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Mahardika M, Masruchin N, Amelia D, Ilyas RA, Septevani AA, Syafri E, Hastuti N, Karina M, Khan MA, Jeon BH, Sari NH. Nanocellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol-based bio-nanocomposite films: improved mechanical, UV-light barrier, and thermal properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23232-23239. [PMID: 39049888 PMCID: PMC11267149 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reported the development and characterisation of bio-nanocomposite films based on the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforced with cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) of different concentrations (1-5 wt%), isolated from pineapple leaf fibre via high-shear homogenisation and ultrasonication. The PVA film and bio-nanocomposite were prepared using a solution casting method. The PVA film and bio-nanocomposite samples were characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy in transmission mode, TGA, and DTG. Mechanical properties (tensile strength and strain at break) were also determined and statistical analysis was applied as well. With the incorporation of CNFs, the mechanical properties of the bio-nanocomposite were found to be significant (p ≤ 0.05), particularly the 4 wt% CNF bio-nanocomposite showed optimum properties. The tensile strength, CI, and thermal stability of this film were 28.9 MPa (increased by 28.2%), 78.7% (increased by 5.2%), and 341.8 °C (increased by 1.6%), respectively, compared to the pure PVA film. These characteristics imply that the bio-nanocomposite film has prospects as a promising material for biopackaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbi Mahardika
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Devita Amelia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Athanasia Amanda Septevani
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency Komplek BRIN Cisitu Bandung 40135 Indonesia
| | - Edi Syafri
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh West Sumatra 26271 Indonesia
| | - Novitri Hastuti
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
| | - Myrtha Karina
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram Mataram 83125 Indonesia
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2
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Gao L, Hu Q, Gao X, Tang X, Peng L, Chen K, Zhang H. Micromorphology reformation of regenerated cellulose nanofibers from corn (Zea Mays) stalk pith in urea solution with high-speed shear induced. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131592. [PMID: 38621571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a kind of renewable natural polymer material with high specific surface area, high crystallinity, and strong mechanical properties. RC nanofibers (RCNFs) have attracted an increasing attention in various applications due to their high aspect ratio and good flexibility. Herein, a novel and facile strategy for RCNFs preparation with high-speed shear induced in urea solution through "bottom-up" approach was proposed in this work. Results indicated that the average diameter and yield of RCNF was approach to 136.67 nm and 53.3 %, respectively. Meanwhile, due to the regular orientation RC chains and arrangement micro-morphology, RCNFs exhibited high crystallinity, strong mechanical properties, stable thermal degradation performance, and excellent UV resistance. In this study, a novel regeneration process with high-speed shear induced was developed to produce RCNFs with excellent properties. This study paved a strategy for future low-energy production of nanofibers and high value-added conversion applications of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoning Tang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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3
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Sreedharan M, Vijayamma R, Liyaskina E, Revin VV, Ullah MW, Shi Z, Yang G, Grohens Y, Kalarikkal N, Ali Khan K, Thomas S. Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Scaffolds for Skin and Bone Tissue Engineering: A 10-Year Overview. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2136-2155. [PMID: 38448083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant polymer on Earth, has been widely utilized in its nanoform due to its excellent properties, finding applications across various scientific fields. As the demand for nanocellulose continues to rise and its ease of use becomes apparent, there has been a significant increase in research publications centered on this biomaterial. Nanocellulose, in its different forms, has shown tremendous promise as a tissue engineered scaffold for regeneration and repair. Particularly, nanocellulose-based composites and scaffolds have emerged as highly demanding materials for both soft and hard tissue engineering. Medical practitioners have traditionally relied on collagen and its analogue, gelatin, for treating tissue damage. However, the limited mechanical strength of these biopolymers restricts their direct use in various applications. This issue can be overcome by making hybrids of these biopolymers with nanocellulose. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent and most relevant publications focusing on hybrid composites of collagen and gelatin with a specific emphasis on their combination with nanocellulose. While bone and skin tissue engineering represents two areas where a majority of researchers are concentrating their efforts, this review highlights the use of nanocellulose-based hybrids in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Sreedharan
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Raji Vijayamma
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Elena Liyaskina
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Viktor V Revin
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhijun Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yves Grohens
- Univ. Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56321 Lorient, France
| | - Nandakumar Kalarikkal
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Mahala Campus and the Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production/Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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Won D, Kang S, Li K, Bae B, Kang Y, Chen J, Youn YS, Lee J. Fabrication of chitin-glucan nanofibers: Insights into mushroom pretreatment and subsequent acidic deep eutectic solvent-based esterification. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121391. [PMID: 37940284 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms contain chitin-glucan complex (CGC), a natural copolymer of chitin and glucan, and nanofibrillation enhances its applicability. Here, a novel method was used to fabricate chitin-glucan nanofibers (CGNFs) from white button mushrooms. The first stage was to pretreat the raw mushroom using hot water and alkali to remove water-soluble glucans and alkali-soluble proteins, respectively, producing a CGC amenable to nanofibrillation. The second stage was nanofibrillation via esterification using acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and subsequent ultrasonication. Five choline chloride-based DESs containing mono- or dicarboxylic acid were tested for the CGC esterification. DESs with strong dicarboxylic acids expedited nanofibrillation by homogeneously dispersing the solid CGC, swelling CGC fibrils, and facilitating acidity-dependent esterification leading to steric and electrostatic repulsions. One CGNF, namely CGNF_CCMnA, was characterized: it contained chitin and glucan at an approximate ratio of 8:2 and exhibited desirable properties as nanomaterials, including small diameter (11 nm) and high colloidal (zeta potential < -30 mV above pH 5.8) and thermal stability (Tm, 315 °C). CGNF_CCMnA was tested for the adsorption to methylene blue, revealing a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.58 mg/g. The proposed approach is an efficient and readily applicable method to fabricate various mushroom-derived safe CGNFs and to produce related nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Won
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yua Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Harun MY, Looi CY, Wong WF. Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108899. [PMID: 37478689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y L Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - M Y Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - C Y Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - W F Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Autha N, Siregar FED, Harmiansyah, Mahardika M, Nurfani E. Influence of kepok banana bunch as new cellulose source on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradability properties of Thai cassava starch/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid-based bioplastic. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23560. [PMID: 37435944 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics were developed to overcome environmental problems that are difficult to decompose in the environment. This study analyzes Thai cassava starch-based bioplastics' tensile strength, biodegradability, moisture absorption, and thermal stability. This study used Thai cassava starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrices, whereas Kepok banana bunch cellulose was employed as a filler. The ratios between starch and cellulose are 10:0 (S1), 9:1 (S2), 8:2 (S3), 7:3 (S4), and 6:4 (S5), while PVA was set constant. The tensile test showed the S4 sample's highest tensile strength of 6.26 MPa, a strain of 3.85%, and a modulus of elasticity of 166 MPa. After 15 days, the maximum soil degradation rate in the S1 sample was 27.9%. The lowest moisture absorption was found in the S5 sample at 8.43%. The highest thermal stability was observed in S4 (316.8°C). This result was significant in reducing the production of plastic waste for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelga Autha
- Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
| | | | - Harmiansyah
- Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN-Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Eka Nurfani
- Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
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7
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Rahardiyan D, Moko EM, Tan JS, Lee CK. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) bioplastic, the green solution for single-use petroleum plastic food packaging - A review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 168:110260. [PMID: 37224591 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastic throughout the years is now one of the biggest world commodities and also the largest pollution to have an environmental impact, accumulating in landfills and also leaching into water systems and oceans. Especially with the shift to single-use disposable plastic, evermore positions plastics as the number one novel entity that pollutes the earth. This shift is also consistent in the food packaging industry. Managing plastic waste is still an issue at large, while the process of pyrolysis incineration still requires an obscene amount of energy that also does not resolve the problems with its environmental impact, the cost of mechanical-chemical degradation even outweighs the cost of producing the materials, and biodegradation process is a very slow and long process. Converting to bioplastics is one of the potential solutions to the global plastic issue. This review covers the potentials, limitations, challenges, progress and advancements of bioplastics, especially thermoplastic starch (starch-based bioplastic) in their efforts to replace petroleum plastics in food packaging and smart food packaging, especially for single-use (disposable) food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Rahardiyan
- Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Catholic University of De La Salle Manado, North Sulawesi 95000, Indonesia; Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Emma Mauren Moko
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mathematics and Earth, Manado State University, Tondano, North Sulawesi 95618, Indonesia
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang Malaysia
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang Malaysia.
