chen ZL, Tong LL, Guo DS. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of the increase in eicosapentaenoic acid under cobalamin deficiency of Schizochytrium sp. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300612. [PMID: 38472102 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is a heterotrophic microorganism capable of accumulating polyunsaturated fatty acids and has achieved industrial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It also has the potential for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production. In this study, it was found that the cell growth, lipid synthesis and fatty acid composition of Schizochytrium sp. were significantly affected by the level of cobalamin in the medium, especially with regard to the content of EPA in the fatty acids. The content of EPA in the fatty acids increased 17.91 times, reaching 12.00%, but cell growth and lipid synthesis were significantly inhibited under cobalamin deficiency. The response mechanism for this phenomenon was revealed through combined lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis. Although cell growth was inhibited under cobalamin deficiency, the genes encoding key enzymes in central carbon metabolism were still up-regulated to provide precursors (Acetyl-CoA) and reducing power (NADPH) for the synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids. Moreover, the main lipid subclasses observed during cobalamin deficiency were glycerolipids (including glycerophospholipids), with EPA primarily distributed in them. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of these lipid subclasses were significantly up-regulated, such as the key enzymes in the Kennedy pathway for the synthesis of triglycerides. Thus, this study provided insights into the specific response of Schizochytrium sp. to cobalamin deficiency and identified a subset of new genes that can be engineered for modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Lei Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Ghallab DS, Ibrahim RS, Mohyeldin MM, Shawky E. Marine algae: A treasure trove of bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116023. [PMID: 38211540 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the diverse classes of pharmacologically active compounds found in marine algae and their promising anti-inflammatory effects. The review covers various classes of anti-inflammatory compounds sourced from marine algae, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, caretenoids, alkaloids, phlorotannins, bromophenols, amino acids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory activities of marine algae-derived compounds have been extensively investigated using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes involved in inflammation. Moreover, marine algae-derived compounds have exhibited immunomodulatory properties, regulating immune cell functions and attenuating inflammatory responses. Specific examples of compounds with notable anti-inflammatory activities are highlighted. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in the field of marine anti-inflammatory pharmacology and emphasizes the need for further research to harness the pharmacological benefits of marine algae-derived compounds for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ghallab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Reham S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mohyeldin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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9
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Rodríguez-Vera D, Salazar JR, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Guzmán-Pérez J, Vergara-Castañeda A, Muñoz-Durán H, Ramírez-Velez GL, Vivar-Sierra A, Naranjo-Navarro CR, Meza-Meneses PA, Loza-Mejía MA, Pinto-Almazán R. Effectiveness of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Improving the Metabolic and Inflammatory Profiles of Mexican Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19. Diseases 2024; 12:28. [PMID: 38248379 PMCID: PMC10814050 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of severe COVID-19 is related to the preexistence of comorbidities and an inadequate nutritional status. The latter is a critical factor for the development of infection and the progression of the disease. Notably, optimal nutrition impacts immune system function, as malnutrition is related to high cytokine levels in the late phase of the disease, correlating with a poor prognosis. In this sense, omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) have anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection. O3FAs are linked to a better prognosis in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, we evaluate the administration of O3FAs to unvaccinated Mexican patients for two weeks starting after the first two hours of hospitalization. RESULTS The findings support the notion that O3FAs (in a dose high enough to satisfy human physiological requirements in a short time, one capsule of 1.4 g O3FAs daily) exert a comprehensive multi-systemic modulatory influence, affecting inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Significant perturbations in biomarkers, including absolute neutrophil count, hematocrit, and platelet indices, underscore the compound's anti-inflammatory effect. Concurrently, the intervention modulates pivotal metabolic and hepatic parameters, attenuating cardiovascular risk profiles and expediting patient convalescence. These multifarious effects are likely orchestrated through intricate biochemical mechanisms and are subject to individual variations predicated on metabolic factors. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial support the notion that O3FA supplementation has beneficial effects on COVID-19 patients with moderate presentation by regulating metabolism and limiting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez-Vera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (M.A.S.-U.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Juan Rodrigo Salazar
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; (J.R.S.); (G.L.R.-V.); (A.V.-S.); (C.R.N.-N.)
| | - Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (M.A.S.-U.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Jessica Guzmán-Pérez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (M.A.S.-U.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Arely Vergara-Castañeda
- Promotion and Education for Health and Food Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico;
| | - Horacio Muñoz-Durán
- Environmental Technology Division and Section of Postgraduate Studies, Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl. Cto. Rey Nezahualcóyotl Manzana 10, Benito Juárez, Nezahualcoyotl 57000, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela L. Ramírez-Velez
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; (J.R.S.); (G.L.R.-V.); (A.V.-S.); (C.R.N.-N.)
| | - Alonso Vivar-Sierra
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; (J.R.S.); (G.L.R.-V.); (A.V.-S.); (C.R.N.-N.)
| | - Carlos Rogelio Naranjo-Navarro
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; (J.R.S.); (G.L.R.-V.); (A.V.-S.); (C.R.N.-N.)
| | - Patricia A. Meza-Meneses
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Loza-Mejía
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Chemical Sciences School, Universidad La Salle-México, Benjamín Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; (J.R.S.); (G.L.R.-V.); (A.V.-S.); (C.R.N.-N.)
| | - Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (M.A.S.-U.); (J.G.-P.)
