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Gao WZ, Chen Q, Capio CM, Mao XJ, Lin N, Yu JJ. Fundamental movement skills proficiency in preschool-aged boys and girls: Family matters. J Sports Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39259267 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2400812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the associations of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency with family factors, including socioeconomic status (SES) and caregiver characteristics, by sex in young children in China. Participants included 1,207 Chinese children aged 3-6 years in this cross-sectional study. Children's FMS, consisting of locomotor skills and object control (OC) skills, were assessed. Information on family SES and caregiver characteristics was reported by the parents. Sex differences in outcomes and the associations of FMS with family factors by sex were examined using SPSS 26.0. Boys scored significantly higher than girls in terms of overall FMS and OC skills (both p < 0.01). There were significant and negative associations between children's FMS and parental education level and parental body mass index (BMI), which varied by sex. Boys who were regularly cared for by parents had higher FMS and OC skill scores than did those who were primarily looked after by grandparents (both p < 0.01). This complex interplay between sex and family factors (i.e. parental education level, parental BMI, and the identity of primary caregiver) on FMS proficiency in young children underscores the urgent need for developing sex-tailored, family-involved, and socio-culturally adapted interventions to enhance FMS proficiency at the preschool stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Sport Training and Research, Zhejiang Institute of Sports Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Catherine M Capio
- Department of Physiotherapy, The Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Health Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Xu-Jiang Mao
- Center for Sport Training and Research, Zhejiang Institute of Sports Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jane J Yu
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Haugland ES, Nilsen AKO, Vabø KB, Pesce C, Bartholomew J, Okely AD, Tjomsland HE, Aadland KN, Aadland E. Effects of a staff-led multicomponent physical activity intervention on preschooler's fundamental motor skills and physical fitness: The ACTNOW cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:69. [PMID: 38961489 PMCID: PMC11223439 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental motor skills (FMS) and physical fitness (FIT) play important roles in child development and provide a foundation for lifelong participation in physical activity (PA). Unfortunately, many children have suboptimal levels of PA, FMS, and FIT. The Active Learning Norwegian Preschool(er)s (ACTNOW) study investigated the effects of a staff-led PA intervention on FMS, FIT, and PA in 3-5-year-old children. METHODS Preschools in Western Norway having ≥ six 3-4-year-old children were invited (n = 56). Of these, 46 agreed to participate and were cluster-randomized into an intervention (n = 23 preschools [381 children, 3.8 yrs., 55% boys]) or a control group (n = 23 [438, 3.7 yrs., 52% boys]). Intervention preschools participated in an 18-month PA intervention involving a 7-month staff professional development between 2019 and 2022, amounting to 50 h, including face-to-face seminars, webinars, and digital lectures. Primary outcomes in ACTNOW were cognition variables, whereas this study investigated effects on secondary outcomes. FMS was measured through 9 items covering locomotor, object control, and balance skills. FIT was assessed as motor fitness (4 × 10 shuttle-run test) and upper and lower muscular strength (handgrip and standing long jump). PA was measured with accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X +). All measures took place at baseline, 7-, and 18-month follow-up. Effects were analysed using a repeated measures linear mixed model with child and preschool as random effects and with adjustment for baseline scores. RESULTS Participants in the intervention preschools showed positive, significant effects for object control skills at 7 months (standardized effect size (ES) = 0.17) and locomotor skills at 18 months (ES = 0.21) relative to controls. A negative effect was found for handgrip strength (ES = -0.16) at 7 months. No effects were found for balance skills, standing long jump, or motor fitness. During preschool hours, sedentary time decreased (ES = -0.18), and light (ES = 0.14) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (ES = 0.16) increased at 7 months, whereas light PA decreased at 18 months (ES = -0.15), for intervention vs control. No effects were found for other intensities or full day PA. CONCLUSIONS The ACTNOW intervention improved some FMS outcomes and increased PA short-term. Further research is needed to investigate how to improve effectiveness of staff-led PA interventions and achieve sustainable improvements in children's PA, FMS, and FIT. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04048967 , registered August 7, 2019. FUNDING ACTNOW was supported by the Research Council of Norway (grant number 287903), the County Governor of Sogn og Fjordane, the Sparebanken Sogn og Fjordane Foundation, and the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Straume Haugland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.
