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Mizuno T, Kondo Y, Sakai M, Saneyasu K, Kojima R, Miyake Y. Cost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for high-risk adult outpatients with COVID-19 in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:716-724. [PMID: 38325626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Nir/Rit) for adult outpatients with COVID-19 from the perspective of a Japanese public healthcare payer. METHODS A cost-effectiveness simulation was conducted comparing Nir/Rit for the outpatient treatment of high-risk COVID-19 patients to best supportive care (BSC) without antiviral or antibody drugs. The analytical model was divided into two phases: the treatment phase, lasting 35 days from the start of COVID-19 treatment, and the post-treatment phase. Patients who survived the treatment phase were assumed to follow a general population survival curve. Expected costs and expected quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for both BSC and Nir/Rit were calculated for ages 40 to 80 to obtain the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The robustness of the results was evaluated through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). RESULTS The ICERs for patients aged 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 were 18,854,276 Japanese Yen (JPY)/QALY, 8,482,034 JPY/QALY, 4,976,612 JPY/QALY, 2,636,096 JPY/QALY, and 1,597,783 JPY/QALY, respectively. In the deterministic sensitivity analysis, both the mortality risk during the treatment phase and the relative mortality risk with Nir/Rit had a high impact on ICER across all ages. In the PSA, when the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at 5 million JPY/QALY, the probability of the ICER being below the WTP threshold was 0%, 0.2%, 45.4%, 99.9%, and 100% at ages 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80, respectively. CONCLUSION Nir/Rit is cost-effective for older individuals aged 60 and over but not for younger age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan
| | - Yu Kondo
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan.
| | - Mikiyasu Sakai
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan
| | - Kenichi Saneyasu
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan
| | - Ryota Kojima
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan
| | - Yoshio Miyake
- Department of Pharmacy, Toyota Kosei Hospital: 500-1, Ibobara, Jousui-cho, Toyota, 470-0396, Japan
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Machado LC, Dezordi FZ, de Lima GB, de Lima RE, Silva LCA, Pereira LDM, da Silva AF, Silva Neto AMD, Oliveira ALSD, Armstrong ADC, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Loyo RM, Silva BDO, de Almeida AR, da Rocha Pitta MG, Santos FDADS, Mendonça Siqueira M, Resende PC, Delatorre E, Naveca FG, Miyajima F, Gräf T, do Carmo RF, Pereira MC, Campos TDL, Bezerra MF, Paiva MHS, Wallau GDL. Spatiotemporal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineages during 2020-2021 in Pernambuco-Brazil. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0421823. [PMID: 38651879 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04218-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged as a new threat to humans and spread around the world, leaving a large death toll. As of January 2023, Brazil is among the countries with the highest number of registered deaths. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions have been heterogeneously implemented in the country, which, associated with large socioeconomic differences between the country regions, has led to distinct virus spread dynamics. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the Pernambuco state (Northeast Brazil) throughout the distinct epidemiological scenarios that unfolded in the first 2 years of the pandemic. We generated a total of 1,389 new SARS-CoV-2 genomes from June 2020 to August 2021. This sampling captured the arrival, communitary transmission, and the circulation of the B1.1, B.1.1.28, and B.1.1.33 lineages; the emergence of the former variant of interest P.2; and the emergence and fast replacement of all previous variants by the more transmissible variant of concern P.1 (Gamma). Based on the incidence and lineage spread pattern, we observed an East-to-West to inner state pattern of transmission, which is in agreement with the transmission of more populous metropolitan areas to medium- and small-size country-side cities in the state. Such transmission patterns may be partially explained by the main routes of traffic across municipalities in the state. Our results highlight that the fine-grained intrastate analysis of lineages and incidence spread can provide actionable insights for planning future nonpharmacological intervention for air-borne transmissible human pathogens.IMPORTANCEDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil was one of the most affected countries, mainly due its continental-size, socioeconomic differences among regions, and heterogeneous implementation of intervention methods. In order to investigate SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in the state of Pernambuco, we conducted a spatiotemporal dispersion study, covering the period from June 2020 to August 2021, to comprehend the dynamics of viral transmission during the first 2 years of the pandemic. Throughout this study, we were able to track three significant epidemiological waves of transmission caused by B1.1, B.1.1.28, B.1.1.33, P.2, and P.1 lineages. These analyses provided valuable insights into the evolution of the epidemiological landscape, contributing to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of virus transmission during the early years of the pandemic in the state of Pernambuco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Ceschini Machado
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Filipe Zimmer Dezordi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Barbosa de Lima
- Núcleo de Plataformas Tecnológicas (NPT), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Emídio de Lima
- Núcleo de Plataformas Tecnológicas (NPT), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lilian Caroliny Amorim Silva
- Núcleo de Plataformas Tecnológicas (NPT), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leandro de Mattos Pereira
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Freitas da Silva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz Sá de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estatística e Geoprocessamento, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco- FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Pessoa-E-Silva
- Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moraes Loyo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Barbara de Oliveira Silva
- Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigues de Almeida
- Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles (LVRS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles (LVRS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ-Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fabio Miyajima
- Analytical Competence Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory (ACME), FIOCRUZ-Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- Suely-Galdino Therapeutic Innovation Research Center (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tulio de Lima Campos
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Matheus Filgueira Bezerra
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Caruaru, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
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Huang E, Kurkure S, Seo Y, Lau K, Puglisi J. The Effectiveness of Vaccination on the COVID-19 Epidemic in California. Am J Infect Control 2024:S0196-6553(24)00533-9. [PMID: 38825240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused overwhelming morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization worldwide, including in the state of California. Vaccination efforts have been an important measure in curtailing the adverse outcomes of COVID-19. METHODS To quantify the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccinations in California, we conducted a retrospective cohort study investigating how vaccination has impacted the extent of COVID-19 contraction, hospitalizations, and death totals. We compared outcomes the Delta Wave, Omicron Wave, and Pre-Delta Period. RESULTS Vaccinated individuals have far lower incidence risk ratio (IRR) of and odds of contracting a COVID-19 case (Delta IRR: 0.197) being hospitalized from COVID-19 (Delta IRR: 0.105]), and dying from COVID-19 compared to an unvaccinated individual (Delta IRR: 0.0941). The preventive fraction of the unexposed and population preventive fractions for cases, deaths, and hospitalizations also showed significant proportions. All tests showed p<0.001. DISCUSSION Vaccination was most effective in the Delta Wave, then in the Omicron Wave, and least effective in the Pre-Delta Period. Deaths were the most prevented outcome, followed by hospitalizations, then cases. CONCLUSION This study exposes the massive impact of vaccinations in California in reducing COVID-19 outcomes and the potential for fewer adverse outcomes had there been greater vaccination compliance, demonstrating the need to increase vaccination efforts. CONTENT CATEGORY Epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Huang
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757.
