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Xu T, Wu Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Zhao C, Yu Y, Liu H, Gu X, Cao Z, Chen J, Fan X, Bai R, Tang Q, Xu Y, Kang K. Electrical Kinetic Model of a Hydroxylated Graphene FET Gas Sensor. ACS Sens 2024; 9:4851-4859. [PMID: 39283999 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Graphene transistor sensors, with advantages such as facile surface functionalization and high sensitivity, have gained extensive research interest in gas detection applications. This study fabricated back-gated graphene transistors and employed a hydroxylation scheme for the surface functionalization of graphene. On the basis of the interaction mechanisms between gas molecules and graphene's electrical properties, a compact electrical kinetics model considering the gas-solid surface reaction of graphene transistors is proposed. The model can accurately predict the electrical kinetic performance and can be used to optimize sensor characteristics. The bias condition of a higher response can be rapidly determined. In addition, the density of hydroxyl groups on graphene is revealed to be the direction of improvement and a key factor of response. Hence, the gas detection capacity of sensors with varying densities of hydroxyl groups was assessed concerning ammonia gas, and design technology co-optimization (DTCO) is realized. Measurement results show that the sensor with 70 s of hydroxylation time has a 7.7% response under 22 ppm ammonia gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yunqiu Wu
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Minmin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zegao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Huihua Liu
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaowen Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing 210093, China
- Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing 210093, China
- Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Huaqiang High-Tech Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
| | - Xi Fan
- Hubei Huaqiang High-Tech Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
| | - Ru Bai
- Hubei Huaqiang High-Tech Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Hubei Huaqiang High-Tech Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yuehang Xu
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Kai Kang
- The School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China
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2
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Hou Z, Sun S, Ye X. First-Principles Study on Bi 2Te 2S Monolayer for Adsorption Performance and Sensing Capability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:19602-19611. [PMID: 39228307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive investigation into the gas sensing capabilities of the two-dimensional (2D) Bi2Te2S was conducted using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. A wide array of gas molecules, including CH4, Cl2, CO, CO2, H2, H2O, H2S, N2, NH3, NO, NO2, O2, and SO2, was encompassed in this work. Through the strategic placement of these gas molecules at different locations on the Bi2Te2S monolayer and taking into account a range of configurations, the adsorption process was thoroughly investigated, with a particular emphasis on the structures that are most thermodynamically stable. It was revealed that Cl2, O2, NO, and NO2 molecules exhibit a pronounced affinity for the Bi2Te2S monolayer. Notably, it was found that the Cl2@Bi2Te2S, O2@Bi2Te2S, and NO2@Bi2Te2S systems' gas adsorption capabilities are greatly enhanced by the introduction of an external electric field. Moreover, the addition of horizontal biaxial strain significantly impacts the gas adsorption properties of the O2@Bi2Te2S system, underscoring the tunability of the Bi2Te2S monolayer's sensing capabilities. In light of these theoretical results, the Bi2Te2S monolayer is proposed to have great potential as an extremely sensitive and selective gas sensing material, especially for identifying Cl2, O2, NO, and NO2. This study clarifies the intrinsic gas sensing capabilities of the Bi2Te2S monolayer, while highlighting how its performance can be tailored in response to external stimuli, setting the stage for the advancement of more sophisticated gas sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Hou
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Shoutian Sun
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
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3
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Xiao S, Hao J, Shi T, Jin J, Wu B, Peng Q. Effects of size and shape of hole defects on mechanical properties of biphenylene: a molecular dynamics study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:485703. [PMID: 39208809 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad7509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The distinctive multi-ring structure and remarkable electrical characteristics of biphenylene render it a material of considerable interest, notably for its prospective utilization as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. However, understanding the mechanical traits of biphenylene is essential for its application, particularly due to the volumetric fluctuations resulting from lithium ion insertion and extraction during charging and discharging cycles. In this regard, this study investigates the performance of pristine biphenylene and materials embedded with various types of hole defects under uniaxial tension utilizing molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, from the stress‒strain curves, we obtained key mechanical properties, including toughness, strength, Young's modulus and fracture strain. It was observed that various near-circular hole (including circular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal) defects result in remarkably similar properties. A more quantitative scaling analysis revealed that, in comparison with the exact shape of the defect, the area of the defect is more critical for determining the mechanical properties of biphenylene. Our finding might be beneficial to the defect engineering of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyang Xiao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Shi
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Aerospace Research Academy, Guangzhou 511458, People's Republic of China
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Rossi A, Impemba S, Serrano-Ruiz M, Caporali M, Fabbri B, Valt M, Gaiardo A, Filippi J, Vanzetti L, Banchelli M, Vincenzi D, Guidi V. 2D Amino-Functionalized Black Phosphorus: A New Approach to Improve Hydrogen Gas Detection Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39796-39806. [PMID: 38984539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogen has gained attention as a potential solution to replace fossil fuels, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The development of ever improving hydrogen sensors is a topic that is constantly under study due to concerns about the inherent risk of leaks of this gas and potential explosions. In this work, a new, long-term, stable phosphorene-based sensor was developed for hydrogen detection. A simple functionalization of phosphorene using urea was employed to synthesize an air-stable material, subsequently used to prepare films for gas sensing applications, via the drop casting method. The material was deeply characterized by different techniques (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy), and the stability of the material in a noninert atmosphere was evaluated. The phosphorene-based sensor exhibited high sensitivity (up to 700 ppm) and selectivity toward hydrogen at room temperature, as well as long-term stability over five months under ambient conditions. To gain further insight into the gas sensing mechanism over the surface, we employed a dedicated apparatus, namely operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform, by exposing the chemoresistive sensor to hydrogen gas under dry air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rossi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Impemba
- CNR-ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CSGI, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Maria Caporali
- CNR-ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Valt
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Jonathan Filippi
- CNR-ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Donato Vincenzi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Gorgolis G, Kotsidi M, Messina E, Mazzurco Miritana V, Di Carlo G, Nhuch EL, Martins Leal Schrekker C, Cuty JA, Schrekker HS, Paterakis G, Androulidakis C, Koutroumanis N, Galiotis C. Antifungal Hybrid Graphene-Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Aerogels with an Ionic Liquid Additive as Innovative Absorbers for Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3174. [PMID: 38998257 PMCID: PMC11242601 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The use and integration of novel materials are increasingly becoming vital tools in the field of preventive conservation of cultural heritage. Chemical factors, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but also environmental factors such as high relative humidity, can lead to degradation, oxidation, yellowing, and fading of the works of art. To prevent these phenomena, highly porous materials have been developed for the absorption of VOCs and for controlling the relative humidity. In this work, graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) were combined to create three-dimensional aerogels that absorb certain harmful substances. More specifically, the addition of the TMDs molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide in such macrostructures led to the selective absorption of ammonia. Moreover, the addition of the ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride promoted higher rates of VOCs absorption and anti-fungal activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. These two-dimensional materials outperform benchmark porous absorbers in the absorption of all the examined VOCs, such as ammonia, formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. Consequently, they can be used by museums, galleries, or even storage places for the perpetual protection of works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gorgolis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kotsidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Elena Messina