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8
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Sartika D, Firmansyah AP, Junais I, Arnata IW, Fahma F, Firmanda A. High yield production of nanocrystalline cellulose from corn cob through a chemical-mechanical treatment under mild conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124327. [PMID: 37015281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural biomass waste such as corn cob is available in large quantities and can be used as renewable materials for various applications. Corn cob was converted into nanocrystalline cellulose by using mild sulfuric acid concentrations (30 % w/v) at low temperature (50 °C) and a relatively shorter time extraction (30 min) combined with mechanical treatment using a conventional high-speed blender. NCC from cellulose and α-cellulose from corn cobs have been successfully isolated with relatively high yields and crystallinities of 50.07-65.33 % and 65.5-69.9 %, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the morphological variation and dimension from corn cob fiber (CF), delignification fiber (DF), cellulose, and α-cellulose, which shows that each pretreatment stage causes a decrease in fiber diameter from 16.56 to 5.48 μm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the nano-scale dimension with fiber diameters ranging between 9.35 nm and 6.51 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that NCC has relatively high thermal stability ranging from 429 to 437 °C. Thus, this characteristic of NCC has the potential to be applied as a reinforcing agent in various fields of polymer composites. Finally, this study presents a method for isolating NCC from corncob waste using a conventional high-speed blender in a mild condition process with a relatively low cost, environmentally friendly pathway, and high yield that was still preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Sartika
- Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, 90221 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
| | | | - Isnam Junais
- Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, 90221 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Arnata
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung, 80361, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Farah Fahma
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Indonesia
| | - Afrinal Firmanda
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Indonesia
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Trivedi AK, Gupta MK. An efficient approach to extract nanocrystalline cellulose from sisal fibers: Structural, morphological, thermal and antibacterial analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123496. [PMID: 36731698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has been proposed by many researchers as a suitable bio-reinforcement material for the development of sustainable bio-nanocomposites in advanced applications due to its excellent properties. Conventional techniques for extracting nanocellulose from plant biomass are time-consuming and involve chemical wastage. This study aims to extract nanocellulose using simple processes with minimal consumption of chemicals in a minimum time. In the present work, cellulose nanocrystalline has been extracted from sisal fibers efficiently by chemical treatment assisted with steam explosion and mechanical grinding. The morphology of extracted sisal cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC-S) was analyzed by FESEM, whereas the DLS, TEM and AFM confirmed its nanosize. The average aspect ratio and zeta potential (ζ) of CNC-S were measured as 7.4 and -14.3 mV, respectively. The XRD analysis indicated that the crystallinity of the fibers considerably improved from 48.74 % for untreated fibers (UT-S) to 74.28 % for CNC-S. The chemical structure of the fibers was changed as hemicellulose and lignin were found to be eliminated after the chemical treatment which FTIR confirmed. From TGA-DTG results, it was observed that CNC-S has good thermal stability. It was also noticed that CNC-S did not show any antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus due to the complete removal of lignin. This study suggests that the present extraction process can be considered as an efficient process to convert fibers into high performance nanocellulose to be used as potential reinforcing material in advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Trivedi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P., India
| | - M K Gupta
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, U.P., India.
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Jirathampinyo S, Chumchoochart W, Tinoi J. Integrated Biobased Processes for Nanocellulose Preparation from Rice Straw Cellulose. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-potential nanomaterials were derived from rice straw using the integrated biobased processes of enzymatic hydrolysis with green organic acid hydrolysis assisted with ultrasonication pretreatment. The optimization condition of nanocellulose preparation by enzymatic hydrolysis via central composite design (CCD) achieved a maximum nanocellulose content of 32.37 ± 0.47% using a cellulase concentration of 107.06 U/mL and 0.13% (w/w) of rice straw cellulose. The ultrasonication-assisted pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis improved nanocellulose preparation to 52.28 ± 1.55%. Integration with oxalic acid hydrolysis increased the nanocellulose content to 64.99 ± 0.16%. Granular nanocellulose was obtained and consisted of a 105–825 nm nanosize with a zeta potential value of −34.5 mV, and nanocellulose suspension showed high stability without aggregation. In addition, the remaining rice straw cellulose after oxalic acid was microcrystalline nanocellulose. All prepared nanocellulose represented a functional group as original cellulose but had a low crystallinity index (CrI) of 15.68% that could be classified as amorphous nanocellulose. Based on their characteristics, all nanocellose could be further applied in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the results indicated that the rice straw could be an alternative non-edible cellulose source for preparing potential nanocellulose via a controlled hydrolysis process.
