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Michelin L, Bellei N, Ferreira da Costa Gomes M, Raboni SM, Kairalla M, Correa RA, Levi M, Chebabo A, Ballalai I, Cimerman S, Roteli-Martins CM, Aidé S, Dalcolmo MP, de Veras BMG, De Ávila Kfouri R, Cintra O. Respiratory syncytial virus: challenges in diagnosis and impact on the elderly: Recommendations from a multidisciplinary panel. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2388943. [PMID: 39161095 PMCID: PMC11340750 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2388943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory illness. While most attention is paid to childhood infection, the RSV burden in adults ≥60 y should also be considered. In Brazil, this is generally underrecognized, where greater focus is toward other respiratory pathogens. This article presents insights from a multidisciplinary panel gathered to review epidemiologic data and current diagnostic approaches to RSV in Brazil (and their limitations) and develop communication strategies to improve knowledge and awareness. National surveillance data indicate a steady increase in cases of RSV-related severe acute respiratory illness (RSV-SARI) in those aged ≥60 y in recent years, with high fatality rates (>30%). Routine RSV testing in older individuals with respiratory symptoms is relatively low. Educational activities targeted toward health-care professionals and the general public are critical to raising awareness of the importance of RSV in older individuals, particularly as protective vaccines are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Bellei
- Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Disciplina de Infectologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia M Raboni
- Molecular Virology Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Amorim Correa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Serviço de Pneumologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monica Levi
- Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações (SBim), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Chebabo
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ballalai
- Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações (SBim), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Cimerman
- Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações (SBim), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Paulista (UNIP) - Campus Alphaville, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Aidé
- Maternal and Child Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato De Ávila Kfouri
- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações (SBim), São Paulo, Brazil
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Akbay Ak S, Soysal B, Yangın Ergon E, Kalkanlı OH, Ayhan Y, Alkan Ozdemir S, Calkavur S, Gokmen Yıldırım T. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in the Neonatal Period. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:1706-1713. [PMID: 38272061 DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral respiratory infection in infants. This study aimed to establish the potential changes in the clinical course of RSV in the neonatal period with the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. STUDY DESIGN During the observational study period, newborns diagnosed with community-acquired RSV infection and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were evaluated. RSV-infected neonates before the COVID-19 pandemic were classified as Group 1, those during the strict isolation period as Group 2, and RSV-infected newborns after the removal of restrictions were classified as Group 3. RESULTS A total of 208 community-acquired RSV-infected neonates were analyzed. The median age at admission to the NICU was 26 days, and the mean gestational week was 37.2 ± 2.7. The ratio of hospitalized babies with RSV infection to all hospitalized newborns rose after the pandemic significantly (1.9, 1.6, and 5.2%; p < 0.001). Following the pandemic, there was an increase in full-term, early-term, and late-preterm cases. Nevertheless, no change was observed in the number of preterm cases (p > 0.05). There was also a statistically significant increase in the need for intubation, noninvasive ventilation (NIV), supplemental oxygen, inhaled bronchodilator drugs, and length of hospital stay in Group 3 after the pandemic (p < 0.001). All these parameters related to more severe RSV infection when the precautions were removed, while there was a milder disease with restrictions during the pandemic in Group 2 (p < 0.001). However, none died due to RSV infection during the study because of timely supportive care. CONCLUSION Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the frequency and severity of RSV infection in newborns have increased, and it can result in a serious clinical picture even in full-term babies with no comorbidities. Attention to strict contact precautions, particularly in newborns, who are a more vulnerable population after the pandemic, may play an important role in any future outbreak. KEY POINTS · The course of neonatal RSV infection has changed after the pandemic.. · A statistically significant increase was observed in the need of intubation in newborns with RSV.. · The strict precautions during the pandemic also helped to prevent the transmission of RSV..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Akbay Ak
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Buse Soysal
- Department of Neonatology, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Türkiye
| | - Ezgi Yangın Ergon
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Oguz Han Kalkanlı
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Yuce Ayhan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Senem Alkan Ozdemir
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sebnem Calkavur
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Tulin Gokmen Yıldırım
- Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Health, Dr. Behcet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
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Reddy B, Simane A, Mthiyane H, Mashishi B, Mbenenge N, Treurnicht FK. Prevalence and Seasonal Patterns of 16 Common Viral Respiratory Pathogens during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Gauteng Province, South Africa, 2020-2021. Viruses 2024; 16:1325. [PMID: 39205299 PMCID: PMC11358924 DOI: 10.3390/v16081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality, but generally, the diagnosis of other respiratory viruses was limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of other respiratory viruses during the 2020/2021 pandemic among patients of all ages who accessed care at public healthcare facilities in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Laboratory diagnosis for respiratory viruses, with or without SARS-CoV-2, was conducted via multiplex real-time polymerase chain reactions using respiratory specimens. A total of 1776 patients were included from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021, of which 766 (43.1%) were positive for respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. RV (368/1776; 20.7%) was the most prevalent, followed by RSV (304/1776; 17.1%), AdV (112/1776; 6.3%) and EV (105/1776; 5.9%). hCoV-OC43 (39/1776; 2.2%) was the most prevalent common coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 co-infections were detected in 4.8% (24/500) of patients. Only 27.1% (482/1776) of patients were admitted to high-care or intensive care units. A decrease in respiratory virus detections was observed, except for RSV, EV and hCoV-OC43. RSV prevalence increased in 2021, while influenza A/B viruses remained undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaveshan Reddy
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Andiswa Simane
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Hloniphile Mthiyane
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Bonolo Mashishi
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Mbenenge
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Florette K. Treurnicht
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
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Li T, Li X, Lin F, Fu H, Dong L, Tang Y, Jin Z. Epidemiology of the resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children post-COVID-19: A single-center retrospective observational study. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29841. [PMID: 39072852 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Children's Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Children's Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fatao Lin
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Jin
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Davy K, Koskinas E, Watson C, Ledwidge M, Mbakaya B, Chisale M, Gallagher J. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia in primary care in Malawi. J Trop Pediatr 2024; 70:fmae013. [PMID: 39025514 PMCID: PMC11257717 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a cohort of children under 5 years of age with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined pneumonia and the factors associated with developing severe RSV-associated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in primary care in a single centre in Northern Malawi. METHODS The BIOmarkers TO diagnose PnEumonia (BIOTOPE) study was a prospective cohort study conducted from March to June 2016 that took place in a primary care centre in Northern Malawi. Data from this study was used to identify the characteristics of children under 5 years of age who presented with RSV and WHO-defined CAP. Means, standard deviations, medians and ranges were calculated for continuous variables. A univariate logistic regression was performed to examine the potential predictor variables. RESULTS Four hundred and ninety-four infants presented with CAP and were eligible for inclusion in the study; RSV infection was detected in 205 (41.6%) of the infants. Eight factors were associated with increased risk for RSV CAP in the univariate model: age, born at term, presenting for care in June, crowded living environment, not being exclusively breastfed, not having received zinc or vitamin A supplementation in the last six months. Infants with RSV were more likely to have an oxygen saturation ≤92% compared to infants with other causes of pneumonia and more likely to have severe pneumonia as defined by the WHO. CONCLUSION This study supports that RSV-associated CAP is linked to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors; further research is indicated to determine which interventions would be most impactful. Developing and implementing an infant or maternal vaccine could be a cost-effective way to prevent RSV-associated CAP and mortality in developing nations. More research is needed to understand seasonal patterns of CAP and research over extended periods can offer valuable insights on host, environmental and pathogen-specific factors that contribute to RSV-associated CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Davy
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Elena Koskinas
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Chris Watson
- Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Mark Ledwidge
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 C1P1, Ireland
| | - Balwani Mbakaya
- Department of Public Health, University of Livingstonia, Mzuzu P.O. 112, Malawi
| | - Master Chisale
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science Technology and Innovations, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, P / Bag 20, Malawi
| | - Joe Gallagher
- Department of General Practice, University College Dublin, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 C1P1, Ireland
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Oti VB, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. Intranasal antivirals against respiratory syncytial virus: the current therapeutic development landscape. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38973346 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2378185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes bronchiolitis and other respiratory issues in immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and children. After six decades of research, we have only recently seen the approval of two RSV vaccines, Arexvy and Abrysvo. Direct-acting antivirals against RSV have been more difficult to develop with ribavirin and palivizumab giving very modest reductions in hospitalizations and no differences in mortality. Recently, nirsevimab was licensed and has proven to be much more effective when given prophylactically. These are delivered intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM), but an intranasal (IN) antiviral has several advantages in terms of ease of use, lower resource need, and acting at the site of infection. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we review the available literature on the current pre-clinical research landscape of anti-RSV therapeutics tested for IN delivery. EXPERT OPINION As RSV is a respiratory virus that infects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, efforts are focused on developing a therapeutic that can be delivered via the nasal route. The rationale is to directly target the replicating virus with an obvious respiratory tract tropism. This approach will not only pave the way for a nasal delivery approach aimed at reducing respiratory viral illness but also controlling aerosol virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Baba Oti
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Gantenberg JR, van Aalst R, Bhuma MR, Limone B, Diakun D, Smith DM, Nelson CB, Bengtson AM, Chaves SS, La Via WV, Rizzo C, Savitz DA, Zullo AR. Risk Analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Infants in the United States by Birth Month. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:317-327. [PMID: 38738450 PMCID: PMC11212365 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among US infants. A child's calendar birth month determines their age at first exposure(s) to RSV. We estimated birth month-specific risk of medically attended (MA) RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) among infants during their first RSV season and first year of life (FYOL). METHODS We analyzed infants born in the USA between July 2016 and February 2020 using three insurance claims databases (two commercial, one Medicaid). We classified infants' first MA RSV LRTI episode by the highest level of care incurred (outpatient, emergency department, or inpatient), employing specific and sensitive diagnostic coding algorithms to define index RSV diagnoses. In our main analysis, we focused on infants' first RSV season. In our secondary analysis, we compared the risk of MA RSV LRTI during infants' first RSV season to that of their FYOL. RESULTS Infants born from May through September generally had the highest risk of first-season MA RSV LRTI-approximately 6-10% under the specific RSV index diagnosis definition and 16-26% under the sensitive. Infants born between October and December had the highest risk of RSV-related hospitalization during their first season. The proportion of MA RSV LRTI events classified as inpatient ranged from 9% to 54% (specific) and 5% to 33% (sensitive) across birth month and comorbidity group. Through the FYOL, the overall risk of MA RSV LRTI is comparable across birth months within each claims database (6-11% under the specific definition, 17-30% under the sensitive), with additional cases progressing to care at outpatient or ED settings. CONCLUSIONS Our data support recent national recommendations for the use of nirsevimab in the USA. For infants born at the tail end of an RSV season who do not receive nirsevimab, a dose administered prior to the onset of their second RSV season could reduce the incidence of outpatient- and ED-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gantenberg
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robertus van Aalst
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Modeling, Epidemiology, and Data Science, Vaccines Medical Affairs, Sanofi, Lyon, France
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Reddy Bhuma
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra S Chaves
- Department of Modeling, Epidemiology, and Data Science, Vaccines Medical Affairs, Sanofi, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andrew R Zullo
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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8
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Fung T, Goh J, Chisholm RA. Long-term effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on total disease burden in parsimonious epidemiological models. J Theor Biol 2024; 587:111817. [PMID: 38599566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in governments enacting non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) targeted at reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. But the NPIs also affected the transmission of viruses causing non-target seasonal respiratory diseases, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In many countries, the NPIs were found to reduce cases of such seasonal respiratory diseases, but there is also evidence that subsequent relaxation of NPIs led to outbreaks of these diseases that were larger than pre-pandemic ones, due to the accumulation of susceptible individuals prior to relaxation. Therefore, the net long-term effects of NPIs on the total disease burden of non-target diseases remain unclear. Knowledge of this is important for infectious disease management and maintenance of public health. In this study, we shed light on this issue for the simplified scenario of a set of NPIs that prevent or reduce transmission of a seasonal respiratory disease for about a year and are then removed, using mathematical analyses and numerical simulations of a suite of four epidemiological models with varying complexity and generality. The model parameters were estimated using empirical data pertaining to seasonal respiratory diseases and covered a wide range. Our results showed that NPIs reduced the total disease burden of a non-target seasonal respiratory disease in the long-term. Expressed as a percentage of population size, the reduction was greater for larger values of the basic reproduction number and the immunity loss rate, reflecting larger outbreaks and hence more infections averted by imposition of NPIs. Our study provides a foundation for exploring the effects of NPIs on total disease burden in more-complex scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
| | - Jonah Goh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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Martignoni MM, Raulo A, Linkovski O, Kolodny O. SIR+ models: accounting for interaction-dependent disease susceptibility in the planning of public health interventions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12908. [PMID: 38839831 PMCID: PMC11153654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Avoiding physical contact is regarded as one of the safest and most advisable strategies to follow to reduce pathogen spread. The flip side of this approach is that a lack of social interactions may negatively affect other dimensions of health, like induction of immunosuppressive anxiety and depression or preventing interactions of importance with a diversity of microbes, which may be necessary to train our immune system or to maintain its normal levels of activity. These may in turn negatively affect a population's susceptibility to infection and the incidence of severe disease. We suggest that future pandemic modelling may benefit from relying on 'SIR+ models': epidemiological models extended to account for the benefits of social interactions that affect immune resilience. We develop an SIR+ model and discuss which specific interventions may be more effective in balancing the trade-off between minimizing pathogen spread and maximizing other interaction-dependent health benefits. Our SIR+ model reflects the idea that health is not just the mere absence of disease, but rather a state of physical, mental and social well-being that can also be dependent on the same social connections that allow pathogen spread, and the modelling of public health interventions for future pandemics should account for this multidimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Martignoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oren Kolodny
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shan S, Zhang W, Gao H, Huang PY, Du Z, Bai Y, Lau YC, Chen D, Lau EHY, Nealon J, Wu P. Global Seasonal Activities of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae238. [PMID: 38770210 PMCID: PMC11103620 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Varied seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been reported worldwide. We conducted a systematic review on articles identified in PubMed reporting RSV seasonality based on data collected before 1 January 2020. RSV seasonal patterns were examined by geographic location, calendar month, analytic method, and meteorological factors including temperature and absolute humidity. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between RSV seasonality and study methods and characteristics of study locations. RSV seasons were reported in 209 articles published in 1973-2023 for 317 locations in 77 countries. Regular RSV seasons were similarly reported in countries in temperate regions, with highly variable seasons identified in subtropical and tropical countries. Longer durations of RSV seasons were associated with a higher daily average mean temperature and daily average mean absolute humidity. The global seasonal patterns of RSV provided important information for optimizing interventions against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Shan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huizhi Gao
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhanwei Du
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yiu-Chung Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dongxuan Chen