| | - Ada Kristine Ofrim Nilsen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Buene Vabø
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - John Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anthony David Okely
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Early Start and School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Hege Eikeland Tjomsland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Katrine Nyvoll Aadland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Eivind Aadland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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Hurtado-Almonacid J, Reyes-Amigo T, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Cortés-Roco G, Oñate-Navarrete C, Olivares-Arancibia J, Páez-Herrera J. Development of Basic Motor Skills from 3 to 10 Years of Age: Comparison by Sex and Age Range in Chilean Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:715. [PMID: 38929294 PMCID: PMC11202137 DOI: 10.3390/children11060715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Basic motor skills are recognized as fundamental movements that allow children to interact with their environment and are identified as the basic structure on which more complex movements are built. OBJECTIVE to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to 10 years of age according to sex and age group. METHODOLOGY We studied a sample with a total of 328 participants (girls = 170; boys = 158) at preschool (n = 154) and school levels (n = 174). The ages of the students ranged from 3 to 10 years, with a mean of 5.94 years (±2.53). TGMD2 was applied to identify motor development. RESULTS boys and girls present low levels of physical activity, with most of them in the very poor, poor, and low-average categories (n = 182, 55.5%). Levels of motor development in locomotion, manipulation, and general development by age show significant differences (p = 0.000). However, levels of development by sex are not significant in manipulation, locomotion, and gross motor skills tests, respectively (p = 0.150, p = 0.208, and p = 0.210), and in relation to chronological age and motor development age show significant differences (p = 0.000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hurtado-Almonacid
- eFidac Research Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile; (J.H.-A.); (J.P.-H.)
| | - Tomás Reyes-Amigo
- Physical Activity Sciences Observatory (OCAF), Departament of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaiso 2360072, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Guillermo Cortés-Roco
- School of Education, Sport Coach, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2572007, Chile;
| | - Cristian Oñate-Navarrete
- Department of Therapeutic Processes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Jorge Olivares-Arancibia
- AfySE Group, Research in Physical Activity and School Health, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Páez-Herrera
- eFidac Research Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile; (J.H.-A.); (J.P.-H.)
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Legarra-Gorgoñon G, García-Alonso Y, Ramírez-Vélez R, Alonso-Martínez L, Izquierdo M, Alonso-Martínez AM. Assessing basic motor competences, physical fitness, and executive function in 4-5-year-old children: a longitudinal study in a primary care setting. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:108. [PMID: 38816854 PMCID: PMC11140973 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the progression of physical fitness (PF), basic motor competence (BMC), and executive function (EF) over one year in children aged 4-5 years at a health center. METHODS In this longitudinal analysis, children's BMC was evaluated using the MOBAK KG test for object and self-movement. The PREFIT Battery gauged PF through handgrip strength, standing long jump, and other fitness measures, while the Early Years Toolbox appraised EF. RESULTS Adjustments for confounding factors showed notable improvements in BMC, particularly in object movement (OM; mean difference 0.789, p = 0.044) and self-movement (SM; mean difference 0.842, p = 0.037), with overall MOBAK scores also increasing (mean difference 1.632, p = 0.018). Enhancements in the standing long jump (mean difference 9.036 cm, p = 0.014) and EF tasks "Mr. Ant" (mean difference 0.669, p < 0.001) and "Go/No-Go" (mean difference 0.120, p < 0.001) were evident, signifying substantial BMC gains and some progress in PF and EF. CONCLUSION This research underscores the positive impact of regular training on BMC and PF in young children. Significant BMC development and associated improvements in PF and EF over the study period highlight the importance of structured activities in early childhood. These findings advocate for standardized training programs to enhance childhood health and encourage active lifestyles. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05741879. Registered February 14, 2023, Version 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Legarra-Gorgoñon
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Yesenia García-Alonso
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Loreto Alonso-Martínez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avenida de Barañain s/n, Pamplona (Navarra), 31008, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia M Alonso-Martínez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