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10
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Maltsev Y, Kulikovskiy M, Maltseva S. Nitrogen and phosphorus stress as a tool to induce lipid production in microalgae. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:239. [PMID: 37981666 PMCID: PMC10658923 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for cultivation conditions that ensure their highest productivity. Reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium is widely used to change the content and productivity of lipids in microalgae. Achieving the right balance between maximum growth and maximum lipid content and productivity is the primary goal of many experimental works to ensure cost-effective biodiesel production from microalgae. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient media for algal cultivation after converted to nitrogen (-N) and phosphorus (-P) lies in an extensive range: from 0.007 g L- 1 to 0.417 g L- 1 and from 0.0003 g L- 1 to 0.227 g L- 1 and N:P ratio from 0.12:1 to 823.33:1. When studying nutritional stress in microalgae, no single approach is used to determine the experimental concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. This precludes the possibility of correct interpretation of the data and may lead to erroneous conclusions. This work results from the systematisation of information on using nitrogen and phosphorus restriction to increase the lipid productivity of microalgae of different taxonomic and ecological groups to identify future research directions. The results of 301 experiments were included in the analysis using the principal components method. The investigation considered various divisions and classes: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Chlorophyta, and also the ratio N:P, the time of the experiment, the light intensity during cultivation. Based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus existing in various nutrient media, a general scheme for designating the supply of nutrient media for nitrogen (as NO3- or NH4+, N g L- 1) and phosphorus (as РO4-, P g L- 1) has been proposed: replete -N (˃0.4 g L- 1), moderate -N (0.4-0.2), moderate N-limitation (0.19-0.1), strong N-limitation (˂0.1), without nitrogen (0), replete -Р (˃0.2), moderate -P (0.2-0.02), moderate P-limitation (0.019-0.01), strong P-limitation (˂0.01), without phosphorus (0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Maltsev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Maxim Kulikovskiy
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Svetlana Maltseva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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11
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Khan I, Hussain M, Jiang B, Zheng L, Pan Y, Hu J, Khan A, Ashraf A, Zou X. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Metabolism and health implications. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101255. [PMID: 37838255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have gained substantial interest due to their specific structure and biological functions. Humans cannot naturally produce these fatty acids (FAs), making it crucial to obtain them from our diet. This comprehensive review details n-3 LC-PUFAs and their role in promoting and maintaining optimal health. The article thoroughly analyses several sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs and their respective bioavailability, covering marine, microbial and plant-based sources. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the biological impacts of n-3 LC-PUFAs on health conditions, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, diabetes, depression, arthritis, and cognition. In addition, we highlight the significance of fortification and supplementation of n-3 LC-PUFAs in both functional foods and dietary supplements. Additionally, we conducted a detailed analysis of the several kinds of n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements currently available in the market, including an assessment of their recommended intake, safety, and effectiveness. The dietary guidelines associated with n-3 LC-PUFAs are also highlighted, focusing on the significance of maintaining a well-balanced intake of n-3 PUFAs to enhance health benefits. Lastly, we highlight future directions for further research in this area and their potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mudassar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuechao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adil Khan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Azqa Ashraf
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 2666100, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Su M, Bastiaens L, Verspreet J, Hayes M. Applications of Microalgae in Foods, Pharma and Feeds and Their Use as Fertilizers and Biostimulants: Legislation and Regulatory Aspects for Consideration. Foods 2023; 12:3878. [PMID: 37893770 PMCID: PMC10606004 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a rich resource of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and pigments with nutritional and health benefits. They increasingly find use as ingredients in functional foods and feeds as well as in cosmetics and agricultural products including biostimulants. One of their distinct advantages is their ability to grow on wastewaters and other waste streams, and they are considered an environmentally friendly and cheap method to recover nutrients and remove pollutants from the environment. However, there are limits concerning their applications if grown on certain waste streams. Within, we collate an overview of existing algal applications and current market scenarios for microalgal products as foods and feeds along with relevant legislative requirements concerning their use in Europe and the United States. Microalgal compounds of interest and their extraction and processing methodologies are summarized, and the benefits and caveats of microalgae cultivated in various waste streams and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- The Food BioSciences Department Ashtown, Teagasc Food Research Centre, 15D05 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Leen Bastiaens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Maria Hayes
- The Food BioSciences Department Ashtown, Teagasc Food Research Centre, 15D05 Dublin, Ireland;
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Maina AN, Lewis E, Kiarie EG. Egg production, egg quality, and fatty acids profiles in eggs and tissues in Lohmann LSL lite hens fed algal oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Poult Sci 2023; 102:102921. [PMID: 37499609 PMCID: PMC10413189 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enriching eggs with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is a well-accepted practice that benefits the egg industry and consumers. However, issues around cost, sustainability, and product acceptance have necessitated the search for alternatives to feeding hens fish oil for DHA enrichment. The effects of feeding 2 algal oils on egg production and DHA enrichment in eggs and selected tissues were investigated. The algal oils were: 1) OmegaPro (OPAO) standardized algal oil for DHA content and 2) Crude algal oil (CAO). A total of 400, 46-wk-old Lohmann LSL lite hens were housed in enriched cages (10 birds/cage) and allocated 5 diets (n = 8) for a 12-wk trial. The iso-caloric and -nitrogenous diets were a standard corn and soybean meal diet, standard plus 0.25 or 0.76% OPAO and standard plus 0.23 or 0.69% CAO; algal oils diets supplied similar DHA at each level. Egg production indices (hen day egg production, feed intake, FCR, egg weight, egg mass, and eggshell quality) were monitored for 10 wk. Diet samples were analyzed for fatty acids (FA) on wk 1, 6, and 12 and eggs on wk 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12. At the end of the trial, one hen/cage was weighed and dissected for liver, breast and thigh for FA and long bones for ash content analyses. Concentration of omega-6 to omega-3 FA ratio was 12.9, 6.64, 3.48, 6.96, and 3.59 for standard, 0.23 and 0.76% OPAO, 0.25 and 0.69% CAO, respectively. Algal oils increased (P ≤ 0.046) eggshell thickness linearly. The concentration of DHA in the eggs from the birds fed the standard, 0.23 and 0.76% OPAO, 0.25 and 0.69% CAO was 84, 195, 286, 183, and 297 mg/100g egg, respectively, and algal oils enriched eggs with DHA linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, algal oils increased the concentration of DHA in eggs and had no adverse effects on egg production and eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson N Maina
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Lewis
- Food Innovation, Humanativ, Netterville, Dowth, Co Meath, A92 ER22, Ireland
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Fujibayashi M, Nitta M, Aomori S, Sakamaki T, Okano K, Sugiyama H, Miyata N. Exploring the use of fish as indicators of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic supply in lake ecosystems. Oecologia 2023; 202:743-755. [PMID: 37568056 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
An adequate supply of food sources with high levels (i.e., weight proportion of total fatty acids) and contents (i.e., absolute amount per mass) of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important for ecosystems. Therefore, the supply of EPA and DHA from basal food sources is a useful indicator of ecosystem health. To determine whether EPA and DHA levels and contents in fish can be used as indicators of EPA and DHA supply in lakes, five dominant species of fish and basal food sources (seston and sediment) were collected monthly from June to November from 2016 to 2021 from Lake Hachiro, Japan. Seston and Hypomesus nipponensis were collected from 12 lakes (one collection per lake) with varying seston contents in EPA and DHA. The trends of EPA and DHA in all fish species were similar to those of the basal food sources. Correlation analysis showed that the EPA levels were strongly correlated between fish and seston; moreover, the correlation coefficient increased when a 1- or 2-month moving average was applied to the basal food sources, suggesting that fish represent a time-integrated supply of EPA and DHA. EPA levels of H. nipponensis had the highest correlation coefficients with seston among all fish species. EPA levels of H. nipponensis were significantly correlated with those of seston among lakes. The results of this study suggest that H. nipponensis is a useful indicator of EPA and DHA supplies in lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Fujibayashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 774, Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Nitta
