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Ilomäki MA, Polari L, Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Kähärä K, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Defining a timeline of colon pathologies after keratin 8 loss: rapid crypt elongation and diarrhea are followed by epithelial erosion and cell exfoliation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G67-G77. [PMID: 37962942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are epithelial intermediate filament proteins that play a crucial role in cellular stress protection, with K8 being the most abundant in the colon. The intestinal epithelial-specific K8-deficient mouse model (K8flox/flox;Villin-Cre) exhibits characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease, including diarrhea, crypt erosion, hyperproliferation, and decreased barrier function. Nevertheless, the order in which these events occur and whether they are a direct cause of K8 loss or a consequence of one event inducing another remains unexplored. Increased knowledge about early events in the disruption of colon epithelial integrity would help to understand the early pathology of inflammatory and functional colon disorders and develop preclinical models and diagnostics of colonic diseases. Here, we aimed to characterize the order of physiological events after Krt8 loss by utilizing K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice with tamoxifen-inducible Krt8 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells, and assess stool analysis as a noninvasive method to monitor real-time gene expression changes following Krt8 loss. K8 protein was significantly decreased within a day after induction, followed by its binding partners, K18 and K19 from day 4 onward. The sequential colonic K8 downregulation in adult mice leads to immediate diarrhea and crypt elongation with activation of proliferation signaling, followed by crypt loss and increased neutrophil activity within 6-8 days, highlighting impaired water balance and crypt elongation as the earliest colonic changes upon Krt8 loss. Furthermore, epithelial gene expression patterns were comparable between colon tissue and stool samples, demonstrating the feasibility of noninvasive monitoring of gut epithelia in preclinical research utilizing Cre-LoxP-based intestinal disease models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the order in which physiological and molecular events occur helps to recognize the onset of diseases and improve their preclinical models. We utilized Cre-Lox-based inducible keratin 8 deletion in mouse intestinal epithelium to characterize the earliest events after keratin 8 loss leading to colitis. These include diarrhea and crypt elongation, followed by erosion and neutrophil activity. Our results also support noninvasive methodology for monitoring colon diseases in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirah Kähärä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Chacón C, Mounieres C, Ampuero S, Urzúa U. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Aged Nulliparous Mouse Ovary Suggests a Stress State That Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Lipid Signaling and Epithelial Cell Enrichment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:513. [PMID: 38203684 PMCID: PMC10779227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) incidence and mortality peaks at post-menopause while OC risk is either reduced by parity or increased by nulliparity during fertile life. The long-term effect of nulliparity on ovarian gene expression is largely unknown. In this study, we describe a bioinformatic/data-mining analysis of 112 coding genes upregulated in the aged nulliparous (NP) mouse ovary compared to the aged multiparous one as reference. Canonical gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated a pro-oxidant, xenobiotic-like state accompanied by increased metabolism of inflammatory lipid mediators. Up-regulation of typical epithelial cell markers in the aged NP ovary was consistent with synchronized overexpression of Cldn3, Ezr, Krt7, Krt8 and Krt18 during the pre-neoplastic phase of mOSE cell cultures in a former transcriptome study. In addition, 61/112 genes were upregulated in knockout mice for Fshr and for three other tumor suppressor genes (Pten, Cdh1 and Smad3) known to regulate follicular homeostasis in the mammalian ovary. We conclude that the aged NP ovary displays a multifaceted stress state resulting from oxidative imbalance and pro-inflammatory lipid signaling. The enriched epithelial cell content might be linked to follicle depletion and is consistent with abundant clefts and cysts observed in aged human and mouse ovaries. It also suggests a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in the mOSE of the aged NP ovary. Our analysis suggests that in the long term, nulliparity worsens a variety of deleterious effects of aging and senescence thereby increasing susceptibility to cancer initiation in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Chacón
- Laboratorio de Genómica Aplicada, Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Constanza Mounieres
- Laboratorio de Genómica Aplicada, Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Sandra Ampuero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Ulises Urzúa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Aplicada, Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.C.); (C.M.)