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Vives-Vilarroig J, Ruiz-Bernardo P, García-Gómez A. Effects of Horseback Riding on the Postural Control of Autistic Children: A Multiple Baseline Across-subjects Design. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5. [PMID: 38246963 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the effect of a horseback-riding programme on postural control in a group of autistic children (ASD). Nine children aged 9 to 12 years participated in this study through a multiple baseline across subjects design. The whole programme took place over nine months. Participants followed a previously developed specific horseback-riding programme, consisting of 45-minute sessions held twice a week for at least three months. To evaluate postural control, the average velocity of the centre of pressure displacement was measured by means of a posturographic platform. Results indicated that this intervention with horses had a positive effect on the postural control in children with ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vives-Vilarroig
- Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEU, Castellón, C. Grecia, 31, Castellón de la Plana, 12006, España
| | - Paola Ruiz-Bernardo
- Universidad Jaume I. Castellón, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, Castellón de la Plana, 12071, España.
| | - Andrés García-Gómez
- Universidad de Extremadura. Badajoz, Av. de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, España
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Abid M, Cherni Y, Batcho CS, Traverse E, Lavoie MD, Mercier C. Facilitators and barriers to participation in physical activities in children and adolescents living with cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:4322-4337. [PMID: 36447398 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2150327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This scoping review aimed to synthetize personal and environmental facilitators and barriers to participation in physical activities among youths living with cerebral palsy. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in five databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane, WEB OF SCIENCE. The studies were selected by two independent researchers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A semi-quantitative evaluation assessed the consistency of results for a given variable. Variables displaying consistent associations were classified based on the Physical Activity for people with Disability Model. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 10 795 articles, of which 57 were included. The main barriers to physical activity identified were motor impairments (30 studies), older age (15 studies), pain (6 studies), attendance in regular school (6 studies), and communication problems (4 studies). Barriers such as upper limb impairment and visual deficit were less frequently studied, while cognitive attributes, adapted physical environments and positive attitude, and family support were identified as facilitators. CONCLUSION Personal and environmental factors influencing physical activities behaviors among youths living with cerebral palsy are multiple and complex since they interact with each other. Rehabilitation interventions need to adopt a person-based approach to address barriers and reinforce facilitators.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION:Physical activity participation among youths with cerebral palsy is a multidimensional phenomenon, dependent on different personal and environmental factors.Gross motor impairments, communication problems, and pain were the most common personal factors limiting physical activity participation.Environmental factors consistently associated with physical activity participation were school settings, physical environment such as transportation, and social and family support and attitude.Rehabilitation interventions to promote an active lifestyle should consider not only personal factors but their interaction with the child's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Abid
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Yosra Cherni
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Charles Sèbiyo Batcho
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Elodie Traverse
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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Errisuriz VL, Parra-Medina D, Liang Y, Howard JT, Li S, Sosa E, Ullevig SL, Estrada-Coats VM, Yin Z. ¡Miranos! An 8-Month Comprehensive Preschool Obesity Prevention Program in Low-Income Latino Children: Effects on Children's Gross Motor Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6974. [PMID: 37947532 PMCID: PMC10647584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Organized childcare is an ideal setting to promote gross motor development in young children from low-income minority families. A three-group clustered randomized controlled trial was conducted in Head Start centers serving low-income Latino children to evaluate the impact of an 8-month comprehensive obesity-prevention intervention on children's percentile scores for locomotive skills (LS pctl) and ball skills (BS pctl), and general motor quotient (GMQ). Trained Head Start staff delivered the center-based intervention (CBI) to modify center physical activity and nutrition policies, staff practices, and child behaviors, while the home-based intervention (HBI) offered training and support to parents for obesity prevention at home. Participants were 3-year-old children (n = 310; 87% Latino; 58% female) enrolled in Head Start centers in South Texas. Twelve centers were randomized (1:1:1 ratio) to receive CBI, CBI and HBI (CBI + HBI), or control treatment. Posttest data were collected from 79.1% of participants. All gross motor development measures improved significantly for children in CBI compared to the control, while children in CBI + HBI only showed improvement for GMQ (p = 0.09) and LS pctl (p < 0.001) compared to the control. A comprehensive and culturally competent intervention targeting childcare centers and children's homes was effective at improving children's gross motor development and reducing disparities in child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Errisuriz
