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Wei Z, Fang R, Wang Y, Dong J. Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impaired the social interaction via activating microglia in male pups. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116069. [PMID: 38340601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is widely used in daily articles, early exposure to DEHP is associated with many behavioral changes in pups. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of maternal exposure to DEHP on the impaired social interaction in pups. Pregnant rats were administered 0, 30, 300, or 750 mg/kg/d DEHP daily by oral gavage. Highly aggressive proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells were treated with mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitor (AG490). Our results showed that DEHP exposure induced the activation of microglias (MGs) via activating the janus kinase 2 / signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, and increased the level of pro-inflammatory factors, then impaired the social behavior in male pups, but not female pups. Moreover, MEHP exposure could also activate HAPI via activating this signaling pathway, and AG490 could inhibit the activation of this signaling pathway caused by MEHP. Therefore, we indicated that maternal exposure to DEHP could cause the gender-specific impaired social interaction in pups that might be related to the activation of MGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, China.
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 11012, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Li XL, Cai XY, Ning X, Liang YY, Hong Y, Li QM, Hu D, Zheng YZ, Cai Y, Xu T, Zhao LL. Role of sleep in asthenospermia induced by di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:13965-13980. [PMID: 38265591 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) mainly enters the human body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and skin. At the same time, it has reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and so on, which can cause the decrease of sperm motility. Asthenospermia is also known as low sperm motility, and the semen quality of men in some areas of China is declining year by year. Interestingly, previous studies have shown that sleep disorders can also lead to asthenospermia. However, the relationship between sleep, DEHP, and asthenospermia is still unclear. Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population database showed that DEHP was associated with sleep disorders, and subsequent experiments in mice and Drosophila indicated that DEHP exposure had certain effects on sleep and asthenospermia. Furthermore, we analyzed the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) to find out the common signaling pathway among the three: hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1). Then Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) was used to screen out the proteins that DEHP affected the HIF-1 pathway: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and finally Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of the three proteins. Compared with the control group, DEHP decreased the protein expression levels of GAPDH and AKT1 in the HIF-1 pathway, and caused sleep disorders and decreased sperm motility. This study provides preliminary evidence for exploring the mechanism among DEHP, sleep disorders, and asthenospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xia Ning
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yue-Yue Liang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qi-Meng Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yuan-Zhuo Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
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3
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Tang X, Li D, Zhao T, Zhu S, Gao X, Zhou R, Deng F, Fu W, Jia W, Liu G. The inhibition of CFTR in the descended testis of SD rats with unilateral cryptorchidism induced by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77047-77056. [PMID: 35676569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a kind of environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs), which has been confirmed to cause serious consequences, such as cryptorchidism. Patients with unilateral cryptorchidism still had oligospermia or infertility even if they received orchidopexy before puberty. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) attributes this kind of problems to the abnormal testicular development during the embryonic period, and considers that the environmental exposure factors during pregnancy play a major role. Therefore, for unilateral cryptorchidism, even if one testicle has dropped to scrotum, it may be exposed to these substances and cause damage. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conduction regulator (CFTR) is very important for the maturation of male reproductive system. Previously, cryptorchidism was thought to cause abnormal expression of heat sensitive protein CFTR in testis, but the expression of CFTR in healthy side (descended side) testis was not clear. In this study, we established SD rats with unilateral cryptorchidism by exposure to DEHP (500 mg/kg/day) during pregnancy, and detected the expression of CFTR and downstream signal NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 in bilateral testis. Finally, we found that the expression of CFTR and downstream signal NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 in the undescended testis was significantly abnormal, but the expression of them in the descended testis was also abnormal to some extent. Therefore, we speculate that in addition to high temperature will affect the expression of CFTR, there may be other factors that cause abnormal expression of CFTR induced by DEHP, and lead to abnormal male reproductive function eventually, but the specific mechanism needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Tang
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Dian Li
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianxin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuming Deng