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy;
| | - Valentina Mazzurco Miritana
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Carlo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy;
| | - Elsa Lesaria Nhuch
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Martins Leal Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeniffer Alves Cuty
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91.501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - George Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Charalampos Androulidakis
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikos Koutroumanis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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6
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Cong Y, Tao B, Lu X, Liu X, Wang Y, Yin H. Effect of point defects on the band alignment and transport properties of 1T-MoS 2/2H-MoS 2/1T-MoS 2 heterojunctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13230-13238. [PMID: 38634402 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00707g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Defects, which are an unavoidable component of the material preparation process, can have a significant impact on the properties of two-dimensional devices. In this work, we investigated theoretically the effects of different types and positions of point defects on band alignment and transport properties of metallic 1T-phase MoS2/semiconducting 2H-phase MoS2 junctions. We found that the Schottky barriers of junctions depend on the type of defects and their locations while showing anisotropic characteristics along the zigzag and armchair directions of 2H-phase MoS2. Moreover, defects in the central scattering region can generate local impurity states and introduce new transmission peaks, while defects at the interface do not generate impurity-state-related transmission peaks. Together, these defect-related peaks and Schottky barriers jointly affect the transport properties of the junctions. Understanding the complex behaviors of defects in devices can make the process of material preparation more efficient by avoiding harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Cong
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Bairui Tao
- College of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
| | - Xinzhu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Physics and International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Haitao Yin
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Khan MI, Akber MI, Gul M, Ul Ain N, Iqbal T, Alarfaji SS, Mahmood A. Exploring the sensing potential of Fe-decorated h-BN toward harmful gases: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7040-7051. [PMID: 38414992 PMCID: PMC10897782 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas sensing technology has a broad impact on society, ranging from environmental and industrial safety to healthcare and everyday applications, contributing to a safer, healthier, and more sustainable world. We studied pure and Fe-decorated hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) gas sensor for monitoring of carbon-based gases using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations utilized the Generalized Gradient Approximation with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) exchange-correlation functional. The novelty of our study lies in the investigation of the adsorption of harmful gases such as carbonyl sulfide, carbinol, carbimide, and carbonyl fluoride on both pure and Fe-decorated h-BN. The deviation in structural, electronic, and adsorption properties of h-BN due to Fe decoration has been studied along with the sensing ability to design said material towards carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbinol, (CH4O), carbimide (CH2N2), and carbonyl fluoride (CF2O) gases. Gases such as CO, COS, CH2N2, and CF2O exhibited chemisorption, while CO2, and CH4O exhibited physisorption behavior. The introduction of Fe altered the semiconductor properties of h-BN and rendered it metallic. Enhanced electronic properties were observed due to a robust hybridization occurring between the d-orbitals of Fe-decorated BN and the gas molecules. The extended recovery periods observed for gases, aside from CO2, indicate their adhesive interactions with Fe-decorated h-BN. The reduction in desorption duration as temperature rises allows Fe-decorated h-BN to function as a reversible gas sensor. This research opens up a novel pathway for the synthesis and advancement of cost-effective, environmentally friendly double-atom catalysts with high sensitivity for capturing and detecting molecules such as CO, COS, CH2N2, CO2, CH4O, and CF2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Isa Khan
- Department of Physics, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Akber
- Department of Physics, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Gul
- Department of Physics, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Physics, Bagdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Tahir Iqbal
- Department of Physics, University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Saleh S Alarfaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudia Arabia
| | - Abid Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
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8
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Saha S, Sajib DI, Alam MK. Interaction of the III-As monolayer with SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers: implications for biosensor development. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6242-6255. [PMID: 38305347 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to the global COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the urgency for developing cost-effective and non-invasive methods to detect diseases at an early stage. Human breath, rich in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is promising for cost-effective and rapid disease detection, with specific VOCs like methanol, ethanal, butanone, acetone, and ethyl butyrate linked to COVID-19. Recent advances in biomarker detection and gas sensing with 2D materials, particularly III-As monolayers like BAs, GaAs, and AlAs, offer high sensitivity at low concentrations, providing a novel avenue for exploring their potential in detecting COVID-19 biomarkers. This article aims to examine the effects of adsorption on different properties of III-Arsenide (BAs, GaAs and AlAs) monolayers, particularly in connection with SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers. In order to examine the interaction between the monolayers and biomarkers, first-principles computations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) are utilized. The present study involves an investigation of the modifications in the band structure, density of states (DOS), work function, electron density difference, and optical properties (reflectance and absorbance) of III-As monolayers, with the aim of assessing their viability for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers along with interfering gases such as CO2 and H2O. It is observed that VOCs induce a notable change in the work function of GaAs which serves as an indicator of the presence of these biomarkers. However, the changes in work function are not as substantial as those for AlAs and BAs. Additionally, the chemiresistive sensitivity, optical sensitivity and recovery time of III-As are investigated. The findings suggest that the pristine GaAs monolayer displays a significant level of sensitivity and selectivity towards the SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers, rendering it a material with potential for utilization in sensing applications. Furthermore, it has been observed that the recovery time of the GaAs monolayer subsequent to its exposure to the VOC biomarkers lies within an acceptable threshold. Upon exposure to UV light, the recovery time is further reduced. The outcomes of our study indicate that GaAs monolayers exhibit considerable potential as chemiresistive, work function-based and optical sensors for the precise and discerning identification of VOCs linked to the SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to the other two III-As monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Saha
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Deb Indronil Sajib
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawsar Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
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9
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Xin S, Sayin S, Yi Z, Li Z, Zaghloul M. Layer-Dependent Sensing Performance of WS 2-Based Gas Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:235. [PMID: 38276753 PMCID: PMC10818851 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS2), have attracted considerable attention for their potential in gas sensing applications, primarily due to their distinctive electrical properties and layer-dependent characteristics. This research explores the impact of the number of WS2 layers on the ability to detect gases by examining the layer-dependent sensing performance of WS2-based gas sensors. We fabricated gas sensors based on WS2 in both monolayer and multilayer configurations and methodically evaluated their response to various gases, including NO2, CO, NH3, and CH4 at room temperature and 50 degrees Celsius. In contrast to the monolayer counterpart, the multilayer WS2 sensor exhibits enhanced gas sensing performance at higher temperatures. Furthermore, a comprehensive gas monitoring system was constructed employing these WS2-based sensors, integrated with additional electronic components. To facilitate user access to data and receive alerts, sensor data were transmitted to a cloud-based platform for processing and storage. This investigation not only advances our understanding of 2D WS2-based gas sensors but also underscores the importance of layer engineering in tailoring their sensing capabilities for diverse applications. Additionally, the development of a gas monitoring system employing 2D WS2 within this study holds significant promise for future implementation in intelligent, efficient, and cost-effective sensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA (Z.L.)
| | - Sichen Xin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sezin Sayin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhiqiang Yi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA (Z.L.)