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Joshua Nealon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peng Wu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Korsun N, Trifonova I, Madzharova I, Alexiev I, Uzunova I, Ivanov I, Velikov P, Tcherveniakova T, Christova I. Resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus with dominance of RSV-B during the 2022-2023 season. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1376389. [PMID: 38628867 PMCID: PMC11019023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1376389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other respiratory viruses in Bulgaria, characterize the genetic diversity of RSV strains, and perform amino acid sequence analyses of RSV surface and internal proteins. Methods Clinical and epidemiological data and nasopharyngeal swabs were prospectively collected from patients with acute respiratory infections between October 2020 and May 2023. Real-time PCR for 13 respiratory viruses, whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic, and amino acid analyses were performed. Results This study included three epidemic seasons (2020-2021, 2021-2022, and 2022-2023) from week 40 of the previous year to week 20 of the following year. Of the 3,047 patients examined, 1,813 (59.5%) tested positive for at least one viral respiratory pathogen. RSV was the second most detected virus (10.9%) after SARS-CoV-2 (22%). Coinfections between RSV and other respiratory viruses were detected in 68 cases, including 14 with SARS-CoV-2. After two seasons of low circulation, RSV activity increased significantly during the 2022-2023 season. The detection rates of RSV were 3.2, 6.6, and 13.7% in the first, second, and third seasons, respectively. RSV was the most common virus found in children under 5 years old with bronchiolitis (40%) and pneumonia (24.5%). RSV-B drove the 2022-2023 epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sequenced RSV-B strains belonged to the GB5.0.5a and GB5.0.6a genotypes. Amino acid substitutions in the surface and internal proteins, including the F protein antigenic sites were identified compared to the BA prototype strain. Conclusion This study revealed a strong resurgence of RSV in the autumn of 2022 after the lifting of anti-COVID-19 measures, the leading role of RSV as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, and relatively low genetic diversity in circulating RSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARI”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelina Trifonova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARI”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iveta Madzharova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARI”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Alexiev
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARI”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Velikov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Iva Christova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARI”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Suss RJ, Simões EAF. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospital-Based Burden of Disease in Children Younger Than 5 Years, 2015-2022. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e247125. [PMID: 38635270 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) resurgences have been noted following the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. Recent findings suggest that the 2021 and 2022 RSV seasons were more severe than in past seasons, and age distribution may have shifted toward older children in the younger than 5 years age group. Objectives To estimate age-specific changes in RSV hospital-based burden of disease before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare incidence by Medicaid use. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included children younger than 5 years diagnosed with RSV and bronchiolitis at 50 US children's hospitals in 10 US geographic regions. The included participants had an encounter in intensive care, inpatient, emergency, or observational units, between June 1, 2015, and March 31, 2023. Exposures Diagnosis of RSV, bronchiolitis, or both at encounter. Main Outcome and Measures Incidence rate ratio of hospital use within each care unit before vs after the COVID-19 pandemic. It was hypothesized a priori that incidence of hospital use would increase overall in 2021 and 2022 compared with 2015 to 2019 and that the increase would be greater among children 12 months and older. Results Of 924 061 study participants (median [IQR] age, 8 (5-16) months; 535 619 [58.0%] male), 348 077 (37.7%) were diagnosed with RSV. Of these, 187 850 (54.0%) were hospitalized. Incidence rate ratios of hospitalization increased for all ages in 2021 and 2022 compared with 2015 to 2019. Children aged 24 to 59 months were 4.86 (95% CI, 4.75-4.98) times as likely to be hospitalized in 2022 compared with 2015 to 2019, whereas infants aged 0 to 5 months were 1.77 (95% CI, 1.74-1.80) times as likely. Medicaid patients were more likely to be hospitalized than non-Medicaid patients regardless of year. Conclusions and Relevance Hospitalizations for RSV and bronchiolitis demonstrated atypical seasonality in 2021 and 2022, with an overall increase in RSV encounters. Postpandemic RSV hospitalization increased for all ages, but especially among older children, whereas bronchiolitis hospitalization was decreased or unchanged compared with earlier seasons. These findings suggest some of the observed increase in RSV hospital use may be due to increased testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Suss
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
- Center for Global Health, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
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13
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Sinha D, Yaugel-Novoa M, Waeckel L, Paul S, Longet S. Unmasking the potential of secretory IgA and its pivotal role in protection from respiratory viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105823. [PMID: 38331200 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity has regained its spotlight amidst the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, with numerous studies highlighting the crucial role of mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) in protection against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 infections. The observed limitations in the efficacy of currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines in inducing effective mucosal immune responses remind us of the limitations of systemic vaccination in promoting protective mucosal immunity. This resurgence of interest has motivated the development of vaccine platforms capable of enhancing mucosal responses, specifically the SIgA response, and the development of IgA-based therapeutics. Recognizing viral respiratory infections as a global threat, we would like to comprehensively review the existing knowledge on mucosal immunity, with a particular emphasis on SIgA, in the context of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections. This review aims to describe the structural and functional specificities of SIgA, along with its nuanced role in combating influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Subsequent sections further elaborate promising vaccine strategies, including mucosal vaccines against Influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses, currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with mucosal vaccine development, concluding with a discussion on IgA-based therapeutics as a promising platform for the treatment of viral respiratory infections. This comprehensive review not only synthesizes current insights into mucosal immunity but also identifies critical knowledge gaps, strengthening the way for further advancements in our current understanding and approaches to combat respiratory viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sinha
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France; CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Cao J, Pan J, Yang X, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao Z, Chen L, Chen T, Ye H. Trends in Respiratory Infectious Pathogens in Children Under the Age of 14 - Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China, 2017-2023. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:143-147. [PMID: 38476820 PMCID: PMC10926045 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Respiratory infections pose a significant burden on public health. Despite recent outbreaks occurring in various locations, there is limited information available on the prevalence trends of multiple common respiratory pathogens in China beyond 2022. What is added by this report? A retrospective analysis was conducted on respiratory pathogen infections in a Xiamen hospital over a seven-year period. The analysis revealed fluctuating trends, with the number of infections for certain viruses initially decreasing after 2019, only to rebound to previous or higher levels. Recently, there has been an observed collective increase in positive cases for certain pathogens. What are the implications for public health practice? The study improves understanding of respiratory pathogens, primarily in Xiamen, with potential implications for the improvement of strategies for the prevention and management of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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15
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Ghirardo S, Ullmann N, Zago A, Ghezzi M, Minute M, Madini B, D'Auria E, Basile C, Castelletti F, Chironi F, Capodiferro A, Andrenacci B, Risso FM, Aversa S, Dotta L, Coretti A, Vittucci AC, Badolato R, Amaddeo A, Barbi E, Cutrera R. Increased bronchiolitis burden and severity after the pandemic: a national multicentric study. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:25. [PMID: 38350986 PMCID: PMC10865582 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) related containment measures led to the disruption of all virus distribution. Bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations shrank during 2020-2021, rebounding to pre-pandemic numbers the following year. This study aims to describe the trend in bronchiolitis-related hospitalization this year, focusing on severity and viral epidemiology. METHODS We conducted a retrospective investigation collecting clinical records data from all infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis during winter (1st September-31th March) from September 2018 to March 2023 in six Italian hospitals. No trial registration was necessary according to authorization no.9/2014 of the Italian law. RESULTS Nine hundred fifty-three infants were hospitalized for bronchiolitis this last winter, 563 in 2021-2022, 34 in 2020-2021, 395 in 2019-2020 and 483 in 2018-2019. The mean length of stay was significantly longer this year compared to all previous years (mean 7.2 ± 6 days in 2022-2023), compared to 5.7 ± 4 in 2021-2022, 5.3 ± 4 in 2020-2021, 6.4 ± 5 in 2019-2020 and 5.5 ± 4 in 2018-2019 (p < 0.001), respectively. More patients required mechanical ventilation this winter 38 (4%), compared to 6 (1%) in 2021-2022, 0 in 2020-2021, 11 (2%) in 2019-2020 and 6 (1%) in 2018-2019 (p < 0.05), respectively. High-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive respiratory supports were statistically more common last winter (p = 0.001 or less). RSV prevalence and distribution did not differ this winter, but coinfections were more prevalent 307 (42%), 138 (31%) in 2021-2022, 1 (33%) in 2020-2021, 68 (23%) in 2019-2020, 61 (28%) in 2018-2019 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a growth of nearly 70% in hospitalisations for bronchiolitis, and an increase in invasive respiratory support and coinfections, suggesting a more severe disease course this winter compared to the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghirardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Ullmann