- Department of Public Health, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA;
| | - Deborah Parra-Medina
- Latino Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Jeffrey T. Howard
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Erica Sosa
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sarah L. Ullevig
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Vanessa M. Estrada-Coats
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zenong Yin
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
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Flynn RJ, Pringle A, Roscoe CMP. Direct Parent Engagement to Improve Fundamental Movement Skills in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1247. [PMID: 37508744 PMCID: PMC10378247 DOI: 10.3390/children10071247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are basic movements in children that represent the building blocks for more complex motor skill development and act as a prerequisite for enduring sport and physical activity (PA) engagement and positive health-related behaviours. The FMS proficiency is currently inadequate worldwide, and consequently there are alarming levels of inactivity and childhood obesity. However, parents are role models to their children and possess the power to influence their PA behaviour. This review investigated if parent-focused interventions could improve FMS in 2-7-year-old children and evaluated which setting and method of parent engagement was most impactful. Keyword searches were conducted via Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Only nine articles met the inclusion criteria. No research originated from the United Kingdom, highlighting the urgent need for further FMS interventions involving parents. The FMS improved in all nine studies, with significant changes in seven of the articles (p < 0.05). Parent-child co-activity, the education and empowerment of parents, and the provision of clear FMS guidance, messaging, and structure can positively influence children's FMS. Recently, smartphone apps have increased the feasibility and accessibility of FMS practice at home and may be integral to future interventions. Further research with direct parental involvement is clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Flynn
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Andy Pringle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Clare M P Roscoe
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Haugland ES, Nilsen AKO, Okely AD, Aadland KN, Aadland E. Multivariate physical activity association patterns for fundamental motor skills and physical fitness in preschool children aged 3-5 years. J Sports Sci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37419662 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2232219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is important for children's development of fundamental motor skills (FMS) and physical fitness (FIT) but evidence regarding which intensities are associated with these outcomes in early childhood is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the cross-sectional multivariate PA intensity signatures associated with FMS and FIT in children aged 3-5 years. We used a sample of 952 Norwegian preschoolers (4.3 years, 51% boys) who provided data on PA (ActiGraph GT3X+), at least one FMS (locomotor, object control and/or balance skills) or FIT (speed agility, standing long jump, and/or handgrip strength) outcome, body mass index, and socioeconomic status in 2019-2020. We created 17 PA intensity variables (0-99 to ≥15000 counts per minute) from the vertical axis and used multivariate pattern analysis for analyses. The PA intensity spectrum (including sedentary time) was significantly associated with all outcomes. Associations for PA intensities were positive (negative for sedentary time), strongest for moderate and vigorous intensities, and were significant across sex and age groups. Our findings show that the PA intensity spectrum is associated with FMS and FIT in young children and that promotion of PA, in particular moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity, from an early age benefits children's physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Straume Haugland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Ada Kristine Ofrim Nilsen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Anthony David Okely
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Early Start and School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrine Nyvoll Aadland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Eivind Aadland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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James J, Pringle A, Mourton S, Roscoe CMP. The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1019. [PMID: 37371251 DOI: 10.3390/children10061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Schools offer a unique environment to influence children's physical activity (PA) levels positively. This study aims to systematically review the evidence surrounding how PA affects academic performance by analysing how the frequency, intensity, time, and type of PA mediate academic performance outcomes. This review was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Keyword searches were conducted in Science