| | - Mona Zaghloul
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
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10
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Di Matteo P, Petrucci R, Curulli A. Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Molecules 2023; 29:172. [PMID: 38202755 PMCID: PMC10780376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have attracted growing attention in the (bio)sensing area and, in particular, for biomedical applications because of their unique mechanical and physicochemical properties, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area. Graphene (G) and its derivatives represent the most common 2D nanomaterials applied to electrochemical (bio)sensors for healthcare applications. This review will pay particular attention to other 2D nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and MXenes, applied to the electrochemical biomedical (bio)sensing area, considering the literature of the last five years (2018-2022). An overview of 2D nanostructures focusing on the synthetic approach, the integration with electrodic materials, including other nanomaterials, and with different biorecognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and aptamers, will be provided. Next, significant examples of applications in the clinical field will be reported and discussed together with the role of nanomaterials, the type of (bio)sensor, and the adopted electrochemical technique. Finally, challenges related to future developments of these nanomaterials to design portable sensing systems will be shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Matteo
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), 00161 Rome, Italy
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11
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Xiao L, Guo G, Zhang M, You M, Luo S, Guo G, He C, Tang C, Zhong J. Cu- and Al-Decorated Monolayer TiSe 2 for Enhanced Gas Detection Sensitivity: A DFT Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18631-18643. [PMID: 38064293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid industrial development has contributed to worsening global pollution, necessitating the urgent development of highly sensitive, cost-effective, and portable gas sensors. In this work, the adsorption of CO, CO2, H2S, NH3, NO, NO2, O2, and SO2 gas molecules on pristine and Cu- and Al-decorated monolayer TiSe2 has been investigated based on first-principles calculations. First, the results of the phonon spectrum and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that TiSe2 is dynamically stable. In addition, compared to pristine TiSe2 (-0.029 to -0.154 eV), the adsorption energy of gas molecules (excluding CO2) significantly decreased after decorated with Cu or Al (-0.212 to -0.977 eV in Cu-decorated TiSe2, -0.438 to -2.896 eV in Al-decorated TiSe2). Among them, NH3 and NO2 have the lowest adsorption energies in Cu and Al-decorated TiSe2, respectively. Further research has shown that the decrease in adsorption energy of gas molecules is mainly due to orbital hybridization and charge transfer between decorated Cu and Al atoms and gas molecules. These findings suggest that TiSe2 decorated with Cu and Al can effectively improve its sensitivity to NH3 and NO2, respectively, making it promising in gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landong Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Gencai Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
- Foshan Green Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute of Xiangtan University, Guangdong 528311, China
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Manqi You
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Siwei Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Gang Guo
- School of Science, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Chaoyu He
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Jianxin Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology, and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
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12
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Nguyen DK, Ha CV, Hong Gam LT, Guerrero-Sanchez J, Hoat DM. First-principles study of indium nitride monolayers doped with alkaline earth metals. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33634-33643. [PMID: 38020031 PMCID: PMC10652252 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Element doping has been widely employed to modify the ground state properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, the effects of doping with alkaline earth metals (AEMs) on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of indium nitride (InN) monolayers are investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. In a graphene-like honeycomb structure, the InN monolayer possesses good dynamical and thermal stability, and exhibits an indirect gap semiconductor character with a band gap of 0.37 (1.48) eV as determined by using the PBE(HSE06) functional. A single In vacancy leads to the emergence of a magnetic semiconductor character, where magnetic properties with a large total magnetic moment of 3.00 μB are produced mainly by the N atoms closest to the defect site. The incorporation of AEMs impurities causes local structural distortion due to the difference in atomic size, where Mg and Ca doping processes are energetically most favorable. Half-metallicity is induced by the partial occupancy of the N-2p orbital, which is a consequence of having one valence electron less. In these cases, the total magnetic moment of 1.00 μB mainly originates from N atoms neighboring the dopants. Further increasing the doping level preserves the half-metallic character, where N atoms play a key role on the magnetism of the highly doped systems. Results presented herein suggest the In replacement by AEMs impurities is an effective approach to make prospective spintronic 2D materials from InN monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Khanh Nguyen
- Laboratory for Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Mechanical - Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Technology, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Chu Viet Ha
- Faculty of Physics, TNU-University of Education Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - Le T Hong Gam
- Faculty of Physics, TNU-University of Education Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - J Guerrero-Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología Apartado Postal 14 Ensenada Baja California Código Postal 22800 Mexico
| | - D M Hoat
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University Ha Noi 100000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
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13
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Zhang R, Wang Z, Hou Q, Yuan X, Yong Y, Cui H, Li X. First-principles insights into the C 6N 7 monolayer as a highly efficient sensor and scavenger for the detection of selective volatile organic compounds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28703-28712. [PMID: 37790102 PMCID: PMC10542849 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05573f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of new gas sensors and scavengers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is desirable for VOC enriching, separation and utilization. Herein, first-principles methods were performed to investigate the potential of C6N7 monolayers as highly efficient sensors and scavengers for selective VOCs (toluene, benzene, vinyl chloride, ethane, methanal, acetone, ethanol, and acetaldehyde). The physisorption of toluene, benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanal has relatively high adsorption strength and can significantly tune the electronic properties and work function (Φ) of the C6N7, indicating that the C6N7 monolayer is highly sensitive and selective to these VOC gases. In addition, the desorption time of benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanal is about 3, 0.4, 2.0 × 10-2, 3.0 × 10-2, and 3.6 × 10-5 s at 300 K, respectively, indicating that the C6N7-based sensor has high reusability at room temperature. The recovery time of toluene was about 7.8 × 102 s at 300 K, showing disposable toluene gas sensing of the monolayer. Our work confirms that the C6N7 monolayer as a resistance-type and Φ-type gas sensor and scavenger is highly sensitive, selective and reusable for VOCs (benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanol), but is a disposable toluene gas sensor and scavenger at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishan Zhang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Qihua Hou
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Xiaobo Yuan
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Yongliang Yong
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
- Advanced Materials Science Innovation Center, Longmen Laboratory Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Hongling Cui
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Xinli Li
- Advanced Materials Science Innovation Center, Longmen Laboratory Luoyang 471003 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China
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14
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Guo YT, Yi SS. Recent Advances in the Preparation and Application of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5798. [PMID: 37687495 PMCID: PMC10488888 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs), consisting of atoms or a near-atomic thickness with infinite transverse dimensions, possess unique structures, excellent physical properties, and tunable surface chemistry. They exhibit significant potential for development in the fields of sensing, renewable energy, and catalysis. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research findings on the preparation and application of 2D NMs. First, the article introduces the common synthesis methods of 2D NMs from both "top-down" and "bottom-up" perspectives, including mechanical exfoliation, ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation, ion intercalation, chemical vapor deposition, and hydrothermal techniques. In terms of the applications of 2D NMs, this study focuses on their potential in gas sensing, lithium-ion batteries, photodetection, electromagnetic wave absorption, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Additionally, based on existing research, the article looks forward to the future development trends and possible challenges of 2D NMs. The significance of this work lies in its systematic summary of the recent advancements in the preparation methods and applications of 2D NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sha-Sha Yi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
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15
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Bulusheva LG, Semushkina GI, Fedorenko AD. Heteroatom-Doped Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials for Gas Sensors, Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2182. [PMID: 37570500 PMCID: PMC10420692 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is the second two-dimensional material after graphene that received a lot of attention from the research community. Strong S-Mo-S bonds make the sandwich-like layer mechanically and chemically stable, while the abundance of precursors and several developed synthesis methods allow obtaining various MoS2 architectures, including those in combinations with a carbon component. Doping of MoS2 with heteroatom substituents can occur by replacing Mo and S with other cations and anions. This creates active sites on the basal plane, which is important for the adsorption of reactive species. Adsorption is a key step in the gas detection and electrochemical energy storage processes discussed in this review. The literature data were analyzed in the light of the influence of a substitutional heteroatom on the interaction of MoS2 with gas molecules and electrolyte ions. Theory predicts that the binding energy of molecules to a MoS2 surface increases in the presence of heteroatoms, and experiments showed that such surfaces are more sensitive to certain gases. The best electrochemical performance of MoS2-based nanomaterials is usually achieved by including foreign metals. Heteroatoms improve the electrical conductivity of MoS2, which is a semiconductor in a thermodynamically stable hexagonal form, increase the distance between layers, and cause lattice deformation and electronic density redistribution. An analysis of literature data showed that co-doping with various elements is most attractive for improving the performance of MoS2 in sensor and electrochemical applications. This is the first comprehensive review on the influence of foreign elements inserted into MoS2 lattice on the performance of a nanomaterial in chemiresistive gas sensors, lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The collected data can serve as a guide to determine which elements and combinations of elements can be used to obtain a MoS2-based nanomaterial with the properties required for a particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov G. Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.I.S.); (A.D.F.)