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Sota Aomori
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamaki
- School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06, Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Okano
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugiyama
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyata
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaido-Bata Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
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Garcia-Perez P, Cassani L, Garcia-Oliveira P, Xiao J, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA, Lucini L. Algal nutraceuticals: A perspective on metabolic diversity, current food applications, and prospects in the field of metabolomics. Food Chem 2023; 409:135295. [PMID: 36603477 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current consumers' demand for food naturalness is urging the search for new functional foods of natural origin with enhanced health-promoting properties. In this sense, algae constitute an underexplored biological source of nutraceuticals that can be used to fortify food products. Both marine macroalgae (or seaweeds) and microalgae exhibit a myriad of chemical constituents with associated features as a result of their primary and secondary metabolism. Thus, primary metabolites, especially polysaccharides and phycobiliproteins, present interesting properties to improve the rheological and nutritional properties of food matrices, whereas secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols and xanthophylls, may provide interesting bioactivities, including antioxidant or cytotoxic effects. Due to the interest in algae as a source of nutraceuticals by the food and related industries, novel strategies should be undertaken to add value to their derived functional components. As a result, metabolomics is considered a high throughput technology to get insight into the full metabolic profile of biological samples, and it opens a wide perspective in the study of algae metabolism, whose knowledge is still little explored. This review focuses on algae metabolism and its applications in the food industry, paying attention to the promising metabolomic approaches to be developed aiming at the functional characterization of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Lucia Cassani
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO-IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO-IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO-IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Harwood JL. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Conversion to Lipid Mediators, Roles in Inflammatory Diseases and Dietary Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108838. [PMID: 37240183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the diet of mammals. Their role was first established when the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were discovered nearly a century ago. However, most of the biochemical and physiological actions of PUFAs rely on their conversion to 20C or 22C acids and subsequent metabolism to lipid mediators. As a generalisation, lipid mediators formed from n-6 PUFAs are pro-inflammatory while those from n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory or neutral. Apart from the actions of the classic eicosanoids or docosanoids, many newly discovered compounds are described as Specialised Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) which have been proposed to have a role in resolving inflammatory conditions such as infections and preventing them from becoming chronic. In addition, a large group of molecules, termed isoprostanes, can be generated by free radical reactions and these too have powerful properties towards inflammation. The ultimate source of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are photosynthetic organisms which contain Δ-12 and Δ-15 desaturases, which are almost exclusively absent from animals. Moreover, the EFAs consumed from plant food are in competition with each other for conversion to lipid mediators. Thus, the relative amounts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diet are important. Furthermore, the conversion of the EFAs to 20C and 22C PUFAs in mammals is rather poor. Thus, there has been much interest recently in the use of algae, many of which make substantial quantities of long-chain PUFAs or in manipulating oil crops to make such acids. This is especially important because fish oils, which are their main source in human diets, are becoming limited. In this review, the metabolic conversion of PUFAs into different lipid mediators is described. Then, the biological roles and molecular mechanisms of such mediators in inflammatory diseases are outlined. Finally, natural sources of PUFAs (including 20 or 22 carbon compounds) are detailed, as well as recent efforts to increase their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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Novichkova E, Nayak S, Boussiba S, Gopas J, Zilberg D, Khozin-Goldberg I. Dietary Application of the Microalga Lobosphaera incisa P127 Reduces Severity of Intestinal Inflammation, Modulates Gut-Associated Gene Expression, and Microbiome in the Zebrafish Model of IBD. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200253. [PMID: 36683256 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Microalgae are an emerging nutritional resource of biomolecules with potential to alleviate gut inflammation. The study explores the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the microalga Lobosphaera incisa P127, which accumulates a rare omega-6 LC-PUFA dihomo-ɣ-linolenic acid (DGLA) under nitrogen starvation. The therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with P127 is investigated in the zebrafish model of IBD (TNBS-induced colitis). METHODS AND RESULTS Guts are sampled from zebrafish fed experimental diets for 4 weeks, before and 24 h after TNBS challenge. Diets containing 15% non-starved (Ns) and 7.5% and 15% N-starved (St) algal biomass significantly attenuate the severity of gut injury and goblet cell depletion. In contrast, diets containing 7.5% Ns and DGLA ethyl ester have no effect on gut condition. Fish fed 15% St, high-DGLA biomass, have the fewest individuals with pathological alterations in the gut. Dietary inclusion of Ns and St distinctly modulates gut-associated expression of the immune and inflammatory genes. Fish fed 15% Ns biomass display a coordinated boost in immune gene expression and show major changes in the gut microbiome prior challenge. CONCLUSION Dietary inclusion of L. incisa biomass at two physiological states, ameliorates TNBS-induced gut inflammation, suggesting the synergistic beneficial effects of biomass components not limited to DGLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Novichkova
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Sagar Nayak
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
- The Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8400501, Israel
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
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Couvillion SP, Danczak RE, Naylor D, Smith ML, Stratton KG, Paurus VL, Bloodsworth KJ, Farris Y, Schmidt DJ, Richardson RE, Bramer LM, Fansler SJ, Nakayasu ES, McDermott JE, Metz TO, Lipton MS, Jansson JK, Hofmockel KS. Rapid remodeling of the soil lipidome in response to a drying-rewetting event. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:34. [PMID: 36849975 PMCID: PMC9969633 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiomes contribute to multiple ecosystem services by transforming organic matter in the soil. Extreme shifts in the environment, such as drying-rewetting cycles during drought, can impact the microbial metabolism of organic matter by altering microbial physiology and function. These physiological responses are mediated in part by lipids that are responsible for regulating interactions between cells and the environment. Despite this critical role in regulating the microbial response to stress, little is known about microbial lipids and metabolites in the soil or how they influence phenotypes that are expressed under drying-rewetting cycles. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a soil incubation experiment to simulate soil drying during a summer drought of an arid grassland, then measured the response of the soil lipidome and metabolome during the first 3 h after wet-up. RESULTS Reduced nutrient access during soil drying incurred a replacement of membrane phospholipids, resulting in a diminished abundance of multiple phosphorus-rich membrane lipids. The hot and dry conditions increased the prevalence of sphingolipids and lipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, both of which are associated with heat and osmotic stress-mitigating properties in fungi. This novel finding suggests that lipids commonly present in eukaryotes such as fungi may play a significant role in supporting community resilience displayed by arid land soil microbiomes during drought. As early as 10 min after rewetting dry soil, distinct changes were observed in several lipids that had bacterial signatures including a rapid increase in the abundance of glycerophospholipids with saturated and short fatty acid chains, prototypical of bacterial membrane lipids. Polar metabolites including disaccharides, nucleic acids, organic acids, inositols, and amino acids also increased in abundance upon rewetting. This rapid metabolic reactivation and growth after rewetting coincided with an increase in the relative abundance of firmicutes, suggesting that members of this phylum were positively impacted by rewetting. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed specific changes in lipids and metabolites that are indicative of stress adaptation, substrate use, and cellular recovery during soil drying and subsequent rewetting. The drought-induced nutrient limitation was reflected in the lipidome and polar metabolome, both of which rapidly shifted (within hours) upon rewet. Reduced nutrient access in dry soil caused the replacement of glycerophospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids and impeded resource-expensive osmolyte accumulation. Elevated levels of ceramides and lipids with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in dry soil suggest that lipids likely play an important role in the drought tolerance of microbial taxa capable of synthesizing these lipids. An increasing abundance of bacterial glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols with fatty acids typical of bacteria and polar metabolites suggest a metabolic recovery in representative bacteria once the environmental conditions are conducive for growth. These results underscore the importance of the soil lipidome as a robust indicator of microbial community responses, especially at the short time scales of cell-environment reactions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha P Couvillion