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Colonocyte keratin 7 is expressed de novo in inflammatory bowel diseases and associated with pathological changes and drug-resistance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22213. [PMID: 36564440 PMCID: PMC9789078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of IBD, characterized by relapses and remissions, is difficult to predict. Initial diagnosis can be challenging, and novel disease markers are needed. Keratin 7 (K7) is a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein not expressed in the colonic epithelium but has been reported in IBD-associated colorectal tumors. Our aim was to analyze whether K7 is expressed in chronic colonic inflammatory diseases and evaluate its potential as a novel biomarker. K7 was analyzed in two patient cohorts using immunohistochemistry-stained colon samples and single-cell quantitative digital pathology methods. K7 was correlated to pathological changes and clinical patient characteristics. Our data shows that K7 is expressed de novo in the colonic epithelium of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease IBD patients, but not in collagenous or lymphocytic colitis. K7 mRNA expression was significantly increased in colons of IBD patients compared to controls when assessed in publicly available datasets. While K7 increased in areas with inflammatory activity, it was not expressed in specific crypt compartments and did not correlate with neutrophils or stool calprotectin. K7 was increased in areas proximal to pathological alterations and was most pronounced in drug-resistant ulcerative colitis. In conclusion, colonic epithelial K7 is neo-expressed selectively in IBD patients and could be investigated for its potential as a disease biomarker.
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Roles of Keratins in Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148051. [PMID: 35887395 PMCID: PMC9317181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins make up a major portion of epithelial intermediate filament proteins. The widely diverse keratins are found in both the small and large intestines. The human intestine mainly expresses keratins 8, 18, 19, and 20. Many of the common roles of keratins are for the integrity and stability of the epithelial cells. The keratins also protect the cells and tissue from stress and are biomarkers for some diseases in the organs. Although an increasing number of studies have been performed regarding keratins, the roles of keratin in the intestine have not yet been fully understood. This review focuses on discussing the roles of keratins in the intestine. Diverse studies utilizing mouse models and samples from patients with intestinal diseases in the search for the association of keratin in intestinal diseases have been summarized.
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Lopez-Tello J, Jimenez-Martinez MA, Salazar-Petres E, Patel R, George AL, Kay RG, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Identification of Structural and Molecular Signatures Mediating Adaptive Changes in the Mouse Kidney in Response to Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6287. [PMID: 35682969 PMCID: PMC9181623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by adaptations in the function of several maternal body systems that ensure the development of the fetus whilst maintaining health of the mother. The renal system is responsible for water and electrolyte balance, as well as waste removal. Thus, it is imperative that structural and functional changes occur in the kidney during pregnancy. However, our knowledge of the precise morphological and molecular mechanisms occurring in the kidney during pregnancy is still very limited. Here, we investigated the changes occurring in the mouse kidney during pregnancy by performing an integrated analysis involving histology, gene and protein expression assays, mass spectrometry profiling and bioinformatics. Data from non-pregnant and pregnant mice were used to identify critical signalling pathways mediating changes in the maternal kidneys. We observed an expansion of renal medulla due to proliferation and infiltration of interstitial cellular constituents, as well as alterations in the activity of key cellular signalling pathways (e.g., AKT, AMPK and MAPKs) and genes involved in cell growth/metabolism (e.g., Cdc6, Foxm1 and Rb1) in the kidneys during pregnancy. We also generated plasma and urine proteomic profiles, identifying unique proteins in pregnancy. These proteins could be used to monitor and study potential mechanisms of renal adaptations during pregnancy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | | | - Esteban Salazar-Petres
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ritik Patel
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amy L George
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Decreased Plasma Level of Cytokeratin 20 (KRT20) Is Indicative of the Emergence and Severity of Acute GvHD Irrespective to the Type of Organ Involvement. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030519. [PMID: 35327321 PMCID: PMC8945709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate risk prediction of acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) is currently an unmet clinical need. This study sought to analyze whether three plasma proteins expressed in a largely skin- and gut-restricted manner would be affected by the development of acute cutaneous and gastrointestinal aGvHD. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic value of plasma cytokeratin-15 (KRT15) cytokeratin-20 (KRT20), and occludin (OCLN) were evaluated in a discovery and a validation cohort using ELISA in comparison with elafin (PI3) and regenerating family member 3 alpha (REG3A), two established markers of skin- and gut aGvHD. The discovery cohort (n = 39) revealed that at the time of diagnosis, plasma KRT20 showed a progressive decrease from unaffected individuals to patients with single-, and patients with multi-organ aGvHD. KRT20 was affected by cutaneous (p = 0.0263) and gastrointestinal aGvHD (p = 0.0242) independently and in an additive manner. Sensitivity and specificity of KRT20 for aGvHD involving both target organs (AUC = 0.852) were comparable to that of PI3 for skin-aGvHD (AUC = 0.708) or that of REG3A for gut-aGvHD (AUC = 0.855). Patient follow-up in the validation cohort (n = 67) corroborated these observations (p < 0.001), and linked low KRT20 to grade 2+ disease (p < 0.001), but failed to confirm low KRT20 as an independent risk factor. These data established a link between low plasma KRT20 levels and moderate to severe aGvHD involving multiple target organs.
