1
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Sun M, Wang Z, Cao Z, Dong Z. Infants exposure to chemicals in diapers: A review and perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176072. [PMID: 39255936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Diapers are a staple care product for infants, yet concerns persist regarding the potential risks posed by dermal exposure to chemicals through their usage. This review provides a comprehensive summary of reported chemicals, highlighting the frequent detection of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), phthalates (PAEs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bisphenols (BPs), organotins, and heavy metals. Disposable diapers commonly exhibit higher concentrations of VOCs, PAEs, BPs, and heavy metals than other chemicals. Our estimation reveals formaldehyde as posing the highest dermal exposure dose, reaching up to 0.018 mg/kg bw/day. Conversely, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exhibits lower exposure, but its non-cancer hazard quotient (0.062) is the highest. In most scenarios, the risk of chemical exposure through diapers for infants is deemed acceptable, while the risk is higher under some extreme exposure scenarios. Using the cancer slope factor recently suggested by U.S. EPA, the cancer risk in diapers raised by PFOA is 5.5 × 10-5. It should be noted that our estimation is approximately 1000-10,000 folds lower than some previous estimations. The high uncertainties associated with exposure and risk estimations are primarily raised by unclear parameters related to chemical migration coefficients, absorption factors, concentrations, and toxicity data for skin exposure, which requires research attention in future. Besides that, future research endeavors should prioritize the identification of potential toxic chemicals and the development of hygiene guidelines and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhexi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Ihn Y, Cho Y, Lee Y, Seok H, Oh JS, Moon HB, Choi K. Thyroid and sex hormone disrupting effects of DEHTP at different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142105. [PMID: 38657690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is an alternative plasticizer widely used in numerous consumer products, replacing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Hence, DEHTP has been frequently detected in the environment and humans. As a structural isomer and functional analog of DEHP, DEHTP is a suspected endocrine disruptor. Here, we evaluated thyroid-disrupting effects of DEHTP using embryo-larval and adult male zebrafish. We also investigated its sex hormone disruption potential in the adult zebrafish. After 5- and 7-days of exposure to DEHTP, significant increases in whole-body thyroid hormonal levels were observed in the larval fish. Down-regulation of several thyroid-regulating genes, including trh, tshβ, nis, and dio2, was observed, but only after 5-day exposure. Following a 21-day exposure, the adult male zebrafish exhibited a significant decrease in total triiodothyronine and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormones. Potential changes in the deiodination of thyroid hormones, supported by the up-regulation of two deiodinases, dio1 and dio3a, along with the down-regulation of dio2, could explain the thyroid hormone changes in the adult zebrafish. Moreover, significant trends of decrease in estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone, along with increase of testosterone (T), were observed in the adult zebrafish. Up-regulation of several steroidogenic genes may explain elevated T, while exact mechanisms of action warrant further investigation. Our results demonstrate that DEHTP can cause disruptions of thyroid and sex hormones at different life stages in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchul Ihn
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoojin Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yura Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyesun Seok
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Su Oh
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang Y, Xiong D, He X, Yu L, Li G, Wang T, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao C. Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2281. [PMID: 38793348 PMCID: PMC11122967 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution-precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China; (Y.W.); (D.X.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (G.L.); (T.W.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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4
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Zhu Y, Ma XY, Cui LG, Xu YR, Li CX, Talukder M, Li XN, Li JL. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced lipophagy-related renal ferroptosis in quail (Coturnix japonica). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170724. [PMID: 38325449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a synthetic chemical applied as a plasticizer. As an environmental toxicant, DEHP poses a serious health threat. Many studies have revealed that DEHP can cause lead to various degrees of damage to the kidney. However, the evidence of DEHP-induced renal ferroptosis has not been reported. The purpose of this work was to probe the specific role of lipophagy in DEHP-induced renal injury and to investigate the relationship between lipophagy and ferroptosis. Quail were treated with DEHP (250 mg/kg BW/day, 500 mg/kg BW/day and 750 mg/kg BW/day) for 45 days. Microstructural and ultrastructural observations showed that DEHP caused damage to glomerular and tubular cells, and autophagy with multilayer structures were observed, suggesting that DEHP can induce lipophagy. The results indicated that the iron homeostasis was abnormal and the lipid peroxidation was increased. SLC7A11 and SLC3A2 were down-regulated. PTGS2, ACSL4 and LPCAT3 were elevated. In conclusion, DEHP could induce lipid peroxidation, lead to ferroptosis, and damage renal cells. Therefore, the relationship between lipophagy and ferroptosis was elucidated, which provided a new basis for intervention and prevention of DEHP increased diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ling-Ge Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ya-Ru Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Chen-Xi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Milton Talukder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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5