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16
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Aldulaijan S, Ajeebi AM, Jedidi A, Messaoudi S, Raouafi N, Dhouib A. Surface modification of graphene with functionalized carbenes and their applications in the sensing of toxic gases: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19607-19616. [PMID: 37388147 PMCID: PMC10305792 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and other 2D materials have gained significant attention in the development of gas sensors. In this study, we employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the adsorption properties of diazomethanes (1a-1g) with various functional groups (R = OH (a), OMe (b), OEt (c), OPr (d), CF3 (e), Ph (f)) on pristine graphene. Furthermore, we explored the adsorption behavior of activated carbenes (2a-2g) generated from the decomposition of diazomethanes on graphene, as well as the functionalized graphene derivatives (3a-3g) resulting from [2 + 1] cycloaddition reactions between (2a-2g) and graphene. The interaction between these functionalized derivatives (3a-3g) and toxic gases was also investigated. Our results revealed that carbenes exhibited a stronger affinity for graphene compared to diazomethanes. The adsorption energy of esters (3b, 3c, and 3d) on graphene decreased relative to compound 3a, while 3e exhibited increased adsorption energy due to the electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine atoms. Additionally, the adsorption energy of phenyl and nitrophenyl groups (3f and 3g) decreased due to their π-stacking interaction with graphene. Importantly, all functionalized derivatives (3a-3g) demonstrated favorable interactions with gases. Notably, the derivative 3a, acting as a hydrogen bonding donor, exhibited superior performance. Furthermore, modified graphene derivatives exhibited the highest adsorption energy with NO2 gas, highlighting their potential for selective NO2 sensing applications. These findings contribute to the understanding of gas-sensing mechanisms and the design of novel graphene-based sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aldulaijan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P.O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan M Ajeebi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P.O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdesslem Jedidi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabri Messaoudi
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Molécules et Applications, Université Tunis Carthage, IPEST La Marsa 2070 Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University Buraidah 51452 Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry & Electrochemistry (LR99ES15), Faculty of Science, University of Tunis El Manar 2092 Tunis El Manar Tunisia
| | - Adnene Dhouib
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P.O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
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17
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Tang T, Li Z, Cheng YF, Xie HG, Wang XX, Chen YL, Cheng L, Liang Y, Hu XY, Hung CM, Hoa ND, Yu H, Zhang BY, Xu K, Ou JZ. In-situ mechanochemically tailorable 2D gallium oxyselenide for enhanced optoelectronic NO 2 gas sensing at room temperature. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131184. [PMID: 36933506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of NO2 on the environment and human health promote the development of high-performance gas sensors to address the need for monitoring. Two-dimensional (2D) metal chalcogenides have been considered an emerging group of NO2-sensitive materials, while incomplete recovery and low long-term stability are the two major hurdles for their practical implementation. The transformation into oxychalcogenides is an effective strategy to alleviate these drawbacks, but usually requires multiple-step synthesis and lacks controllability. Here, we prepare tailorable 2D p-type gallium oxyselenide with the thicknesses of 3-4 nm, through a single-step mechanochemical synthesis that combines the in-situ exfoliation and oxidation of bulk crystals. The optoelectronic NO2 sensing performances of such 2D gallium oxyselenide with different oxygen contents are investigated at room temperature, in which 2D GaSe0.58O0.42 exhibits the largest response magnitude of 82.2% towards 10 ppm NO2 at the irradiation of UV, with full reversibility, excellent selectivity, and long term stability for at least one month. Such overall performances are significantly improved over those of reported oxygen-incorporated metal chalcogenide-based NO2 sensors. This work provides a feasible approach to prepare 2D metal oxychalcogenides in a single-step manner and demonstrates their great potential for room-temperature fully reversible gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China.
| | - Yin Fen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hua Guang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xuan Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yong Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xin Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chu Manh Hung
- International Training Institute for Materials Science, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Duc Hoa
- International Training Institute for Materials Science, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Bao Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jian Zhen Ou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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18
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Patil SA, Jagdale PB, Singh A, Singh RV, Khan Z, Samal AK, Saxena M. 2D Zinc Oxide - Synthesis, Methodologies, Reaction Mechanism, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206063. [PMID: 36624578 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a thermally stable n-type semiconducting material. ZnO 2D nanosheets have mainly gained substantial attention due to their unique properties, such as direct bandgap and strong excitonic binding energy at room temperature. These are widely utilized in piezotronics, energy storage, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, gas sensors, and photocatalysis. Notably, the chemical properties and performances of ZnO nanosheets largely depend on the nano-structuring that can be regulated and controlled through modulating synthetic strategies. Two synthetic approaches, top-down and bottom-up, are mainly employed for preparing ZnO 2D nanomaterials. However, owing to better results in producing defect-free nanostructures, homogenous chemical composition, etc., the bottom-up approach is extensively used compared to the top-down method for preparing ZnO 2D nanosheets. This review presents a comprehensive study on designing and developing 2D ZnO nanomaterials, followed by accenting its potential applications. To begin with, various synthetic strategies and attributes of ZnO 2D nanosheets are discussed, followed by focusing on methodologies and reaction mechanisms. Then, their deliberation toward batteries, supercapacitors, electronics/optoelectronics, photocatalysis, sensing, and piezoelectronic platforms are further discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities are featured based on its current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Ashok Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Ramanagra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Pallavi Bhaktapralhad Jagdale
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Ramanagra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Ashish Singh
- R&D, Technology and Innovation, Merck- Living Innovation, Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., #12, Bommasandra- Jigni Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Ravindra Vikram Singh
- R&D, Technology and Innovation, Merck- Living Innovation, Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., #12, Bommasandra- Jigni Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Akshaya Kumar Samal
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Ramanagra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Manav Saxena
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Ramanagra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562112, India
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19
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Haritha VS, Sarath Kumar SR, Rakhi RB. WS 2-Nanosheet-Modified Electrodes as an Efficient Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Nonenzymatic Detection of the Insecticide Imidacloprid. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8695-8702. [PMID: 36910937 PMCID: PMC9996762 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a systemic insecticide, which is widely used for seed treatment and pest control in vegetables. The unwarranted presence of traces of IMI in vegetables and groundwater is a matter of grave concern which needs to be detected and quantified in order to effect remedial measures for the sake of food safety. In this work, we communicate the fabrication of tungsten sulfide (WS2) nanosheets and the construction of an amperometric sensor for the precise determination of IMI. The sensor performances were evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The presence of surface-active sites and the fast electron transfer on WS2/GCE favored the electrochemical reduction of the aromatic nitro group in IMI. The developed IMI sensor displayed a linear range of IMI detection from 10 to 90 μM with a detection limit of 0.28 μM. The developed WS2/GCE sensor also displayed good sensitivity, with a value of 3.98 μA μM-1 cm-2. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated the superior selectivity of the constructed WS2/GCE sensor for IMI detection, which makes it suitable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Haritha
- Department
of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
| | - S. R. Sarath Kumar
- Department
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University
of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
| | - R. B. Rakhi
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National
Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
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20
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Lu X, Cai M, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li S, Liao S, Lu X. Controllable Synthesis of 2D Materials by Electrochemical Exfoliation for Energy Storage and Conversion Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206702. [PMID: 36513389 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have captured much recent research interest in a broad range of areas, including electronics, biology, sensors, energy storage, and others. In particular, preparing 2D nanosheets with high quality and high yield is crucial for the important applications in energy storage and conversion. Compared with other prevailing synthetic strategies, the electrochemical exfoliation of layered starting materials is regarded as one of the most promising and convenient methods for the large-scale production of uniform 2D nanosheets. Here, recent developments in electrochemical delamination are reviewed, including protocols, categories, principles, and operating conditions. State-of-the-art methods for obtaining 2D materials with small numbers of layers-including graphene, black phosphorene, transition metal dichalcogenides and MXene-are also summarized and discussed in detail. The applications of electrochemically exfoliated 2D materials in energy storage and conversion are systematically reviewed. Drawing upon current progress, perspectives on emerging trends, existing challenges, and future research directions of electrochemical delamination are also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Mohang Cai
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xuemin Wu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yongfei Zhang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Department of Physics and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shijun Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 501641, China
| | - Xia Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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21
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Yu S, Cai Z, Sun D, Wu YN, Chen S. Defect Mo S Misidentified as Mo S2 in Monolayer MoS 2 by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: A First-Principles Prediction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1840-1847. [PMID: 36779693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The defect types in layered semiconductors can be identified by matching the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images with the structures from first-principles simulations. In a PVD-grown MoS2 monolayer, the MoS2 antisite (one Mo replaces two S) is recognized as being dominant, because its calculated structure matches the distortive structure in STEM images. Therefore, MoS2 has received much attention in MoS2-related defect engineering. We reveal that MoS (one Mo replaces one S) may be mistaken for MoS2, because ionized MoS also has similar structural distortion and can easily be ionized under electron irradiation. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced ionization and associated structural distortion of MoS were overlooked in previous studies. Because the formation energy of MoS is much lower than that of MoS2, it is more likely to exist as the dominant defect in MoS2. Our results highlight the necessity of considering the defect ionization and associated structural distortion in STEM identification of defects in layered semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zenghua Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Deyan Sun
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu-Ning Wu
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shiyou Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Khan MA, Ramzan F, Ali M, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y. Emerging Two-Dimensional Materials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Human Health and Environment Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13040780. [PMID: 36839148 PMCID: PMC9964193 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been vastly studied for various electrochemical sensors. Among these, the sensors that are directly related to human life and health are extremely important. Owing to their exclusive properties, 2DMs are vastly studied for electrochemical sensing. Here we have provided a selective overview of 2DMs-based electrochemical sensors that directly affect human life and health. We have explored graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenide and MXenes-based electrochemical sensors for applications such as glucose detection in human blood, detection of nitrates and nitrites, and sensing of pesticides. We believe that the areas discussed here are extremely important and we have summarized the prominent reports on these significant areas together. We believe that our work will be able to provide guidelines for the evolution of electrochemical sensors in the future.