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Guochang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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Crobeddu B, Jutras-Carignan A, Kolasa É, Mounier C, Robaire B, Plante I. Gestational and lactational exposure to the emergent alternative plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) impairs lipid metabolism to a greater extent than the commonly used Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the adult rat mammary gland. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:268-286. [PMID: 35861430 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their endocrine disruption properties, phthalate plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can affect the hormone-dependent development of the mammary gland. Over the past few years, DEHP has been partially replaced by 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) which also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. The goal of the present study is to understand the impact of a gestational and lactational exposure to DEHP and DINCH on mammary gland development using Sprague-Dawley rats. Both plasticizers altered the adipocytes of the mammary gland fat pad of adult progeny, as demonstrated by a decrease in their size, folding of their membrane and modulations of the lipid profiles. DEHP treatments decreased the expression of Rxrα and Scd1 at the low and high dose, respectively, but did not affect any of the other genes studied. DINCH modulation of lipid metabolism could be observed at puberty by a decreased expression of genes implicated in triglyceride synthesis, lipid transport and lipolysis, but by an increased expression of genes of the β-oxidation pathway and of genes involved in lipid storage and fatty acid synthesis at adulthood, compared to control and DEHP-treated rats. A strong upregulation of different inflammatory markers was observed following DINCH exposure only. Together, our results indicate that a gestational and lactational exposure to DINCH has earlier and more significant effects on lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and the inflammatory state of the adult mammary gland than DEHP exposure. The long-term consequence of these effects on mammary gland health remained to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bélinda Crobeddu
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Antoine Jutras-Carignan
- Laboratoire du métabolisme des lipides, CERMO-FC, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Élise Kolasa
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du métabolisme des lipides, CERMO-FC, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Chen Q, Du M, Xu X. A label-free and selective electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate based on self-assembled DNA nanostructure amplification. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grau D, Grau N, Gascuel Q, Paroissin C, Stratonovitch C, Lairon D, Devault DA, Di Cristofaro J. Quantifiable urine glyphosate levels detected in 99% of the French population, with higher values in men, in younger people, and in farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32882-32893. [PMID: 35018595 PMCID: PMC9072501 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
France is the first pesticide-consuming country in Europe. Glyphosate is the most used pesticide worldwide and glyphosate is detected in the general population of industrialized countries, with higher levels found in farmers and children. Little data was available concerning exposure in France. Our objective was to determine glyphosate levels in the French general population and to search for an association with seasons, biological features, lifestyle status, dietary habits, and occupational exposure. This study includes 6848 participants recruited between 2018 and 2020. Associated data include age, gender, location, employment status, and dietary information. Glyphosate was quantified by a single laboratory in first-void urine samples using ELISA. Our results support a general contamination of the French population, with glyphosate quantifiable in 99.8% of urine samples with a mean of 1.19 ng/ml + / - 0.84 after adjustment to body mass index (BMI). We confirm higher glyphosate levels in men and children. Our results support glyphosate contamination through food and water intake, as lower glyphosate levels are associated with dominant organic food intake and filtered water. Higher occupational exposure is confirmed in farmers and farmers working in wine-growing environment. Thus, our present results show a general contamination of the French population with glyphosate, and further contribute to the description of a widespread contamination in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
| | - Nicole Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
| | | | | | - Cécile Stratonovitch
- ARSEAA, Pôle Guidance Infantile, Psychiatrie Infanto-juvénile Secteur III, Labège, France
| | - Denis Lairon
- Faculté de Médecine de La Timone, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Damien A Devault
- Centre Universitaire de Formation Et de Recherche de Mayotte, Dembeni, Mayotte, France
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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Fu G, Dai J, Li Z, Chen F, Liu L, Yi L, Teng Z, Quan C, Zhang L, Zhou T, Donkersley P, Song S, Shi Y. The role of STAT3/p53 and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway on DEHP-induced reproductive toxicity in pubertal male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sung CR, Kang HG, Hong JY, Kwack SJ. Citrate ester substitutes for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate: In vivo reproductive and in vitro cytotoxicity assessments. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:589-595. [PMID: 32727286 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1798832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently used as a plasticizer for wrapping films, in toys, and in medical devices. Previous studies demonstrated that DEHP in mouse reduced testicular and epididymis weights, suppressed levels of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, and decreased synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells. Due to these anti-androgenic effects of DEHP on the reproductive system, the aim of this study was to examine whether substitutes such as acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) also damaged the reproductive system. In particular, this study investigated the anti-androgenic effects and cytotoxicity of DEHP substitutes using castrated male Sprague--Dawley rats employing the in vivo Hershberger assay and in vitro mouse Leydig (TM3) cells and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cell lines. In the Hershberger assay, rats were administered testosterone propionate and ATEC or ATBC at 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg b.w./day or DEHP (500 mg/kg b.w./day). Controls received testosterone antagonist flutamide (positive control), testosterone only (negative control), or corn oil only (vehicle control). ATEC/ATBC treatment produced no significant differences compared with testosterone in 5-androgen-dependent tissues weights including ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, Cowper's glands, and glans penis. In the 500 mg/kg ATBC group, there was a significant reduction in liver weight. The MTT assay revealed that cell viability of both TM3 and NIH-3T3 cells treated with ATEC was not markedly altered. However, ATBC significantly reduced TM3 and NIH-3T3 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, ATBC reduced cell viability to greater extent in TM3 versus NIH-3T3 cells. Based upon the observed effects of citrate ester substitutes on reproductive tissue responses and cytotoxicity, ATEC compared to ATBC may be a better alternative to DEHP for potential commercial uses. ABBREVIATIONS ATEC: acetyl triethyl citrate; ATBC: acetyl tributyl citrate; CG: Cowper's glands; DEHP: di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GP: glans penis; LABC: levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle; MTT: methyl tetrazolium; NC: negative control; NT: untreated control; PC: positive control; SV: seminal vesicle; TP: testosterone propionate; VC: vehicle control; VP: ventral prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Rim Sung
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Kang
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hong
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University , Changwon, Republic of Korea
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Schwedler G, Conrad A, Rucic E, Koch HM, Leng G, Schulz C, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Hexamoll® DINCH and DPHP metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Alterations in oocytes and early zygotes following oral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in young adult female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time trend of exposure to the phthalate plasticizer substitute DINCH in Germany from 1999 to 2017: Biomonitoring data on young adults from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1084-1092. [PMID: 31378638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20-29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999-2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017. After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other. For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI. The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
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Hsieh CJ, Chang YH, Hu A, Chen ML, Sun CW, Situmorang RF, Wu MT, Wang SL. Personal care products use and phthalate exposure levels among pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:135-143. [PMID: 30114584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetuses are susceptible to phthalates, known endocrine disrupting chemicals, within sensitive windows of development. It is crucial to determine the major sources of phthalates to reduce exposure. This study aims to examine the associations between usage patterns of personal care products (PCPs) and urinary levels of phthalate metabolites across pregnancy in a multi-hospital based birth cohort. METHODS During 2012-2015, we conducted a birth cohort study named the Taiwan Mother Infant Cohort Study (TMICS). Usage patterns of PCPs were obtained using structured questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy. Spot urine samples were collected at each trimester, and levels of eleven phthalate metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The association of PCPs use with urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations was assessed using GEE models. RESULTS Among the 1676 pregnant women participated in TMICS, 281 who provided two or three urine samples across pregnancy were included. The levels of several phthalate metabolites were significantly associated with the use of PCPs, particularly leave-on PCPs. With the increasing use of skin toners (11.7%; 95% CI: 1.5%, 22.9%), lipsticks (13.2%; 95% CI: 4.6%, 22.5%), and essential oils (21.8%; 95% CI: 9.1%, 36.0%), individuals are exposed to higher concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP). Additionally, a positive trend was found regarding the number of leave-on PCPs used and the measured change in MEP concentrations (P for trend = 0.01). Other positive associations included MBzP and body lotions (7.9%; 95% CI: 0.1%, 16.2%). With regard to rinse-off PCPs, we found a positive association between urinary MBzP and shampoo use, and a negative association between urinary MMP and face wash. CONCLUSION Leave-on PCPs were found to be a more probable source of phthalate exposure than the use of rinse-off PCPs. We suggest pregnant women reduce the frequency of leave-on PCPs use during pregnancy to avoid such phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Anren Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Fan G, Xie J, Yoshino H, Zhang H, Li Z, Li N, Liu J, Lv Y, Zhu S, Yanagi U, Hasegawa K, Kagi N, Zhang X, Liu J. Common SVOCs in house dust from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical cities of China and associated non-dietary exposure and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:431-442. [PMID: 30138888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents concentrations of common SVOCs in house dusts from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical Chinese cities in winter and summer. Among the detected SVOCs, DBP and DEHP have a higher detection rate. The levels of these two substances contribute an average proportion of over 90% of the total SVOCs' levels, and show a significant correlation in most cities. Based on measured concentrations, schoolchildren's non-dietary exposures to DBP and DEHP at homes are estimated. Due to a longer time spent in child's bedrooms, children's non-dietary exposures to phthalates in child's bedrooms are greatly higher than that in living rooms. As for DBP non-dietary exposure, the most significant pathway is dermal