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Yang S, Yang S, Luo A. Phthalates and uterine disorders. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 0:reveh-2023-0159. [PMID: 38452364 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Humans are ubiquitously exposed to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates. Phthalates can migrate out of products and enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal application, can have potential estrogenic/antiestrogenic and/or androgenic/antiandrogenic activity, and are involved in many diseases. As a female reproductive organ that is regulated by hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and androgen, the uterus can develop several disorders such as leiomyoma, endometriosis and abnormal bleeding. In this review, we summarize the hormone-like activities of phthalates, in vitro studies of endometrial cells exposed to phthalates, epigenetic modifications in the uterus induced by phthalate exposure, and associations between phthalate exposure and uterine disorders such as leiomyoma and endometriosis. Moreover, we also discuss the current research gaps in understanding the relationship between phthalate exposure and uterine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyue Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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6
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Wiesinger H, Bleuler C, Christen V, Favreau P, Hellweg S, Langer M, Pasquettaz R, Schönborn A, Wang Z. Legacy and Emerging Plasticizers and Stabilizers in PVC Floorings and Implications for Recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1894-1907. [PMID: 38241221 PMCID: PMC10832040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals in building and construction plastics can lead to health risks due to indoor exposure and may contaminate recycled materials. We systematically sampled new polyvinyl chloride floorings on the Swiss market (n = 151). We performed elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence, targeted and suspect gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ortho-phthalates and alternative plasticizers, and bioassay tests for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, and endocrine, mutagenic, and genotoxic activities (for selected samples). Surprisingly, 16% of the samples contained regulated chemicals above 0.1 wt %, mainly lead and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Their presence is likely related to the use of recycled PVC in new flooring, highlighting that uncontrolled recycling can delay the phase-out of hazardous chemicals. Besides DEHP, 29% of the samples contained other ortho-phthalates (mainly diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates, DiNP and DiDP) above 0.1 wt %, and 17% of the samples indicated a potential to cause biological effects. Considering some overlap between these groups, they together make up an additional 35% of the samples of potential concern. Moreover, both suspect screening and bioassay results indicate the presence of additional potentially hazardous substances. Overall, our study highlights the urgent need to accelerate the phase-out of hazardous substances, increase the transparency of chemical compositions in plastics to protect human and ecosystem health, and enable the transition to a safe and sustainable circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Wiesinger
- Chair
of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Bleuler
- Service
de l’air, du bruit et des rayonnements non ionisants (SABRA), Geneva Cantonal Office for the Environment, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Verena Christen
- Institute
for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland,
FHNW, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Favreau
- Service
de l’air, du bruit et des rayonnements non ionisants (SABRA), Geneva Cantonal Office for the Environment, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Chair
of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, Institute of Environmental
Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Langer
- Institute
for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland,
FHNW, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- Eawag—Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roxane Pasquettaz
- Service
de l’air, du bruit et des rayonnements non ionisants (SABRA), Geneva Cantonal Office for the Environment, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schönborn
- Institute
of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW Zurich
University of Applied Science, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair
of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, Institute of Environmental
Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa—Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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7
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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8
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Fadaei A. An investigation into the present levels of contamination in children's toys and jewelry in different countries: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:601-611. [PMID: 35778924 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals and toxic elements in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing challenge in different countries. These contaminants can enter the children's body via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes, leading to adverse health effects. This study aimed to investigate the present levels of contamination in children's toys and jewelry in 15 countries, including UK, Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, China, Kosovo, Nigeria, North American, Kazakhstan, UAE, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, West Bank/Palestine, Czech Republic, and Turkey. In this review, the legislation and recommendation of the United States (U.S.), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Turkish Standards Institute (TSE), Canada, and the European Union (E.U.) on toxic elements in toys and jewelry are introduced. Plastic or metallic toys and children's jewelry still have the most severe toxic elements pollution and the existence of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), barium (Ba), Zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, azo dyes, and flame retardants has been regarded as an ongoing challenge in these articles. Finally, this review offers benchmarking of the concentrations of toxic elements in all types of children's toys and jewelry in different nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Fadaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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9