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Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Grönroos TJ, Ilomäki MA, Viiri K, Ridge KM, Polari L, Toivola DM. Targeted deletion of keratin 8 in intestinal epithelial cells disrupts tissue integrity and predisposes to tumorigenesis in the colon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:10. [PMID: 34951664 PMCID: PMC8709826 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) is the main intestinal epithelial intermediate filament protein with proposed roles for colonic epithelial cell integrity. Here, we used mice lacking K8 in intestinal epithelial cells (floxed K8 and Villin-Cre1000 and Villin-CreERt2) to investigate the cell-specific roles of intestinal epithelial K8 for colonocyte function and pathologies. Intestinal epithelial K8 deletion decreased K8 partner proteins, K18-K20, 75-95%, and the remaining keratin filaments were located at the colonocyte apical regions with type II K7, which decreased 30%. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoroglucose positron emission tomography in vivo imaging identified a metabolic phenotype in the lower gut of the conditional K8 knockouts. These mice developed intestinal barrier leakiness, mild diarrhea, and epithelial damage, especially in the proximal colon. Mice exhibited shifted differentiation from enterocytes to goblet cells, displayed longer crypts and an increased number of Ki67 + transit-amplifying cells in the colon. Significant proproliferative and regenerative signaling occurred in the IL-22, STAT3, and pRb pathways, with minor effects on inflammatory parameters, which, however, increased in aging mice. Importantly, colonocyte K8 deletion induced a dramatically increased sensitivity to azoxymethane-induced tumorigenesis. In conclusion, intestinal epithelial K8 plays a significant role in colonocyte epithelial integrity maintenance, proliferation regulation and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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The Usefulness of Urinary Periostin, Cytokeratin-18, and Endoglin for Diagnosing Renal Fibrosis in Children with Congenital Obstructive Nephropathy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214899. [PMID: 34768419 PMCID: PMC8585114 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy (CON) leads to renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the predictive value of urinary endoglin, periostin, cytokeratin-18, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for assessing the severity of renal fibrosis in 81 children with CON and 60 controls. Children were divided into three subgroups: severe, moderate scars, and borderline lesions based on 99mTc-ethylenedicysteine scintigraphy results. Periostin, periostin/Cr, and cytokeratin-18 levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the controls. Children with severe scars had significantly higher urinary periostin/Cr levels than those with borderline lesions. In multivariate analysis, only periostin and cytokeratin-18 were independently related to the presence of severe and moderate scars, and periostin was independently related to borderline lesions. However, periostin did not differentiate advanced scars from borderline lesions. In ROC analysis, periostin and periostin/Cr demonstrated better diagnostic profiles for detection of advanced scars than TGF-β1 and cytokeratin-18 (AUC 0.849; 0.810 vs. 0.630; 0.611, respectively) and periostin for detecting borderline lesions than endoglin and periostin/Cr (AUC 0.777 vs. 0.661; 0.658, respectively). In conclusion, periostin seems to be a promising, non-invasive marker for assessing renal fibrosis in children with CON. CK-18 and TGF-β1 demonstrated low utility, and endoglin was not useful for diagnosing advanced scars.