absorption from air, accounting for >70%, whereas, the most predominant pathway for DEHP non-dietary exposure is dust ingestion, contributing from 61.5% to 91.9%. Based on estimated exposure doses, child-specific reproductive and cancer risk are assessed by comparing the exposure doses with DBP and DEHP benchmarks specified in California's Proposition 65. Owing to the high DBP exposure, nearly all of target schoolchildren appear to have a severe reproductive risk, although only non-dietary exposures at home are considered in this study. The average risk quotient of DBP exposure for child-specific MADL in all cities is 31.27 in winter and 10.35 in summer. Also, some schoolchildren are confronted with potential carcinogenic risk, because DEHP exposure exceeds child-specific NSRLs. The maximum DEHP exposure exceeds the cancer benchmark by over 6 times. These results also indicate that controlling indoor phthalates pollution at home is urgent to ensure the healthy development of children in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingchao Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Hiroshi Yoshino
- Department of Architectural and Building Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Huibo Zhang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhai Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Lv
- College of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shengwei Zhu
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - U Yanagi
- School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hasegawa
- Department of Architecture and Environmental Systems, Akita Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagi
- School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112336. [PMID: 30360526 PMCID: PMC6265767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.
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Hartmann C, Uhl M, Weiss S, Scharf S, König J. Austrian reference values for phthalate metabolite exposure in children/adolescents and adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:985-989. [PMID: 29908910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Reference values (RV95) are statistically derived values comprising the rounded 95th percentiles within the 95% confidence interval and indicate the upper margin of background exposure to chemical substances in a population at a given time period. Based on representative national human biomonitoring data on several urinary phthalate metabolites in children, adolescents and adults from 2010 to 2011, RV95 were derived for the Austrian population based on a IUPAC guideline and the recommendation of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. The RV95 (rounded values) for phthalate metabolites in children and adolescents aged 6-15 years are 110 μg/l (confidence interval of 95th population percentile: 83.7-163) for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), 45 μg/l (40.9-60.6) for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), 130 μg/l (126-161) for mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 25 μg/l (17.8-33.6) for mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), 100 μg/l (94.0-126) for the sum of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites including mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (5cx-MEPP), and 1.5 μg/l (0.64-1.6) for mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP). In adults aged 18-81 years, RV95 are 440 μg/l (353-636) for MEP, 40 μg/l (33.1-52.1) for MnBP, 110 μg/l (87.3-118) for MiBP, 10 μg/l (7.2-11.8) for MBzP, 50 μg/l (44.6-68.3) for the sum of MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, 5oxo-MEHP and 5cx-MEPP, and 1.5 μg/l (0.95-1.8) for MCHP. For almost all investigated metabolites, children and adolescents exhibit higher RV95 than adults, with the exceptions being MEP and MCHP. Compared to available RV95 for Germany and Canada, Austrian values are lower for all investigated population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hartmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Castro-Correia C, Correia-Sá L, Norberto S, Delerue-Matos C, Domingues V, Costa-Santos C, Fontoura M, Calhau C. Phthalates and type 1 diabetes: is there any link? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17915-17919. [PMID: 29680886 PMCID: PMC6028856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemical compounds used as plasticizers in the manufacture of plastic materials. They can be present in many commonly used products. There seems to be a relationship between exposure to phthalates and the occurrence of metabolic dysfunctions, such as a decrease in glucose tolerance, oxidative stress, loss of beta cells, and a decrease in insulin synthesis. As beta cells play a key role in the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), we sought to investigate the relationship between exposure to phthalates and the diagnosis of T1DM in prepubertal children. Design concentrations of phthalate metabolites were compared in the urine of a population of prepubertal children with new-onset diabetes, patients with T1DM diagnosed more than 6 months previously, and healthy control children. Although the concentrations of DBP and DiBP metabolites were statistically identical in the new-onset diabetes, diabetes, and control groups, there was a clear trend for higher levels of DiBP metabolites in the children with new-onset diabetes. In our sample, there was a trend for higher levels of DiBP metabolites in children with new-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Castro-Correia
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics Service, São João Integrated Pediatric Hospital, School of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Hospital S João, Serviço de Pediatria, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Norberto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Costa-Santos
- MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde - CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Fontoura