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11
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Zhang F, Shen R, Li N, Yang X, Lin D. Nanocellulose: An amazing nanomaterial with diverse applications in food science. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120497. [PMID: 36641166 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nanocellulose has gained growing interests in food science due to its many advantages including its broad resource of raw materials, renewability, interface stability, high surface area, mechanical strength, prebiotic characteristics, surface chemistry versatility and easy modification. Since then, this review summarized the sources, morphology, and structure characteristics of nanocellulose. Meanwhile, the mechanical, chemical, and combined treatment methods for the preparation of nanocellulose with desired properties were elaborated. Furthermore, the application of nanocellulose in Pickering emulsions, reinforced food packaging, functional food ingredient, food-grade hydrogels, and biosensors were emphasized. Finally, the safety, challenges, and future perspectives of nanocellulose were discussed. This work provided key developments and effective benefits of nanocellulose for future research opportunities in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Dehui Lin
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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12
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Vishnu V, Harikrishnan MP, Warrier AS, Mahanti NK, Basil M, Venkatesh T, Pandiselvam R, Kothakota A. Design consideration and optimization of process parameters in fiber extraction unit via modelling studies. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vishnu
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
| | - M. P. Harikrishnan
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Aswin S. Warrier
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Naveen Kumar Mahanti
- Post Harvest Technology Research Station Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University West Godavari Andhra Pradesh India
| | - M. Basil
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
| | - T. Venkatesh
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - R. Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post‐Harvest Technology Division ICAR–Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod Kerala India
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro‐Processing & Technology Division CSIR‐National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) Trivandrum Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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13
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Amores-Monge V, Goyanes S, Ribba L, Lopretti M, Sandoval-Barrantes M, Camacho M, Corrales-Ureña Y, Vega-Baudrit JR. Pineapple Agro-Industrial Biomass to Produce Biomedical Applications in a Circular Economy Context in Costa Rica. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224864. [PMID: 36432989 PMCID: PMC9697275 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets due to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes pineapple production and processing a significant source of income for producing countries, such as Costa Rica. This review collects bibliographic information dating back to the beginnings of pineapple production in Costa Rica to the state of the market today. It details the impacts of its production chain and proposes a biorefinery as a solution to environmental problems. Besides the potentiality of new sustainable markets to contribute to the post-COVID-19 economy in Costa Rica is highlighted. The general characteristics of pineapple by-products -cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other high-value products like bromelain y saponin- are described, as well as the primary processes for their ex-traction via biorefinery and main applications in the medical field. Finally, a brief description of the main works in the literature involving modeling and simulation studies of pineapple by-products properties is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Goyanes
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1053, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA)CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Laura Ribba
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1053, Argentina
- Dirección de Materiales Avanzados, Áreas del Conocimiento, INTI-CONICET, Buenos Aires 5445, Argentina
| | - Mary Lopretti
- Departamento de Técnicas Nucleares Aplicadas en Bioquímica y Biotecnología, CIN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | | | - Melissa Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología LANOTEC-CeNAT, San José 1200, Costa Rica
| | | | - José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
- School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Campus Omar Dengo, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología LANOTEC-CeNAT, San José 1200, Costa Rica
- Correspondence:
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14
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Panthi KP, Gyawali A, Pandeya S, Sharma Bhusal ML, Neupane BB, Tiwari AP, Joshi MK. The Encapsulation of Bioactive Plant Extracts into the Cellulose Microfiber Isolated from G. optiva Species for Biomedical Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1089. [PMID: 36363644 PMCID: PMC9695381 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural waste-based cellulose fibers have gained significant interest for a myriad of applications. Grewia optiva (G. optiva), a plant species, has been widely used for feeding animals, and the small branches' bark is used for making rope. Herein, we have extracted cellulose fibers from the bark of G. optiva species via chemical treatments (including an alkaline treatment and bleaching). The gravimetric analysis revealed that the bark of G. Optiva contains cellulose (63.13%), hemicellulose (13.52%), lignin (15.13%), and wax (2.8%). Cellulose microfibre (CMF) has been synthesized from raw fibre via chemical treatment methods. The obtained cellulose fibers were crosslinked and employed as the matrix to encapsulate the bioactive plant extracts derived from the root of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus). The microscopic images, XRD, FTIR, and antibacterial/antioxidant activity confirmed the encapsulation of natural extracts in the cellulose microfiber. The microscopic images revealed that the encapsulation of the natural extracts slightly increased the fiber's diameter. The XRD pattern showed that the extracted cellulose microfiber had an average crystalline size of 2.53 nm with a crystalline index of 30.4% compared to the crystalline size of 2.49 nm with a crystalline index of 27.99% for the plant extract incorporated membrane. The water uptake efficiency of the synthesized membrane increased up to 250%. The antimicrobial activity of the composite (the CMF-E membrane) was studied via the zone inhibition against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the result indicated high antibacterial activity. This work highlighted G. optiva-derived cellulose microfiber as an optimum substrate for antimicrobial scaffolds. In addition, this paper first reports the antimicrobial/antioxidant behavior of the composite membrane of the C. roseus extract blended in the G. optiva microfiber. This work revealed the potential applications of CMF-E membranes for wound healing scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khim Prasad Panthi
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | - Aashish Gyawali
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | - Shiva Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | | | | | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Mahesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
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15
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Yao Y, He J, Yang B, Zhao Y, Zhu L. Study on particle characteristics and metal distribution of waste printed circuit boards based on a shear crusher. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, Ban ZH. Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106176. [PMID: 36174272 PMCID: PMC9519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With rising consumer demand for natural products, a greener and cleaner technology, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction, has received immense attention given its effective and rapid isolation for nanocellulose compared to conventional methods. Nevertheless, the application of ultrasound on a commercial scale is limited due to the challenges associated with process optimization, high energy requirement, difficulty in equipment design and process scale-up, safety and regulatory issues. This review aims to narrow the research gap by placing the current research activities into perspectives and highlighting the diversified applications, significant roles, and potentials of ultrasound to ease future developments. In recent years, enhancements have been reported with ultrasound assistance, including a reduction in extraction duration, minimization of the reliance on harmful chemicals, and, most importantly, improved yield and properties of nanocellulose. An extensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound-assisted treatments has also been considered. Essentially, the cavitation phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency through an increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent due to the implosion of microbubbles. Optimization of process parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, duration, and frequency have indicated their significance for improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yee Hoo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Li Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Zhen Hong Ban
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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17
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Norizan MN, Shazleen SS, Alias AH, Sabaruddin FA, Asyraf MRM, Zainudin ES, Abdullah N, Samsudin MS, Kamarudin SH, Norrrahim MNF. Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites for Sustainable Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193483. [PMID: 36234612 PMCID: PMC9565736 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has emerged in recent years as one of the most notable green materials available due to its numerous appealing factors, including its non-toxic nature, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, superior mechanical capabilities, remarkable optical properties, anisotropic shape, high mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility and tailorable surface chemistry. It is proving to be a promising material in a range of applications pertinent to the material engineering to biomedical applications. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations. This review presents an overview of general concepts in nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for sustainable applications. Beginning with a brief introduction of cellulose, nanocellulose sources, structural characteristics and the extraction process for those new to the area, we go on to more in-depth content. Following that, the research on techniques used to modify the surface properties of nanocellulose by functionalizing surface hydroxyl groups to impart desirable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, as well as their characteristics and functionalization strategies, were explained. The usage of nanocellulose in nanocomposites in versatile fields, as well as novel and foreseen markets of nanocellulose products, are also discussed. Finally, the difficulties, challenges and prospects of materials based on nanocellulose are then discussed in the last section for readers searching for future high-end eco-friendly functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Siti Shazra Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aisyah Humaira Alias
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Atiyah Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Edi Syams Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norli Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Samsudin
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- Department of Ecotechnology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, UiTM Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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18
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Gupta N, Mahur BK, Izrayeel AMD, Ahuja A, Rastogi VK. Biomass conversion of agricultural waste residues for different applications: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73622-73647. [PMID: 36071366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural waste residues (agro-waste) are the source of carbohydrates that generally go in vain or remain unused despite their interesting morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties. With rapid urbanization, there is a need to valorize this waste due to limited non-renewable resources. Utilizing agro-waste also prevents the problems like burning and inefficient disposal that otherwise lead to immense pollution worldwide. In addition, conversion of biomass to value-added products like earthen cups, weaving baskets, and bricks is equally beneficial for the rural population as it provides secondary income, creates jobs, and improves rural people's lifestyles. This review paper will discuss an overview of different applications utilizing agro-waste residues. In particular, agro-wastes used as construction material, bio-fertilizers, pulp and paper products, packaging products, tableware, heating applications, biocomposites, nano-cellulosic materials, soil stabilizers, bioplastics, fire-retardant additive, dye removal, and biofuels will be summarized. Finally, several commercially available agro-waste products will also be discussed, emphasizing the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Gupta
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar Mahur
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | | | - Arihant Ahuja
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vibhore Kumar Rastogi
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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19
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Andoko A, Gapsari F, Diharjo K, M R S, Siengchin S. Isolation of microcellulose from timoho fiber using the process of delinigfication and maceration: Evaluation of physical, chemical, structural, and thermal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Nanocrystalline cellulose derived from spruce wood: Influence of process parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:426-434. [PMID: 36084872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were produced from spruce wood using less hazardous and toxic reagents with understanding of influence of process parameters on CNCs properties. This study employed acetosolv pulping followed by alkaline-peroxide bleaching, eliminating highly reactive chemicals such as Na-chlorites and Na-sulfite for cellulose pulp extraction from spruce wood. Cellulose pulp yield of 41.5 ± 0.7 wt% of dry wood was obtained from pulping followed by bleaching treatment. Cellulose pulp was hydrolyzed with 59.0-65.0 wt% sulfuric acid followed by ultrasonic treatment to produce CNCs. CNCs yield of 8.0 ± 3.2 wt% of dry wood was obtained at 65 wt% acid concentration and yield of 25.1 ± 0.7 wt% at 62 wt% acid concentration. The optimization of acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic treatment resulted in CNCs with high aspect ratios (length/width) up to 48.1. It was demonstrated that higher acid concentration requires lower intensity of ultrasonic treatment for CNCs dispersion, and that higher intensity could enhance aspect ratio without impacting the crystallinity index. However, ultrasonic treatment for longer than 5 min led to destruction of the whisker morphology of CNCs. The extracted CNCs possess high crystallinity index of 80.8 ± 1.7 %, low residual hemicellulose (<2.0 %) and lignin (<0.7 %), and high-char content of 26.7 wt% from thermal degradation.