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Zhao E, Xiong X, Hu H, Li X, Wu C. Phthalates in plastic stationery in China and their exposure risks to school-aged children. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139763. [PMID: 37558002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been strictly banned in children's products in many countries. However, as a product with a high frequency of daily contact with children, stationery is not strictly regulated for phthalates in many countries and the occurrences and risks of phthalates in stationery are rarely reported. In this study, the contents of sixteen types of common phthalates in stationery were determined and the exposure risk of these phthalates to children was also estimated. The total contents of phthalates in all stationery ranged from 5.56 to 3.46 × 105 μg/g, with a median value of 1.48 × 104 μg/g. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) desk mats (DMs) contained the highest contents of phthalates among all types of stationery. Percutaneous absorption and hand-to-mouth ingestion levels of phthalates for school-age children from the DMs were 2.03 × 10-5 - 10.14 μg/kg-Bw/day and 2.14 × 10-5 - 10.67 μg/kg-Bw/day, respectively. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) had the highest proportion, detection rate, and exposure level among all measured phthalates. Our study revealed that phthalates in PVC stationery, especially classroom DMs, at both contents and exposure risks, were higher than those in many other children's plastic products. It was necessary to strengthen the management of plastic stationery from the perspective of materials and phthalates addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hongjuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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10
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Mohamed DFMS, Kim DY, An J, Kim M, Chun SH, Kwon JH. Simplified Unified BARGE Method to Assess Migration of Phthalate Esters in Ingested PVC Consumer Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1907. [PMID: 36767273 PMCID: PMC9914907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The unified bioaccessibility research group of Europe (BARGE) method (UBM) suggests using in vitro experimental conditions for simulating the release of chemicals from confined matrices, such as soils and sediments, in the human gastrointestinal tract. It contains comprehensive steps that simulate human digestion pathways and has good potential for application in the leaching of plastic additives from accidentally ingested plastic particles. However, its complexity could be a challenge for routine screening assessments of the migration of chemicals from consumer plastic products. In this study, the UBM was modified to assess the migration of plastic additives from consumer products with five model phthalate esters (i.e., dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The migration of phthalate esters was observed in four digestive phases (saliva, gastric, duodenal, and bile). Three separate experiments were conducted with the addition of (1) inorganic constituents only, (2) inorganic and organic constituents, and (3) inorganic and organic constituents in combination with digestive enzymes. While using enzymes with the UBM solution, the migrated mass for leached compounds was comparatively low (0.226 ± 0.04 μg) in most digestion phases, likely due to a self-generated coating of enzymes on the plastic materials. However, higher mass migration (0.301 ± 0.05) was observed when phthalate esters were analyzed in the UBM solution, excluding the enzymes. A ring test among six independent laboratories confirmed the robustness of the modified method. Therefore, we propose a simplified version of the original UBM designed mainly for the migration of inorganic elements using only the inorganic and organic components of the solution throughout all phases of digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Fahad M. S. Mohamed
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung An
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Chemical Products Team, FITI Testing and Research Institute, 21 Yangcheong 3-gil, Cheongju-si 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ho Chun
- Chemical Products Team, FITI Testing and Research Institute, 21 Yangcheong 3-gil, Cheongju-si 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Waheed H, Zakirhussein A, Ruparelia K, Brucoli F. Robust Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Method for the Identification and Quantification of Phthalates in Fragments of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Toys. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Waheed
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Ketan Ruparelia
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Prasad B, Prasad KS, Dave H, Das A, Asodariya G, Talati N, Swain S, Kapse S. Cumulative human exposure and environmental occurrence of phthalate esters: A global perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112987. [PMID: 35219627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current investigation, the distribution and extent of human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported on global extent based on computed indices. The proposed indices were calculated based on environmental concentrations, toxicity, occurrence, environmental fate, and transport of PAEs. The cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) based on the phthalate pollution index (PPI) was mapped on a global scale based on the existing data reported in the literature. The results revealed that the PAEs are heterogeneously distributed globally, and about 30% of total environmental PAEs are ultimately exposed to the average human being. The comparative distribution of PAEs in various environmental compartments including urban-rural, indoor-outdoor, home-dormitory-classroom, and their exposure likelihood were studied based on indices. More than 90% of total human exposure of PAEs was observed to be from indoor environmental compartments. Significantly high exposure was observed in the urban population as compared to the rural population. About 70% of the total phthalate pollution sub-index of dust was observed from home followed by a classroom of ∼15% and then a dormitory of ∼10%. In addition, the indices were equated with the current human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and exposure of particulate matter of each country. Based on current findings, the population living in the areas where >20 μg/m3 of particulate matter has been reported are possibly exposed with higher PAEs. The indices were highly diversified at high HDI (0.9) values and between 40,000 and 50,000 $ per capita income due to different usage of phthalate-containing products, disposal, and extensive monitoring work carried out by the developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Prasad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India.