| | - Siddharth Kurkure
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757
| | - Yui Seo
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757
| | - Kristie Lau
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757
| | - Jose Puglisi
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757
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Jiang X, Li D, Maghsoudloo M, Zhang X, Ma W, Fu J. Targeting furin, a cellular proprotein convertase, for COVID-19 prevention and therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104026. [PMID: 38762086 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has triggered an international outbreak of the highly contagious acute respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Identifying key targets in the virus infection lifecycle is crucial for developing effective prevention and therapeutic strategies against it. Furin is a serine endoprotease that belongs to the family of proprotein convertases and plays a critical role in the entry of host cells by SARS-CoV-2. Furin can cleave a specific S1/S2 site, PRRAR, on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which promotes viral transmission by facilitating membrane fusion. Hence, targeting furin could hold clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. This review offers an overview of furin's structure, substrates, function, and inhibitors, with a focus on its potential role in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Dabing Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mazaher Maghsoudloo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:380-406. [PMID: 38667755 PMCID: PMC11049896 DOI: 10.3390/idr16020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has left a devasting effect on various regions globally. Africa has exceptionally high rates of other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, and was not impacted by COVID-19 to the extent of other continents Globally, COVID-19 has caused approximately 7 million deaths and 700 million infections thus far. COVID-19 disease severity and susceptibility vary among individuals and populations, which could be attributed to various factors, including the viral strain, host genetics, environment, lifespan, and co-existing conditions. Host genetics play a substantial part in COVID-19 disease severity among individuals. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was previously been shown to be very important across host immune responses against viruses. HLA has been a widely studied gene region for various disease associations that have been identified. HLA proteins present peptides to the cytotoxic lymphocytes, which causes an immune response to kill infected cells. The HLA molecule serves as the central region for infectious disease association; therefore, we expect HLA disease association with COVID-19. Therefore, in this narrative review, we look at the HLA gene region, particularly, HLA class I, to understand its role in COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (L.N.); (T.A.)
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (L.N.); (T.A.)
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (L.N.); (T.A.)
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Lin L, Demirhan H, P. Johnstone-Robertson S, Lal R, M. Trauer J, Stone L. Assessing the impact of Australia's mass vaccination campaigns over the Delta and Omicron outbreaks. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299844. [PMID: 38626045 PMCID: PMC11020690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Government implemented a national vaccination campaign against COVID-19 beginning February 22, 2021. The roll-out was criticised for being delayed relative to many high-income countries, but high levels of vaccination coverage were belatedly achieved. The large-scale Omicron outbreak in January 2022 resulted in a massive number of cases and deaths, although mortality would have been far higher if not for vigorous efforts to rapidly vaccinate the entire population. The impact of the vaccination coverage was assessed over this extended period. METHODS We considered NSW, as the Australian jurisdiction with the highest quality data for our purposes and which still reflected the national experience. Weekly death rates were derived among individuals aged 50+ with respect to vaccine status between August 8, 2021 and July 9, 2022. We evaluated deaths averted by the vaccination campaign by modelling alternative counterfactual scenarios based on a simple data-driven modelling methodology presented by Jia et al. (2023). FINDINGS Unvaccinated individuals had a 7.7-fold greater mortality rate than those who were fully vaccinated among people aged 50+, which rose to 11.2-fold in those who had received a booster dose. If NSW had fully vaccinated its ~2.9 million 50+ residents earlier (by July 28, 2021), only 440 of the total 3,495 observed 50+ deaths would have been averted. Up to July 9, 2022, the booster campaign prevented 1,860 deaths. In the absence of a vaccination campaign, ~21,250 COVID-19 50+ deaths (conservative estimate) could have been expected in NSW i.e., some 6 times the actual total. We also find the methodology of Jia et al. (2023) can sometimes significantly underestimate that actual number. INTERPRETATION The Australian vaccination campaign was successful in reducing mortality over 2022, relative to alternative hypothetical vaccination scenarios. The success was attributable to the Australian public's high levels of engagement with vaccination in the face of new SARS-COV-2 variants, and because high levels of vaccination coverage (full and booster) were achieved in the period shortly before the major Omicron outbreak of 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lin
- Mathematical Sciences, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haydar Demirhan
- Mathematical Sciences, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rajiv Lal
- Mathematical Sciences, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James M. Trauer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lewi Stone
- Mathematical Sciences, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomathematics Unit, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Dhaliwal JS, Sekhon MS, Rajotia A, Dang AK, Singh PP, Bilal M, Sakthivel H, Ahmed R, Verma R, Ramphul K, Sethi PS. Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:597. [PMID: 38674243 PMCID: PMC11052327 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused several cardiovascular complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in infected patients. This study aims to understand the overall trends of AMI among COVID-19 patients during the first two years of the pandemic and the disparities and outcomes between the first and second years. Materials and Methods: The retrospective analysis was conducted via the 2020 and 2021 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for hospitalizations between April 2020 and December 2021 being analyzed for adults with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 who experienced events of AMI. A comparison of month-to-month events of AMI and mortality of AMI patients with concomitant COVID-19 was made alongside their respective patient characteristics. Results: Out of 2,541,992 COVID-19 hospitalized patients, 3.55% experienced AMI. The highest rate of AMI was in December 2021 (4.35%). No statistical differences in trends of AMI mortality were noted over the 21 months. AMI cases in 2021 had higher odds of undergoing PCI (aOR 1.627, p < 0.01). They experienced higher risks of acute kidney injury (aOR 1.078, p < 0.01), acute ischemic stroke (aOR 1.215, p < 0.01), cardiac arrest (aOR 1.106, p < 0.01), need for mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.133, p < 0.01), and all-cause mortality (aOR 1.032, 95% CI 1.001-1.064, p = 0.043). Conclusions: The incidence of AMI among COVID-19 patients fluctuated over the 21 months of this study, with a peak in December 2021. COVID-19 patients reporting AMI in 2021 experienced higher overall odds of multiple complications, which could relate to the exhaustive burden of the pandemic in 2021 on healthcare, the changing impact of the virus variants, and the hesitancy of infected patients to seek care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasninder Singh Dhaliwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manraj S. Sekhon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Arush Rajotia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ashujot K. Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prabh Partap Singh
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maham Bilal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hemamalini Sakthivel
- One Brooklyn Health System/Interfaith Medical Ctr Program, Brooklyn, NY 11213, USA