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21
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Experimental Investigation of Effect of Fiber Length on Mechanical, Wear, and Morphological Behavior of Silane-Treated Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of the best properties in polyester composite from pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) as a reinforcing material is a subject of interest. The properties of PALF are reliant upon fiber length, wherein technical difficulties in production of long fibers and processing for better characteristics in polyester composites possess inherent challenges. The PALFs are subjected to silane treatment for altering fiber properties. This research attempts to analyze the impact of silane-treated PALF with varying fiber lengths (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm) on the performance of natural fiber composites (NFC) properties. Open mold and hand lay-up techniques were employed to develop the polyester composites. The prepared PALF-based polyester composites were examined for different properties (impact, flexural, tensile strength, and wear rate). Coefficient of friction and wear studies are performed on the prepared composites subjected to different loads (10, 20, and 30 N) via a pin on disc test rig. Polymer composite fracture surfaces were analyzed to observe the interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM results showed that the application of silane treatment resulted in better surface topography (fiber length of 5–10 mm showed smooth surface resulted in crack proliferation possessing low fracture toughness of 15–32 MPa; whereas a 15–20 mm fiber length resulted in better fiber–matrix bonding, improving the fracture toughness from 42–55 MPa) as a result of change in chemical structure in PALF. The 20 mm length of PALF resulted in better properties (flexural, tensile, impact, and wear resistance) which are attributed to fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. These properties ensure the developed polymer composites can be applied to walls, building insulation, and artificial ceilings.
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22
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Optimization of Hemp Bast Microfiber Production Using Response Surface Modelling. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-wood biomass is particularly attractive as a cellulose source because of the lower lignin content. However, optimal cellulose extraction conditions are required as lignin content varies between plant sources. Further, the use of organic acids in place of harsh mineral acids is of interest in “greening” the cellulose production process. This study sought to establish optimum parameters for the extraction of cellulose microfibers (CMFs) from hemp (Cannabis sativa) biomass, using maleic and formic acids. Hemp fibers were pre-treated in NaOH (4 wt%) and aqueous chlorite in acetate buffer before ultrasonic treatment to break down bundles. The CMFs produced were compared with those generated from sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine combinations of three processing conditions, including acid concentration (45–64%), hydrolysis time (30–90 min), and temperature (45–65 °C). A central composite design (RSM-CCD) model with 21 experimental runs was optimized using MODDE 13.1 software. The model suitably described the data (R2 = 0.99; R2adj = 0.96). Microfibers with an average width of 6.91 µm, crystallinity range 40–75%, and good thermal stability were produced. Crystallinity was influenced by all three factors. The optimal crystallinity predicted by the model was 83.21%, which could be achieved using formic acid 62 wt% formic acid, 36 min hydrolysis time, and 47 °C hydrolysis temperature. These conditions resulted in a crystallinity degree of 82%. These data suggest formic acid can be used as an alternative to sulfuric acid for synthesis of cellulose microfibers from biodegradable hemp waste fibers.
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Pradhan D, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Emerging technologies for the production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Neenu KV, Midhun Dominic CD, Begum PMS, Parameswaranpillai J, Kanoth BP, David DA, Sajadi SM, Dhanyasree P, Ajithkumar TG, Badawi M. Effect of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid hydrolysis on the preparation and properties of pineapple pomace derived cellulose nanofibers and nanopapers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1745-1759. [PMID: 35469954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is the "green magnet" which attracts a wide spectrum of industries towards it due to its availability, biodegradability, and possible smart applications. For the first time, pineapple pomace was being explored as an economic precursor for cellulose nanofibers. Nanofiber isolation was accomplished using a chemo-mechanical method and solution casting was adopted for the development of nanopapers. Moreover, the study examines the structural, optical, crystalline, dimensional, and thermal features of nanofibers isolated using different acid hydrolysis (oxalic acid and sulphuric acid) methods. Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of type I cellulose. The transmittance, crystallinity index, and thermal stability of PPNFS (sulphuric acid treated fiber) were greater than PPNFO (oxalic acid treated fiber). The transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed the nanodimension of PPNFO and PPNFS. While comparing the optical and mechanical properties of nanopapers, PPNFS outperforms PPNFO. The tensile strength of the prepared nanopapers (64 MPa (PPNFO) and 68 MPa (PPNFS)) was found to be high compared to similar works reported in the literature. The prepared nanopaper is proposed to be used for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Neenu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin 682022, India
| | - C D Midhun Dominic
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682013, India.
| | - P M Sabura Begum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin 682022, India,.
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Alliance University, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipinbal Parambath Kanoth
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin-682022, India
| | - Deepthi Anna David
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin 682022, India
| | - S Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, KRG, Iraq
| | - P Dhanyasree
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin 682022, India
| | - T G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune Pin-411008, India
| | - Michael Badawi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR CNRS 7019, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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25
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Whey Protein Isolate Nanofibers Prepared by Subcritical Water Stabilized High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsion to Deliver Curcumin. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111625. [PMID: 35681375 PMCID: PMC9179974 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to design a Pickering emulsion (PE) stabilized by whey protein isolate nanofibers (WPINs) prepared with subcritical water (SW) to encapsulate and prevent curcumin (Cur) degradation. Cur-loaded WPINs–SW stabilized PE (WPINs–SW–PE) and hydrothermally prepared WPINs stabilized PE (WPINs–H–PE) were characterized using the particle size, zeta potential, Congo Red, CD, and TEM. The results indicated that WPINs–SW–PE and WPINs–H–PE showed regular spherical shapes with average lengths of 26.88 ± 1.11 μm and 175.99 ± 2.31 μm, and zeta potential values were −38.00 ± 1.00 mV and −34.60 ± 2.03 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies of WPINs–SW–PE and WPINs–H–PE for Cur were 96.72 ± 1.05% and 94.07 ± 2.35%. The bio-accessibility of Cur of WPINs–SW–PE and WPINs–H–PE were 57.52 ± 1.24% and 21.94 ± 2.09%. In addition, WPINs–SW–PE had a better loading effect and antioxidant activities compared with WPINs–H–PE. SW could be a potential processing method to prepare a PE, laying the foundation for the subsequent production of functional foods.