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics Service, São João Integrated Pediatric Hospital, School of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde - CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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Liu J, Wang W, Zhu J, Li Y, Luo L, Huang Y, Zhang W. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) influences follicular development in mice between the weaning period and maturity by interfering with ovarian development factors and microRNAs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:535-544. [PMID: 29385306 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can disrupt ovarian function, few reports have focused on follicular development in mice between the weaning period and maturity, especially with respect to microRNA (miRNA) expression. In this study, 21-day-old ICR mice were administered DEHP at doses of 0, 100, 400, and 1600 mg/(kg d) for 6 weeks by gavage. After DEHP administration, a significant decrease in the expression of follicle development-related factors (including c-kit, kitl, gdf9, and atm) was observed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR), but no significant difference in the proteins encoded by these genes was observed by Western blot. Bisulfite sequencing suggested that the total methylation percentages of promoter regions of these genes were not notably altered after DEHP exposure. However, RT-PCR revealed a significantly increased expression of ovarian miRNAs (let-7b, miR-17-5p miR-181a, and miR-151), which inhibit follicular granulosa cell proliferation. Overall, this study showed that DEHP administration from weaning to maturity could suppress the mRNA expression of follicular development factors, and this effect was not achieved through changes in the methylation of DNA in CpG islands of development factors. In addition, DEHP was shown to induce miRNAs to inhibit the proliferation of follicular granulosa cells and the anti-apoptosis function of KITL and GDF9 while increasing bax/bcl2 expression to further promote the apoptosis of granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jianlin Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Lingfeng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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Liao C, Liu W, Zhang J, Shi W, Wang X, Cai J, Zou Z, Lu R, Sun C, Wang H, Huang C, Zhao Z. Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with residential characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary habits among young children in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1288-1297. [PMID: 29122348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to household phthalates has been reported to have adverse effects on children's health. In this paper, we used phthalate metabolites in the first morning urine as indicators of household phthalate exposures and examined their associations with residential characteristics, lifestyles and dietary habits among young children. During 2013-2014, we collected morning urines from children aged 5-10years in Shanghai, China and obtained the related information about analyzed factors in this study by questionnaires. Urinary phthalate metabolites were analyzed by isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-heated electrospray ionization source (HESI) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskai-Wallis rank tests, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the target associations. Ten metabolites of seven phthalates in 434 urine samples were analyzed. The detection rates of eight metabolites (MiBP, MnBP, MEHP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEP, and MMP) were >90%, except for MBzP (51.2%), and MCHP with <10.0% of detection rate was not included in analyses. By multivariate linear regression analyses, factors significantly associated with higher concentrations of metabolites included non-usage household air cleaners (MEP and MEHP), changing the child's pillowcase less than one time a week (DEHP metabolites), dusting furniture in the child's bedroom less than three times a week (MMP and MnBP), using more plastic toys (DEHP metabolites and MEP), often having soft drinks (DEHP metabolites) and candies (MiBP). Our results indicated that phthalate exposures were common among Shanghai children and residential characteristics had less significant associations with urinary phthalate metabolites compared with lifestyles and dietary habits. Using less plastic toys, having less candies and soft drinks, using household air cleaner, as well as frequently changing the child's pillowcase and dusting furniture in the child's bedroom could reduce phthalate exposures among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liao
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Rongchun Lu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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Jeon SH, Kim YP, Kho Y, Shin JH, Ji WH, Ahn YG. Development and Validation of Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Method for Quantitative Determination of Regulated Plasticizers in Medical Infusion Sets. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:9470254. [PMID: 29629214 PMCID: PMC5832103 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9470254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in medical infusion sets was developed and validated using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Solvent extraction with polymer dissolution for sample preparation was employed prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. Average recoveries of the eight target analytes are typically in the range of 91.8-122% with the relative standard deviations of 1.8-17.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the analytical method were in the ranges of 54.1 to 76.3 ng/g. Analysis using GC-MS/MS provided reliable performance, as well as higher sensitivity and selectivity than GC-MS analysis, especially for the presence of minority plasticizers at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyeon Jeon
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Hwa Shin
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyun Ji