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23
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Innovations in the synthesis of graphene nanostructures for bio and gas sensors. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213234. [PMID: 36502548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensors play a significant role in modern technologies and devices used in industries, hospitals, healthcare, nanotechnology, astronomy, and meteorology. Sensors based upon nanostructured materials have gained special attention due to their high sensitivity, precision accuracy, and feasibility. This review discusses the fabrication of graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors, which have highly efficient performance. Significant developments in the synthesis routes to fabricate graphene-based materials with improved structural and surface properties have boosted their utilization in sensing applications. The higher surface area, better conductivity, tunable structure, and atom-thick morphology of these hybrid materials have made them highly desirable for the fabrication of flexible and stable sensors. Many publications have reported various modification approaches to improve the selectivity of these materials. In the current work, a compact and informative review focusing on the most recent developments in graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors has been designed and delivered. The research community has provided a complete critical analysis of the most robust case studies from the latest fabrication routes to the most complex challenges. Some significant ideas and solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations regarding the field of biosensors and hazardous gas sensors.
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24
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Wang H, Xu X, Shaymurat T. Effect of Different Solvents on Morphology and Gas-Sensitive Properties of Grinding-Assisted Liquid-Phase-Exfoliated MoS 2 Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4485. [PMID: 36558338 PMCID: PMC9784282 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grinding-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation is a widely used method for the preparation of two-dimensional nanomaterials. In this study, N-methylpyrrolidone and acetonitrile, two common grinding solvents, were used during the liquid-phase exfoliation for the preparation of MoS2 nanosheets. The morphology and structure of MoS2 nanosheets were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of grinding solvents on the gas-sensing performance of the MoS2 nanosheets were investigated for the first time. The results show that the sensitivities of MoS2 nanosheet exfoliation with N-methylpyrrolidone were 2.4-, 1.4-, 1.9-, and 2.7-fold higher than exfoliation with acetonitrile in the presence of formaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol and 98% relative humidity, respectively. MoS2 nanosheet exfoliation with N-methylpyrrolidone also has fast response and recovery characteristics to 50-1000 ppm of CH2O. Accordingly, although N-methylpyrrolidone cannot be removed completely from the surface of MoS2, it has good gas sensitivity compared with other samples. Therefore, N-methylpyrrolidone is preferred for the preparation of gas-sensitive MoS2 nanosheets in grinding-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. The results provide an experimental basis for the preparation of two-dimensional materials and their application in gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
- Xinjiang Condensed Matter Phase Transition and Microstructure Laboratory, College of Physics Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
- Xinjiang Condensed Matter Phase Transition and Microstructure Laboratory, College of Physics Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Talgar Shaymurat
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
- Xinjiang Condensed Matter Phase Transition and Microstructure Laboratory, College of Physics Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
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25
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2D Materials towards sensing technology: From fundamentals to applications. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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26
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Sharma S, Saini R, Gupta G, Late DJ. Room-temperature highly sensitive and selective NH 3gas sensor using vertically aligned WS 2nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:045704. [PMID: 36265453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9c0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the room temperature (35 °C) NH3gas sensor device made from WS2nanosheets obtained via a facile and low-cost probe sonication method. The gas-sensing properties of devices made from these nanosheets were examined for various analytes such as ammonia, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. The fabricated gas sensor is selective towards NH3and exhibits excellent sensitivity, faster response, and recovery time in comparison to previously reported values. The device can detect NH3down to 5 ppm, much below the maximum allowed workspace NH3level (20 ppm), and have a sensing response of the order of 112% with a response and recovery time of 54 s and 66 s, respectively. On the other hand, a sensor made from nanostructures has a bit longer recovery time than a device made from nanosheets. This was attributed to the fact that NH3molecules adsorbed on the surface site and those trapped in between WS2layers may have different adsorption energies . In the latter case, desorption becomes difficult and may give rise to slower recovery as noticed. Further, stiffened Raman modes upon exposure to NH3reveal strong electron-phonon interaction between NH3and the WS2channel. The present work highlights the potential use of scaled two-dimensional nanosheets in sensing devices and particularly when used with inter-digitized electrodes, may offer enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab-143005, India
- Rapidect Inc., Solon, OH, United States of America
| | - Rajan Saini
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab-143005, India
- Department of Physics, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, 151302, India
| | - Govind Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Dattatray J Late
- Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Express way, Mumbai 410206, India
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27
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Chhana L, Lalroliana B, Tiwari RC, Chettri B, Pachuau L, Gurung S, Vanchhawng L, Rai DP, Zuala L, Madaka R. Theoretical Study of ZnS Monolayer Adsorption Behavior for CO and HF Gas Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40176-40183. [PMID: 36385877 PMCID: PMC9648164 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas molecules on a ZnS monolayer with weak van der Waals interactions is studied using the DFT + U method. From our calculation, the ZnS monolayer shows chemisorption with CO (E ads = -0.96 eV) and HF (E ads = -0.86 eV) gas molecules. Bader charge analysis shows that charge transfer is independent of the binding environment. A higher energy barrier for CO when migrating from one optimal site to another suggests that clustering may be avoided by the introduction of multiple CO molecules upon ZnS, while the diffusion energy barrier (DEB) for HF suggests that binding may occur more easily for HF gas upon the ZnS ML. Adsorption of the considered diatomic molecule also results in a significant variation in effective mass and therefore can be used to enhance the carrier mobility of the ZnS ML. Additionally, the calculation of recovery time shows that desirable sensing and desorption performance for CO and HF gas molecules can be achieved at room temperature (300 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalmuan Chhana
- Department
of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl796004, Mizoram, India
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Bernard Lalroliana
- Department
of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl796004, Mizoram, India
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Tiwari
- Department
of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Bhanu Chettri
- North
Eastern Hill University, Shillong793022, Meghalaya, India
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalrinthara Pachuau
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Shivraj Gurung
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalmuanpuia Vanchhawng
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Dibya Prakash Rai
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalhriat Zuala
- Physical
Sciences Research Centre (PSRC), Pachhunga
University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Ramakrishna Madaka
- Department