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Novel recycling of pineapple leaves into cellulose microfibers by two-step grinding of ball milling and high-speed rotor–stator homogenization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hosseini SM, Farmany A, Alikhani MY, Taheri M, Asl SS, Alamian S, Arabestani MR. Co-Delivery of Doxycycline and Hydroxychloroquine Using CdTe-Labeled Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Treatment of Acute and Chronic Brucellosis. Front Chem 2022; 10:890252. [PMID: 35646816 PMCID: PMC9130827 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.890252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a systemic disease in both acute and chronic forms which can affect any organ or tissue in the body. One of the biggest issues in treating this disease is its relapse. In this study, a complete treatment of brucellosis was evaluated using enhanced performance of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine drugs by using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) conjugated cadmium-telluride quantum dots. The double emulsion method was used to prepare SLN and cadmium-telluride quantum dots. The physicochemical properties of NPs were determined. The effect of nanoparticle-loaded antibiotics against Brucella melitensis was determined by well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), cell culture, and animal studies. The means of particle size, PDI, zeta potential, drugs loading, and encapsulation efficiency were 214 ± 25 nm, 0.385 ± 0.022, −18.7 ± 2.3 mV, 17.7 ± 1.5%, and 94.15 ± 2.6%, respectively. The results of FTIR and DSC showed that no chemical reaction occurred between the components of the NPs. The effect of free drug and NPs on bacteria was the same by well diffusion and MIC method. Drug-loaded NPs significantly reduced the number of CFUs in the cell line and acute and chronic brucellosis compared to the free drug. In conclusion, the synthesized nanoparticles were safe and green. With the slow release of the drug (100 h), the accumulation of the drug at the bacterial site increases and causes a greater effect on the B. melitensis and improves the disease of brucellosis. The use of synthesized nanodrugs in this study had promising therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Alamian
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brucellosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Reza Arabestani,
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Alanazi AK. An Innovative Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Nanocellulose Fibers (NCF) Using Ultrasonic Waves. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101930. [PMID: 35631813 PMCID: PMC9144760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, environmental and ecological concerns have become a major issue owing to the shortage of resources, high cost, and so forth. In my research, I present an innovative, environmentally friendly, and economical way to prepare nanocellulose from grass wastes with a sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution of different concentrations (1−6% mol) at different times 10−80 min, washed with distilled water, and treated with ultrasonic waves. The optimum yield of the isolated cellulose was 95%, 90%, and 87% NaClO at 25 °C for 20 min and with NaOH and H2SO4 at 25 °C with 5% M, respectively. The obtained samples were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of test temperature and reaction times on the crystallinity index (IC) of GNFC with different treated mediums was carried out and investigated. The IC was analyzed using the diffraction pattern and computed according to the Segal empirical method (method A), and the sum of the area under the crystalline adjusted peaks (method B) and their values proved that the effect of temperature is prominent. In both methods, GNFC/H2SO4 had the highest value followed by GNFC/NaOH, GNFC/NaClO and real sample nano fiber cellulose (RSNFC). The infrared spectral features showed no distinct changes of the four cellulose specimens at different conditions. The particle size distribution data proved that low acid concentration hydrolysis was not sufficient to obtain nano-sized cellulose particles. The Zeta potential was higher in accordance with (GNFC/H2SO4 > GNFC/NaOH > GNFC/NaClO), indicating the acid higher effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah K Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:954-976. [PMID: 35304199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources as a promising nanomaterial has been gaining interest for a wide range application. Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities. In this review, details of the three main nanocellulose categorised: cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have been described. We focused on the preparation and isolation techniques to produce nanocellulose including alkaline pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface modification of nanocellulose through esterification, silylation, amidation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to improve the diverse applications has also been reviewed. Some invigorating perspectives on the applications, challenges, and future directions on the relevant issues regarding nanocellulose are also presented.
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Abdul Karim M, Zainol N, Abu Hassan As’ari N, Abu Talip Yusof N, Aziz N. Effect of processing parameters on cellulose content extracted from pineapple leaf. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Seid N, Griesheimer P, Neumann A. Investigating the Processing Potential of Ethiopian Agricultural Residue Enset/Ensete ventricosum for Biobutanol Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040133. [PMID: 35447693 PMCID: PMC9025969 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Enset plant is a potential food source for about 20 million Ethiopians. A massive amount of residual byproduct is discarded from traditional Ethiopian Enset food processing. This study shows a compositional analysis of Enset biomass and its use for biobutanol production. The Enset biomass was pretreated with 2% (w/v) NaOH or 2% (v/v) H2SO4 and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysates were then fermented anaerobically by C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923. The majority of Enset biomass waste samples contained 36–67% cellulose, 16–20% hemicelluloses, and less than 6.8% lignin. In all alkali-pretreated Enset biomass samples, the enzyme converted 80–90% of the biomass to glucose within 24 h, while it took 60 h to convert 48–80% of the acid-pretreated Enset biomass. In addition, the alkali pretreatment method released more glucose than the acid pretreatment in all Enset biomass samples. After 72 h of ABE fermentation, 2.8 g/L acetone, 9.9 g/L butanol, and 1.6 g/L ethanol were produced from mixed Enset waste hydrolysate pretreated with alkali, achieving an ABE yield of 0.32 g/g and productivity of 0.2 g × L−1 × h−1, showing the first value of butanol produced from Enset biomass in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebyat Seid
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Pia Griesheimer
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Anke Neumann
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Abral H, Kurniawan A, Rahmadiawan D, Handayani D, Sugiarti E, Muslimin AN. Highly antimicrobial and strong cellulose-based biocomposite film prepared with bacterial cellulose powders, Uncaria gambir, and ultrasonication treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:88-96. [PMID: 35304197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work characterized bacterial cellulose (BC)/Uncaria gambir (G) biocomposite film prepared with ultrasonication treatment. Films were prepared from BC powder suspensions in distilled water without and with various loadings (0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 2 g) of G powder then treated using an ultrasonic probe at 1000 W for one hour. The results revealed that the ultrasonication treatment of the suspension greatly increased tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), and toughness (TN) of a BC film by 3097%, 644%, and 32,600%, respectively, compared to non-sonicated BC film. After adding 0.05 g G into the sonicated BC powder suspension, TS, EB, and TN of the biocomposite film were improved to 105.6 MPa, 14.3%, and 8.7 MJ/m3, respectively. The addition of the G increased in antimicrobial activity of the film. This study indicates that biocomposite film is potentially useful for nanopaper production with good antimicrobial and high tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairul Abral
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia.