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Robert E Danczak
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dan Naylor
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Montana L Smith
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kelly G Stratton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa L Paurus
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yuliya Farris
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Darren J Schmidt
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rachel E Richardson
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J Fansler
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jason E McDermott
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mary S Lipton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Jaworowska A, Murtaza A. Seaweed Derived Lipids Are a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:730. [PMID: 36613050 PMCID: PMC9819613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade inflammation is linked to the development of non-communicable diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and others which together contribute to more than 50% of deaths globally. Modulation of inflammatory responses may be a promising strategy, and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) may offer a new therapeutic option in inflammatory conditions. Seaweeds are characterised by high nutritional quality and are a good source of many bioactive compounds, including n-3 LC-PUFA. This review addresses the potential anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed derived lipids, and their immunomodulating mechanisms in order to identify the possible applications of seaweed as an anti-inflammatory functional food ingredient or dietary supplement. A few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of seaweed lipids using crude lipid extracts, lipid fractions and isolated complex lipids from several seaweeds belonging to the Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta phyla, with only three Ulva rigida, Ulva sp. and Codium tomentosum within the Chlorophyta phylum. It was reported that seaweed derived lipids suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and reduce nuclear factor κB p100 and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein levels leading to the downregulation of the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Further investigations are required to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying their preventive action against chronic inflammation and their potential use as a new functional food ingredient and/or health supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliza Murtaza
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TG, UK
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21
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Elbandy M. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Marine Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential as Functional Food Ingredients in the Prevention and Treatment of Neuroinflammatory Disorders. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010002. [PMID: 36615197 PMCID: PMC9822486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods include enhanced, enriched, fortified, or whole foods that impart health benefits beyond their nutritional value, particularly when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels. Marine sources can serve as the sources of various healthy foods and numerous functional food ingredients with biological effects can be derived from these sources. Microalgae, macroalgae, crustaceans, fungi, bacteria fish, and fish by-products are the most common marine sources that can provide many potential functional food ingredients including phenolic compounds, proteins and peptides, and polysaccharides. Neuroinflammation is closely linked with the initiation and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Activation of astrocytes and microglia is a defense mechanism of the brain to counter damaged tissues and detrimental pathogens, wherein their chronic activation triggers neuroinflammation that can further exacerbate or induce neurodegeneration. Currently, available therapeutic agents only provide symptomatic relief from these disorders and no therapies are available to stop or slow down the advancement of neurodegeneration. Thereffore, natural compounds that can exert a protective effect against these disorders have therapeutic potential. Numerous chemical compounds, including bioactive peptides, fatty acids, pigments, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, have already been isolated from marine sources that show anti-inflammatory properties, which can be effective in the treatment and prevention of neuroinflammatory disorders. The anti-inflammatory potential of marine-derived compounds as functional food ingredients in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders is covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbandy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Microencapsulated Healthy Oil Mixtures to Enhance the Quality of Foal Pâtés. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213342. [PMID: 36359954 PMCID: PMC9655113 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of microencapsulated oil mixtures as partial animal fat replacers and their effects on the physicochemical, nutritional and sensory qualities of foal pâtés. Three different batches were manufactured: a control (CON) formulation, with foal dorsal subcutaneous fat (30 g/100 g), and treatments 1 and 2 (T1 and T2), with 50% of the animal fat replaced by microcapsules containing algal oil mixed with walnut oil (T1) or pistachio oil (T2). The reformulated samples presented significant (p < 0.001) diminutions of fat contents, which achieved reductions of 34.22% (“reduced fat content”) and 28.17% in the T1 and T2 samples, respectively, and the lipid reformulation did not affect (p > 0.05) the texture or lipid oxidation of the samples. Furthermore, both microencapsulated oil mixtures significantly (p < 0.001) reduced (11−15%) saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations and increased (p < 0.001) mono- (T2) and polyunsaturated (T1) fatty acid contents (8% and 68%, respectively), contributing to the obtainment of nutritional indices in line with health recommendations. Additionally, consumer acceptability did not display significant (p > 0.05) differences among samples. Hence, the outcomes indicated that the incorporation of these microencapsulated oil mixtures as partial animal fat replacers, especially the T1 mixture, represents a promising strategy to obtain healthier foal pâtés, without compromising consumer approval.
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Barsanti L, Birindelli L, Gualtieri P. Paramylon and Other Bioactive Molecules in Micro and Macroalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158301. [PMID: 35955428 PMCID: PMC9368671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many algae synthesize compounds that have exceptional properties of nutraceutical, pharmacological, and biomedical interest. Pigments, fatty acids, phenols, and polysaccharides are among the main compounds investigated so far. Polysaccharides are the most exploited compounds, widely used in pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries, which are at present entering into more advanced applications by gaining importance, from a therapeutic point of view, as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory agents. Establishing algae as an alternative supplement would complement the sustainable and environmental requirements in the framework of human health and well-being. This review focuses on the proprieties and uses of the main micro- and macroalgae metabolites, describing their potential for application in the different industrial sectors, from food/feed to chemical and pharmacological. Further, current technologies involved in bioactive molecule extraction strategies are documented.
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Health Benefits, Food Applications, and Sustainability of MI-Croalgae-Derived N-3 Pufa. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131883. [PMID: 35804698 PMCID: PMC9265382 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s consumers are increasingly aware of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in preventing, delaying, and intervening various diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and many other ailments. The role of n-3 PUFA on aging and cognitive function is also one of the hot topics in basic research, product development, and clinical applications. For decades, n-3 PUFA, especially EPA and DHA, have been supplied by fish oil and seafood. With the continuous increase of global population, awareness about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, and socioeconomic improvement worldwide, the supply chain is facing increasing challenges of insufficient production. In this regard, microalgae have been well considered as promising sources of n-3 PUFA oil to mitigate the supply shortages. The use of microalgae to produce n-3 PUFA-rich oils has been explored for over two decades and some species have already been used commercially to produce n-3 PUFA, in particular EPA- and/or DHA-rich oils. In addition to n-3 PUFA, microalgae biomass contains many other high value biomolecules, which can be used in food, dietary supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and feedstock. The present review covers the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA, with particular attention given to the various approaches attempted in the nutritional interventions using EPA and DHA alone or combined with other nutrients and bioactive compounds towards improved health conditions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. It also covers the applications of microalgae n-3 PUFA in food and dietary supplement sectors and the economic and environmental sustainability of using microalgae as a platform for n-3 PUFA-rich oil production.