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Herzog DP, Perumal N, Manicam C, Treccani G, Nadig J, Rossmanith M, Engelmann J, Jene T, Hasch A, van der Kooij MA, Lieb K, Gassen NC, Grus FH, Müller MB. Longitudinal CSF proteome profiling in mice to uncover the acute and sustained mechanisms of action of rapid acting antidepressant (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK). Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100404. [PMID: 34632008 PMCID: PMC8488754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed onset of antidepressant action is a shortcoming in depression treatment. Ketamine and its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) have emerged as promising rapid-acting antidepressants. However, their mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we first described the anxious and depression-prone inbred mouse strain, DBA/2J, as an animal model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and HNK in vivo. To decode the molecular mechanisms mediating HNK's rapid antidepressant effects, a longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome profiling of its acute and sustained effects was conducted using an unbiased, hypothesis-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach. A total of 387 proteins were identified, with a major implication of significantly differentially expressed proteins in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway, providing evidence for a link between HNK and regulation of the stress hormone system. Mechanistically, we identified HNK to repress GR-mediated transcription and reduce hormonal sensitivity of GR in vitro. In addition, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were predicted to be important upstream regulators of HNK treatment. Our results contribute to precise understanding of the temporal dynamics and molecular targets underlying HNK's rapid antidepressant-like effects, which can be used as a benchmark for improved treatment strategies for depression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Herzog
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Jens Nadig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Milena Rossmanith
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Engelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Jene
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Hasch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils C Gassen
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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Alam CM, Baghestani S, Pajari A, Omary MB, Toivola DM. Keratin 7 Is a Constituent of the Keratin Network in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Is Upregulated in Experimental Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157784. [PMID: 34360548 PMCID: PMC8346022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) 7 is an intermediate filament protein expressed in ducts and glands of simple epithelial organs and in urothelial tissues. In the pancreas, K7 is expressed in exocrine ducts, and apico-laterally in acinar cells. Here, we report K7 expression with K8 and K18 in the endocrine islets of Langerhans in mice. K7 filament formation in islet and MIN6 β-cells is dependent on the presence and levels of K18. K18-knockout (K18‒/‒) mice have undetectable islet K7 and K8 proteins, while K7 and K18 are downregulated in K8‒/‒ islets. K7, akin to F-actin, is concentrated at the apical vertex of β-cells in wild-type mice and along the lateral membrane, in addition to forming a fine cytoplasmic network. In K8‒/‒ β-cells, apical K7 remains, but lateral keratin bundles are displaced and cytoplasmic filaments are scarce. Islet K7, rather than K8, is increased in K18 over-expressing mice and the K18-R90C mutation disrupts K7 filaments in mouse β-cells and in MIN6 cells. Notably, islet K7 filament networks significantly increase and expand in the perinuclear regions when examined in the streptozotocin diabetes model. Hence, K7 represents a significant component of the murine islet keratin network and becomes markedly upregulated during experimental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina M. Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.A.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Sarah Baghestani
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Ada Pajari
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: (C.M.A.); (D.M.T.)
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Keratin intermediate filaments in the colon: guardians of epithelial homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 129:105878. [PMID: 33152513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament proteins are major cytoskeletal components of the mammalian simple layered columnar epithelium in the gastrointestinal tract. Human colon crypt epithelial cells express keratins 18, 19 and 20 as the major type I keratins, and keratin 8 as the type II keratin. Keratin expression patterns vary between species, and mouse colonocytes express keratin 7 as a second type II keratin. Colonic keratin patterns change during cell differentiation, such that K20 increases in the more differentiated crypt cells closer to the central lumen. Keratins provide a structural and mechanical scaffold to support cellular stability, integrity and stress protection in this rapidly regenerating tissue. They participate in central colonocyte processes including barrier function, ion transport, differentiation, proliferation and inflammatory signaling. The cell-specific keratin compositions in different epithelial tissues has allowed for the utilization of keratin-based diagnostic methods. Since the keratin expression pattern in tumors often resembles that in the primary tissue, it can be used to recognize metastases of colonic origin. This review focuses on recent findings on the biological functions of mammalian colon epithelial keratins obtained from pivotal in vivo models. We also discuss the diagnostic value of keratins in chronic colonic disease and known keratin alterations in colon pathologies. This review describes the biochemical properties of keratins and their molecular actions in colonic epithelial cells and highlights diagnostic data in colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease patients, which may facilitate the recognition of disease subtypes and the establishment of personal therapies in the future.