| | - Arif Kurniawan
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
| | - Dieter Rahmadiawan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, 25163 Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Eni Sugiarti
- Laboratory of High-Temperature Coating, Research Center for Physics Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Serpong, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Novi Muslimin
- Laboratory of High-Temperature Coating, Research Center for Physics Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Serpong, Indonesia
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Syafri E, Jamaluddin, Sari NH, Mahardika M, Amanda P, Ilyas RA. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from Agave gigantea by chemical-mechanical treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:25-33. [PMID: 34971644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a renewable and biocompatible nanomaterial that evokes much interest because of its versatility in various applications. This study reports the production of nanocellulose from Agave gigantea (AG) fiber using the chemical-ultrafine grinding treatment. Chemical treatment (alkalization and bleaching) removed non-cellulose components (hemicellulose and lignin), while ultrafine grinding reduced the size of cellulose microfibrils into nanocellulose. From the observation of Transmission Electron Microscopy, the average diameter of nanocellulose was 4.07 nm. The effect of chemical-ultrafine grinding on the morphology and properties of AG fiber was identified using chemical composition, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The bleaching treatment increased the crystal index by 48.3% compared to raw AG fiber, along with an increase in the cellulose content of 20.4%. The ultrafine grinding process caused a decrease in the crystal content of the AG fiber. The crystal index affected the thermal stability of the AG fiber. The TGA results showed that AG fiber treated with bleaching showed the highest thermal stability compared to AG fiber without treatment. The FTIR analysis showed that the presence of CH vibrations from the ether in the fiber. After chemical treatment, the peaks at 1605 and 1243 cm-1 disappeared, indicating the loss of lignin and hemicellulose functional groups in AG fiber. As a result, nanocellulose derived from AG fiber can be applied as reinforcement in environmentally friendly polymer biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, West Sumatra 26271, Indonesia.
| | - Jamaluddin
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, West Sumatra 26271, Indonesia.
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, 35365 South Lampung, Indonesia.
| | - Putri Amanda
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia.
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
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Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Santra TS, Lim KT. Nanocellulose, a versatile platform: From the delivery of active molecules to tissue engineering applications. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:566-589. [PMID: 34820589 PMCID: PMC8591404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal V. Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Deptarment of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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Holilah H, Bahruji H, Ediati R, Asranudin A, Jalil AA, Piluharto B, Nugraha RE, Prasetyoko D. Uniform rod and spherical nanocrystalline celluloses from hydrolysis of industrial pepper waste (Piper nigrum L.) using organic acid and inorganic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:593-605. [PMID: 35157900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biowastes from agricultural industry into nanocrystalline cellulose provides pathway to reduce environmental pollution while enhancing the economic value of biowastes. Nanocellulose (NCC) with uniform morphology was isolated from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) stalk waste (PW) using acid hydrolysis method. The role of inorganic acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid), organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid) and variation of sonication times were investigated on the physicochemical characteristics, self-assembled structure, crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential and thermal stability of the isolated nanocellulose. Hydrolysis using inorganic acids transformed cellulose from PW into a spherical shaped NCC at ~33-67 nm of average diameter. Meanwhile hydrolysis in organic acids produced rod-shaped NCC at 210-321 nm in length. This study highlighted the role of acidity strength for organic acid and inorganic acid in controlling the level of hydrogen bond dissociation and the dissolution of amorphous fragments, which consequently directing the morphology and the physicochemical properties of NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holilah Holilah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Hasliza Bahruji
- Centre of Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jl. Tungku Link, BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Ratna Ediati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Asranudin Asranudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Aishah Abdul Jalil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bambang Piluharto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Indonesia
| | - Reva Edra Nugraha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
| | - Didik Prasetyoko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
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Shrestha P, Sadiq MB, Anal AK. Development of antibacterial biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals derived from banana pseudostem. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Dominic C D M, Dos Santos Rosa D, Camani PH, Kumar AS, K V N, Begum PMS, Dinakaran D, John E, Baby D, Thomas MM, Joy JM, Parameswaranpillai J, Saeb MR. Thermoplastic starch nanocomposites using cellulose-rich Chrysopogon zizanioides nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:572-583. [PMID: 34582904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Green thermoplastic starch (TPS) nanocomposite films aided by cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from Chrysopogon zizanioides roots were developed and characterized. When compared to other lignocellulosic fibers, Chrysopogon zizanioides roots revealed exceptionally high cellulose content (~48%). CNFs were separated using an environmentally friendly acid isolation technique that included three stages: (i) alkali treatment; (ii) bleaching; and (iii) mild acid hydrolysis using oxalic acid in an autoclave. Following that, green nanocomposite films were made from potato starch using the solution casting process, by which we used glycerol (30 wt%) to make thermoplastic starch. Then, cellulose nanofibers in different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt%) were added to the thermoplastic starch matrix. The isolated CNFs had diameters in the range of 17-27 nm. Besides, these nanostructures presented a very high crystallinity index (~65%), thereby enhanced the thermal stability. TPS/CNF green nanocomposites containing 3 wt% CNFs had exceptional tensile strength (~161%), tensile modulus (~167%), thermal stability, and crystallinity. As a result, nanocomposite films made of starch and cellulose nanofibers (3 wt%) extracted from Chrysopogon zizanioides roots would be alternatives for sustainable packaging. It can be concluded that Chrysopogon zizanioides roots have high potential for polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhun Dominic C D
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682013, India.
| | - Derval Dos Santos Rosa
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas (CECS), CEP 09090-400 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Camani
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas (CECS), CEP 09090-400 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Athira S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682013, India
| | - Neenu K V
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin-682022, India
| | - P M Sabura Begum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala Pin-682022, India
| | - Divya Dinakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682013, India
| | - Effina John
- Department of Chemistry, St. Albert's College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682018, India
| | - Donna Baby
- Department of Chemistry, St. Peter's College, Kolenchery, Kerala Pin-682311, India
| | - Meenu Mariya Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Morning Star Home Science College, Angamaly, Kerala Pin-683585, India
| | - Jaison M Joy
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala Pin-682013, India
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- School of Biosciences, Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies Tiruvalla (MACFAST), Pathanamthitta, Kerala Pin-689101, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Gröndahl J, Karisalmi K, Vapaavuori J. Micro- and nanocelluloses from non-wood waste sources; processes and use in industrial applications. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9842-9858. [PMID: 34713883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00958c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to renewability and abundance, nanocellulose materials have tremendous (and variable) properties for different applications, ranging from bulk applications, such as paper and packaging reinforcement, to emerging high added-value applications, such as substrates for optoelectronics. Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and industrial waste sources is readily available and shows great promise as an inexpensive and sustainable raw material for nanocellulose production. However, the understanding of the potential of using non-wood based biowaste sources is not established and systematic comparisons of versatile agricultural and industrial waste sources can elucidate this complex topic. Here we present an overview of the most studied and most promising sources from agro-industrial waste, the processes to convert them into nanocellulose, some of the established and emerging applications, and discuss the advancements that are still needed for large-scale production. Sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch have been the most researched waste-based sources for nanocellulose production and demonstrate the most promise due to availability and access. Industrial sources seem to have advantages over agricultural sources in collectability and ease of access. This work gives insight on the potential and the challenges of nanocellulose production from waste sources and discusses how the criteria set for nanocellulose materials in different applications can be met, thus opening new routes for circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gröndahl
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Karisalmi
- Kaisa Karisalmi, Kemira Oyj, Espoo R&D Center, Luoteisrinne 2, FI-02270 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland.