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Renuka Verma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | | | - Prabhdeep S. Sethi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Matsui H, Suzuki Y, Nakayama S, Asakura T, Takeuchi O, Kusatsugu K, Ueda C, Nakajima E, Suzuki Y, Endo H, Sugamata M, Takarabe Y, Yamaguchi Y, Horie K, Kobayashi Y, Kuronuma S, Imoto Y, Hanaki H. Levels of environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms and salivary viral loads of patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:315-322. [PMID: 37940039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clarifying the presence of viable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rather than SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in inpatient rooms is important for infection control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we investigated levels of viral RNA and viable virus on environmental surfaces and in patient saliva. METHODS Environmental samples from 23 sites in hospital rooms were collected every other day until patient discharge. Saliva specimens and samples from the inner surface of patient masks were also collected. Additionally, environmental samples were collected from 46 sites in hospital rooms on discharge day. The samples were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and plaque assays. RESULTS The 10 enrolled cases were classified as mild COVID-19, and patients were discharged after 6-9 days. The viral RNA was detected in 12.4% (105/849) of serially collected environmental samples during hospitalization, whereas viable virus was detected only in 0.47% (4/849), which were from sinks and tap levers. Although all patients recovered, three cases retained viable virus in the last saliva specimen collected. In the 15 discharged rooms, viral RNA was detected in 6.6% (45/682) of the samples, and viable virus was detected in only one sample from the sink. CONCLUSIONS Although environmental surfaces surrounding patients with COVID-19 were frequently contaminated with viral RNA, the presence of viable virus was rare and limited only to areas around sinks. These results suggest that contact infection risk via fomites in hospital rooms is extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Matsui
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Kaori Kusatsugu
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ueda
- The Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, 5-7-3 Yamate-dori, Chuo-Ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0011, Japan
| | - Eri Nakajima
- The Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, 5-7-3 Yamate-dori, Chuo-Ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0011, Japan
| | - Yumiko Suzuki
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Harumi Endo
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Miho Sugamata
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yukiko Takarabe
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Horie
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kobayashi
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yasuo Imoto
- The Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, 5-7-3 Yamate-dori, Chuo-Ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, 650-0011, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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9
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Bugalia S, Tripathi JP, Wang H. Mutations make pandemics worse or better: modeling SARS-CoV-2 variants and imperfect vaccination. J Math Biol 2024; 88:45. [PMID: 38507066 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease triggered by an RNA virus inclined to mutations. Since December 2020, variants of COVID-19 (especially Delta and Omicron) continuously appeared with different characteristics that influenced death and transmissibility emerged around the world. To address the novel dynamics of the disease, we propose and analyze a dynamical model of two strains, namely native and mutant, transmission dynamics with mutation and imperfect vaccination. It is also assumed that the recuperated individuals from the native strain can be infected with mutant strain through the direct contact with individual or contaminated surfaces or aerosols. We compute the basic reproduction number, R 0 , which is the maximum of the basic reproduction numbers of native and mutant strains. We prove the nonexistence of backward bifurcation using the center manifold theory, and global stability of disease-free equilibrium whenR 0 < 1 , that is, vaccine is effective enough to eliminate the native and mutant strains even if it cannot provide full protection. Hopf bifurcation appears when the endemic equilibrium loses its stability. An intermediate mutation rate ν 1 leads to oscillations. When ν 1 increases over a threshold, the system regains its stability and exhibits an interesting dynamics called endemic bubble. An analytical expression for vaccine-induced herd immunity is derived. The epidemiological implication of the herd immunity threshold is that the disease may effectively be eradicated if the minimum herd immunity threshold is attained in the community. Furthermore, the model is parameterized using the Indian data of the cumulative number of confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 from March 1 to September 27 in 2021, using MCMC method. The cumulative cases and deaths can be reduced by increasing the vaccine efficacies to both native and mutant strains. We observe that by considering the vaccine efficacy against native strain as 90%, both cumulative cases and deaths would be reduced by 0.40%. It is concluded that increasing immunity against mutant strain is more influential than the vaccine efficacy against it in controlling the total cases. Our study demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic may be worse due to the occurrence of oscillations for certain mutation rates (i.e., outbreaks will occur repeatedly) but better due to stability at a lower infection level with a larger mutation rate. We perform sensitivity analysis using the Latin Hypercube Sampling methodology and partial rank correlation coefficients to illustrate the impact of parameters on the basic reproduction number, the number of cumulative cases and deaths, which ultimately sheds light on disease mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bugalia
- Department of Mathematics, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Jai Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Mathematics, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada
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10
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Gerashchenko GV, Hryshchenko NV, Melnichuk NS, Marchyshak TV, Chernushyn SY, Demchyshina IV, Chernenko LM, Kuzin IV, Tkachuk ZY, Kashuba VI, Tukalo MA. Genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants observed upon three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine between February 2021-January 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25618. [PMID: 38380034 PMCID: PMC10877268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the SARS-CoV-2 variants in COVID-19 patients' samples collected from different regions of Ukraine to determine the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetics and COVID-19 epidemiology. Patients and methods Samples were collected from COVID-19 patients during 2021 and the beginning of 2022 (401 patients). The SARS-CoV-2 genotyping was performed by parallel whole genome sequencing. Results The obtained SARS-CoV-2 genotypes showed that three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine were represented by three main variants of concern (VOC), named Alpha, Delta and Omicron; each VOC successfully replaced the earlier variant. The VOC Alpha strain was presented by one B.1.1.7 lineage, while VOC Delta showed a spectrum of 25 lineages that had different prevalence in 19 investigated regions of Ukraine. The VOC Omicron in the first half of the pandemic was represented by 13 lines that belonged to two different clades representing B.1 and B.2 Omicron strains. Each of the three epidemic waves (VOC Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) demonstrated their own course of disease, associated with genetic changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The observed epidemiological features are associated with the genetic characteristics of the different VOCs, such as point mutations, deletions and insertions in the viral genome. A phylogenetic and transmission analysis showed the different mutation rates; there were multiple virus sources with a limited distribution between regions. Conclusions The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus and high levels of morbidity due to COVID-19 are still registered in the world. Observed multiple virus sourses with the limited distribution between regions indicates the high efficiency of the anti-epidemic policy pursued by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine to prevent the spread of the epidemic, despite the low level of vaccination of the Ukrainian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zenovii Yu Tkachuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I. Kashuba
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo A. Tukalo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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11