of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Malepe L, Ndinteh DT, Ndungu P, Mamo MA. Selective detection of methanol vapour from a multicomponent gas mixture using a CNPs/ZnO@ZIF-8 based room temperature solid-state sensor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27094-27108. [PMID: 36276012 PMCID: PMC9501866 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04665b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol vapour is harmful to human health if it is inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Solid-state gas sensors are a promising system for the detection of volatile organic compounds, unfortunately, they can have poor gas selectivity, low sensitivity, an inferior limit of detection (LOD), sensitivity towards humidity, and a need to operate at higher temperatures. A novel solid-state gas sensor was assembled using carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), prepared from a simple pyrolysis reaction, and zinc oxide@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanorods (ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorods), synthesised using a hydrothermal method. The nanomaterials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorods were inactive as a sensor, the CNPs showed some sensor activity, and the CNPs/ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorod composite performed as a viable solid-state sensor. The mass ratio of ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorods within the CNPs/ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorod composite was varied to investigate selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol vapours. The assembled sensor composed of the CNPs/ZnO@ZIF-8 nanorod composite with a mass ratio of 1.5 : 6 showed improved gas sensing properties in the detection of methanol vapour with a LOD of 60 ppb. The sensor is insensitive to humidity and the methanol vapour sensitivity was found to be 0.51 Ω ppm-1 when detected at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Malepe
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Ndungu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Messai Adenew Mamo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
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29
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Tan S, Wang K, Zeng Q, Liu Y. Insight into the Nanotribological Mechanism of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40173-40181. [PMID: 36006009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising in reducing friction-induced energy loss and wear in automotive and electronics industries because of their superior tribological performance. As a kind of organic 2D materials, the structure and functionality of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are much easier to tailor compared to other inorganic 2D materials, which expand their potential application in a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS). In this manuscript, several kinds of COFs are synthesized and characterized on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) to investigate the nanotribological mechanism of organic 2D materials. It is surprisingly revealed that the friction coefficients of surface COFs are positively correlated with the pore sizes of honeycomb networks. The COFs with smaller pores would have a smoother potential energy surface and exhibit a lower friction coefficient. Besides, the porous structures of surface COFs make them good candidates to be host templates. The host-guest assembly structures are successfully constructed after introducing coronene molecules, and these host-guest systems display higher friction coefficients because the assembly structure of the guest molecules would be perturbed during the friction process and bring additional slip energy barriers, but the capacity of COFs to form composite assembly with functional guest molecules greatly promotes their further application in the MEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Rakhshbahar H, Mohammadi-Manesh E. Investigation of structural properties of Mg-doped twisted bilayer graphene for phosphine gas detection. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2094431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rakhshbahar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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31
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Nguyen DK, Vu TV, Hoat DM. Antiferromagnetic ordering in the TM-adsorbed AlN monolayer (TM = V and Cr). RSC Adv 2022; 12:16677-16683. [PMID: 35754866 PMCID: PMC9169241 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the effects of transition metal (TM = V and Cr) adsorption on AlN monolayer electronic and magnetic properties are investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TMs prefer to be adsorbed on-top of a bridge position as indicated by the calculated adsorption energy. V adatoms induce half-metallicity, while Cr adatoms metallize the monolayer. The magnetic properties are produced mainly by the V and Cr adatoms with magnetic moments of 3.72 and 4.53 μB, respectively. Further investigation indicates that antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering is energetically more favorable than ferromagnetic (FM) ordering. In both cases, the AFM state is stabilized upon increasing adatom coverage. The AlN monolayer becomes an AFM semiconductor with 0.5 ML of V adatom, and metallic nature is induced with 1.0 ML. Meanwhile, the degree of metallicity increases with increasing Cr adatoms. Results reported herein may provide a feasible new approach to functionalize AlN monolayers for spintronic applications. The effects of transition metal (TM = V and Cr) adsorption on AlN monolayer electronic and magnetic properties are investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Khanh Nguyen
- High-Performance Computing Lab (HPC Lab), Information Technology Center, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province Vietnam
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - D M Hoat
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University Ha Noi 100000 Vietnam .,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
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32
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Ultra-Sensitive Photo-Induced Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on Two-Dimensional CeO 2-Pd-PDA/rGO Heterojunction Nanocomposite. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101628. [PMID: 35630850 PMCID: PMC9147198 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) CeO2-Pd-PDA/rGO heterojunction nanocomposite has been synthesised via an environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and facile wet chemical procedure and examined for hydrogen (H2) gas sensing application for the first time. The H2 gas sensing performance of the developed conductometric sensor has been extensively investigated under different operational conditions, including working temperature up to 200 °C, UV illumination, H2 concentrations from 50–6000 ppm, and relative humidity up to 30% RH. The developed ceria-based nanocomposite sensor was functional at a relatively low working temperature (100 °C), and its sensing properties were improved under UV illumination (365 nm). The sensor’s response towards 6000 ppm H2 was drastically enhanced in a humid environment (15% RH), from 172% to 416%. Under optimised conditions, this highly sensitive and selective H2 sensor enabled the detection of H2 molecules down to 50 ppm experimentally. The sensing enhancement mechanisms of the developed sensor were explained in detail. The available 4f electrons and oxygen vacancies on the ceria surface make it a promising material for H2 sensing applications. Moreover, based on the material characterisation results, highly reactive oxidant species on the sensor surface formed the electron–hole pairs, facilitated oxygen mobility, and enhanced the H2 sensing performance.
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33
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Two-Dimensional Dy2O3-Pd-PDA/rGO Heterojunction Nanocomposite: Synergistic Effects of Hybridisation, UV Illumination and Relative Humidity on Hydrogen Gas Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) Dy2O3-Pd-PDA/rGO heterojunction nanocomposite has been synthesised and tested for hydrogen (H2) gas sensing under various functioning conditions, including different H2 concentrations (50 ppm up to 6000 ppm), relative humidity (up to 25 %RH) and working temperature (up to 200 °C). The material characterisation of Dy2O3-Pd-PDA/rGO nanocomposite performed using various techniques confirms uniform distribution of Pd NPs and 2D Dy2O3 nanostructures on multi-layered porous structure of PDA/rGO nanosheets (NSs) while forming a nanocomposite. Moreover, fundamental hydrogen sensing mechanisms, including the effect of UV illumination and relative humidity (%RH), are investigated. It is observed that the sensing performance is improved as the operating temperature increases from room temperature (RT = 30 °C) to the optimum temperature of 150 °C. The humidity effect investigation revealed a drastic enhancement in sensing parameters as the %RH increased up to 20%. The highest response was found to be 145.2% towards 5000 ppm H2 at 150 °C and 20 %RH under UV illumination (365 nm). This work offers a highly sensitive and selective hydrogen sensor based on a novel 2D nanocomposite using an environmentally friendly and energy-saving synthesis approach, enabling us to detect hydrogen molecules experimentally down to 50 ppm.