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Ziyaei K, Ataie Z, Mokhtari M, Adrah K, Daneshmehr MA. An insight to the therapeutic potential of algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Focusing on the COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:244-257. [PMID: 35306019 PMCID: PMC8924028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic severely affected human health worldwide. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and successive mutations of the virus have made it a major challenge for scientists to find the best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus pathogenesis. As a result of research in scientific databases, regulating the immune system and its responses with nutrients and nutritional interventions is the most critical solution to prevent and combat this infection. Also, modulating other organs such as the intestine with these compounds can lead to the vaccines' effectiveness. Marine resources, mainly algae, are rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds with known immunomodulatory properties and the gut microbiome regulations. According to the purpose of the review, algae-derived bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory activities, sulfated polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a good effect on the immune system. In addition, they have probiotic/prebiotic properties in the intestine and modulate the gut microbiomes; therefore, they can increase the effectiveness of vaccines produced. Thus, they with respectable safety, immune regulation, and modulation of microbiota have potential therapeutic against infections, especially COVID-19. They can also be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of viral infections, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Ataie
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Laboratory of System Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Kelvin Adrah
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahirwar A, Kesharwani K, Deka R, Muthukumar S, Khan MJ, Rai A, Vinayak V, Varjani S, Joshi KB, Morjaria S. Microalgal drugs: A promising therapeutic reserve for the future. J Biotechnol 2022; 349:32-46. [PMID: 35339574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the decades, a variety of chemically synthesized drugs are being used to cure existing diseases but often these drugs could not be effectively employed for the treatment of serious and newly emerging diseases. Fortunately, in nature there occurs immense treasure of plants and microorganisms which are living jewels with respect to their richness of medically important metabolites of high value. Hence, amongst the existing microorganism(s), the marine world offers a plethora of biological entities that can contribute to alleviate numerous human ailments. Algae are one such photosynthetic microorganism found in both marine as well as fresh water which are rich source of metabolites known for their nutrient content and health benefits. Various algal species like Haematococcus, Diatoms, Griffithsia, Chlorella, Spirulina, Ulva, etc. have been identified and isolated to produce biologically active and pharmaceutically important high value compounds like astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, sulphur polysaccharides mainly galactose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose etc., which show antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-cancer, and antiviral activities. However, the production of either of these bio compounds is favored under conditions of stress. This review gives detailed information on various nutraceutical metabolites extracted from algae. Additionally focus has been made on the role of these bio compounds extracted from algae especially sulphur polysaccharides to treat several diseases with prospective treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Lastly it covers the knowledge gaps and future perspectives in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Ahirwar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Khushboo Kesharwani
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Shreya Muthukumar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Anshuman Rai
- MMU, Deemed University, School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ambala, Haryana, 133203, India
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India.
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India.
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Shruti Morjaria
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
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Park SH, Kyndt JA, Brown JK. Comparison of Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella spp. Chloroplast Genomes: Evidence for Endosymbiosis and Horizontal Virus-like Gene Transfer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030458. [PMID: 35330209 PMCID: PMC8955559 DOI: 10.3390/life12030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resequencing of the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 25 was completed (GenBank Accession no. KC631634.1), revealing a genome size of 84,576 base pairs and 30.8% GC content, consistent with features reported for the previously sequenced A. protothecoides 0710, (GenBank Accession no. KC843975). The A. protothecoides UTEX 25 cpDNA encoded 78 predicted open reading frames, 32 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs, making it smaller and more compact than the cpDNA genome of C. variabilis (124,579 bp) and C. vulgaris (150,613 bp). By comparison, the compact genome size of A. protothecoides was attributable primarily to a lower intergenic sequence content. The cpDNA coding regions of all known Chlorella species were found to be organized in conserved colinear blocks, with some rearrangements. The Auxenochlorella and Chlorella species genome structure and composition were similar, and of particular interest were genes influencing photosynthetic efficiency, i.e., chlorophyll synthesis and photosystem subunit I and II genes, consistent with other biofuel species of interest. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Prototheca cutis is the closest known A. protothecoides relative, followed by members of the genus Chlorella. The cpDNA of A. protothecoides encodes 37 genes that are highly homologous to representative cyanobacteria species, including rrn16, rrn23, and psbA, corroborating a well-recognized symbiosis. Several putative coding regions were identified that shared high nucleotide sequence identity with virus-like sequences, suggestive of horizontal gene transfer. Despite these predictions, no corresponding transcripts were obtained by RT-PCR amplification, indicating they are unlikely to be expressed in the extant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuck Park
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.-H.P.); (J.K.B.)
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA
| | - John A. Kyndt
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.-H.P.); (J.K.B.)
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Tan K, Zhang H, Zheng H. Climate change and n-3 LC-PUFA availability. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101161. [PMID: 35301036 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are essential fatty acids for the growth, development and survival of virtually all organisms. There is increasing evidence that anthropogenic climate change has a direct and indirect impact on the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. However, this information is fragmented and not well organized. Therefore, this article reviewed published data from laboratory experiments, field experiments and model simulations to reveal the impact of climate change on the global supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA and how this will limit the availability of n-3 LC-PUFA in the future food web. In general, climate change can significantly reduce the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food webs in the following ways: 1) decrease the total biomass of phytoplankton and shift the plankton community structure to a smaller size, which also reduce the biomass of animals in higher trophics; 2) reduce the n-3 LC-PUFA content and/or quality (n-3: n-6 ratio) of all marine organisms; 3) reduce the transfer efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food web. In addition, as an anthropogenic climate adaptation measure, this review also proposed some alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA and determined the direction of future research. The information in this article is very useful for providing a critical analysis of the impact of climate change on the supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. Such information will aid to establish climate adaptation or management measures, and determine the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsoon Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Hongkuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Uma VS, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Diwan D, Sharma M, Guo M, Tuohy MG, Makatsoris C, Zhao X, Thakur VK, Gupta VK. Valorisation of algal biomass to value-added metabolites: emerging trends and opportunities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-26. [PMID: 35250414 PMCID: PMC8889523 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algal biomass is a promising feedstock for sustainable production of a range of value-added compounds and products including food, feed, fuel. To further augment the commercial value of algal metabolites, efficient valorization methods and biorefining channels are essential. Algal extracts are ideal sources of biotechnologically viable compounds loaded with anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous and several therapeutic and restorative properties. Emerging technologies in biomass valorisation tend to reduce the significant cost burden in large scale operations precisely associated with the pre-treatment, downstream processing and waste management processes. In order to enhance the economic feasibility of algal products in the global market, comprehensive extraction of multi-algal product biorefinery is envisaged as an assuring strategy. Algal biorefinery has inspired the technologists with novel prospectives especially in waste recovery, carbon concentration/sequestration and complete utilisation of the value-added products in a sustainable closed-loop methodology. This review critically examines the latest trends in the algal biomass valorisation and the expansive feedstock potentials in a biorefinery perspective. The recent scope dynamics of algal biomass utilisation such as bio-surfactants, oleochemicals, bio-stimulants and carbon mitigation have also been discussed. The existing challenges in algal biomass valorisation, current knowledge gaps and bottlenecks towards commercialisation of algal technologies are discussed. This review is a comprehensive presentation of the road map of algal biomass valorisation techniques towards biorefinery technology. The global market view of the algal products, future research directions and emerging opportunities are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Uma
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Group, Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Govt of India, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya, 793101 India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya, 793101 India