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Uppala R, Sitthikarnkha P, Faksri K, Kosalaraksa P, Techasatian L, Tantawarak N, Nanthavongsa S. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in unvaccinated children hospitalized with COVID-19: An observational cohort study of pre-Omicron and Omicron variants era. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297991. [PMID: 38394318 PMCID: PMC10890774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in children hospitalized due to COVID-19 during the era of pre-Omicron and Omicron variants. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary academic medical center in Thailand between June 2021 and August 2022. We collected the data of children aged under 18-year who were hospitalized from SARS-CoV-2 infection. After hospital discharge, we scheduled clinical follow-up 60 to 90 days post-infection clinical follow-up. We measured antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain in the serum during a follow-up visit and compared the mean difference of antibody levels between children infected with COVID-19 during the pre-Omicron and Omicron eras. RESULTS A total of 119 children enrolled into the study. There were 58 and 61 children hospitalized due to COVID-19 during pre-Omicron and Omicron era, respectively. The median (interquartile range, IQR) of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in all cases was 206.1 (87.9-424.1) U/mL at follow-up. Children infected during pre-Omicron had SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels at follow-up higher than children infected during Omicron era [mean difference 292.57 U/mL, 95% CI 53.85-531.28, p = 0.017). There was no difference in SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels between the children based on gender, age, co-morbidities, chest radiograph classification, or diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The antibodies response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was weaker during the Omicron era than previous variant of concern. Immunization strategies and policies should be implemented in children even if they had been previously infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattapon Uppala
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Faculty of Medicine, Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pope Kosalaraksa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Leelawadee Techasatian
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nattakarn Tantawarak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sysavanh Nanthavongsa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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12
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Gerhards C, Steingass M, Heininger A, Lange B, Hetjens M, Gerigk M, Neumaier M, Evliyaoglu O, Kittel M. The Impact of Clinical Factors and SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Antibody Production in Vaccinated German Healthcare Professionals Infected Either with the Delta or the Omicron Variant. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:163. [PMID: 38400146 PMCID: PMC10893335 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the rapid introduction of vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic was a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and a less frequent occurrence of severe COVID-19 courses. Thus, we evaluated COVID-19 severity in vaccinated individuals to examine variant-specific symptom characteristics and their clinical impact on the serological immune response. METHODS A total of 185 individuals previously vaccinated against and infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) or Omicron (BA.4 and BA.5) variant, were enrolled for anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-N- and anti-RBD/S1-Ig level detection. A structured survey regarding medical history was conducted. RESULTS In 99.5 percent of cases, outpatient treatment was satisfactory. Specific symptoms associated with variants included ageusia and anosmia in patients with Delta infections and throat pain in Omicron infections. Among Delta-infected individuals with specific symptoms, significantly higher levels of anti-N antibodies were observed. CONCLUSION Our study identified variant-specific differences in the amount of SARS-CoV-2 antibody production and COVID-19 symptoms. Despite this, vaccinated individuals with Omicron or Delta infections generally experienced mild disease courses. Additionally, asymptomatic individuals exhibit lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, indicating a clinical correlation between disease-specific antibodies and distinct symptoms, particularly in the case of the Delta variant. In follow-up studies, exploring post-COVID syndrome and focusing on cognitive symptoms in the acute phase of Omicron infections is crucial as it has the potential to longitudinally impact the lives of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Gerhards
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlene Steingass
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexandra Heininger
- Department of Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Lange
- Department of Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Hetjens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg of University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlis Gerigk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Osman Evliyaoglu
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Ghildiyal T, Rai N, Mishra Rawat J, Singh M, Anand J, Pant G, Kumar G, Shidiki A. Challenges in Emerging Vaccines and Future Promising Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:9125398. [PMID: 38304142 PMCID: PMC10834093 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9125398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) virus has evolved into variants with varied infectivity. Vaccines developed against COVID-19 infection have boosted immunity, but there is still uncertainty on how long the immunity from natural infection or vaccination will last. The present study attempts to outline the present level of information about the contagiousness and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and variants of concern (VOCs). The keywords like COVID-19 vaccine types, VOCs, universal vaccines, bivalent, and other relevant terms were searched in NCBI, Science Direct, and WHO databases to review the published literature. The review provides an integrative discussion on the current state of knowledge on the type of vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2, the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines concerning the VOCs, and prospects of novel universal, chimeric, and bivalent mRNA vaccines efficacy to fend off existing variants and other emerging coronaviruses. Genomic variation can be quite significant, as seen by the notable differences in impact, transmission rate, morbidity, and death during several human coronavirus outbreaks. Therefore, understanding the amount and characteristics of coronavirus genetic diversity in historical and contemporary strains can help researchers get an edge over upcoming variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Ghildiyal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Janhvi Mishra Rawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Maargavi Singh
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jigisha Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gaurav Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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14
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Tamura D, Morisawa Y, Mato T, Nunomiya S, Yoshihiro M, Maehara Y, Ito S, Ochiai Y, Yamagishi H, Tajima T, Yamagata T, Osaka H. Temporal Trend of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant and RSV in the Nasal Cavity and Accuracy of the Newly Developed Antigen-Detecting Rapid Diagnostic Test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:119. [PMID: 38201428 PMCID: PMC10802845 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze the viral titers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at the anterior nasal site (ANS) and nasopharyngeal site (NS), evaluate their virological dynamics, and validate the usefulness of a newly developed two-antigen-detecting rapid antigen diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) that simultaneously detects SARS-CoV-2 and RSV using clinical specimens. This study included 195 asymptomatic to severely ill patients. Overall, 668 specimens were collected simultaneously from the ANS and NS. The cycle threshold (Ct) values calculated from real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze temporal changes in viral load and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Ag-RDT. The mean Ct values for SARS-CoV-2-positive, ANS, and NS specimens were 28.8, 28.9, and 28.7, respectively. The mean Ct values for RSV-positive, ANS, and NS specimens were 28.7, 28.8, and 28.6, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV showed the same trend in viral load, although the viral load of NS was higher than that of ANS. The sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed Ag-RDT were excellent in specimens collected up to 10 days after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection and up to 6 days after the onset of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Yuji Morisawa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takashi Mato
- Department of Emergency Center, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shin Nunomiya
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshihiro
- Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Yuta Maehara
- Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Shizuka Ito
- Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ochiai
- Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yamagishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (H.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (H.Y.)