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12
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Hong JT, Lee MJ, Yoon SJ, Shin SP, Bang CS, Baik GH, Kim DJ, Youn GS, Shin MJ, Ham YL, Suk KT, Kim BS. Effect of Korea red ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an association of gut microbiota with liver function. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:316-324. [PMID: 33841012 PMCID: PMC8020261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used as remedies with hepato-protective effects in liver-related condition. Microbiota related gut-liver axis plays key roles in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. We evaluated the effect of KRG on gut-liver axis in patients with nonalcoholic statohepatitis by the modulation of gut-microbiota. Methods A total of 94 patients (KRG: 45 and placebo: 49) were prospectively randomized to receive KRG (2,000 mg/day, ginsenoside Rg1+Rb1+Rg3 4.5mg/g) or placebo during 30 days. Liver function test, cytokeraton 18, and fatigue score were measured. Gut microbiota was analyzed by MiSeq systems based on 16S rRNA genes. Results In KRG group, the mean levels (before vs. after) of aspartate aminotransferase (53 ± 19 vs. 45 ± 23 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (75 ± 40 vs. 64 ± 39 IU/L) and fatigue score (33 ± 13 vs. 26 ± 13) were improved (p < 0.05). In placebo group, only fatigue score (34 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 15) was ameliorated (p < 0.05). The changes of phyla were not statistically significant on both groups. In KRG group, increased abundance of Lactobacillus was related with improved alanine aminotransferase level and increased abundance of Clostridium and Intestinibacter was associated with no improvement after KRG supplementation. In placebo group, increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae could be related with aggravation of liver enzyme (p < 0.05). Conclusion KRG effectively improved liver enzymes and fatigue score by modulating gut-microbiota in patients with fatty liver disease. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ClnicalTrials.gov NCT03945123 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Taek Hong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Pyo Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Bang
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Baik
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lim Ham
- Department of Nursing, Daewon University College, Jaecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Konieczny P, Lichawska-Cieslar A, Kwiecinska P, Cichy J, Pietrzycka R, Szukala W, Declercq W, Devos M, Paziewska A, Rumienczyk I, Kulecka M, Mikula M, Fu M, Borowczyk J, Santamaria-Babí LF, Jura J. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of Mcpip1 impairs skin integrity and promotes local and systemic inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1669-1684. [PMID: 31786670 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MCPIP1 (Regnase-1, encoded by the ZC3H12A gene) regulates the mRNA stability of several inflammatory cytokines. Due to the critical role of this RNA endonuclease in the suppression of inflammation, Mcpip1 deficiency in mice leads to the development of postnatal multiorgan inflammation and premature death. Here, we generated mice with conditional deletion of Mcpip1 in the epidermis (Mcpip1EKO). Mcpip1 loss in keratinocytes resulted in the upregulated expression of transcripts encoding factors related to inflammation and keratinocyte differentiation, such as IL-36α/γ cytokines, S100a8/a9 antibacterial peptides, and Sprr2d/2h proteins. Upon aging, the Mcpip1EKO mice showed impaired skin integrity that led to the progressive development of spontaneous skin pathology and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, we found that the lack of epidermal Mcpip1 expression impaired the balance of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Overall, we provide evidence that keratinocyte-specific Mcpip1 activity is crucial for the maintenance of skin integrity as well as for the prevention of excessive local and systemic inflammation. KEY MESSAGES: Loss of murine epidermal Mcpip1 upregulates transcripts related to inflammation and keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocyte Mcpip1 function is essential to maintain the integrity of skin in adult mice. Ablation of Mcpip1 in mouse epidermis leads to the development of local and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Konieczny
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Lichawska-Cieslar
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kwiecinska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roza Pietrzycka
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Szukala
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wim Declercq
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Rumienczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Julia Borowczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Current address: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis F Santamaria-Babí
- Translational Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jolanta Jura
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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14
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Tran HQ, Mills RH, Peters NV, Holder MK, de Vries GJ, Knight R, Chassaing B, Gonzalez DJ, Gewirtz AT. Associations of the Fecal Microbial Proteome Composition and Proneness to Diet-induced Obesity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1864-1879. [PMID: 31262998 PMCID: PMC6731084 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of refined high-fat, low-fiber diets promotes development of obesity and its associated consequences. Although genetics play an important role in dictating susceptibility to such obesogenic diets, mice with nearly uniform genetics exhibit marked heterogeneity in their extent of obesity in response to such diets. This suggests non-genetic determinants play a role in diet-induced obesity. Hence, we sought to identify parameters that predict, and/or correlate with, development of obesity in response to an obesogenic diet. We assayed behavior, metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers/cytokines, microbiota composition, and the fecal metaproteome, in a cohort of mice (n = 50) prior to, and the 8 weeks following, administration of an obesogenic high-fat low-fiber diet. Neither behavioral testing nor quantitation of inflammatory markers broadly predicted severity of diet-induced obesity. Although, the small subset of mice that exhibited basal elevations in serum IL-6 (n = 5) were among the more obese mice in the cohort. While fecal microbiota composition changed markedly in response to the obesogenic diet, it lacked the ability to predict which mice were relative prone or resistant to obesity. In contrast, fecal metaproteome analysis revealed functional and taxonomic differences among the proteins associated with proneness to obesity. Targeted interrogation of microbiota composition data successfully validated the taxonomic differences seen in the metaproteome. Although future work will be needed to determine the breadth of applicability of these associations to other cohorts of animals and humans, this study nonetheless highlights the potential power of gut microbial proteins to predict and perhaps impact development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Q Tran
- ‡Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert H Mills
- §Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA; ¶Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA; ‖Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA; **Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Nicole V Peters
- ‡‡Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary K Holder
- ‡‡Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; §§School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | | | - Rob Knight
- ‖Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA; **Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- ‡Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; ‡‡Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- §Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA; ¶Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA; **Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA.