| | - Kumar Suranjit Prasad
- Centre of Environmental Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemen Dave
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aditee Das
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Gargi Asodariya
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Nisha Talati
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Sunita Swain
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Shruti Kapse
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
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Razavi N, Taghi Hamed Mosavian M, Es'haghi Z. Curcumin-loaded magnetic chitosan-based solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography of migrated phthalate esters from pacifiers and plastic toys into baby saliva. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tuan Tran H, Lin C, Bui XT, Ky Nguyen M, Dan Thanh Cao N, Mukhtar H, Giang Hoang H, Varjani S, Hao Ngo H, Nghiem LD. Phthalates in the environment: characteristics, fate and transport, and advanced wastewater treatment technologies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126249. [PMID: 34732372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are well-known emerging contaminants that harm human health and the environment. Therefore, this review aims to discuss about the occurrence, fate, and phthalates concentration in the various environmental matrices (e.g., aquatic, sediment, soil, and sewage sludge). Hence, it is necessary to treat sources containing phthalates before discharging them to aqueous environment. Various advanced wastewater treatments including adsorption process (e.g., biochar, activated carbon), advanced oxidation processes (e.g., photo-fenton, ozonation, photocatalysis), and biological treatment (membrane bioreactor) have been successfully to address this issue with high removal efficiencies (70-95%). Also, the degradation mechanism was discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phthalate removal for the reader. Additionally, key factors that influenced the phthalates removal efficiency of these technologies were identified and summarized with a view towards pilot-scale and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tuan Tran
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Ky Nguyen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ngoc Dan Thanh Cao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hussnain Mukhtar
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong Giang Hoang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Faculty of Health Sciences and Finance - Accounting, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai 76100, Viet Nam
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Sector-10A, Gandhinagar 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NWS 2007, Australia
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Aurisano N, Fantke P, Huang L, Jolliet O. Estimating mouthing exposure to chemicals in children's products. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:94-102. [PMID: 34188178 PMCID: PMC8770116 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing models for estimating children's exposure to chemicals through mouthing currently depends on the availability of chemical- and material-specific experimental migration rates, only covering a few dozen chemicals. OBJECTIVE This study objective is hence to develop a mouthing exposure model to predict migration into saliva, mouthing exposure, and related health risk from a wide range of chemical-material combinations in children's products. METHODS We collected experimental data on chemical migration from different products into saliva for multiple substance groups and materials, identifying chemical concentration and diffusion coefficient as main properties of influence. To predict migration rates into saliva, we adapted a previously developed migration model for chemicals in food packaging materials. We also developed a regression model based on identified chemical and material properties. RESULTS Our migration predictions correlate well with experimental data (R2 = 0.85) and vary widely from 8 × 10-7 to 32.7 µg/10 cm2/min, with plasticizers in PVC showing the highest values. Related mouthing exposure doses vary across chemicals and materials from a median of 0.005 to 253 µg/kgBW/d. Finally, we combined exposure estimates with toxicity information to yield hazard quotients and identify chemicals of concern for average and upper bound mouthing behavior scenarios. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed model can be applied for predicting migration rates for hundreds of chemical-material combinations to support high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Aurisano
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Arbneshi T, Mustafa B, Berisha L, Hajdari A. The concentration of phthalates in toys and children's care items in Kosovo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1496-1502. [PMID: 34889166 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.2014251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, one hundred and twenty-eight toys and children's care items available in the Kosovo market were analyzed to determine the presence of phthalates and evaluate if the analyzed samples meet the national and EU standards. Toys and children's care items were imported from twelve countries, most of them from China. Phthalates were extracted and then analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Nine phthalates were analyzed in total, of them, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-isodecyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate were the most frequently detected phthalates in the analyzed samples. Phthalates were not detected only in three toys and children's care items, others contained one or more phthalates, while none of them contained all (nine) analyzed phthalates. In total, 22 analyzed toys and children's care items did not fulfill at least one of the EU standards, of these 16 were toys and children's care items intended for children under age three and designed to be placed in the mouth. Overall, our work shows that toys and children's care items that exceed EU standards for phthalates are still present in the Kosovo market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Arbneshi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Behxhet Mustafa