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Development and mechanical properties of soy protein isolate-chitin nanofibers complex gel: The role of high-pressure homogenization. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sainorudin MH, Abdullah NA, Asmal Rani MS, Mohammad M, Mahizan M, Shadan N, Abd Kadir NH, Yaakob Z, El-Denglawey A, Alam M. Structural characterization of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus L. leaves: Cytocompatibility and molecular docking studies. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2021; 10:793-806. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2021-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study focused on the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) leaves using chemical treatments followed by acid hydrolysis. Pineapple leaves could be used in medical applications such as drug delivery carriers. Advanced spectroscopy techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the physical, chemical, and morphological features of the isolated MCC and NCC; the results indicated the needle-shaped form of nanostructures with good purity and high crystallinity index of 75.00 and 76.38%, respectively. In addition, inhibition of the treated MRC-5 cells with all the samples revealed that the percentage of cell viability was less than 30%, which is an interesting finding given their role in the cytotoxicity effect of MCC and NCC. It appears that MCC and NCC derived from pineapple leaves have lower toxicity. As a result, the developed MCC and NCC can be used in pharmaceutical applications as a novel drug delivery system. Molecular docking was performed to understand the non-bonding interaction of cellulose with human acid-beta-glucosidase (β-Glc) (PDB: 1OGS). The docking result shows that cellulose unit docked within the active pocket of the enzyme by forming hydrogen bonds against ASN19, THR21, and VAL17 with distances of 2.18, 1.93, and 2.92 Å, respectively, with binding energy (−5.0 kcal/mol) resulting in close interaction of cellulose unit with the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Sainorudin
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Nur Athirah Abdullah
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia , 14300 Nibong Tebal , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Masita Mohammad
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Munirah Mahizan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Nursyazwani Shadan
- Faculty Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , 21030 Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Kadir
- Faculty Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , 21030 Kuala Nerus , Terengganu , Malaysia
| | - Zahira Yaakob
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Adel El-Denglawey
- Department of Physics, College of University College at Turabah, Taif University , P.O. Box 11099 , Taif 21944 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University , 123 Dongdae-ro , Gyeongju-780-714 , Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Evidence-based research had shown that elevated alkali treatment of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) compromised the mechanical properties of the fiber. In this work, PALF was subjected to differential alkali concentrations: 1, 3, 6, and 9% wt/wt to study the influence on the mechanical and crystal properties of the fiber. The crystalline and mechanical properties of untreated and alkali-treated PALF samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing analysis. The XRD results indicated that crystal properties of the fibers were modified with 6% wt/wt alkali-treated PALF recording the highest crystallinity and crystallite size of 76% and 24 nm, respectively. The FTIR spectra suggested that all alkali-treated PALF samples underwent lignin and hemicellulose removal to varying degrees. An increase in the crystalline properties improved the mechanical properties of the PALF treated with alkali at 6% wt/wt, which has the highest tensile strength (1620 MPa). Although the elevated alkali treatment resulted in decreased mechanical properties of PALF, crystallinity generally increased. The findings revealed that the mechanical properties of PALF not only improve with increasing crystallinity and crystallite size, but are also dependent on the intermediate bond between adjacent cellulose chains.
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Dhali K, Ghasemlou M, Daver F, Cass P, Adhikari B. A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145871. [PMID: 33631573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers, commonly referred to as plastics, are anthropogenic contaminants that adversely affect the natural ecosystems. The continuous disposal of long lifespan plastics has resulted in the accumulation of plastic waste, leading to significant pollution of both marine and terrestrial habitats. Scientific pursuit to seek environment-friendly materials from renewable resources has focused on cellulose, the primary reinforcement component of the cell wall of plants, as it is the most abundantly available biopolymer on earth. This paper provides an overview on the current state of science on nanocellulose research; highlighting its extraction procedures from lignocellulosic biomass. Literature shows that the process used to obtain nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass greatly influences its morphology, properties and surface chemistry. The efficacy of chemical methods that use alkali, acid, bleaching agents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent for pre-treatment of biomass is discussed. There has been a continuous endeavour to optimize the pre-treatment protocol as it is specific to lignocellulosic biomass and also depends on factors such as nature of the biomass, process and environmental parameters and economic viability. Nanofibers are primarily isolated through mechanical fibrillation while nanocrystals are predominantly extracted using acid hydrolysis. A concise overview on the ways to improve the yield of nanocellulose from cellulosic biomass is also presented in this review. This work also reviews the techniques used to modify the surface properties of nanocellulose by functionalizing surface hydroxyl groups to impart desirable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. An assessment on the emerging application of nanocellulose with an emphasis on development of nanocomposite materials for designing environmentally sustainable products is incorporated. Finally, the status of the industrial production of nanocellulose presented, which indicates that there is a continuously increased demand for cellulose nanomaterials. The demand for cellulose is expected to increase further due to its increasing and broadening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Dhali
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Post-Harvest Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, W.B., India
| | - Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Cass
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Orejuela-Escobar LM, Landázuri AC, Goodell B. Second generation biorefining in Ecuador: Circular bioeconomy, zero waste technology, environment and sustainable development: The nexus. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Chanka N, Mondach W, Dittanet P, Roddecha S, Niamnuy C, Prapainainar P, Seubsai A. Modification of pineapple leaf fibers with aminosilanes as adsorbents for H 2S removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129000. [PMID: 33246698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple leaves were used as a natural fiber source to prepare various modified microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) samples as sorbents for H2S sorption. Pineapple leaf fibers were first extracted from pineapple leaves, followed by hydrolyzing to produce MCC before various modifications using primary amine (3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, APS), secondary amine (N-methyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, MAPS), or tertiary amine (N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, DAPS). The characterization results proved that all the aminosilane groups were successfully grafted onto the MCC. In addition, the thermal stability and the porosity of the modified sorbents were enhanced relative to those of unmodified MCC. The H2S sorption studies of MCC modified with APS, MAPS, and DAPS at 0, 3, or 5%w/w showed that MCC-MAPS had better H2S sorption performance than MCC-APS and MCC-DAPS, respectively, when comparing the H2S sorption performance at the same loading level. The optimum H2S sorption performance of each aminosilane group was achieved from MCC-APS at 5%, MCC-MAPS at 3%, and MCC-DAPS at 5%. An additional study of H2S sorption of these three sorbents in the presence of CO2 showed that MCC-DAPS at 5% was the best sorbent for selective H2S removal. Our results indicated that MCC modified with the aminosilane groups, especially MAPS, were promising materials for H2S sorption, with potential application in gas separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napassorn Chanka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Wongsaphat Mondach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Peerapan Dittanet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Supacharee Roddecha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chalida Niamnuy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Paweena Prapainainar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Seubsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Gnanasekaran S, Muslih SNN, Shariffuddin JH, Nordin NIAA. Effect of Steam and Bleaching Treatment on the Characteristics of Pineapple Leaves Fibre Derived Cellulose. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.28.s2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) is one of the abundant residues generated from pineapple plantation. The residues are left on the plantation for nutrient cycling or burning, and this circumstance leads to environmental issues. PALF has high cellulose content among other natural fibres. Cellulose is a reinforcing element that exists as whisker-like microfibrils and has a long-chain structure. In this study, cellulose produced from PALF was treated by steam and chemical treatment. The fibre was treated with steam at 121°C, a pressure of 21 psi for 30 or 60 min. Next, the steam-treated fibre was treated with 5 wt% sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution with pH adjusted between 4 and 5 for 90 min. The condition was varied with three different temperatures, which were room temperature, 50, and 70°C. Then, the bleached fibre was treated with 5 wt% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at room temperature for 3 h. After the treatments, the fibre was analysed for its thermal stability, morphology, and chemical composition. Cellulose obtained from the treatment condition of steam for 60 min, bleaching at 70°C, and alkali treatment at room temperature expressed the highest degradation temperature of 276°C at 20% weight loss, percentage of cellulose of 86% and lowest moisture content (8%) compared to others sample. It also had an excellent surface morphology with finest fibril disintegration. It showed longer steam treatment (60 min) degrading more hemicellulose; and bleaching treatment at high temperature (70°C), increasing the rate of oxidative delignification. In conclusion, the suggested treatment provides a simple but efficient method to isolate cellulose that can be used for various types of applications.