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep and Long-Term Ventilation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zago
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Ghezzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Minute
- Ospedale Regionale Ca Foncello Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Barbara Madini
- S.C. Pediatria Pneumoinfettivologia Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Basile
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Chironi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Agata Capodiferro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Beatrice Andrenacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Maria Risso
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Aversa
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Dotta
- Department of Pediatrics and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Coretti
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep and Long-Term Ventilation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Vittucci
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep and Long-Term Ventilation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Pediatrics and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amaddeo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep and Long-Term Ventilation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Guadalupe-Fernández V, Martínez-Solanas E, Sabrià-Sunyé A, Ferrer-Mikoly C, Martínez-Mateo A, Ciruela-Navas P, Mendioroz J, Basile L. Investigating epidemiological distribution (temporality and intensity) of respiratory pathogens following COVID-19 de-escalation process in Catalonia, September 2016-June 2021: Analysis of regional surveillance data. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0285892. [PMID: 38335176 PMCID: PMC10857536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the low incidence rates of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses registered during the strict lockdown enforced in the pandemic, a resurgence of several endemic viruses in Catalonia (Spain) was noted during the early summer of 2021. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated whether the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses in Catalonia, assessed by Microbiological Reporting System of Catalonia (MRSC) and the Epidemiological Surveillance Network of Catalonia, was affected by the strict lockdown measures, as well as, the implication of the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) de-escalation process in the late season outbreaks registered during the 2020-2021 season. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective comparison of epidemic patterns in the respiratory viruses' incidence, using regional public health surveillance data from MRSC, was performed between weeks 26/2016 to week 27/2021. Data were expressed as the weekly total number of test positivity for individual viruses. A segmented negative binomial regression model was conducted, with two parameters included (level and trend) for each segment of the time series (2020 pre-lockdown, 2020 post-lockdown and 2021). Results were reported as a unit changed in the strict lockdown. RESULTS A total of 51588 confirmed cases of the different respiratory viruses were included in the analysis, the majority were influenza cases (63.7%). An immediate reduction in the weekly number of cases was observed in 2020 after the COVID-19 outbreak for human adenovirus virus (HAdV) (β2 = -2.606; P <0.01), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) (β2 = -3.023; P <0.01), influenza virus (IFV) (β2 = -1.259; P <0.01), but not for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), where the number of cases remained unchanged. During 2020, a significant negative trend was found for RSV (β3 = -0.170, P <0.01), and a positive trend for HAdV (β3 = 0.075, P <0.01). During 2021, a significant reduction in the weekly number of cases was also observed for all respiratory viruses, and a borderline non-significant reduction for HPIV (β3 = -0.027; P = 0.086). Moreover, significant positive trends were found for each viral pathogen, except for influenza during 2020-2021 season, where cases remained close to zero. The respiratory viruses increased activity and their late season epidemic start particularly affected children under 6 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our data not only provides evidence that occurrence of different respiratory virus infections was affected by the strict lockdown taken against SARS-CoV-2 but it also shows a late resurgence of seasonal respiratory viruses' cases during the 2020-2021 season following the relaxation of COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Guadalupe-Fernández
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Support Unit of Central Catalonia, University Institute for Research in Primary Health Care Jordi Gol i Gurina, Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
| | - Erica Martínez-Solanas
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Sabrià-Sunyé
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol Ferrer-Mikoly
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Mateo
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ciruela-Navas
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Mendioroz
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Support Unit of Central Catalonia, University Institute for Research in Primary Health Care Jordi Gol i Gurina, Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
| | - Luca Basile
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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Cao J, Shen C, He W. Editorial: Molecular pathogenesis and control of viral infectious diseases in children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1368324. [PMID: 38371302 PMCID: PMC10869591 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1368324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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18
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Chan CM, Wahab AA, Ali A. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on epidemiological changes of severe pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infections in Malaysia. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1246921. [PMID: 38356949 PMCID: PMC10866006 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1246921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality among children with respiratory tract infections. The non-pharmaceutical preventive measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID-19) may have reduced the transmission of RSV, altering its tropical epidemiological seasonality. Thus, this study represents the first attempt to evaluate changes in RSV epidemiology in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Methods Conducted at a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, this retrospective study analyzed collated data of children aged <12 years who were admitted for severe respiratory infections from 2017 to 2022. Time series models were used to predict the differences between actual and forecasted RSV cases, while logistic regression assessed the statistical association between RSV and COVID-19. Results Among the 4,084 children analyzed, we reported a significant inverse relationship between RSV and COVID-19 infections during the pandemic (2020-2021) (p < 0.05). In 2020, the RSV positivity rate sharply declined to 8.3 and 5.9%, respectively, in the two prominent seasons. Time series analysis showed a tremendous decrease in cases compared to the expected values, with reductions of 98.3% in the first season and 95.7% in the second season. However, following the lifting of the restriction order in 2022, RSV infections rose sharply with a positivity rate of 36.3%, higher than pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. Conclusion This study provides evidence of increasing RSV cases post-COVID-19 pandemic, due to immunity debt. Hence, the healthcare system must be prepared to address future RSV outbreaks with the appropriate implementation of prophylaxis and public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Mun Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Center, Hospital Tunku Ampuan Besar Tuanku Aishah Rohani, UKM Specialist Children’s Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asrul Abdul Wahab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Center, Hospital Tunku Ampuan Besar Tuanku Aishah Rohani, UKM Specialist Children’s Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of IR4.0, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Infection and Immunology Health and Advanced Medicine Cluster, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Ramzali M, Salimi V, Cheraghali F, Hosseini SD, Yasaghi M, Samadizadeh S, Rastegar M, Nakstad B, Tahamtan A. Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1787. [PMID: 38186938 PMCID: PMC10764657 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children. Given the altered circulation patterns of respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease pandemic-2019 (COVID-19), the study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and clinical features of RSV infections in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, northeastern Iran. Molecular epidemiology studies on respiratory viral infections are necessary to monitor circulating viruses, disease severity, and clinical symptoms, in addition to early warning of new outbreaks. Methods Overall, 411 respiratory swab samples from hospitalized children from October 2021 to March 2022 were collected at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The incidence of RSV, as well as the circulating subgroups and genotypes, were investigated and confirmed using PCR methods. Additionally, all samples tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, and demographic and clinical data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results The share of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) were 27%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. The RSV subgroup A (genotype ON1) was dominant over subgroup B (genotype BA9), with more severe clinical symptoms. Compared with the prepandemic era there were high numbers of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive children and low numbers of other respiratory viruses. Despite this, the prevalence of ALRI-related RSV-disease among hospitalized children in our specialized pediatric center was higher than COVID-19 disease in the same cohort. Conclusions Studying the epidemiology of respiratory viruses and determining the circulating strains can contribute to effective infection control and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ramzali