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Department of Biology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Liridon Berisha
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Avni Hajdari
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Department of Biology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
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't Mannetje A, Coakley J, Douwes J. Levels and determinants of urinary phthalate metabolites in New Zealand children and adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 238:113853. [PMID: 34634755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This first national biomonitoring survey of urinary phthalate metabolites in the New Zealand population aimed to provide baseline data, identify exposure determinants, and make comparisons with health-based exposure guidance values. METHODS The survey conducted in 2014-2016 involved the collection of morning-void urine from 298 children (5-18 years) and 302 adults (20-65 years), 33% of Māori ethnicity. A questionnaire collected information on demographic factors and diet. Urine was analysed for creatinine, specific gravity, and 10 phthalate metabolites through liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (MMP; MEP; MBP iso+n; MBzP; MCHP; MEHP; MEOHP; MEHHP; MCPP; and MiNP). Determinants of exposure were assessed using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Detection frequencies exceeded 95% for metabolites of DEP, DEHP and DBP. The highest GM was observed for the DBP metabolite MBP iso+n (36.1 μg/L adults; 60.5 μg/L children), followed by the sum of three DEHP metabolites (MEHP+MEOHP+MEHHP: 19.0 μg/L adults; 37.0 μg/L children), and the DEP metabolite MEP (19.1 μg/L adults; 12.0 μg/L children). For most phthalate metabolites New Zealand levels were in the mid-range of internationally reported levels, while for DEP they were in the low range. Māori and non-Māori had similar levels. Children had higher GMs than adults for most metabolites, except for MEP. A proportion of children and adults exceeded the biomonitoring equivalents of health-based guidance values for DBP (0-16% and 0-3% respectively), and DEHP (0-0.7% and 0-0.3% respectively). Eating warm meals from plastic containers ≥2 times/week was associated with higher levels of DEHP metabolites, MBP iso+n, and MBzP. CONCLUSION Phthalate exposure is omnipresent in both children and adults in New Zealand. Exceedances of the biomonitoring equivalents for DBP and DEHP indicate that potential health effects from exposure to these phthalates cannot be excluded with sufficient certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea 't Mannetje
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Coakley
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Praveena SM, Siok Fong C, Amaruddin AF. Phthalates in children toys available in Malaysian market: Quantification and potential human health risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 213:105955. [PMID: 34311089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In Malaysia, inexpensive toys are sold in various urban and rural shops. Although safety regulations for toys are available in Malaysia there are limited reports about the chemicals in toys. Thus, this study aimed to assess the levels of phthalates (bis-[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate [DEHP], diethyl phthalate [DEP], diisobutyl phthalate [DiBP] and dibutyl phthalate [DBP]) in inexpensive toys sold at local markets in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and its health risks to children. All 30 toys analysed exceeded the European Union limit (0.1 % by mass) indicating that the phthalate used as plasticizers is still prominent in toys. Bis-[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate (DEHP) was the highest detected phthalate in toy sample which was manufactured in Malaysia and sold without Malaysian Conformity Mark. Significant association was found between phthalate levels and country, indicating a need to monitor and raise public awareness about potential toxic chemicals in inexpensive toys and children's products. There are few inexpensive toys that have a hazard index value of more than one, which is associated with developmental toxicity and causes developmental effects in children. Given the severity and complexity of these toys to children health, there is a need for regular monitoring and effective enforcements to develop an acceptable baseline level of children toys products manufactured in or imported to Malaysia. Furthermore, risk management efforts should also include all the stakeholders involved in toy production, policy makers as well as consumers to ensure only toy products with proper labels being sole and purchased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Siok Fong
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaa'cob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amira Farhana Amaruddin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062997. [PMID: 33803962 PMCID: PMC7998604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.