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34
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Tsai HS, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang T, Huo M. The elemental 2D materials beyond graphene potentially used as hazardous gas sensors for environmental protection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127148. [PMID: 34537634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic and electronic properties of elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene are first introduced in this review. Then the studies concerning the application of gas sensing using these 2D materials are comprehensively reviewed. On the whole, the carbon-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-based gases could be effectively detected by using most of them. For the sensing of organic vapors, the borophene, phosphorene, and arsenene may perform it well. Moreover, the G-series nerve agents might be efficiently monitored by the bismuthene. So far, there is still challenge on the material preparation due to the instability of these 2D materials under atmosphere. The synthesis or growth of materials integrated with the technique of surface protection should be associated with the device fabrication to establish a complete process for particular application. This review provides a complete and methodical guideline for scientists to further research and develop the hazardous gas sensors of these 2D materials in order to achieve the purpose of environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Sheng Tsai
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China; School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
| | - You Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Chaoming Liu
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Mingxue Huo
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
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35
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Basivi PK, Pasupuleti KS, Gelija D, Kim MD, Pasupuleti VR, Kim CW. UV-light-enhanced room temperature NO 2 gas-sensing performances based on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanoflakes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has generated tremendous attention in room temperature (RT) gas-sensing applications because of its physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Basivi
- Pukyong National University Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kedhareswara Sairam Pasupuleti
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Devarajulu Gelija
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Deock Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- International Relations and Research Collaborations, REVA University, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Chang Woo Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, College of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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36
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Adsorption of NO and NO
2
on Rh‐Doped Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers: A First‐Principles Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Adak AK, Sharma D, Narasimhan S. Blue and black phosphorene on metal substrates: a density functional theory study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:084001. [PMID: 34768253 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have performed density functional theory calculations to study blue phosphorene and black phosphorene on metal substrates. The substrates considered are the (111) and (110) surfaces of Al, Cu, Ag, Ir, Pd, Pt and Au and the (0001) and (101¯0) surfaces of Zr and Sc. The formation energyEFis negative (energetically favorable) for all 36 combinations of overlayer and substrate. By comparing values of ΔΩ, the change in free energy per unit area, as well as the overlayer-substrate binding energyEb, we identify that Ag(111), Al(110), Cu(111), Cu(110) and possibly Au(110) may be especially suitable substrates for the synthesis and subsequent exfoliation of blue phosphorene, and the Ag(110) and Al(111) substrates for the synthesis of black phosphorene. However, these conclusions are drawn assuming the source of P atoms is bulk phosphorus, and can alter upon changing synthesis conditions (chemical potential of phosphorus). Thus, when the source of phosphorus atoms is P4, blue phosphorene is favored only over Pt(111). We find that for all combinations of overlayer and substrate, the charge transfer per bond can be captured by the universal descriptorD=Δχ/ΔR, where ΔχandΔRare, respectively, the differences in electronegativity and atomic size between phosphorus and the substrate metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Adak
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Devina Sharma
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Shobhana Narasimhan
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India
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38
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Recent development in emerging phosphorene based novel materials: Progress, challenges, prospects and their fascinating sensing applications. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Valt M, Caporali M, Fabbri B, Gaiardo A, Krik S, Iacob E, Vanzetti L, Malagù C, Banchelli M, D’Andrea C, Serrano-Ruiz M, Vanni M, Peruzzini M, Guidi V. Air Stable Nickel-Decorated Black Phosphorus and Its Room-Temperature Chemiresistive Gas Sensor Capabilities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44711-44722. [PMID: 34506713 PMCID: PMC8461602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly emerging field of layered two-dimensional functional materials, black phosphorus, the P-counterpart of graphene, is a potential candidate for various applications, e.g., nanoscale optoelectronics, rechargeable ion batteries, electrocatalysts, thermoelectrics, solar cells, and sensors. Black phosphorus has shown superior chemical sensing performance; in particular, it is selective for the detection of NO2, an environmental toxic gas, for which black phosphorus has highlighted high sensitivity at a ppb level. In this work, by applying a multiscale characterization approach, we demonstrated a stability and functionality improvement of nickel-decorated black phosphorus films for gas sensing prepared by a simple, reproducible, and affordable deposition technique. Furthermore, we studied the electrical behavior of these films once implemented as functional layers in gas sensors by exposing them to different gaseous compounds and under different relative humidity conditions. Finally, the influence on sensing performance of nickel nanoparticle dimensions and concentration correlated to the decoration technique and film thickness was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Valt
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Soufiane Krik
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Erica Iacob
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Martina Banchelli
- Italian
National Council for Research, Institute of Applied Physics “Nello
Carrara”, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Cristiano D’Andrea
- Italian
National Council for Research, Institute of Applied Physics “Nello
Carrara”, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Matteo Vanni
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
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40
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Bokka N, Karhade J, Sahatiya P. Deep learning enabled classification of real-time respiration signals acquired by MoSSe quantum dot-based flexible sensors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6870-6880. [PMID: 34612334 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Respiration rate is a vital parameter which is useful for the earlier identification of diseases. In this context, various types of devices have been fabricated and developed to monitor different breath rates. However, the disposability and biocompatibility of such sensors and the poor classification of different breath rates from sensor data are significant issues in medical services. This report attempts to focus on two important things: the classification of respiration signals from sensor data using deep learning and the disposability of devices. The use of the novel Janus MoSSe quantum dot (MoSSe QD) structure allows for stable respiration sensing because of unchanged wear rates under humid conditions, and also, the electron affinity and work function values suggest that MoSSe has a higher tendency to donate electrons and interact with the hydrogen molecule. Furthermore, for the real-time classification of different respiration signals, a 1D convolutional neural network (1D CNN) was incorporated. This algorithm was applied to four different breath patterns which achieved a state-of-the-art 10-trial accuracy of 98.18% for normal, 95.25% for slow, 97.64% for deep, and 98.18% for fast breaths. The successful demonstration of a stable, low-cost, and disposable respiration sensor with a highly accurate classification of signals is a major step ahead in developing wearable respiration sensors for future personal healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Bokka
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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41
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Ortega-Guerrero A, Sahabudeen H, Croy A, Dianat A, Dong R, Feng X, Cuniberti G. Multiscale Modeling Strategy of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Confined at an Air-Water Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26411-26420. [PMID: 34034486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have attracted attention as versatile active materials in many applications. Recent advances have demonstrated the synthesis of monolayer 2D COF via an air-water interface. However, the interfacial 2D polymerization mechanism has been elusive. In this work, we have used a multiscale modeling strategy to study dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamine building blocks confined at the air-water interface to form a 2D COF via Schiff-base reaction. A synergy between the computational investigations and experiments allowed the synthesis of a 2D-COF with one of the linkers considered. Our simulations complement the experimental characterization and show the preference of the building blocks to be at the interface with a favorable orientation for the polymerization. The air-water interface is shown to be a key factor to stabilize a flat conformation when a dimer molecule is considered. The structural and electronic properties of the monolayer COFs based on the two monomers are calculated and show a semiconducting nature with direct bandgaps. Our strategy provides a first step toward the in silico polymerization of 2D COFs at air-water interfaces capturing the initial steps of the synthesis up to the prediction of electronic properties of the 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Ortega-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow 14513, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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42
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Hassan IU, Salim H, Naikoo GA, Awan T, Dar RA, Arshad F, Tabidi MA, Das R, Ahmed W, Asiri AM, Qurashi A. A review on recent advances in hierarchically porous metal and metal oxide nanostructures as electrode materials for supercapacitors and non-enzymatic glucose sensors. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Song X, Zhang H, Yang J. Infrared Plasmonic Sensing with Anisotropic Two-Dimensional Material Borophene. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1165. [PMID: 33946878 PMCID: PMC8147074 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Borophene, a new member of the two-dimensional material family, has been found to support surface plasmon polaritons in visible and infrared regimes, which can be integrated into various optoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. To further explore the potential plasmonic applications of borophene, we propose an infrared plasmonic sensor based on the borophene ribbon array. The nanostructured borophene can support localized surface plasmon resonances, which can sense the local refractive index of the environment via spectral response. By analytical and numerical calculation, we investigate the influences of geometric as well as material parameters on the sensing performance of the proposed sensor in detail. The results show how to tune and optimize the sensitivity and figure of merit of the proposed structure and reveal that the borophene sensor possesses comparable sensing performance with conventional plasmonic sensors. This work provides the route to design a borophene plasmonic sensor with high performance and can be applied in next-generation point-of-care diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Mirco/Nano Optoelectronic and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.Z.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
| | - Zhaojian Zhang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Institute of Mirco/Nano Optoelectronic and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.Z.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Institute of Mirco/Nano Optoelectronic and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (J.Z.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Junbo Yang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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44
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Cao J, Chen Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yu HD, Huang X, Huang W. Recent Development of Gas Sensing Platforms Based on 2D Atomic Crystals. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9863038. [PMID: 33982003 PMCID: PMC8086560 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9863038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensors, capable of detecting trace amounts of gas molecules or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are in great demand for environmental monitoring, food safety, health diagnostics, and national defense. In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data, the requirements on gas sensors, in addition to sensitivity and selectivity, have been increasingly placed on sensor simplicity, room temperature operation, ease for integration, and flexibility. The key to meet these requirements is the development of high-performance gas sensing materials. Two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals, emerged after graphene, have demonstrated a number of attractive properties that are beneficial to gas sensing, such as the versatile and tunable electronic/optoelectronic properties of metal chalcogenides (MCs), the rich surface chemistry and good conductivity of MXenes, and the anisotropic structural and electronic properties of black phosphorus (BP). While most gas sensors based on 2D atomic crystals have been incorporated in the setup of a chemiresistor, field-effect transistor (FET), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), or optical fiber, their working principles that involve gas adsorption, charge transfer, surface reaction, mass loading, and/or change of the refractive index vary from material to material. Understanding the gas-solid interaction and the subsequent signal transduction pathways is essential not only for improving the performance of existing sensing materials but also for searching new and advanced ones. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the recent development of gas sensors based on various 2D atomic crystals from both the experimental and theoretical investigations. We will particularly focus on the sensing mechanisms and working principles of the related sensors, as well as approaches to enhance their sensing performances. Finally, we summarize the whole article and provide future perspectives for the development of gas sensors with 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China
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45
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Raja IS, Vedhanayagam M, Preeth DR, Kim C, Lee JH, Han DW. Development of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Biosensors on Enhancing the Analysis of Food Toxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3277. [PMID: 33806998 PMCID: PMC8005143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry's profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them because of the drawbacks of complexity, greater number of analysis steps, expensive enzymes, and lack of portability. Hence, designing easy-to-use tests for the rapid analysis of food contaminants has become essential in the food industry. Under this context, electrochemical biosensors have received attention among researchers as they bear the advantages of operational simplicity, portability, stability, easy miniaturization, and low cost. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume compared to other dimensional nanomaterials. Hence, researchers nowadays are inclined to develop 2D nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors to significantly improve the sensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility while measuring the food toxicants. In the present review, we compile the contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors to test the food toxicants and discuss the future directions in the field. Further, we describe the types of food toxicity, methodologies quantifying food analytes, how the electrochemical food sensor works, and the general biomedical properties of 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desingh Raj Preeth
- Chemical Biology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, India;
| | - Chuntae Kim
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (I.S.R.); (C.K.)