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Cheraghali
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Taleghani Children's HospitalGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Seyedeh Delafruz Hosseini
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Mohammad Yasaghi
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Saeed Samadizadeh
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent HealthUniversity of BotswanaGaboroneBotswana
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
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20
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Luo W, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Ran Y, Liu Z, Hou W, Pei S, Lai S. Spatiotemporal variations of "triple-demic" outbreaks of respiratory infections in the United States in the post-COVID-19 era. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2452. [PMID: 38062417 PMCID: PMC10704638 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US confronted a "triple-demic" of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and COVID-19 in the winter of 2022, leading to increased respiratory infections and a higher demand for medical supplies. It is urgent to analyze these epidemics and their spatial-temporal co-occurrence, identifying hotspots and informing public health strategies. METHODS We employed retrospective and prospective space-time scan statistics to assess the situations of COVID-19, influenza, and RSV in 51 US states from October 2021 to February 2022, and from October 2022 to February 2023, respectively. This enabled monitoring of spatiotemporal variations for each epidemic individually and collectively. RESULTS Compared to winter 2021, COVID-19 cases decreased while influenza and RSV infections significantly increased in winter 2022. We found a high-risk cluster of influenza and COVID-19 (not all three) in winter 2021. In late November 2022, a large high-risk cluster of triple-demic emerged in the central US. The number of states at high risk for multiple epidemics increased from 15 in October 2022 to 21 in January 2023. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers a novel spatiotemporal approach that combines both univariate and multivariate surveillance, as well as retrospective and prospective analyses. This approach offers a more comprehensive and timely understanding of how the co-occurrence of COVID-19, influenza, and RSV impacts various regions within the United States. Our findings assist in tailor-made strategies to mitigate the effects of these respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- GeoSpatialX Lab, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, #04-32 Block AS2, Singapore, 117570, Singapore.
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qianhuang Liu
- GeoSpatialX Lab, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, #04-32 Block AS2, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiding Ran
- GeoSpatialX Lab, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, #04-32 Block AS2, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - Zhaoyin Liu
- GeoSpatialX Lab, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, #04-32 Block AS2, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - Weitao Hou
- Department Of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sen Pei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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21
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Rice E, Oakes DB, Holland C, Moore HC, Blyth CC. Respiratory syncytial virus in children: epidemiology and clinical impact post-COVID-19. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2023; 36:522-528. [PMID: 37830952 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. RSV seasonality was disrupted by COVID-19-associated nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We review RSV seasonality, molecular epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and community awareness to inform future prevention strategies. RECENT FINDINGS An initial reduction of RSV disease observed with NPIs, and subsequent global resurgence was associated with a collapse in genetic diversity. A lack of immunity is suggested to have contributed to the resurgence of RSV cases experienced post COVID-19. The median age of children admitted with RSV increased during the resurgence, likely secondary to the expanded cohort of RSV-immune naive children. The pandemic also played a role in increased community awareness, which can be utilized as part of a coordinated public health effort to introduce prevention strategies. Further education on signs and symptoms of RSV is still required. SUMMARY mAbs and maternal vaccines targeting RSV have the potential to reduce paediatric morbidity, however this new era of RSV prevention will require ongoing research to facilitate community awareness and engagement, and better respiratory surveillance. Tackling the global burden of RSV will require a coordinated effort and measures to ensure access and affordability of new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rice
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Hospital Avenue
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
| | - Daniel B Oakes
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
| | - Charlie Holland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Hospital Avenue
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia
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22
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Jallow MM, Diagne MM, Sagne SN, Tall F, Diouf JBN, Boiro D, Mendy MP, Ndiaye NK, Kiori D, Sy S, Goudiaby D, Loucoubar C, Fall G, Barry MA, Dia N. Respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory infections in Senegal: findings from the 2022 sentinel surveillance season. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20404. [PMID: 37990112 PMCID: PMC10663443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, many regions around the world experienced a severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic with an earlier-than-usual start and increased numbers of paediatric patients in emergency departments. Here we carried out this study to describe the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of RSV infection in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infections in 2022. Samples were tested for RSV by multiplex real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, a subset of RSV positive samples was selected for NGS sequencing. RSV was detected in 16.04%, among which RSV-A was confirmed in 7.5% and RSV-B in 76.7%. RSV infection were more identified in infants aged ≤ 11 months (83.3%) and a shift in the circulation pattern was observed, with highest incidences between September-November. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all RSV-A strains belonged to GA2.3.5 genotype and all RSV-B strains to GB5.0.5a genotype. Three putative N-glycosylation sites at amino acid positions 103, 135, 237 were predicted among RSV-A strains, while four N-linked glycosylation sites at positions 81, 86, 231 and 294 were identified in RSV-B strains. Globally, our findings reveal an exclusive co-circulation of two genetic lineages of RSV within the pediatric population in Senegal, especially in infants aged ≤ 11 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samba Niang Sagne
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie Des Maladies Infectieuses, 36, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatime Tall
- Hôpital Des Enfants Albert Royer de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | | | - Davy Kiori
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sara Sy
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Déborah Goudiaby
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie Des Maladies Infectieuses, 36, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie Des Maladies Infectieuses, 36, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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23
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Wang H, Churqui MP, Tunovic T, Enache L, Johansson A, Lindh M, Lagging M, Nyström K, Norder H. Measures against COVID-19 affected the spread of human enteric viruses in a Swedish community, as found when monitoring wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165012. [PMID: 37353026 PMCID: PMC10284612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of viral genomes in wastewater reflects the prevalence of viral infections within the community. Knowledge of how the spread of common enteric viruses in the community was affected by the Swedish COVID-19 interventions is limited. To investigate this, the weekly wastewater samples collected for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic at the Rya sewage treatment plant in Gothenburg were also analyzed for adenovirus, norovirus GII, astrovirus, and rotavirus. The amount of each viral genome was quantified by real-time-qPCR and compared with the quantity of these viral genomes in wastewater from 2017. The results showed that the winter seasonality of norovirus GII and rotavirus in wastewater observed in 2017 was interrupted shortly after the introduction of the COVID-19 interventions, and they remained at low level throughout the pandemic. The circulation pattern of astrovirus and adenovirus was less affected. When the COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in 2022, a dramatic increase was observed in the amount of norovirus GII, rotavirus, and adenovirus genomes in wastewater. The changes in abundance and seasonality of some viruses identified through wastewater monitoring were consistent with changes in the number of patients diagnosed with these viruses. These findings suggest that moderate intervention to prevent COVID-19 significantly reduced the spread of some enteric viruses in the community. The results show that wastewater monitoring is a valuable tool for detecting the spread and outbreaks of viral infections that may cause gastroenteritis also when people do not seek medical help, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Tunovic
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Magnus Lindh