| | - Deepti Diwan
- School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Sri Avadh Raj Singh Smarak Degree College, Gonda, UP India
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College, Strand Campus, The Strand London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Maria G. Tuohy
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute and MaREI, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Charalampos Makatsoris
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College, Strand Campus, The Strand London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Future Business Cambridge, Cambond Limited, Centre Kings Hedges Road, Cambridge, CB4 2HY UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), 248007 Dehradun, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
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30
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Lipids of Marine Algae—Biomolecules with High Nutritional Value and Important Bioactive Properties. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010134. [PMID: 35053282 PMCID: PMC8774186 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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31
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HERNÁNDEZ-CRUZ K, JIMÉNEZ-MARTÍNEZ C, PERUCINI-AVENDAÑO M, MATEO CID LE, PEREA-FLORES MDJ, GUTIÉRREZ-LÓPEZ GF, DÁVILA-ORTIZ G. Chemical and microstructural characterization of three seaweed species from two locations of Veracruz, Mexico. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.41421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Kselíková V, Singh A, Bialevich V, Čížková M, Bišová K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology - From genetics to synthetic biology - Moving forward but not there yet. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 58:107885. [PMID: 34906670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be exploited for the production of different compounds, ranging from crude biomass and biofuels to high value-added biochemicals and synthetic proteins. Traditionally, algal biotechnology relies on bioprospecting to identify new highly productive strains and more recently, on forward genetics to further enhance productivity. However, it has become clear that further improvements in algal productivity for biotechnology is impossible without combining traditional tools with the arising molecular genetics toolkit. We review recent advantages in developing high throughput screening methods, preparing genome-wide mutant libraries, and establishing genome editing techniques. We discuss how algae can be improved in terms of photosynthetic efficiency, biofuel and high value-added compound production. Finally, we critically evaluate developments over recent years and explore future potential in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anjali Singh
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Bialevich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čížková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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Cycil LM, Hausrath EM, Ming DW, Adcock CT, Raymond J, Remias D, Ruemmele WP. Investigating the Growth of Algae Under Low Atmospheric Pressures for Potential Food and Oxygen Production on Mars. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733244. [PMID: 34867849 PMCID: PMC8633435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With long-term missions to Mars and beyond that would not allow resupply, a self-sustaining Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) is essential. Algae are promising candidates for BLSS due to their completely edible biomass, fast growth rates and ease of handling. Extremophilic algae such as snow algae and halophilic algae may also be especially suited for a BLSS because of their ability to grow under extreme conditions. However, as indicated from over 50 prior space studies examining algal growth, little is known about the growth of algae at close to Mars-relevant pressures. Here, we explored the potential for five algae species to produce oxygen and food under low-pressure conditions relevant to Mars. These included Chloromonas brevispina, Kremastochrysopsis austriaca, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina plantensis. The cultures were grown in duplicate in a low-pressure growth chamber at 670 ± 20 mbar, 330 ± 20 mbar, 160 ± 20 mbar, and 80 ± 2.5 mbar pressures under continuous light exposure (62-70 μmol m-2 s-1). The atmosphere was evacuated and purged with CO2 after sampling each week. Growth experiments showed that D. salina, C. brevispina, and C. vulgaris were the best candidates to be used for BLSS at low pressure. The highest carrying capacities for each species under low pressure conditions were achieved by D. salina at 160 mbar (30.0 ± 4.6 × 105 cells/ml), followed by C. brevispina at 330 mbar (19.8 ± 0.9 × 105 cells/ml) and C. vulgaris at 160 mbar (13.0 ± 1.5 × 105 cells/ml). C. brevispina, D. salina, and C. vulgaris all also displayed substantial growth at the lowest tested pressure of 80 mbar reaching concentrations of 43.4 ± 2.5 × 104, 15.8 ± 1.3 × 104, and 57.1 ± 4.5 × 104 cells per ml, respectively. These results indicate that these species are promising candidates for the development of a Mars-based BLSS using low pressure (∼200-300 mbar) greenhouses and inflatable structures that have already been conceptualized and designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena M Cycil
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Elisabeth M Hausrath
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | | | - Christopher T Adcock
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - James Raymond
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Daniel Remias
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
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Chen J, Liu Y, Huang Y, Tong A, Liu B, Zeng F. Schizochytrium
oil and its Mixture with Fish Oil and
Sacha inchi
Oil Ameliorate Gut Microbiota Composition and Lipid Metabolism via the FAS/HMGCR/SREBP Signaling Pathway. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Aijun Tong
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
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36
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Microalgal lipids: biochemistry and biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:1-7. [PMID: 34749062 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are a genetically diverse and biochemically diverse group of mostly photosynthetic organisms that can be found in nearly every ecosystem. They produce a broad range of compounds, including structural and bioactive lipids with various roles in the metabolism of the cell and potential applications in biotechnology. The majority of lipids are synthesized in the chloroplast using acetate to produce fatty acids and terpenoids via the acetate pathway and methylerythritol phosphate deoxy-xylulose phosphate pathway, respectively. This review will highlight the major groups of microalgal lipids as well as their applications in food, fuels, and specialty chemicals. Future directions include the development of microalgal chassis organisms and molecular tools to manipulate lipid synthesis for the enhanced production of target metabolites.
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Fernandes T, Cordeiro N. Microalgae as Sustainable Biofactories to Produce High-Value Lipids: Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Biotechnological Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100573. [PMID: 34677472 PMCID: PMC8540142 DOI: 10.3390/md19100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are often called “sustainable biofactories” due to their dual potential to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide and produce a great diversity of high-value compounds. Nevertheless, the successful exploitation of microalgae as biofactories for industrial scale is dependent on choosing the right microalga and optimum growth conditions. Due to the rich biodiversity of microalgae, a screening pipeline should be developed to perform microalgal strain selection exploring their growth, robustness, and metabolite production. Current prospects in microalgal biotechnology are turning their focus to high-value lipids for pharmaceutic, nutraceutic, and cosmetic products. Within microalgal lipid fraction, polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids are broadly recognized for their vital functions in human organisms. Microalgal-derived phytosterols are still an underexploited lipid resource despite presenting promising biological activities, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuromodulatory, immunomodulatory, and apoptosis inductive effects. To modulate microalgal biochemical composition, according to the intended field of application, it is important to know the contribution of each cultivation factor, or their combined effects, for the wanted product accumulation. Microalgae have a vital role to play in future low-carbon economy. Since microalgal biodiesel is still costly, it is desirable to explore the potential of oleaginous species for its high-value lipids which present great global market prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomásia Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Biomaterials, and Biotechnology (LB3), Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Biomaterials, and Biotechnology (LB3), Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Pereira T, Horta A, Barroso S, Mendes S, Gil MM. Study of the Seasonal Variations of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Macroalgae. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195807. [PMID: 34641350 PMCID: PMC8510082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high consumption of fat-rich processed foods, efforts are being done to reduce their saturated fat (SFA) contents and replace it with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), creating a necessity to find alternative PUFA sources. Macroalgae, being a promising natural source of healthy food, may be such an alternative. The fatty acid (FA) profile of Fucus spiralis, Bifurcaria bifurcata, Ulva lactuca, and Saccorhiza polyschides were determined through direct transesterification and their seasonal variation was studied. F. spiralis showed the highest FA content overall, B. bifurcata presented the higher PUFA amounts, and U. lactuca and S. polyschides the higher SFA. The production of FA was shown to be influenced by the seasons. Spring and summer seemed to induce the FA production in F. spiralis and B. bifurcata while in U. lactuca the same was verified in winter. U. lactuca presented a ω6/ω3 ratio between 0.59 and 1.38 while B. bifurcata presented a ratio around 1.31. The study on the seasonal variations of the macroalgal FA profile can be helpful to understand the best season to yield FA of interest, such as ALA, EPA, and DHA. It may also provide valuable information on the best culturing conditions for the production of desired FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pereira
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (T.P.); (A.H.); (S.B.)
| | - André Horta
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (T.P.); (A.H.); (S.B.)