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15
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Sherchan SP, Thakali O, Ikner LA, Gerba C, Haramoto E. Survivability of Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120644. [PMID: 37844338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Concerns of fecal-aerosol transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) coupled with increased transmissibility and disease severity of Delta and Omicron variants of concern (VOC) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), suggest studies on survival of VOC in wastewater are warranted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the survivability of Delta and Omicron VOC in filtered and unfiltered raw wastewater, and secondary effluent at room temperature (23 °C). The time required for 90 % inactivation (T90) of Delta and Omicron VOC in unfiltered raw wastewater was calculated as 17.7 and 15.3 h, respectively. Rapid inactivation of VOC in wastewater and inability to isolate SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater suggest risks from fecal-aerosol transmission are low. Nevertheless, high transmissibility of VOC cautions overruling fecal-aerosol transmission of COVID-19. Future studies on survival of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater should attempt viral culture by spiking feces collected from COVID-19 infected patients into wastewater to match the real-world scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samendra P Sherchan
- Organization for Public Health and Environment Management, Lalitpur, Bagmati, Nepal; Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; WEST Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan; Department of Environmental Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Center of Research Excellence in Wastewater-based Epidemiology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States.
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Organization for Public Health and Environment Management, Lalitpur, Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Luisa A Ikner
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; WEST Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; WEST Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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16
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Nguyen QD, Chang SL, Jamerlan CM, Prokopenko M. Measuring unequal distribution of pandemic severity across census years, variants of concern and interventions. Popul Health Metr 2023; 21:17. [PMID: 37899455 PMCID: PMC10613397 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-023-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic stressed public health systems worldwide due to emergence of several highly transmissible variants of concern. Diverse and complex intervention policies deployed over the last years have shown varied effectiveness in controlling the pandemic. However, a systematic analysis and modelling of the combined effects of different viral lineages and complex intervention policies remains a challenge due to the lack of suitable measures of pandemic inequality and nonlinear effects. METHODS Using large-scale agent-based modelling and a high-resolution computational simulation matching census-based demographics of Australia, we carried out a systematic comparative analysis of several COVID-19 pandemic scenarios. The scenarios covered two most recent Australian census years (2016 and 2021), three variants of concern (ancestral, Delta and Omicron), and five representative intervention policies. We introduced pandemic Lorenz curves measuring an unequal distribution of the pandemic severity across local areas. We also quantified pandemic biomodality, distinguishing between urban and regional waves, and measured bifurcations in the effectiveness of interventions. RESULTS We quantified nonlinear effects of population heterogeneity on the pandemic severity, highlighting that (i) the population growth amplifies pandemic peaks, (ii) the changes in population size amplify the peak incidence more than the changes in density, and (iii) the pandemic severity is distributed unequally across local areas. We also examined and delineated the effects of urbanisation on the incidence bimodality, distinguishing between urban and regional pandemic waves. Finally, we quantified and examined the impact of school closures, complemented by partial interventions, and identified the conditions when inclusion of school closures may decisively control the transmission. CONCLUSIONS Public health response to long-lasting pandemics must be frequently reviewed and adapted to demographic changes. To control recurrent waves, mass-vaccination rollouts need to be complemented by partial NPIs. Healthcare and vaccination resources need to be prioritised towards the localities and regions with high population growth and/or high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Dang Nguyen
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheryl L Chang
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christina M Jamerlan
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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17
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Li JX, Liao PL, Wei JCC, Hsu SB, Yeh CJ. A chronological review of COVID-19 case fatality rate and its secular trend and investigation of all-cause mortality and hospitalization during the Delta and Omicron waves in the United States: a retrospective cohort study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1143650. [PMID: 37799149 PMCID: PMC10548482 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than 690 million deaths worldwide. Different results concerning the death rates of the Delta and Omicron variants have been recorded. We aimed to assess the secular trend of case fatality rate (CFR), identify risk factors associated with mortality following COVID-19 diagnosis, and investigate the risks of mortality and hospitalization during Delta and Omicron waves in the United States. Methods This study assessed 2,857,925 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the United States from January 2020, to June 2022. The inclusion criterion was the presence of COVID-19 diagnostic codes in electronic medical record or a positive laboratory test of the SARS-CoV-2. Statistical analysis was bifurcated into two components, longitudinal analysis and comparative analysis. To assess the discrepancies in hospitalization and mortality rates for COVID-19, we identified the prevailing periods for the Delta and Omicron variants. Results Longitudinal analysis demonstrated four sharp surges in the number of deaths and CFR. The CFR was persistently higher in males and older age. The CFR of Black and White remained higher than Asians since January 2022. In comparative analysis, the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality and hospitalization were higher in Delta wave compared to the Omicron wave. Risk of all-cause mortality was found to be greater 14-30 days after a COVID-19 diagnosis, while the likelihood of hospitalization was higher in the first 14 days following a COVID-19 diagnosis in Delta wave compared with Omicron wave. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the cumulative probability of mortality was approximately 2-fold on day 30 in Delta than in Omicron cases (log-rank p < 0.001). The mortality risk ratio between the Delta and Omicron variants was 1.671 (95% Cl 1.615-1.729, log-rank p < 0.001). Delta also had a significantly increased mortality risk over Omicron in all age groups. The CFR of people aged above 80 years was extremely high as 17.33%. Conclusion Male sex and age seemed to be strong and independent risk factors of mortality in COVID-19. The Delta variant appears to cause more hospitalization and death than the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Bai Hsu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yeh
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Jafary F, Joozdani FA, Shahzamani K, Jafari S, Mirhendi H, Ganjalikhany MR. Different aspects in explaining how mutations could affect the binding mechanism of receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in interaction with ACE2. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291210. [PMID: 37682927 PMCID: PMC10490914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During replication, some mutations occur in SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, leading to the emergence of different variants of the virus. The mutations that accrue in different variants of the virus, influence the virus' ability to bind to human cell receptors and ability to evade the human immune system, the rate of viral transmission, and effectiveness of vaccines. Some of these mutations occur in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein that may change the affinity of the virus for the ACE2 receptor. In this study, several in silico techniques, such as MD and SMD simulations, were used to perform comparative studies to deeply understand the effect of mutation on structural and functional details of the interaction of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, with the ACE2 receptor. According to our results, the mutation in the RBD associated with the Omicron variant increase binding affinity of the virus to ACE2 when compared to wild type and Delta variants. We also observed that the flexibility of the spike protein of the Omicron variant was lower than in comparison to other variants. In summary, different mutations in variants of the virus can have an effect on the binding mechanism of the receptor binding domain of the virus with ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Jafary