- Institute of Mine Reclamation Technology, Mine Reclamation Corporation, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ginsberg GL, Belleggia G. Use of Monte Carlo analysis in a risk-based prioritization of toxic constituents in house dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:101-113. [PMID: 28890219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals have been detected in house dust with exposures to the general public and particularly young children of potential health concern. House dust is also an indicator of chemicals present in consumer products and the built environment that may constitute a health risk. The current analysis compiles a database of recent house dust concentrations from the United States and Canada, focusing upon semi-volatile constituents. Seven constituents from the phthalate and flame retardant categories were selected for risk-based screening and prioritization: diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), a pentabrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-99), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Monte Carlo analysis was used to represent the variability in house dust concentration as well as the uncertainty in the toxicology database in the estimation of children's exposure and risk. Constituents were prioritized based upon the percentage of the distribution of risk results for cancer and non-cancer endpoints that exceeded a hazard quotient (HQ) of 1. The greatest percent HQ exceedances were for DEHP (cancer and non-cancer), BDE-99 (non-cancer) and TDCIPP (cancer). Current uses and the potential for reducing levels of these constituents in house dust are discussed. Exposure and risk for other phthalates and flame retardants in house dust may increase if they are used to substitute for these prioritized constituents. Therefore, alternative assessment and green chemistry solutions are important elements in decreasing children's exposure to chemicals of concern in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Ginsberg
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Giuliana Belleggia
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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22
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P. Aggregating exposures & cumulating risk for semivolatile organic compounds: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:649-659. [PMID: 28732321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, health risk assessment is addressing multiple pathway exposures to multiple contaminants. We reviewed aggregated exposure and cumulative risk approaches for contemporary and ubiquitous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC). We identified 22 studies aggregating exposure pathways, and 31 cumulating risk. Exposure aggregation is based on the addition of pathway-specific doses, using kinetic modeling where it exists, and classic external dose equations otherwise. In most cases, exposure is dominated by a single route or source of exposure - mainly the oral pathway - via dietary or non-dietary exposure. Preferential routes and sources of exposure are influenced by SVOC physical-chemical properties such as vapor pressure. The cumulative risk approach for contaminants is based on dose addition. Simple sum of hazard quotient (Hazard Index: HI) is the most commonly used cumulative risk assessment approach, while Relative Potency Factor (RPF) appeared to the best suited - although this calls for a level of toxicological information that limits the number of compounds that can be studied simultaneously. Where both were performed, moving from HI to more refined approach produced similar results. In conclusion, both approaches - exposure aggregation and cumulative risk - rely on simple assumptions. Nevertheless, they allow uncertainty to be reduced, in comparison with source-by-source or chemical-by-chemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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23
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Correia-Sá L, Schütze A, Norberto S, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Koch HM. Exposure of Portuguese children to the novel non-phthalate plasticizer di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:79-86. [PMID: 28188053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) is used as substitute for high molecular weight phthalate plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-(iso-nonyl) phthalate (DINP). Due to a rapid substitution process we have to assume omnipresent and increasing DINCH exposures. The aim of this study was to evaluate DINCH exposure in 112 children (4-18years old) from Portugal, divided in two groups: 1) normal-/underweight following the usual diet; and 2) obese/overweight but under strict nutritional guidance. First morning urine samples were collected during the years 2014 and 2015. Oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH, oxo-MINCH, cx-MINCH) were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis via on-line HPLC-MS/MS with isotope dilution quantification. We detected DINCH metabolites in all analyzed samples. Urinary median (95th percentile) concentrations were 2.14μg/L (15.91) for OH-MINCH, followed by 1.10μg/L (7.54) for oxo-MINCH and 1.08μg/L (7.33) for cx-MINCH. We observed no significant differences between the two child-groups; only after creatinine adjustment, we found higher metabolite concentrations in the younger compared to the older children. Median (95th percentile) daily DINCH intakes were in the range of 0.37 to 0.76 (2.52 to 5.61) μg/kg body weight/day depending on calculation model and subpopulation. Body weight related daily intakes were somewhat higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2, irrespective of the calculation model. However, in terms of absolute amounts (μg/day), DINCH intakes were higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1. In regard to age, we calculated higher intakes for the younger children compared to older children, but only with the creatinine-based model. This new data for southern European, Portuguese children adds information to the scarce knowledge on DINCH, confirming omnipresent exposure and suggesting higher exposures in children than adults. Significant sources and routes of exposure have yet to be unveiled. For now, all calculated daily intakes are far below established health benchmark levels (TDI, RfD). However, rapidly increasing exposures have to be expected over the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Schütze
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sónia Norberto
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Holger M Koch
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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24