Direct, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus. Children that were obese, typically developing, typical weight, disabled, with a developmental disability, from a low socio-economic background, or an ethnic minority were included. A total of 19 studies were included, with a total of 6788 participants, a mean age of 9.3 years (50.2% boys, and 49.8% girls). Overall, 63.2% were nondisabled, while 36.8% were diagnosed with a disability. Two authors met, reviewed papers with regard to the inclusion criteria, and agreed on outputs to be included. Evidence suggests that associations between PA and academic performance were primarily positive or nonsignificant. PA levels of 90 min plus per week were associated with improved academic performance, as was PA performed at moderate to vigorous intensity. The optimal duration of PA was 30-60 min per session, whilst various sports induced positive academic effects. Importantly, findings support that PA does not have a deleterious effect on academic performance but can enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph James
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Andy Pringle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Stuart Mourton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Clare M P Roscoe
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Dobell AP, Faghy MA, Pringle A, Roscoe CMP. Improving Fundamental Movement Skills during Early Childhood: An Intervention Mapping Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1004. [PMID: 37371235 DOI: 10.3390/children10061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The earlier in life that a child can begin mastering fundamental movement skills (FMS), the more positive their physical activity (PA) trajectories and health outcomes are. To achieve sufficient development in FMS, children must be guided with tuition and practice opportunities. Schools and educators provide an opportunity for interventions that improve health behaviours and outcomes for children. The aim of this study was to use intervention mapping (IM) to design a programme of school-based intervention to improve FMS for children aged 4-5 years old. Following the six steps of IM, with each step comprising three to five tasks that require the input of a planning group formed by key stakeholders, a programme of intervention was planned. Prior knowledge and primary and secondary evidence was used to support the development of the programme. A logic model of the problem as well as logic models of change, programme design, production, implementation, and evaluation were proposed or completed within the study. The results can be used to begin to implement an FMS-focussed intervention within school settings within England and propose a sustainable and realistic approach for helping children to develop FMS with the support of well-informed educators who are confident to deliver better FMS practice and PA opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Patricia Dobell
- Institute of Applied Health Research, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark A Faghy
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Andy Pringle
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Clare M P Roscoe
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Kolehmainen N, Thornton C, Craw O, Pearce MS, Kudlek L, Nazarpour K, Cutler L, Van Sluijs E, Rapley T. Physical activity in young children across developmental and health states: the ActiveCHILD study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 60:102008. [PMID: 37251626 PMCID: PMC10220310 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence about physical activity of young children across developmental and health states is very limited. Using data from an inclusive UK cohort, ActiveCHILD, we investigated relationships between objectively measured physical activity, child development, social context, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods Children (12-36 months), purposively sampled across health pathways, developmental abilities, and sociodemographic factors, were recruited through thirteen National Health Service organisations in England. Data were collected from 07/2017 to 08/2019 on: weekly physical activity (3-7 days) using waist-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph 3GTX); sociodemographics, parent actions, child HRQoL, and child development using questionnaires; and child health conditions using clinical records. A data-driven, unsupervised method, called hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) segmented the accelerometery data and provided estimates of the total time spent active (any intensity) and very active (greater intensity) for each child. Relationships with the explanatory factors were investigated using multiple linear regression. Findings Physical activity data were obtained for 282 children (56% females, mean age 21 months, 37.5% with a health condition) covering all index of multiple deprivation deciles. The patterns of physical activity consisted of two daily peaks, children spending 6.44 (SD = 1.39) hours active (any intensity), of which 2.78 (SD = 1.38) hours very active, 91% meeting WHO guidelines. The model for total time active (any intensity) explained 24% of variance, with mobility capacity the strongest predictor (β = 0.41). The model for time spent very active explained 59% of variance, with mobility capacity again the strongest predictor (β = 0.76). There was no evidence of physical activity explaining HRQoL. Interpretation The findings provide new evidence that young children across developmental states regularly achieve mainstream recommended physical activity levels and challenges the belief that children with development problems need lower expectations for daily physical activity compared to peers. Advancing the rights of all children to participate in physical activity requires inclusive, equally ambitious, expectations for all. Funding Niina Kolehmainen, HEE/NIHR Integrated Clinical Academic Senior Clinical Lecturer, NIHR ICA-SCL-2015-01-00, was funded by the NIHR for this research project. Christopher Thornton, Olivia Craw, Laura Kudlek, and Laura Cutler were also funded from this award. Tim Rapley is a member of the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North East and North Cumbria, with part of his time funded through the related award (NIHR200173). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. The work of Kianoush Nazarpour is supported by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), under grant number EP/R004242/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kolehmainen
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Thornton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olivia Craw
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark S. Pearce
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Kudlek
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Laura Cutler
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Esther Van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Rapley
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hassan MA, Liu W, McDonough DJ, Su X, Gao Z. Comparative Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention Programs on Motor Skills in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11914. [PMID: 36231213 PMCID: PMC9565026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate how different physical activity (PA) interventions (traditional, exergaming, and teacher/parent education) impacted children's motor skills (object control, locomotor, and gross motor). Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources: PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Eligibility criteria: (1) Participants comprised 1708 children 3-12 years; (2) PA or exercise-based interventions were investigated; (3) only studies using a Test of Gross Motor Skills assessment were included; (4) RCT were chosen as the study design to assess the impact of PA interventions on children's motor skills; and (5) culture-based PA studies with English language only were included. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Results: The results were reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with associated 95% credible intervals (CrIs). For object control, aerobic intervention (SMD 6.90, 95% Crl 1.39 to 13.50); for locomotor, exergaming intervention (SMD 12.50, 95% Crl 0.28 to 24.50); and for gross motor, aerobic intervention (SMD 7.49, 95% Crl 0.11 to 15.70) were the most effective treatments. Conclusion: Children's FMSs have been improved through different PA interventions. Among them, aerobic interventions seem to be the most effective intervention in enhancing object control skills and overall gross motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Hassan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 208 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Methods and Curriculum, Physical Education College for Men, Helwan University, Cairo 12552, Egypt
| | - Wenxi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel J. McDonough
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiwen Su
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 208 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Paez J, Hurtado J, Reyes T, Abusleme R, Arroyo P, Oñate C. Relationship between Parents' Physical Activity Level and the Motor Development Level and BMI of Their Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159145. [PMID: 35897516 PMCID: PMC9332858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
All the variables that arise in family dynamics can have significant effects on the lives of children concerning their nutritional status and motor development. The objective of this study was to relate the PAL of parents to the level of motor development and the BMI of their children. A total of 198 subjects participated, with the age of the students ranging between 8 and 10 years. To measure the BMI, the norms for the nutritional evaluation of children and teenagers from 5 to 19 years were used; to identify the motor behaviors, the TGMD-2 Test was used; and to identify the level of physical activity of parents, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. For the analysis, the independent samples t-test and the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test (Wilcoxon) were used, and for the correlational analysis, Spearman’s rho test was applied. This study found no significant correlation between the activity level of parents and nutritional status variables (p = 0.162), or between the PAL variables of parents and the motor development of their children (p = 0.738). A parent’s level of physical activity does not have a direct relationship with the nutritional status or the motor development of their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Paez
- Escuela Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 252000, Chile; (J.H.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Escuela Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 252000, Chile; (J.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Tomas Reyes
- Escuela Educación Física, Universidad Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Rosita Abusleme
- Escuela Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 252000, Chile; (J.H.); (R.A.)