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzane Abasi Joozdani
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Shahzamani
- Hepatitis Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Jafari
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Ganjalikhany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Flisiak R, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Dobrowolska K, Rorat M, Rogalska M, Kryńska JA, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Czupryna P, Kozielewicz D, Jaroszewicz J, Sikorska K, Bednarska A, Piekarska A, Rzymski P. Change in the Clinical Picture of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 between the Early and Late Period of Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5572. [PMID: 37685639 PMCID: PMC10488127 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the clinical picture of COVID-19 in the initial and later period of Omicron dominance and to identify populations still at risk. A retrospective comparison of the clinical data of 965 patients hospitalized during the early period of Omicron's dominance (EO, January-June 2022) with 897 patients from a later period (LO, July 2022-April 2023) from the SARSTer database was performed. Patients hospitalized during LO, compared to EO, were older, had a better clinical condition on admission, had a lower need for oxygen and mechanical ventilation, had less frequent lung involvement in imaging, and showed much faster clinical improvement. Moreover, the overall mortality during EO was 14%, higher than that in LO-9%. Despite the milder course of the disease, mortality exceeding 15% was similar in both groups among patients with lung involvement. The accumulation of risk factors such as an age of 60+, comorbidities, lung involvement, and oxygen saturation <90% resulted in a constant need for oxygen in 98% of patients, an 8% risk of mechanical ventilation, and a 30% mortality rate in the LO period. Multiple logistic regression revealed lower odds of death during the LO phase. Despite the milder course of infections caused by the currently dominant subvariants, COVID-19 prophylaxis is necessary in people over 60 years of age, especially those with comorbidities, and in the case of pneumonia and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (R.F.); (M.R.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | | | - Marta Rorat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University, 51-149 Wrocław, Poland;
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rogalska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (R.F.); (M.R.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Justyna Anna Kryńska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (R.F.); (M.R.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-809 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-809 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Dorota Kozielewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Jaroszewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Division of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bednarska
- Department of Adult’s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
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20
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Alam MM, Hannan SB, Saikat TA, Limon MBH, Topu MR, Rana MJ, Salauddin A, Bosu S, Rahman MZ. Beta, Delta, and Omicron, Deadliest Among SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Computational Repurposing Approach. Evol Bioinform Online 2023; 19:11769343231182258. [PMID: 37457042 PMCID: PMC10338667 DOI: 10.1177/11769343231182258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been highly susceptible to mutations since its emergence in Wuhan, China, and its subsequent propagation due to containing an RNA as its genome. The emergence of variants with improved transmissibility still poses a grave threat to global health. The spike protein mutation is mainly responsible for higher transmissibility and risk severity. This study retrieved SARS-CoV-2 variants structural and nonstructural proteins (NSPs) sequences from several geographic locations, including Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America. First, multiple sequence alignments with BioEdit and protein homology modeling were performed using the SWISS Model. Then the structure visualization and structural analysis were performed by superimposing against the Wuhan sequence by Pymol to retrieve the RMSD values. Sequence alignment revealed familiar, uncommon regional among variants and, interestingly, a few unique mutations in Beta, Delta, and Omicron. Structural analysis of such unique mutations revealed that they caused structural deviations in Beta, Delta, and Omicron spike proteins. In addition, these variants were more severe in terms of hospitalization, sickness, and higher mortality, which have a substantial relationship with the structural deviations because of those unique mutations. Such evidence provides insight into the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vulnerability toward mutation and their structural and functional deviations, particularly in Beta, Delta, and Omicron, which might be the cause of their broader coverage. This knowledge can help us with regional vaccine strain selection, virus pathogenicity testing, diagnosis, and treatment with more specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Mohammad Mamun Alam, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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21
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Ivachtchenko AV, Ivashchenko AA, Shkil DO, Ivashchenko IA. Aprotinin-Drug against Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11173. [PMID: 37446350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aprotinin (APR) was discovered in 1930. APR is an effective pan-protease inhibitor, a typical "magic shotgun". Until 2007, APR was widely used as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory drug in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries for reduction of bleeding and thus limiting the need for blood transfusion. The ability of APR to inhibit proteolytic activation of some viruses leads to its use as an antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory virus infections. However, due to incompetent interpretation of several clinical trials followed by incredible controversy in the literature, the usage of APR was nearly stopped for a decade worldwide. In 2015-2020, after re-analysis of these clinical trials' data the restrictions in APR usage were lifted worldwide. This review discusses antiviral mechanisms of APR action and summarizes current knowledge and prospective regarding the use of APR treatment for diseases caused by RNA-containing viruses, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, or as a part of combination antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V Ivachtchenko
- ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
| | | | - Dmitrii O Shkil
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
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22
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Lucas PCC, Lorenz C, Florez-Montero GL, Palasio RGS, Portella TP, Monteiro PCM, Yu ALF, Carvalhanas TRMP. Institutional outbreaks of influenza-like illnesses in the state of São Paulo: an analysis of the epidemiological profile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health 2023; 221:142-149. [PMID: 37454404 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to spatiotemporally analyze the profile of influenza-like illness (ILI) outbreaks in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2020 and 2022. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. METHODS Outbreaks of ILI with final diagnoses of COVID-19, influenza, or other respiratory viruses (ORVs) recorded between January 2020 and November 2022, obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN NET) Outbreak module, were analyzed. Kernel density estimates and Getis-Ord Gi∗ statistics were performed to identify spatial clusters. RESULTS A total of 13,314 ILI outbreaks were identified, involving 130,568 cases and 2649 deaths. Of these, 104,399 (80%) were confirmed as COVID-19, 15,861 (12%) were confirmed as ORV, and 10,308 (8%) were confirmed as influenza. The year 2021 had the highest number of outbreaks and cases. Schools recorded the most outbreaks and cases, followed by long-term care facilities for older adults (LTCs). The highest average number of cases per outbreak and the highest attack rates occurred at social gatherings and prisons. Prisoners were three times more likely to contract COVID-19 during outbreaks than people in other institutions. The highest hospitalization and mortality rates for all virus types occurred in the LTC group. The occurrence and intensity of outbreaks were highly heterogeneous among the different institutions after the introduction of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in the state. CONCLUSIONS ILI outbreaks were not randomly distributed; they clustered in specific areas. Transmissibility varied among different institutions with different responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. These results can be used as a basis for prioritizing actions and allocating resources during future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C C Lucas