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Samuels RJ, Sumah I, Alhasan F, McHenry R, Short L, Chappell JD, Haddadin Z, Halasa NB, Valério ID, Amorim G, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Moon TD. Respiratory virus surveillance in hospitalized children less than two-years of age in Kenema, Sierra Leone during the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2020- October 2021). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292652. [PMID: 37816008 PMCID: PMC10564235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral pathogens are the leading cause of acute respiratory infection in children under-five years. We aim to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory pathogens in hospitalized children under-two years of age in Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, during the second year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We conducted a prospective study of children hospitalized with respiratory symptoms between October 2020 and October 2021. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics and calculated each participant´s respiratory symptom severity. Nose and throat swabs were collected at enrollment. Total nucleic acid was purified and tested for multiple respiratory viruses. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.2.0 software. 502 children less than two-years of age were enrolled. 376 (74.9%) had at least one respiratory virus detected. The most common viruses isolated were HRV/EV (28.2%), RSV (19.5%) and PIV (13.1%). Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were identified in only 9.2% and 3.9% of children, respectively. Viral co-detection was common. Human metapneumovirus and RSV had more than two-fold higher odds of requiring O2 therapy while hospitalized. Viral pathogen prevalence was high (74.9%) in our study population. Despite this, 100% of children received antibiotics, underscoring a need to expand laboratory diagnostic capacity and to revisit clinical guidelines implementation in these children. Continuous surveillance and serologic studies among more diverse age groups, with greater geographic breadth, are needed in Sierra Leone to better characterize the long-term impact of COVID-19 on respiratory virus prevalence and to better characterize the seasonality of respiratory viruses in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Samuels
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Sumah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Rendie McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laura Short
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James D. Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zaid Haddadin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Inaê D. Valério
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Amorim
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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25
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Borszewska-Kornacka MK, Mastalerz-Migas A, Nitsch-Osuch A, Jackowska T, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I, Kuchar E, Mazela J, Helwich E, Czech M, Lauterbach R, Pinkas J, Wielgoś M, Wysocki J. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Polish Pediatric Patients from an Expert Perspective. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1482. [PMID: 37766158 PMCID: PMC10536508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in infants, affecting over 90% of children within the first two years of life. It may cause lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute a significant healthcare burden both in the primary and secondary care settings. Meanwhile, the data regarding RSV disease in Poland is scarce, and published data significantly differs from the numbers reported for other countries with longstanding surveillance and reporting systems. A literature review and an expert panel were conducted to (1) understand the healthcare burden of RSV infections in Poland; (2) collect data on infection seasonality, patient pathway, and management patterns; and (3) evaluate RSV infection surveillance in Poland. According to the literature, RSV is the major agent responsible for non-influenza respiratory diseases in Poland. The reported rates of hospitalization for RSV infections are 267.5/100,000 for children under 5 years of age and 1132.1/100,000 for those under 1 year of age. Comparisons with data from other countries suggest that these values may be underestimated, possibly due to insufficient access to microbiological testing and a low awareness of RSV. Infections occur mainly between December and April, however, this pattern has changed following the implementation of preventive measures for coronavirus disease 2019 in the past few years. According to available reports, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and X-ray imaging have been frequently used. The surveillance system in Poland has limitations, but these may be overcome due to recent changes in healthcare law as well as the availability and reimbursement of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta Nitsch-Osuch
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ernest Kuchar
- Department of Pediatrics with Clinical Assessment Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jan Mazela
- Department of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Helwich
- Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Czech
- Polish Pharmacoeconomic Society, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Lauterbach
- Polish Neonatal Society, Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Pinkas
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Jacek Wysocki
- Department of Health Prevention, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland;
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26
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Yavarian J, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Faraji-Zonouz M, Kalantari S, Zadheidar S, Saghafi S, Tarpour F, Letafati A, Ahmadi AS, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T. Impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of human orthopneumovirus (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:591. [PMID: 37697227 PMCID: PMC10494416 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human orthopneumovirus (HOPV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the important causes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the cold months of the year worldwide. Many countries have reported an absence of ARIs due to HOPV during the winter of 2020-2021 associated with preventive measures to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. However, with the reduction of COVID-19 public health restrictions and the absence of immunity in the community due to the lack of exposure in the previous season, many countries had a delayed HOPV outbreak. Here we reported the impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of HOPV infection in Iran. METHODS Throat and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from patients (children and adults) with ARIs and sent to the Iran National Influenza Center. After RNA extraction, Real time RT-PCR was performed for HOPV detection. RESULTS In 260 samples collected from patients with ARIs in three different groups, which included children in March 2021, pilgrims in July 2022, and outpatients during November and December 2022, no HOPV was detected in any group. CONCLUSIONS The lack of HOPV activity in Iran during the winter of 2020-2021 and then the resurgence in spring 2022 and again the absence of activity in summer and autumn 2022 was extraordinary in the HOPV epidemiology, and probably due to the implementation of public health non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. Although it is not possible to keep such restrictions, similar methods can be taken to control outbreaks caused by respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship & Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marziyeh Faraji-Zonouz
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Saghafi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Tarpour
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Letafati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Sadat Ahmadi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Ramos La Cuey B, Saloni-Gomez N, Ilundain López de Munain A, Fernández-Montero A, Viguria N, López Fernández L, Herranz Aguirre M, Iceta A, Moreno-Galarraga L. The long-term boomerang effect of COVID-19 on admissions for non-COVID diseases: the ECIEN-2022 study. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:4227-4236. [PMID: 37452843 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Since COVID-19 pandemic started, many changes have been seen in the cycling patterns of pediatric pathologies. On year 2020, we described the initial effects of COVID-19, with a significant decrease in emergency visits and admissions, but 2 years later the situation seems to be reversed. Our study bridges a literature gap by exploring the lasting effects of COVID-19 on pediatric non-COVID admissions, particularly the resurgence of respiratory illnesses. ECIEN-2022 is a single-center, retrospective, observational-study conducted 3 years after the pandemic onset, to describe the long-term effects of COVID-19 in pediatric admissions for non-COVID diseases. Admissions during year 2022 were compared with the Pre-Pandemic Period (PPP: 2015-2019). Pediatric Emergency Department (P-ED) visits, hospital, and Intensive Care Unit (P-ICU) admissions were compared across pre- and post-pandemic periods. Monthly distribution and year-waves are presented. P-ED monthly visits (mean and Standard deviation (SD) raised from 3521 (533) in the PPP to 3775 (996) in 2022 (p < 0.001). Monthly hospital admissions in the 3rd quarter of the Pre-Pandemic Period were 111.7/month (SD:29), dropped to 88.5(SD:6.5) in 2020 and raised to 149(SD:38.8) in 2022 (p = 0.036). An increase in respiratory illnesses was observed in 2022 compared to PPP; Bronchiolitis increased 38%, bronchitis 56%, and admissions for Respiratory Syncytial Virus 67%. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the use and nature of pediatric health services. The initial decrease has been followed by a boomerang effect with an increase of cases, mainly due to an increase in respiratory infections when pandemic control measures and social restrictions have been lifted. It is essential to maintain an active surveillance and monitorization of these patterns to ensure appropriate healthcare access and utilization. What is Known: • COVID-19 pandemic initially led to a significant decrease in emergency visits and admissions for non-COVID diseases. What is New: • ECIEN-2022 study investigated the long-term effects of COVID-19 on pediatric admissions for non-COVID diseases, detecting a "boomerang effect" with an increase in pediatric admissions for non-COVID diseases in year 2022. • Pediatric Emergency Department visits and hospital admissions for non-COVID diseases, especially those due to respiratory infections, increased significantly in 2022 when compared to the Pre-Pandemic Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ramos La Cuey
- Department of Pediatrics, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Neus Saloni-Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Natividad Viguria
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Pediatric Pulmonology, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea No 8, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, IdisNa, Spain
| | - Leyre López Fernández
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Pediatric Pulmonology, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea No 8, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, IdisNa, Spain
| | | | - Ainhoa Iceta
- Department of Pediatrics, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Galarraga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Pediatric Pulmonology, HUN, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea No 8, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, IdisNa, Spain.