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Minimizing Organic Waste Generated by Pineapple Crown: A Simple Process to Obtain Cellulose for the Preparation of Recyclable Containers. RECYCLING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling5040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose was obtained from the residues of pineapple crown by means of simple acid pretreatment and subsequent alkaline treatment. The pretreatment consisted of washing, drying, and chopping with high shear at pH = 5 under heating. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pineapple crown was determined by chemical methods. The cellulose obtained was compared with commercial cellulose by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XDR). Thus, from the obtained fiber cellulose, a food container was prepared, and its physical-mechanical properties were determined. Then, after alkali treatment, the purity of cellulose was 84.7% from the pineapple crown (56.0%) and was compared with commercial cellulose (95%). FTIR results confirmed the removal of the non-cellulosic compounds after alkali treatment. The maximum pyrolysis temperature increased to 356 °C, higher than the original fiber (322 °C), indicating greater thermal stability after chemical treatment. Furthermore, the crystallinity increased to 68% with respect to the original fiber (27%). The physical properties of the container showed a decrease in the parameters in wet 95% RH, as expected, thus facilitating its reuse. These results indicate that the pineapple crown cellulose can be obtained with significant purity, from a single chemical treatment. In addition, this polymorphous cellulose can be used to make ecofriendly reusable food containers.
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Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers from Napier fiber ( Pennisetum purpureum). MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13184125. [PMID: 32957438 PMCID: PMC7560349 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the utilisation of Napier fiber (Pennisetum purpureum) as a source for the fabrication of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). In this study, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from Napier fiber were isolated via ball-milling assisted by acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis with different molarities (1.0, 3.8 and 5.6 M) was performed efficiently facilitate cellulose fiber size reduction. The resulting CNFs were characterised through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size analyser (PSA), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR results demonstrated that there were no obvious changes observed between the spectra of the CNFs with different molarities of acid hydrolysis. With 5.6 M acid hydrolysis, the XRD analysis displayed the highest degree of CNF crystallinity at 70.67%. In a thermal analysis by TGA and DTG, cellulose nanofiber with 5.6 M acid hydrolysis tended to produce cellulose nanofibers with higher thermal stability. As evidenced by the structural morphologies, a fibrous network nanostructure was obtained under TEM and AFM analysis, while a compact structure was observed under FESEM analysis. In conclusion, the isolated CNFs from Napier-derived cellulose are expected to yield potential to be used as a suitable source for nanocomposite production in various applications, including pharmaceutical, food packaging and biomedical fields.
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Abral H, Ariksa J, Mahardika M, Handayani D, Aminah I, Sandrawati N, Sugiarti E, Muslimin AN, Rosanti SD. Effect of heat treatment on thermal resistance, transparency and antimicrobial activity of sonicated ginger cellulose film. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 240:116287. [PMID: 32475568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transparent film with high thermal resistance and antimicrobial properties has many applications in the food packaging industry particularly packaging for reheatable food. This work investigates the effects of heat treatment on the thermal resistance, stability of transparency and antimicrobial activity of transparent cellulose film. The film from ginger nanocellulose fibers was prepared with chemicals and ultrasonication. The dried film was heated at 150 °C for 30, 60, 90, or 120 min. The unheated and sonicated film had the lowest crystallinity index and the lowest thermal properties. After heating, the film became brownish-yellow resulting from thermal oxidation. The reheated film had higher thermal resistance than unheated film. Heating led to further relaxation of cellulose network evidenced by shifting of the XRD peak positions toward lower values. The antimicrobial activity decreased due to heating. Average opacity value increases after short heating durations. It was relatively stable for further heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Jeri Ariksa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Ibtisamatul Aminah
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Neny Sandrawati
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, 25163, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Eni Sugiarti
- Laboratory of High Resistant Materials, Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Serpong, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Novi Muslimin
- Laboratory of High Resistant Materials, Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Serpong, Indonesia
| | - Santi Dewi Rosanti
- Laboratory of High Resistant Materials, Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Serpong, Indonesia
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Antimicrobial Imperata cylindrica paper coated with anionic nanocellulose crosslinked with cationic ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:892-901. [PMID: 32673720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the interest in active packaging utilization has increased with population growth, food demand and new consumer trend like food delivery services. This new system, however, requires the use of additives to extend the food product quality and safety as well as in maintaining the shelf-life. This study was to prepare the antimicrobial paper from I. cylindrica coated anionic nanocellulose crosslinked cationic to create a system with the ability to actively control microbe growth in the packaging materials. The process involved pulping of I. cylindrica using semi-chemical and soda chemical method. The antimicrobial paper was prepared by printing the pulp suspension in 60 g/m2 grammage in mold followed by the spray of anionic nanocellulose and subsequent soaking of the paper in cationic solution. The results showed the I. cylindrica paper coated anionic nanocellulose crosslinked with H+ and Al3+ cations were successfully produced. The paper produced was also observed to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative of E. coli and S. typhi as well as Gram-positive of S. aureus and B. subtilis bacteria. Furthermore, the best coating method was found on antimicrobial paper coated anionic nanocellulose crosslinked Al3+ as evidenced by smoother and compact surface structure.
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Balasubramanian UM, Vaiyazhipalayam Murugaiyan S, Marimuthu T. Enhanced adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution using modified Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna minor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20648-20662. [PMID: 31512129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environment is seriously affected by the release of hazardous heavy metals from the industries. The transformation of aquatic weeds into valuable nanosorbent has been considered as effective and efficient material in the wastewater treatment process. The aim of the study is to analyze the potential of nano-EC and nano-LM for the removal of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) ions. The characteristics of nanosorbent were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Adsorptive performance of nanosorbent was studied with respect to pH, contact time, nano adsorbent dosage, and metal ion concentration. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) with respect to nano-EC was found to be 79.04 mgg-1 and 85.09 mgg-1, respectively. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were performed and it was reported that adsorption isotherm follows Langmuir model with regression coefficient R2 > 0.9 for nano-EC and nano-LM respectively. The pseudo-second order model was found to fit well with experimental data. Experimental results suggested that nano-EC can be considered as a suitable nanosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions from effluents.
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