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Barroso
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (T.P.); (A.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Susana Mendes
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal;
| | - Maria M. Gil
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-262-240-200
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Bioprospecting of thraustochytrids for omega-3 fatty acids: A sustainable approach to reduce dependency on animal sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu R, Chang M, Wang X. Advances in EPA-GPLs: Structural features, mechanisms of nutritional functions and sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Nicolò MS, Gugliandolo C, Rizzo MG, Zammuto V, Cicero N, Dugo G, Guglielmino SPP. Nutritional conditions of the novel freshwater Coccomyxa AP01 for versatile fatty acids composition. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:401-412. [PMID: 34260800 PMCID: PMC9292221 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was to analyse the biomass production and fatty acids (FAs) profiles in a newly isolated chlorophyte, namely Coccomyxa AP01, under nutritionally balanced (NB) conditions (comparing nitrate and urea as nitrogen sources) and nitrogen or phosphate deprivation. METHODS AND RESULTS Lipid yields was about 30%-40% of dried biomasses in all examined nutritional conditions. Under NB conditions, lipids were principally constituted by monounsaturated FAs, mainly represented by oleic acid, and saturated and polyunsaturated FAs at similar concentrations. Nutrients deprivation induced remarkable changes in FAs profiles, with the highest amounts of saturated (42%-46%), followed by similar amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, and the emergence of rare long-chain FAs. Under phosphate deprivation, biomass yield was similar to NB conditions, with the highest yield of saturated (mainly palmitic acid) and of polyunsaturated FAs (33%) (mainly linoleic and linolenic acids). CONCLUSIONS Balanced or deprived nutritional conditions in Coccomyxa AP01 induced a selective production and composition of FAs. The phosphate-deprivation condition concomitantly provided high biomass yield and the production of high value saturated and polyunsaturated FAs with industrial interest. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Coccomyxa AP01 could be considered a promising source of different FAs, including also docosapentaenoic acid, for several commercial purposes spanning from biodiesel production, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications to innovative aquaculture fish feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sebastiano Nicolò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zammuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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The Negative Relationship between Fouling Organisms and the Content of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Cultivated Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070369. [PMID: 34202307 PMCID: PMC8305761 DOI: 10.3390/md19070369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves serve as an important aquaculture product, as they are the source of essential fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in our diet. However, their cultivation in the wild can be affected by fouling organisms that, in turn, affect their EPA and DHA content. The effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents of cultivated bivalves have not been well documented. We examined the effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents and condition index of cultured oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in an aquaculture system. We sampled two-year-old oysters from five sites in Shizugawa Bay, Japan, in August 2014. Most of the fouling organisms were sponges, macroalgae, and Mytilus galloprovincialis. A significant negative relationship existed between the DHA content in C. gigas and the presence of sponges and macroalgae. A lower C. gigas EPA content corresponded to a higher M. galloprovincialis fouling mass and a lower C. gigas condition index. This can be explained by dietary competition between C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis for diatoms, which were the main producer of EPA in our study sites. Our findings indicate that fouling organisms likely reduce the EPA and DHA content in cultivated oysters. Therefore, our results suggest that the current efforts to remove fouling organisms from oyster clusters is an effective strategy to enhance the content of EPA and DHA in oysters.
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Xia Z, Li M, Tian Y, Li Y, Li B, Zhang G, Lv J, Fu Q, Zhou H, Dong J. Lipidomics of Serum and Hippocampus Reveal the Protective Effects of Fermented Soybean Lipid on Rats of Microwave-Induced Cognitive Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2122-2132. [PMID: 34085811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented soybean lipids (FSE-C) is an extract enriched in active lipid classes. To explore whether FSE-C can alleviate cognitive damage triggered by the exposure to microwave radiation through regulating lipid metabolism, we employed lipidomic profiling based on a UPLC-MS to investigate differential lipid metabolites in the serum and hippocampus of rats. The results showed that orally administered FSE-C could protect from cognitive damage in microwave-induced rats. Serum lipidomics indicated that FSE-C effectively facilitated the recovery of 43 differential lipid metabolites including 6 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 5 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 1 phosphatidylinositol, 3 lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), 6 lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), and 22 triglycerides (TGs), which was consistent with the analysis of serum TG levels. Moreover, FSE-C positively coordinated hexacosanoic acid, 2 PCs, 4 sphingomyelins (SMs), and 11 TGs, through the hippocampal lipidomics. Collectively, these findings suggested that phospholipid and TG metabolisms were significantly modified in microwave-exposed rats. TGs may be regarded as potential biomarkers to further investigate and evaluate the roles and functions of FSE-C on the attenuation of cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qianyu Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Junxing Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
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Viña-Trillos N, Urzúa Á. Comparison of lipids and fatty acids among tissues of two semiterrestrial crabs reveals ecophysiological adaptations in changing coastal environments. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 259:111012. [PMID: 34102296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decapods have successfully colonized changing coastal habitats throughout the world by adapting their behavior, physiology, and biochemistry. Biochemical reserves, such as lipids and fatty acids (FAs), play fundamental roles in this adaptation process. These energy reserves are key for the development of decapods and their composition mainly depends on the type and quality of food available in their habitats. This study evaluated the lipid content and FA composition of three tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle) in two widely distributed, semi-terrestrial coastal crab species in Chile, Cyclograpsus cinereus from the upper intertidal and Hemigrapsus crenulatus from estuaries. This evaluation aimed to assess the physiological role of the bioenergetic reserves of these crabs, which tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions. Our results showed that both species had a higher lipid content in the hepatopancreas and a lower lipid content in its gills and muscle. All three of the evaluated tissues in C. cinereus showed high contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and its hepatopancreas displayed the highest contents of monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In turn, H. crenulatus had the highest contents of MUFAs and PUFAs in its gills and muscle tissues, including an important amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The FA content of C. cinereus may indicate an adaptive physiological response aimed at maintaining its cellular fluid balance during periods of desiccation in the upper intertidal zone. In contrast, the FAs found in H. crenulatus may be linked to the high activity of the sodium‑potassium pump in its gills, in order to maintain osmoregulation in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Viña-Trillos
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297. Concepción, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biodiversidad y Biorecursos, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297. Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Nishimoto Y, Nomaguchi T, Mori Y, Ito M, Nakamura Y, Fujishima M, Murakami S, Yamada T, Fukuda S. The Nutritional Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation Depends on the Individual Gut Environment: A Randomised Control Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:648073. [PMID: 34136514 PMCID: PMC8200412 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.648073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have accumulated evidence that the intestinal environment is strongly correlated with host diet, which influences host health. A number of dietary products whose mechanisms of influence operate via the gut microbiota have been revealed, but they are still limited. Here, we investigated the dietary influence of Chlorella, a green alga commercially available as a dietary supplement. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial including 40 Japanese participants with constipation was performed. In this study, the primary outcome and secondary outcome were set as defecation frequency and blood folate level, respectively. In both outcomes, no significant differences were detected compared to the control intake. Therefore, we analysed the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, and blood parameters in an integrated manner as an exploratory analysis. We revealed that the consumption of Chlorella increased the level of several dicarboxylic acids in faeces. Furthermore, the analysis showed that individuals with low concentrations of faecal propionate showed an increase in propionate concentration upon Chlorella intake. In addition, increasing blood folate levels were negatively correlated with defecation frequency at baseline. Our study suggested that the effect of Chlorella consumption varies among individuals depending on their intestinal environment, which illustrates the importance of stratified dietary management based on the intestinal environment in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuka Mori