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Tramuto F, Maida CM, Mazzucco W, Costantino C, Amodio E, Sferlazza G, Previti A, Immordino P, Vitale F. Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Sicily during Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Surveillance Seasons. Pathogens 2023; 12:1099. [PMID: 37764907 PMCID: PMC10534943 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection of global significance. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology and the genetic variability of hRSV over seven surveillance seasons between 2015 and 2023 in Sicily, Italy. hRSV subgroups co-circulated through every season, although hRSV-B mostly prevailed. After the considerable reduction in the circulation of hRSV due to the widespread implementation of non-pharmaceutical preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, hRSV rapidly re-emerged at a high intensity in 2022-2023. The G gene was sequenced for genotyping and analysis of deduced amino acids. A total of 128 hRSV-A and 179 hRSV-B G gene sequences were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GA2.3.5a (ON1) and GB5.0.5a (BA9) genotypes were responsible for the hRSV epidemics in Sicily.; only one strain belonged to the genotype GB5.0.4a. No differences were observed in the circulating genotypes during pre- and post-pandemic years. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed the continuous evolution of the G gene, with a combination of amino acid changes specifically appearing in 2022-2023. The predicted N-glycosylation sites were relatively conserved in ON1 and BA9 genotype strains. Our findings augment the understanding and prediction of the seasonal evolution of hRSV at the local level and its implication in the monitoring of novel variants worth considering in better design of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tramuto
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Sferlazza
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Adriana Previti
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Palmira Immordino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
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Komarov T, Karnakova P, Archakova O, Shchelgacheva D, Bagaeva N, Popova M, Karpova P, Zaslavskaya K, Bely P, Shohin I. Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) Method for Quantification of Major Molnupiravir Metabolite (β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine) in Human Plasma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2356. [PMID: 37760797 PMCID: PMC10525314 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molnupiravir is an antiviral drug against viral RNA polymerase activity approved by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19, which is metabolized to β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) in human blood plasma. A novel method was developed and validated for quantifying NHC in human plasma within the analytical range of 10-10,000 ng/mL using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to support pharmacokinetics studies. For sample preparation, the method of protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used, with promethazine as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Shim-pack GWS C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column in a gradient elution mode. A 0.1% formic acid solution in water with 0.08% ammonia solution (eluent A, v/v) and 0.1% formic acid solution in methanol with 0.08% ammonia solution mixed with acetonitrile in a 4:1 ratio (eluent B, v/v) were used as a mobile phase. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was used as an ionization source. The developed method was validated in accordance with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) rules, based on the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for the following parameters and used within the analytical part of the clinical study of molnupiravir drugs: selectivity, suitability of standard sample, matrix effect, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, recovery, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), carryover, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey Komarov
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
- RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117149, Russia
| | - Polina Karnakova
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Olga Archakova
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Dana Shchelgacheva
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Natalia Bagaeva
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Mariia Popova
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Polina Karpova
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | | | - Petr Bely
- PROMOMED RUS, 13/1 Prospekt Mira, Moscow 129090, Russia
| | - Igor Shohin
- Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics, 8, Simferopolskiy bul, Moscow 117246, Russia
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30
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Kachikis AB, Cho H, Englund JA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-An Update for Prenatal and Primary Health Providers. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2023; 50:421-437. [PMID: 37149320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among infants aged younger than 1 year, adults aged 65 years or older, and immunocompromised persons. Limited data exist on RSV infection in pregnancy and further research is needed. Strides are being made to develop vaccines, including vaccines for maternal immunization, as well as monoclonal antibodies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B Kachikis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Hye Cho
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Luo W, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Ran Y, Liu Z, Hou W, Pei S, Lai S. Spatiotemporal Variations of "Triple-demic" Outbreaks of Respiratory Infections in the United States in the Post-COVID-19 Era. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.23.23290387. [PMID: 37293024 PMCID: PMC10246133 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.23290387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The United States confronted a "triple-demic" of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19 in the winter of 2022, resulting in increased respiratory infections and a higher demand for medical supplies. It is urgent to analyze each epidemic and their co-occurrence in space and time to identify hotspots and provide insights for public health strategy. Methods We used retrospective space-time scan statistics to retrospect the situation of COVID-19, influenza, and RSV in 51 US states from October 2021 to February 2022, and then applied prospective space-time scan statistics to monitor spatiotemporal variations of each individual epidemic, respectively and collectively from October 2022 to February 2023. Results Our analysis indicated that compared to the winter of 2021, COVID-19 cases decreased while influenza and RSV infections increased significantly during the winter of 2022. We revealed that a twin-demic high-risk cluster of influenza and COVID-19 but no triple-demic clusters emerged during the winter of 2021. We further identified a large high-risk cluster of triple-demic in the central US from late November, with COVID-19, influenza, and RSV having relative risks of 1.14, 1.90, and 1.59, respectively. The number of states at high risk for multiple-demic increased from 15 in October 2022 to 21 in January 2023. Conclusion Our study provides a novel spatiotemporal perspective to explore and monitor the transmission patterns of the triple epidemic, which could inform public health authorities' resource allocation to mitigate future outbreaks.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Treatments and Clinical Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020491. [PMID: 36851368 PMCID: PMC9962240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major healthcare concern, especially for immune-compromised individuals and infants below 5 years of age. Worldwide, it is known to be associated with incidences of morbidity and mortality in infants. Despite the seriousness of the issue and continuous rigorous scientific efforts, no approved vaccine or available drug is fully effective against RSV. The purpose of this review article is to provide insights into the past and ongoing efforts for securing effective vaccines and therapeutics against RSV. The readers will be able to confer the mechanism of existing therapies and the loopholes that need to be overcome for future therapeutic development against RSV. A methodological approach was applied to collect the latest data and updated results regarding therapeutics and vaccine development against RSV. We outline the latest throughput vaccination technologies and prophylactic development efforts linked with RSV. A range of vaccination approaches with the already available vaccine (with limited use) and those undergoing trials are included. Moreover, important drug regimens used alone or in conjugation with adjuvants or vaccines are also briefly discussed. After reading this article, the audience will be able to understand the current standing of clinical management in the form of the vaccine, prophylactic, and therapeutic candidates against RSV. An understanding of the biological behavior acting as a reason behind the lack of effective therapeutics against RSV will also be developed. The literature indicates a need to overcome the limitations attached to RSV clinical management, drugs, and vaccine development that could be explained by dealing with the challenges of current study designs with continuous improvement and further work and approval on novel therapeutic applications.