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Prasad B. Phthalate pollution: environmental fate and cumulative human exposure index using the multivariate analysis approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:389-399. [PMID: 33566875 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive review was performed on the environmental fate, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of phthalate esters (PAEs) to compute the overall phthalate exposure and their impact on human beings. The removal and degradation of these wide spread pollutants by abiotic processes such as hydrolysis and photodecomposition are very slow and insignificant. On the other hand, the breakdown of PAEs by microorganisms is considered to be one of the major routes of environmental degradation for these widespread pollutants. Numerous microbial strains have been reported to degrade these compounds under aerobic, anaerobic and facultative conditions. Concurrently, the environmental fate, transport and transformation/degradation of these compounds under natural conditions are highly dependent on their physical and chemical properties. In order to understand the relationship between the concentrations of PAEs of different environmental compartments and human exposure prospects, a novel average phthalate pollution index (PPI) and cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) were proposed using the multivariate analysis approach. These indices were computed on the basis of relative importance, environmental occurrence, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, abiotic and biotic removal and degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and diethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP). At present, the average PPI and cumulative PEI of 29 countries were evaluated using the concentrations of PAEs reported in the literature. These indices signify the overall phthalate pollution, human exposure and their interrelation. According to the index, Slovakia, Canada, Taiwan, Sweden and South Africa are among the top five countries in terms of cumulative phthalate exposure as per the existing data. The exposure percentage of total PAEs significantly varies between 23 and 44% since many environmental compartments are not directly exposed to human beings and they are degraded under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Prasad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India.
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Structure-Dependent Effects of Phthalates on Intercellular and Intracellular Communication in Liver Oval Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176069. [PMID: 32842520 PMCID: PMC7504421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates released from plastics, cosmetics, or food on a daily basis. Phthalates have low acute liver toxicity, but their chronic exposures could induce molecular and cellular effects linked to adverse health outcomes, such as liver tumor promotion or chronic liver diseases. The alternation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and MAPK-Erk1/2 pathways in liver progenitor or oval cells can disrupt liver tissue homeostatic mechanisms and affect the development and severity of these adverse outcomes. Our study with 20 different phthalates revealed their structurally dependent effects on liver GJIC and MAPK-Erk1/2 signaling in rat liver WB-F344 cell line with characteristics of liver oval cells. The phthalates with a medium-length side chain (3–6 C) were the most potent dysregulators of GJIC and activators of MAPK-Erk1/2. The effects occurred rapidly, suggesting the activation of non-genomic (non-transcriptional) mechanisms directly by the parental compounds. Short-chain phthalates (1–2 C) did not dysregulate GJIC even after longer exposures and did not activate MAPK-Erk1/2. Longer chain (≥7 C) phthalates, such as DEHP or DINP, moderately activated MAPK-Erk1/2, but inhibited GJIC only after prolonged exposures (>12 h), suggesting that GJIC dysregulation occurs via genomic mechanisms, or (bio)transformation. Overall, medium-chain phthalates rapidly affected the key tissue homeostatic mechanisms in the liver oval cell population via non-genomic pathways, which might contribute to the development of chronic liver toxicity and diseases.
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Sicińska P, Kik K, Bukowska B. Human Erythrocytes Exposed to Phthalates and Their Metabolites Alter Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Hemoglobin Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4480. [PMID: 32599721 PMCID: PMC7350025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates used as plasticizers have become a part of human life because of their important role in various industries. Human exposure to these compounds is unavoidable, and therefore their mechanisms of toxicity should be investigated. Due to their structure and function, human erythrocytes are increasingly used as a cell model for testing the in vitro toxicity of various xenobiotics. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess the effect of selected phthalates on methemoglobin (metHb), reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radical levels, as well as the activity of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in human erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were incubated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and their metabolites, i.e., mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL for 6 or 24 h. This study shows that the analyzed phthalates disturbed the redox balance in human erythrocytes. DBP and BBP, at much lower concentrations than their metabolites, caused a statistically significant increase of metHb and ROS, including hydroxyl radical levels, and changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The studied phthalates disturbed the redox balance in human erythrocytes, which may contribute to the accelerated removal of these cells from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (K.K.); (B.B.)