| | - Patricio Arroyo
- Escuela Educación Física, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Cristian Oñate
- Escuela de Kinesiologia, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
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15
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Mao X, Zhang J, Li Y, Cao Y, Ding M, Li W, Fan L. The effects of football practice on children's fundamental movement skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1019150. [PMID: 36605760 PMCID: PMC9808820 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1019150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the effects of different soccer practices on fundamental movement skills (FMS) of children of different ages and genders, in order to help children to improve their fundamental movement skills through soccer practice more effectively. The databases of CNKI, Wanfang database, Pubmed, Web of science and Cochrane library were searched to collect relevant studies on the effects of soccer practices on FMS, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and Meta-analysis was conducted by Review Manager 5.4 software. 16 studies were finally included, with a total of 3,121 subjects were included. The results showed that soccer had a positive effect on linear sprint ability [SMD 95% CI = -0.37 (-0.61, -0.14), P = 0.002], horizontal jump [SMD 95% CI = 0.22 (-0.34, 0.77), P = 0.003], object control [SMD 95% CI = 1.32 (0.8, 1.85), P = 0.0003], Closed-eye single-leg test [SMD 95% CI = 0.87(0.48,1.25), P < 0.0001],while countermovement jump [SMD 95% CI = 0.50(-0.35,1.35), P = 0.25] and flamingo balance [SMD 95% CI = -0.16(-0.31,-0.02), P = 0.03] had a less significant effect. Meanwhile, the effect of the practice was mainly influenced by the total duration of the intervention, age and gender of the intervention subjects, in which the total intervention time longer than 1,800 min promoted linear sprint ability, horizontal jump and flamingo balance test better than those below 1,800 min; the promotion effect of linear sprint ability and horizontal jump was better in children aged 7-9 years than 10-13 years, while Children aged 10-13 years showed better improvement in Closed-eye single-leg test after the intervention than 7-9 years; Girls were better promoted in linear sprint ability and Closed-eye single-leg test, but the horizontal jump is better for boys to improve the effect. It is recommended that the effects of different soccer practice contents on fundamental movement skills can be further explored in the future to improve the relevance and efficiency of fundamental movement skill development for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Mao
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyue Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yulian Li
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuang Cao
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Education and Sports Bureau of Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Foulkes JD, Knowles Z, Fairclough SJ, Stratton G, O’Dwyer MV, Foweather L. Is Foundational Movement Skill Competency Important for Keeping Children Physically Active and at a Healthy Weight? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:105. [PMID: 35010362 PMCID: PMC8750457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examines the associations between foundational movement skills (FMS) competency, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and weight status among children (n = 75) attending preschools in deprived areas from early to late childhood. Twelve FMS were assessed using the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Motor Skills Protocol and video analysis. Physical activity was measured via hip-mounted accelerometry. Data was collected over a five-year period, with Baseline Follow Up data collected between 2010 and 2015. There was an overall pattern of increase for total, object-control and locomotor scores between Baseline and Follow-Up. Conversely, there was an overall pattern of decline for MVPA among participants. There was a positive significant (p < 0.05) association between total and locomotor scores and MVPA at Baseline. However, these associations weakened over time and no significant associations were found at Follow-Up. Baseline competency failed to predict Follow-Up MVPA or weight status. Likewise, Baseline MVPA was not found to be a predictor of Follow-Up FMS competency. Further longitudinal research is required to explore these associations among children from highly deprived areas. Future interventions may require a more holistic approach to improving FMS competency and increasing PA in order to account for the number of variables that can affect these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Foulkes
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Student Life Building, Copperas Hill, Liverpool L3 5AJ, UK
| | - Zoe Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 5 Primrose Hill, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK; (Z.K.); (L.F.)
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
| | - Gareth Stratton
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Mareesa V. O’Dwyer
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AT, UK;
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 5 Primrose Hill, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK; (Z.K.); (L.F.)