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Nasrullah A, Gangu K, Garg I, Javed A, Shuja H, Chourasia P, Shekhar R, Sheikh AB. Trends in Hospitalization and Mortality for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020412. [PMID: 36851289 PMCID: PMC9966237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics of respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human metapneumovirus (MPV) are associated with a significant healthcare burden secondary to hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations every year in the United States (US) alone. Preventive measures implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 infection), including facemasks, hand hygiene, stay-at-home orders, and closure of schools and local/national borders may have impacted the transmission of these respiratory viruses. In this study, we looked at the hospitalization and mortality trends for various respiratory viral infections from January 2017 to December 2020. We found a strong reduction in all viral respiratory infections, with the lowest admission rates and mortality in the last season (2020) compared to the corresponding months from the past three years (2017-2019). This study highlights the importance of public health interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, which had far-reaching public health benefits. Appropriate and timely use of these measures may help to reduce the severity of future seasonal respiratory viral outbreaks as well as their burden on already strained healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Nasrullah
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburg, PA 15212, USA
| | - Karthik Gangu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Anam Javed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15512, USA
| | - Hina Shuja
- Department of Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi 74700, Pakistan
| | - Prabal Chourasia
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mary Washington Hospital, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA
| | - Rahul Shekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Abu Baker Sheikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-4661
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Wang F, Zhu R, Qian Y, Sun Y, Chen D, Wang F, Zhou Y, Guo Q, Liu L, Xu Y, Cao L, Qu D, Zhao L. The changed endemic pattern of human adenovirus from species B to C among pediatric patients under the pressure of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Beijing, China. Virol J 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36624458 PMCID: PMC9828375 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the pressure of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV) was monitored before and after NPIs launched on Jan 24, 2020 in pediatric patients in Beijing, China. METHODS Respiratory samples collected from children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections from Jan 2015 to Dec 2021 were screened by direct immunofluorescence test or capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR assay. The hexon, penton base, and fiber genes were amplified from HAdV positive specimens, then sequenced. For HAdV typing, phylogenetic trees were built by MEGA X. Then clinical data of HAdV positive cases were collected. All data were evaluated using SPSS Statistics 22.0 software. RESULTS A total of 16,097 children were enrolled and 466 (2.89%, 466/16,097) were HAdV-positive. The positive rates of HAdV varied, ranging from 4.39% (151/3,438) in 2018 to1.25% (26/2,081) in 2021, dropped from 3.19% (428/13,408) to 1.41% (38/2,689) from before to after NPIs launched (P < 0.001). There were 350 cases typed into nine types of species B, C, or E and 34 recorded as undetermined. Among them, HAdV-B3 (51.56%, 198/384) was the most prevalent types from 2015 to 2017, and HAdV-B7 (29.17%, 112/384) co-circulated with HAdV-B3 from 2018 to 2019. After NPIs launched, HAdV-B3 and B7 decreased sharply with HAdV-B7 undetected in 2021, while HAdV-C1 became the dominant one and the undetermined were more. CONCLUSIONS The endemic pattern of HAdV changed in Beijing because of the NPIs launched for COVID-19. Especially, the dominant types changed from HAdV-B to HAdV-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Wang
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Runan Zhu
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yuan Qian
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yu Sun
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Qi Guo
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Liying Liu
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Ling Cao
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Dong Qu
- grid.418633.b0000 0004 1771 7032Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China. .,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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COVID-19 and Influenza Coinfection Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122159. [PMID: 36560569 PMCID: PMC9783554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide comparative data on clinical features and in-hospital outcomes among U.S. adults admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 and influenza infection using a nationwide inpatient sample (N.I.S.) data 2020. Data were collected on patient characteristics and in-hospital outcomes, including patient's age, race, sex, insurance status, median income, length of stay, mortality, hospitalization cost, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Additional analysis was performed using propensity matching. In propensity-matched cohort analysis, influenza-positive (and COVID-positive) patients had higher mean hospitalization cost (USD 129,742 vs. USD 68,878, p = 0.04) and total length of stay (9.9 days vs. 8.2 days, p = 0.01), higher odds of needing mechanical ventilation (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.19-3.39), and higher in-hospital mortality (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.03-4.24) relative to the COVID-positive and influenza-negative cohort. In conclusion, COVID-positive and influenza-negative patients had lower hospital charges, shorter hospital stays, and overall lower mortality, thereby supporting the use of the influenza vaccine in COVID-positive patients.
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Li L, Song C, Li P, Li Y. Changes of Escherichia coli infection in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Zhengzhou, China. J Infect 2022; 86:154-225. [PMID: 36436620 PMCID: PMC9686097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
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Alamri KA, Farrag MA, Aziz IM, Dudin GA, Mohammed AA, Almajhdi FN. Prevalence of Human Coronaviruses in Children and Phylogenetic Analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2016-2022 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122592. [PMID: 36560596 PMCID: PMC9784458 DOI: 10.3390/v14122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, routine surveillance combined with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of coronaviruses is urgently required. In the current study, the four common human coronaviruses (HCoVs), OC43, NL63, HKU1, and 229E, were screened in 361 clinical samples collected from hospitalized children with respiratory symptoms during four winter seasons. RT-PCR-based detection and typing revealed different prevalence rates of HCoVs across the four seasons. Interestingly, none of the four HCoVs were detected in the samples (n = 100) collected during the winter season of the COVID-19 pandemic. HCoV-OC43 (4.15%) was the most frequently detected, followed by 229E (1.1%). Partial sequences of S and N genes of OC43 from the winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2021/2022 were used for sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the two Saudi OC43s strains with international strains revealed the presence of sequence deletions and several mutations, of which some changed their corresponding amino acids. Glycosylation profiles revealed a number of O-and N-glycosylation sites in both genes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, four genotypes were observed with Riyadh strains grouped into the genotype C. Further long-term surveillance with a large number of clinical samples and sequences is necessary to resolve the circulation patterns and evolutionary kinetics of OC43 in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gani Asa Dudin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Ahmed Mohammed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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