- Metabologenomics, Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shinnosuke Murakami
- Metabologenomics, Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamada
- Metabologenomics, Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Metabologenomics, Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Mariamenatu AH, Abdu EM. Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their "Balanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions" in the Human Body. J Lipids 2021; 2021:8848161. [PMID: 33815845 PMCID: PMC7990530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8848161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contain ≥2 double-bond desaturations within the acyl chain. Omega-3 (n-3) and Omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs are the two known important families in human health and nutrition. In both Omega families, many forms of PUFAs exist: α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from the n-3 family and linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) from the n-6 family are the important PUFAs for human health. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs are competitively metabolized by the same set of desaturation, elongation, and oxygenase enzymes. The lipid mediators produced from their oxidative metabolism perform opposing (antagonistic) functions in the human body. Except for DGLA, n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators enhance inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction, while those of n-3 inhibit inflammation and platelet aggregation and enhance vasodilation. Overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs with low intake of n-3 PUFAs is highly associated with the pathogenesis of many modern diet-related chronic diseases. The volume of n-6 PUFAs is largely exceeding the volume of n-3PUFAs. The current n-6/n-3 ratio is 20-50/1. Due to higher ratios of n-6/n-3 in modern diets, larger quantities of LA- and AA-derived lipid mediators are produced, becoming the main causes of the formation of thrombus and atheroma, the allergic and inflammatory disorders, and the proliferation of cells, as well as the hyperactive endocannabinoid system. Therefore, in order to reduce all of these risks which are due to overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs, individuals are required to take both PUFAs in the highly recommended n-6/n-3 ratio which is 4-5/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Haile Mariamenatu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Emebet Mohammed Abdu
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid mediators. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:401-421. [PMID: 32618335 PMCID: PMC7517362 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and molecular biology of oxylipins (defined as a family of oxygenated natural products that are formed from unsaturated fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation) are complex and occasionally contradictory subjects that continue to develop at an extraordinarily rapid rate. The term includes docosanoids (e.g. protectins, resolvins and maresins, or specialized pro-resolving mediators), eicosanoids and octadecanoids and plant oxylipins, which are derived from either the omega-6 (n-6) or the omega-3 (n-3) families of polyunsaturated fatty acids. For example, the term eicosanoid is used to embrace those biologically active lipid mediators that are derived from C20 fatty acids, and include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and related oxygenated derivatives. The key enzymes for the production of prostanoids are prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclo-oxygenases), while lipoxygenases and oxidases of the cytochrome P450 family produce numerous other metabolites. In plants, the lipoxygenase pathway from C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids yields a variety of important products, especially the jasmonates, which have some comparable structural features and functions. Related oxylipins are produced by non-enzymic means (isoprostanes), while fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are now being considered together with the oxylipins from a functional perspective. In all kingdoms of life, oxylipins usually act as lipid mediators through specific receptors, have short half-lives and have functions in innumerable biological contexts.
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Jovanovic S, Dietrich D, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids - high-value ingredients for aquafeed, superfoods, and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:199-211. [PMID: 33540327 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received worldwide attention in recent years due to an increasing awareness of their uniqueness in improving diet and human health and their apparently inevitable shortage in global availability. Microbial cell factories are a major solution to supplying these precious molecules in sufficient amounts and providing PUFA-rich aquafeed, superfoods, and medical formulations. This review assesses the PUFA world markets and highlights recent advances in upgrading and streamlining microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and bacteria for high-level PUFA production and broadening of the PUFA spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Jovanovic
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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Hu Q, Song M, Huang D, Hu Z, Wu Y, Wang C. Haematococcus pluvialis Accumulated Lipid and Astaxanthin in a Moderate and Sustainable Way by the Self-Protection Mechanism of Salicylic Acid Under Sodium Acetate Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:763742. [PMID: 34868161 PMCID: PMC8639525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.763742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism underlying increased fatty acid and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis, transcriptome analysis was performed to gain insights into the multiple defensive systems elicited by salicylic acid combined with sodium acetate (SAHS) stresses with a time course. Totally, 112,886 unigenes and 61,323 non-repeat genes were identified, and genes involved in carbon metabolism, primary and secondary metabolism, and immune system responses were identified. The results revealed that SA and NaAC provide both energy and precursors to improve cell growth of H. pluvialis and enhance carbon assimilation, astaxanthin, and fatty acids production in this microalga with an effective mechanism. Interestingly, SA was considered to play an important role in lowering transcriptional activity of the fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis genes through self-protection metabolism in H. pluvialis, leading to its adaption to HS stress and finally avoiding massive cell death. Moreover, positive correlations between 15 key genes involved in astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were found, revealing cooperative relation between these pathways at the transcription level. These results not only enriched our knowledge of the astaxanthin accumulation mechanism in H. pluvialis but also provided a new view on increasing astaxanthin production in H. pluvialis by a moderate and sustainable way in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunju Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marine Resources Big Data Center of South China Sea, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingjian Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danqiong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chaogang Wang,
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Biochemical Composition and Phycoerythrin Extraction from Red Microalgae: A Comparative Study Using Green Extraction Technologies. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyridium spp. is a debated family that produces phycoerythrin (PE) for use in multiple industrial applications. We compared the differences in the biochemical composition and phycoerythrin yield of P. cruentum and P. purpureum by conventional and green extraction technologies. The protein content in P. cruentum was 42.90 ±1.84% w/w. The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) was highlighted by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, ω-3, ~9.74 ± 0.27% FA) and arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, ω-6, ~18.02 ± 0.81% FA) represented the major omega-6 fatty acid. Conversely, P. purpureum demonstrated a higher lipid content (17.34 ± 1.35% w/w) and an FA profile more saturated in palmitic (C16:0, 29.01 ± 0.94% FA) and stearic acids (C18:0, 50.02 ± 1.72% FA). Maceration and freeze/thaw were the conventional methods, whereas microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) served as green procedures for PE extraction under the factorial-design methodology. Aqueous solvents, extraction-time and power were the main factors in the statistical extraction designs based on Response-Surface Methodology (RSM). Overall, the PE extraction yield was higher (2-to 6-fold) in P. cruentum than in P. purpureum. Moreover, green technologies (US > MW) improved the PE recovery in comparison with the conventional methods for both of the microalgae. The maximum PE yield (33.85 mg/g) was obtained under optimal US conditions (15 min and buffer solvent (PBS)) for P. cruentum. Finally, we proved the biochemical differences between the red microalgae and ratified the advantages of using green extraction for PE because it reduced the processing times and costs and increased the economic and functional-applications of bioactive compounds in the industry.
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