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Sukiene V, von Goetz N, Gerecke AC, Bakker MI, Delmaar CJE, Hungerbühler K. Direct and Air-Mediated Transfer of Labeled SVOCs from Indoor Sources to Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3269-3277. [PMID: 28240875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two small-scale field studies were conducted to investigate the transfer of substances from products into dust due to direct and air-mediated transfer. The project focused on semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which are frequently found in and re-emitted from dust. For the field studies, four artificial products containing deuterium-labeled SVOCs (eight phthalates and adipates) were installed in residential indoor environments. Two plastic products were installed vertically to investigate substance transfer due to evaporation into air. One plastic product and a carpet were installed horizontally to investigate the direct transfer from source to dust. A pyrethroid was intentionally released by spraying a commercial spray. Dust samples were collected from the floor, elevated surfaces in the room and the surfaces of the horizontally installed products. We observed that the dust concentrations of substances exclusively transferred via air were similar at different collection sites, but the concentrations of chemicals present in horizontal products were up to 3 orders of magnitude higher in dust deposited on the source. We conclude that direct transfer from source into dust substantially increases the final SVOC concentration in dust in contact with the source, regardless of the vapor pressure of investigated SVOCs, and may lead to larger human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Sukiene
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas C Gerecke
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martine I Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Ferguson A, Penney R, Solo-Gabriele H. A Review of the Field on Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: A Risk Assessment Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E265. [PMID: 28273865 PMCID: PMC5369101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Children must be recognized as a sensitive population based on having biological systems and organs in various stages of development. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of environmental contaminants within a child's body are considered less advanced than those of adults, making them more susceptible to disease outcomes following even small doses. Children's unique activities of crawling and practicing increased hand-to-mouth ingestion also make them vulnerable to greater exposures by certain contaminants within specific environments. Approach: There is a need to review the field of children's environmental exposures in order to understand trends and identify gaps in research, which may lead to better protection of this vulnerable and sensitive population. Therefore, explored here are previously published contemporary works in the broad area of children's environmental exposures and potential impact on health from around the world. A discussion of children's exposure to environmental contaminants is best organized under the last four steps of a risk assessment approach: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment (including children's activity patterns) and risk characterization. We first consider the many exposure hazards that exist in the indoor and outdoor environments, and emerging contaminants of concern that may help guide the risk assessment process in identifying focus areas for children. A section on special diseases of concern is also included. Conclusions: The field of children's exposures to environmental contaminants is broad. Although there are some well-studied areas offering much insight into children exposures, research is still needed to further our understanding of exposures to newer compounds, growing disease trends and the role of gene-environment interactions that modify adverse health outcomes. It is clear that behaviors of adults and children play a role in reducing or increasing a child's exposure, where strategies to better communicate and implement risk modifying behaviors are needed, and can be more effective than implementing changes in the physical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Rosalind Penney
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Florida, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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26
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Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: An Editorial Reflection of Articles in the IJERPH Special Issue Entitled, "Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111117. [PMID: 27834888 PMCID: PMC5129327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Children are at increased vulnerability to many environmental contaminants compared to adults due to their unique behavior patterns, increased contaminant intake per body weight, and developing biological systems. Depending upon their age, young children may crawl on the floor and may practice increased hand to mouth activity that may increase their dose-intake of specific contaminants that accumulate in dust and other matrices. Children are also smaller in size than adults, resulting in a greater body burden for a given contaminant dose. Because children undergo rapid transitions through particular developmental stages they are also especially vulnerable during certain growth-related time windows. A Special Issue was organized focused on the latest findings in the field of children’s environmental exposure for these reasons. This editorial introduces articles in this Special Issue and emphasizes their main findings in advancing the field. From the many articles submitted to this Special Issue from around the world, 23 were accepted and published. They focus on a variety of research areas such as children’s activity patterns, improved risk assessment methods to estimate exposures, and exposures in various contexts and to various contaminants. The future health of a nation relies on protecting the children from adverse exposures and understanding the etiology of childhood diseases. The field of children’s environmental exposures must consider improved and comprehensive research methods aimed at introducing mitigation strategies locally, nationally, and globally. We are happy to introduce a Special Issue focused on children’s environmental exposure and children’s health and hope that it contributes towards improved health of children.
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