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- ‡Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
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15
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Simon Á, Gulyás G, Mészár Z, Bhide M, Oláh J, Bai P, Csősz É, Jávor A, Komlósi I, Remenyik J, Czeglédi L. Proteomics alterations in chicken jejunum caused by 24 h fasting. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6588. [PMID: 30941268 PMCID: PMC6440466 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is the longest part of the chicken (Gallus gallus) gastrointestinal system that is specialized for nutrient absorption. It is known that decrease in intestinal villi area or height in early age can cause a reduction in essential nutrient intake, which may lead to delayed growth and consequently poorer performance of broiler chickens. The small intestinal absorptive surface is known to be affected by various factors, among others things the nutritional state. In our experiment, we aimed to investigate the possible protein expression alterations that lie behind the villus area and height decrease caused by feed deprivation. A total of 24 chickens were divided into three groups, namely ad libitum fed, fasted for 24 h, fasted for 24 h then refed for 2 h. The morphometric parameters were also measured in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum tissue sections using image analysis. Differential proteome analyses from jejunum samples were performed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Overall 541 protein spots were detected after 2D. Among them, eleven showed 1.5-fold or higher significant difference in expression and were successfully identified. In response to 24 h fasting, the expression of nine proteins was higher and that of two proteins was lower compared to the ad libitum fed group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the 24 h fasting mainly affects the expression of structural proteins, and proteins involved in lipid transport, general stress response, and intestinal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Simon
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gulyás
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mészár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.,Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - János Oláh
- Farm and Regional Research Institute of Debrecen, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Jávor
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Komlósi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Torreggiani E, Rossini M, Bononi I, Pietrobon S, Mazzoni E, Iaquinta MR, Feo C, Rotondo JC, Rizzo P, Tognon M, Martini F. Protocol for the long-term culture of human primary keratinocytes from the normal colorectal mucosa. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:9895-9905. [PMID: 30740692 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Procedures for in vitro culturing of human primary keratinocytes from normal colon mucosa specimens have not been fully feasible, thus far. The protocol described herein allows primary keratinocytes from small tissue fragments of colorectal mucosa biopsies to grow in vitro. The procedure develops in three steps: (a) the enzymatic digestion of the tissue biopsy; (b) the use of cloning rings to purify primary keratinocyte colonies, (c) a defined keratinocyte medium to grow these cells in long-term culture. Our cultural method enables normal primary keratinocytes to be obtained by simple and rapid techniques. In our culture condition, primary keratinocytes express specific epithelial markers. Colorectal mucosa keratinocyte colonies require approximately 2 weeks to grow. Compared with previous approaches, our protocol provides a valuable model of study for human primary keratinocytes from normal colorectal (NCR) mucosa both at the cellular and molecular levels. It is well known, that different mutations occurring during the multistep process of carcinogenesis in the NCR mucosa, are strictly associated to the onset/progression of the colorectal carcinoma. On this ground, normal keratinocytes grown with our protocol, may represent an innovative tool to investigate the mechanisms that lead to colorectal carcinoma and other diseases. Our innovative procedure may allow to perform comparative investigations between normal and pathological colorectal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torreggiani
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marika Rossini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pietrobon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Feo
- Section of Clinical Surgery, Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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17