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Tang Z, Chai M, Wang Y, Cheng J. Phthalates in preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121681. [PMID: 31757725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates could be introduced into clothing as chemical additives or impurities, becoming a potential source of human exposure. We measured the concentrations of 15 phthalates in new preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries. Phthalates were prevalent in all samples, and total concentrations were 2.92-223 μg/g, indicating a moderate contamination level. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(isobutyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were the most abundant phthalates measured, representing a median of 48.5 %, 13.6 % and 13.4 % of the total concentrations, respectively. Total concentrations did not differ significantly by country of manufacture, while the concentrations of individual phthalates and their composition profiles varied widely. We also found differing phthalate levels by item type, fabric composition, and color. Under the assumed two exposure scenarios, the median of summed dermal exposure doses of six phthalate were 539 and 950 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. When children wore trousers, long-sleeved shirts, briefs and socks at the same time, the reproductive risks exceeded acceptable level, although the carcinogenic risk of DEHP was low. Our results suggested that new clothing is an important route of phthalate exposure to preschool children. More research is required to investigate the contaminations and associated with risks in child clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Miao Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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Meng X, Zhang N, Sun X, Niu Z, Deng Y, Xu J, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect screening of 200 hazardous substances in plastic toys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460830. [PMID: 31902577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of efficient and comprehensive analytical methods for organic chemical compounds due to their increasing number and diversity in children's toy products. The presence of these chemicals in toys poses an extreme risk for the health and development of children. In this study, an analytical methodology has been developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). This hybrid instrumentation together with an in-house accurate-mass database and a mass spectral library, allows for wide-scope screening and identification of hazardous substances in plastic toys. A total number of 200 compounds belonging to eight chemical families were investigated, such as coloring agents, plasticizers, fragrance allergens, nitrosamines, primary aromatic amines, flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, and endocrine disruptors. Following a straightforward and efficient dissolution/precipitation method for sample preparation, chemical screening and confirmation were conducted by comparing the experimentally measured exact mass, retention time, and isotopic pattern with the accurate-mass database and by matching the acquired MS/MS spectra against the mass spectral library. The matrix effect, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery of the proposed method were properly evaluated. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.01-0.98 mg kg-1 and 0.03-2.99 mg kg-1, respectively. The applicability of the developed protocol was verified through the analysis of 55 real plastic toy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- SCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zengyuan Niu
- Technical Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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Kudo Y, Obayashi K, Yanagisawa H, Maruyama F, Fujimaki S, Miyagawa H, Nakagawa K. Development of a screening method for phthalate esters in polymers using a quantitative database in combination with pyrolyzer/thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:441-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Characterization of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-dutyl phthalate (DBP), an endocrine disruptor, is one of the most widely used phthalate esters (PAEs) in the world. It can be accumulated in seafood or agricultural products and represents a substantial risk to human health via the food chain. Thus, finding a plant which can remediate DBP but have no effects on growth is the main topic of the development of DBP phytoremediation. This study used garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia), which has a significant DBP absorption capability, as a test plant to measure phytoremediation kinetics and proteome changes after being exposed to DBP. The results show that DBP accumulated in different parts of the garden lettuce but the physiological status and morphology showed no significant changes following DBP phytoremediation. The optimal condition for the DBP phytoremediation of garden lettuce is one critical micelle concentration (CMC) of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and the half-life (t1/2, days), which calculated by first-order kinetics, was 2.686 days for 5 mg L−1 of DBP. This result indicated that the addition of 1 CMC of Tween 80 could enhance the efficiency of DBP phytoremediation. In addition, the results of biotoxicity showed that the median effective concentration (EC50) of DBP for Chlorella vulgaris is 4.9 mg L−1. In this case, the overall toxicity markedly decreased following phytoremediation. In the end, the result of proteome analysis showed six protein spots, revealing significant alterations. According to the information of these proteomes, DBP potentially causes osmotic and oxidative stress in garden lettuce. In addition, since DBP had no significant effects on the morphology and physiological status of garden lettuce, garden lettuce can be recommended for use in the plant anti-DBP toxicity test, and also as the candidate plant for DBP phytoremediation. We hope these findings could provide valuable information for DBP-contaminated water treatment in ecological engineering applications or constructed wetlands.
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