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Lorenz
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - G L Florez-Montero
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R G S Palasio
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T P Portella
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P C M Monteiro
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L F Yu
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T R M P Carvalhanas
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Palalay H, Vyas R, Tafuto B. Real-world effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly during the Delta and Omicron variants: Systematic review. World J Meta-Anal 2023; 11:167-180. [PMID: 37575964 PMCID: PMC10421623 DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v11.i5.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 31 December 2022, there were over 6.6 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths and over 651 million cases across 200 countries worldwide. Despite the increase in vaccinations and booster shots, COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to remain high. While the effectiveness of these vaccines has already been established by different manufacturers, the fact remains that these vaccines were created quickly for global emergency use, tested under controlled clinical conditions from voluntary subjects and age groups whose general characteristics may differ from the actual general population. AIM To conduct a systematic review to determine the real-world effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly during the predominance of Delta and Omicron variants in preventing COVID-19 related infection, hospital, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and intubation, and death. METHODS A combination of Medical Subject Headings and non-Medical Subject Headings was carried out to identify all relevant research articles that meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria from PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, as well as qualified research studies from pre-print servers using medRxiv and Research Square, published from January 1, 2021 - December 31, 2022. RESULTS As per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were evaluated from an estimated total study population of 26,535,692 using infection, hospital, ICU admission and intubation, and death as outcome measures from studies published between 2021 and 2022, conducted in New York, Finland, Canada, Costa Rica, Qatar, Greece, and Brazil. The risk of bias was evaluated using risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. While clinical trial data on Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines demonstrated 94% vaccine effectiveness in the elderly, the results in this study showed that vaccine effectiveness in real-world settings is marginally lower against infection (40%-89%), hospitalization (92%), ICU admission and intubation (98%-85%), and death (77%-87%) with an indication of diminished effectiveness of vaccine over time. Furthermore, 2 doses of mRNA vaccines are inadequate and only provides interim protection. CONCLUSION Because of the natural diminishing effectiveness of the vaccine, the need for booster dose to restore its efficacy is vital. From a research perspective, the use of highly heterogeneous outcome measures inhibits the comparison, contrast, and integration of the results which makes data pooling across different studies problematic. While pharmaceutical intervention like vaccination is important to fight an epidemic, utilizing common outcome measurements or carrying out studies with minimal heterogeneity in outcome measurements, is equally crucial to better understand and respond to an international health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Palalay
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Riddhi Vyas
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Barbara Tafuto
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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24
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Thi Hong Nguyen N, Ou TY, Huy LD, Shih CL, Chang YM, Phan TP, Huang CC. A global analysis of COVID-19 infection fatality rate and its associated factors during the Delta and Omicron variant periods: an ecological study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1145138. [PMID: 37333556 PMCID: PMC10274323 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1145138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is more highly infectious and transmissible than prior variants of concern. It was unclear which factors might have contributed to the alteration of COVID-19 cases and deaths during the Delta and Omicron variant periods. This study aimed to compare the COVID-19 average weekly infection fatality rate (AWIFR), investigate factors associated with COVID-19 AWIFR, and explore the factors linked to the increase in COVID-19 AWIFR between two periods of Delta and Omicron variants. Materials and methods An ecological study has been conducted among 110 countries over the first 12 weeks during two periods of Delta and Omicron variant dominance using open publicly available datasets. Our analysis included 102 countries in the Delta period and 107 countries in the Omicron period. Linear mixed-effects models and linear regression models were used to explore factors associated with the variation of AWIFR over Delta and Omicron periods. Findings During the Delta period, the lower AWIFR was witnessed in countries with better government effectiveness index [β = -0.762, 95% CI (-1.238)-(-0.287)] and higher proportion of the people fully vaccinated [β = -0.385, 95% CI (-0.629)-(-0.141)]. In contrast, a higher burden of cardiovascular diseases was positively associated with AWIFR (β = 0.517, 95% CI 0.102-0.932). Over the Omicron period, while years lived with disability (YLD) caused by metabolism disorders (β = 0.843, 95% CI 0.486-1.2), the proportion of the population aged older than 65 years (β = 0.737, 95% CI 0.237-1.238) was positively associated with poorer AWIFR, and the high proportion of the population vaccinated with a booster dose [β = -0.321, 95% CI (-0.624)-(-0.018)] was linked with the better outcome. Over two periods of Delta and Omicron, the increase in government effectiveness index was associated with a decrease in AWIFR [β = -0.438, 95% CI (-0.750)-(-0.126)]; whereas, higher death rates caused by diabetes and kidney (β = 0.472, 95% CI 0.089-0.855) and percentage of population aged older than 65 years (β = 0.407, 95% CI 0.013-0.802) were associated with a significant increase in AWIFR. Conclusion The COVID-19 infection fatality rates were strongly linked with the coverage of vaccination rate, effectiveness of government, and health burden related to chronic diseases. Therefore, proper policies for the improvement of vaccination coverage and support of vulnerable groups could substantially mitigate the burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thi Hong Nguyen
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Personnel Training Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Tsong-Yih Ou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital-Managed by Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Quality, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital-Managed by Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Le Duc Huy
- Health Personnel Training Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Chung-Liang Shih
- National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Mao Chang
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanh-Phuc Phan
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biotech and Healthcare Management, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- University of Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chung-Chien Huang
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Quality, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital-Managed by Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biotech and Healthcare Management, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Long-Term Care, School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Morniroli D, Vizzari G, Tosi M, Treglia G, Corsello A, Marchisio P, Mosca F, Agostoni C, Giannì ML, Milani GP, Pugni L. Mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8813. [PMID: 37258854 PMCID: PMC10230471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a study to summarize evidence on the risk of mother-to-child transmission in the first 30 days after birth in high-income countries and to evaluate the association between preventive measures and the risk of infection for the neonate. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken following PRISMA guidelines. The National Library of Medicine, Web of Science, and Excerpta Medica databases were screened on February 26, 2022. All prospective observational studies addressing the frequency of infection in infants born to mothers SARS-CoV-2 positive were included. Twenty-six studies were included, reporting data of 2653 mothers with SARS-CoV-2 and 2677 neonates. The proportion meta-analysis pointed out an overall estimate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among infants of 2.3% (95% CI: 1.4-3.2%). Data from studies with (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.8-2) and without (1.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-2.7%) rooming-in provided similar risk of infection. Adopting at least two prevention measures during rooming-in resulted in a rate of mother-to-child infection of 1.0% (95%CI: 0.3-1.7%). The results of this study show a low rate of perinatal infection, support the rooming-in and confirm the effectiveness of preventive measures in reducing the risk of mother-to-child viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morniroli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Vizzari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Tosi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, S.C. Pediatria-Pneumoinfettivologia, Milan, Lombardia, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