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Geisler F, Coch RA, Richardson C, Goldberg M, Denecke B, Bossinger O, Leube RE. The intestinal intermediate filament network responds to and protects against microbial insults and toxins. Development 2019; 146:dev.169482. [PMID: 30630824 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enrichment of intermediate filaments in the apical cytoplasm of intestinal cells is evolutionarily conserved, forming a sheath that is anchored to apical junctions and positioned below the microvillar brush border, which suggests a protective intracellular barrier function. To test this, we used Caenorhabditis elegans, the intestinal cells of which are endowed with a particularly dense intermediate filament-rich layer that is referred to as the endotube. We found alterations in endotube structure and intermediate filament expression upon infection with nematicidal B. thuringiensis or treatment with its major pore-forming toxin crystal protein Cry5B. Endotube impairment due to defined genetic mutations of intermediate filaments and their regulators results in increased Cry5B sensitivity as evidenced by elevated larval arrest, prolonged time of larval development and reduced survival. Phenotype severity reflects the extent of endotube alterations and correlates with reduced rescue upon toxin removal. The results provide in vivo evidence for a major protective role of a properly configured intermediate filament network as an intracellular barrier in intestinal cells. This notion is further supported by increased sensitivity of endotube mutants to oxidative and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geisler
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard A Coch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Martin Goldberg
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Genomics Facility, IZKF Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf Bossinger
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Tanca A, Abbondio M, Palomba A, Fraumene C, Marongiu F, Serra M, Pagnozzi D, Laconi E, Uzzau S. Caloric restriction promotes functional changes involving short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in the rat gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14778. [PMID: 30283130 PMCID: PMC6170429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is known to promote health and longevity, likely via modification of the gut microbiota (GM). However, functional and metabolic changes induced in the GM during CR are still unidentified. Here, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of CR on the rat GM using a metaproteogenomic approach. We show that a switch from ad libitum (AL) low fat diet to CR in young rats is able to induce rapid and deep changes in their GM metaproteomic profile, related to a reduction of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and an expansion of lactobacilli. Specifically, we observed a significant change in the expression of the microbial enzymes responsible for short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, with CR boosting propionogenesis and limiting butyrogenesis and acetogenesis. Furthermore, these CR-induced effects were maintained up to adulthood and started to be reversed after a short-term diet change. We also found that CR alters the abundance of an array of host proteins released in stool, mainly related to epithelial barrier integrity and inflammation. Hence, our results provide thorough information about CR-induced modifications to GM and host functional activity, and might constitute the basis for novel GM-based approaches aimed at monitoring the effectiveness of dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tanca
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Marcello Abbondio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Palomba
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Cristina Fraumene
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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19
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Keratins regulate colonic epithelial cell differentiation through the Notch1 signalling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:984-996. [PMID: 28475172 PMCID: PMC5442467 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins (K) are intermediate filament proteins important in stress protection and mechanical support of epithelial tissues. K8, K18 and K19 are the main colonic keratins, and K8-knockout (K8−/−) mice display a keratin dose-dependent hyperproliferation of colonic crypts and a colitis-phenotype. However, the impact of the loss of K8 on intestinal cell differentiation has so far been unknown. Here we show that K8 regulates Notch1 signalling activity and differentiation in the epithelium of the large intestine. Proximity ligation and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that K8 and Notch1 co-localize and interact in cell cultures, and in vivo in the colonic epithelial cells. K8 with its heteropolymeric partner K18 enhance Notch1 protein levels and activity in a dose dependent manner. The levels of the full-length Notch1 receptor (FLN), the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) and expression of Notch1 downstream target genes are reduced in the absence of K8, and the K8-dependent loss of Notch1 activity can be rescued with re-expression of K8/K18 in K8-knockout CRISPR/Cas9 Caco-2 cells protein levels. In vivo, K8 deletion with subsequent Notch1 downregulation leads to a shift in differentiation towards a goblet cell and enteroendocrine phenotype from an enterocyte cell fate. Furthermore, the K8−/− colonic hyperproliferation results from an increased number of transit amplifying progenitor cells in these mice. K8/K18 thus interact with Notch1 and regulate Notch1 signalling activity during differentiation of the colonic epithelium.
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