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Foundational Movement Skills and Play Behaviors during Recess among Preschool Children: A Compositional Analysis. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070543. [PMID: 34202803 PMCID: PMC8306790 DOI: 10.3390/children8070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the associations between play behaviors during preschool recess and foundational movement skills (FMS) in typically developing preschool children. One hundred and thirty-three children (55% male; mean age 4.7 ± 0.5 years) from twelve preschools were video-assessed for six locomotor and six object-control FMS using the Champs Motor Skill Protocol. A modified System for Observing Children's Activity and Relationships during Play assessed play behaviors during preschool recess. Associations between the composition of recess play behaviors with FMS were analyzed using compositional data analysis and linear regression. Results: Relative to time spent in other types of play behaviors, time spent in play without equipment was positively associated with total and locomotor skills, while time spent in locomotion activities was negatively associated with total and locomotor skills. No associations were found between activity level and group size play behavior compositions and FMS. The findings suggest that activity type play behaviors during recess are associated with FMS. While active games without equipment appear beneficial, preschool children may need a richer playground environment, including varied fixed and portable equipment, to augment the play-based development of FMS.
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Educators Perspectives on the Value of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills for Early Years Foundation Stage Children in England. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050338. [PMID: 33925938 PMCID: PMC8145741 DOI: 10.3390/children8050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information available for physical education (PE) provision in the early years foundation stage (EYFS), prompting concern about what is currently delivered in schools and the values behind the approaches taken. Using semi-structured interviews, this study investigated educators’ perspectives on the value of PE and physical activity (PA) for EYFS children across England in relation to opportunities for, barriers to, and benefits of PA and PE. This study collected important stakeholder views and can help shape the impact and implementation of fundamental movement skills (FMS) and PA interventions at the EYFS.
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Children's Perceived and Actual Physical Activity Levels within the Elementary School Setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073485. [PMID: 33801656 PMCID: PMC8037387 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, little research has longitudinally examined young children’s physical activity (PA) during school hours, nor questioned children’s perceptions of their own PA behaviours. This study investigated 20 children’s actual physical activity levels (APA) and their perceived physical activity levels (PPA) (10 infants, mean age 6.6 years; 10 juniors, mean age 9.5 years). APA was evaluated using accelerometers across 36 whole school days (371 min per day); 18 days included Physical Education (PE) lessons and 18 did not. A repeated-measures three-factor ANOVA analysed: type of day; age phase; parts of the day and sex. PPA was collected by an interactive handset and an adapted version of the PA Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C). Participants undertook 10 more minutes of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) on PE days (53 ± 19 min) compared to non-PE days (43 ± 15 min) (F = 92.32, p < 0.05) and only junior boys reached daily MVPA recommendations (60 ± 13 min) on PE days. Juniors over-estimated, and infants under-estimated, their APA levels. Educators need more support to teach and embed different PA intensities into the school day to enable children to better understand the health benefits associated with varying the intensity of their PA during school hours.
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20
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Motor Development among Spanish Preschool Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8010041. [PMID: 33445647 PMCID: PMC7828156 DOI: 10.3390/children8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze motor development of Spanish preschoolers, taking into account sex and age, being an only child, prematurity, and the practice of extracurricular activities. The sample was composed of 300 preschoolers (132 girls, 168 boys) ages 3 to 6 years. Preschoolers were tested on 12 fundamental motor skills (locomotor and object control) through the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition (TGMD-2). Nonparametric analysis indicated that there are differences between girls and boys in locomotor and object control skills in the age range of 3–4 years. However, boys and girls scored similarly at the age of 5 years in locomotor development. There were not differences between only children and those who are not only children. Similarly, prematurity was not associated with locomotor and object control development. Nevertheless, those preschoolers who practice extracurricular physical activities scored significantly higher in comparison with those children do not. Further research is needed to shed light on the differences between boys and girls in object control. It may be explained by the types of extracurricular activities.
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