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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46
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Tang X, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Yan Y, Raskin JP. A Review on Functionalized Graphene Sensors for Detection of Ammonia. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1443. [PMID: 33669589 PMCID: PMC7922188 DOI: 10.3390/s21041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first graphene gas sensor has been reported, functionalized graphene gas sensors have already attracted a lot of research interest due to their potential for high sensitivity, great selectivity, and fast detection of various gases. In this paper, we summarize the recent development and progression of functionalized graphene sensors for ammonia (NH3) detection at room temperature. We review graphene gas sensors functionalized by different materials, including metallic nanoparticles, metal oxides, organic molecules, and conducting polymers. The various sensing mechanism of functionalized graphene gas sensors are explained and compared. Meanwhile, some existing challenges that may hinder the sensor mass production are discussed and several related solutions are proposed. Possible opportunities and perspective applications of the graphene NH3 sensors are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tang
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Materials Science Department, University of Mons, 56, Rue de l’Epargne, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Driss Lahem
- Materia Nova ASBL, 3, Avenue N. Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Yiyi Yan
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Raskin
- ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place du Levant, 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-P.R.)
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47
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Huang HP, Fuh HR, Chang CR. Enhanced Sensitivity of CO on Two-Dimensional, Strained, and Defective GaSe. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040812. [PMID: 33557262 PMCID: PMC7915681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO) is fatal to human beings and it is hard to detect because of its colorless and odorless properties. Fortunately, the high surface-to-volume ratio of the gas makes two-dimensional (2D) materials good candidates for gas sensing. This article investigates CO sensing efficiency with a two-dimensional monolayer of gallium selenide (GaSe) via the vacancy defect and strain effect. According to the computational results, defective GaSe structures with a Se vacancy have a better performance in CO sensing than pristine ones. Moreover, the adsorption energy gradually increases with the scale of tensile strain in defective structures. The largest adsorption energy reached −1.5 eV and the largest charger transfer was about −0.77 e. Additionally, the CO gas molecule was deeply dragged into the GaSe surface. We conclude that the vacancy defect and strain effect transfer GaSe to a relatively unstable state and, therefore, enhance CO sensitivity. The adsorption rate can be controlled by adjusting the strain scale. This significant discovery makes the monolayer form of GaSe a promising candidate in CO sensing. Furthermore, it reveals the possibility of the application of CO adsorption, transportation, and releasement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-970-810-815
| | - Huei-Ru Fuh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Ray Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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48
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Shukla P, Saxena P, Madhwal D, Bhardwaj N, Jain VK. Prototyping of a highly sensitive and selective chemisresistive sensor based on pencil graphite for the rapid detection of NO 2 and NH 3. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05594h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available high quality 9B pencil graphite was used for sensing of trace concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) at sub-ppm levels in air at ambient temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices)
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
| | - Pooja Saxena
- G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management
- Greater Noida
- India
| | - Devinder Madhwal
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices)
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices)
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
| | - V. K. Jain
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices)
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
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49
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Agrawal AV, Kumar N, Kumar M. Strategy and Future Prospects to Develop Room-Temperature-Recoverable NO 2 Gas Sensor Based on Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:38. [PMID: 33425474 PMCID: PMC7780921 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a hazardous gas with acidic nature, is continuously being liberated in the atmosphere due to human activity. The NO2 sensors based on traditional materials have limitations of high-temperature requirements, slow recovery, and performance degradation under harsh environmental conditions. These limitations of traditional materials are forcing the scientific community to discover future alternative NO2 sensitive materials. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a potential candidate for developing next-generation NO2 gas sensors. MoS2 has a large surface area for NO2 molecules adsorption with controllable morphologies, facile integration with other materials and compatibility with internet of things (IoT) devices. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the fabrication of MoS2 chemiresistance sensors in terms of devices (resistor and transistor), layer thickness, morphology control, defect tailoring, heterostructure, metal nanoparticle doping, and through light illumination. Moreover, the experimental and theoretical aspects used in designing MoS2-based NO2 sensors are also discussed extensively. Finally, the review concludes the challenges and future perspectives to further enhance the gas-sensing performance of MoS2. Understanding and addressing these issues are expected to yield the development of highly reliable and industry standard chemiresistance NO2 gas sensors for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay V. Agrawal
- Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001 India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001 India
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Yoshida Y, Imafuku T, Inoue D, Uechi S, Shite D, Katsuki Y, Funatsu A, Shimojo F, Hara M. Sensitive detection of water/oxygen molecule adsorption and reaction on a titanium oxide nanosheet with a graphene field effect transistor. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abcb17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated molecule adsorption phenomena on a chemically active surface of titanium oxide nanosheet by coupling with an electrically sensitive graphene field effect transistor (FET). Super-hydrophilic surface of the titanium oxide nanosheet forms a water-layer in ambient air which exhibits a large hysteresis of drain current in the hybrid FET for sweeping gate-voltage. The large hysteresis disappears in vacuum, which indicates physically adsorbed water molecules on the surface of the titanium oxide nanosheet dominantly contribute to the hysteresis. UV light irradiation in vacuum significantly changes the drain current due to desorption of the adsorbed molecules. Sufficient UV irradiation results in symmetric gate-voltage dependence similar to those of conventional graphene FETs. Exposure to an oxygen gas atmosphere leads to a heavy hole doping in the FET, where the binding of the oxygen molecules is stronger than that of water molecules. In a humidified nitrogen atmosphere, a large shift of charge neutrality point is observed in transfer characteristics crossing between electron doping and hole doping. By contrast, a clear square-shaped hysteresis loop is observed in a humidified oxygen atmosphere, where the hole density in the graphene drastically changed with O2/H2O redox couple reaction on the titanium oxide nanosheet.
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