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Gao L, Li Y, He P, Chen Z, Yang H, Li F, Zhang S, Wang D, Wang G, Yang S, Gong L, Ding F, Ling M, Wang X, Ci L, Dai L, Gao GF, Huang T, Hu Z, Ying Z, Sun J, Zuo X. Safety and immunogenicity of a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine (ZF2001) in healthy children and adolescents aged 3-17 years in China: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial and an open-label, non-randomised, non-inferiority, phase 2 trial. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:269-279. [PMID: 36803632 PMCID: PMC9937662 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZF2001 is a recombinant protein subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 that has been approved for use in China, Colombia, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan in adults aged 18 years or older, but not yet in children and adolescents younger than 18 years. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ZF2001 in children and adolescents aged 3-17 years in China. METHODS The randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial and the open-label, non-randomised, non-inferiority, phase 2 trial were done at the Xiangtan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Province, China). Healthy children and adolescents aged 3-17 years, without a history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, without a history of COVID-19, without COVID-19 at the time of the study, and without contact with patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 were included in the phase 1 and phase 2 trials. In the phase 1 trial, participants were divided into three groups according to age (3-5 years, 6-11 years, and 12-17 years). Each group was randomly assigned (4:1), using block randomisation with five blocks, each with a block size of five, to receive three 25 μg doses of the vaccine, ZF2001, or placebo intramuscularly in the arm 30 days apart. The participants and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. In the phase 2 trial, participants received three 25 μg doses of ZF2001 30 days apart and remained stratified by age group. For phase 1, the primary endpoint was safety and the secondary endpoint was immunogenicity (humoral immune response on day 30 after the third vaccine dose: geometric mean titre [GMT] of prototype SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies and seroconversion rate, and geometric mean concentration [GMC] of prototype SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain [RBD]-binding IgG antibodies and seroconversion rate). For phase 2, the primary endpoint was the GMT of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies with seroconversion rate on day 14 after the third vaccine dose, and the secondary endpoints included the GMT of RBD-binding antibodies and seroconversion rate on day 14 after the third vaccine dose, the GMT of neutralising antibodies against the omicron BA.2 subvariant and seroconversion rate on day 14 after the third vaccine dose, and safety. Safety was analysed in participants who received at least one dose of the vaccine or placebo. Immunogenicity was analysed in the full-analysis set (ie, participants who received at least one dose and had antibody results) by intention to treat and in the per-protocol set (ie, participants who completed the whole vaccination course and had antibody results). Non-inferiority in the phase 2 trial (neutralising antibody titre of participants from this trial aged 3-17 years vs that of participants aged 18-59 years from a separate phase 3 trial) for clinical outcome assessment was based on the geometric mean ratio (GMR) and was considered met if the lower bound of the 95% CI for the GMR was 0·67 or greater. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04961359 (phase 1) and NCT05109598 (phase 2). FINDINGS Between July 10 and Sept 4, 2021, 75 children and adolescents were randomly assigned to receive ZF2001 (n=60) or placebo (n=15) in the phase 1 trial and were included in safety and immunogenicity analyses. Between Nov 5, 2021, and Feb 14, 2022, 400 participants (130 aged 3-7 years, 210 aged 6-11 years, and 60 aged 12-17 years) were included in the phase 2 trial and were included in the safety analysis; six participants were excluded from the immunogenicity analyses. 25 (42%) of 60 participants in the ZF2001 group and seven (47%) of 15 participants in the placebo group in phase 1, and 179 (45%) of 400 participants in phase 2, had adverse events within 30 days after the third vaccination, without a significant difference between groups in phase 1. Most adverse events were grade 1 or 2 (73 [97%] of 75 in the phase 1 trial, and 391 [98%] of 400 in the phase 2 trial). One participant in the phase 1 trial and three in the phase 2 trial who received ZF2001 had serious adverse events. One serious adverse event (acute allergic dermatitis) in the phase 2 trial was possibly related to the vaccine. In the phase 1 trial, on day 30 after the third dose, in the ZF2001 group, seroconversion of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in 56 (93%; 95% CI 84-98) of 60 participants, with a GMT of 176·5 (95% CI 118·6-262·8), and seroconversion of RBD-binding antibodies was observed in all 60 (100%; 95% CI 94-100) participants, with a GMC of 47·7 IU/mL (95% CI 40·1-56·6). In the phase 2 trial, on day 14 after the third dose, seroconversion of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was seen in 392 (99%; 95% CI 98-100) participants, with a GMT of 245·4 (95% CI 220·0-273·7), and seroconversion of RBD-binding antibodies was observed in all 394 (100%; 99-100) participants, with a GMT of 8021 (7366-8734). On day 14 after the third dose, seroconversion of neutralising antibodies against the omicron subvariant BA.2 was observed in 375 (95%; 95% CI 93-97) of 394 participants, with a GMT of 42·9 (95% CI 37·9-48·5). For the non-inferiority comparison of participants aged 3-17 years with those aged 18-59 years for SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies, the adjusted GMR was 8·6 (95% CI 7·0-10·4), with the lower bound of the GMR greater than 0·67. INTERPRETATION ZF2001 is safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. Vaccine-elicited sera can neutralise the omicron BA.2 subvariant, but with reduced activity. The results support further studies of ZF2001 in children and adolescents. FUNDING Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical and the Excellent Young Scientist Program from National Natural Science Foundation of China. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng He
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Xiangtan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiangtan, China
| | - Guangyan Wang
- Xiangtan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiangtan, China
| | - Shilong Yang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Lihui Gong
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyu Ling
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Xilu Wang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Leilei Ci
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Ying
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Zuo
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China.
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Bostanci A, Gazi U, Tosun O, Suer K, Unal Evren E, Evren H, Sanlidag T. Long-COVID-19 in Asymptomatic, Non-Hospitalized, and Hospitalized Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072613. [PMID: 37048697 PMCID: PMC10095523 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors continue to suffer from long-COVID-19 (LC) symptoms. Our study aimed to determine the risk factors for LC by using a patient population from Northern Cyprus. Subjects who were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in our university hospital were invited and asked to fill in an online questionnaire. Data from 296 survivors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection at least 28 days prior the study was used in the statistical analysis. For determination of risk factors for “ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (OSC)” and “Post-COVID-19 (PSC)” syndromes, the patient population was further divided into group 1 (Gr1) and group 2 (Gr2), that included survivors who were diagnosed with COVID-19 within 4-12 weeks and at least three months prior the study, respectively. The number of people with post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection was 266 (89.9%). B.1.617.2 (Delta) (41.9%) was the most common SARS-CoV-2 variant responsible for the infections, followed by BA.1 (Omicron) (34.8%), B.1.1.7 (Alpha) (15.5%), and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (7.8%). One-hundred-and-nineteen volunteers (40.2%) stated an increased frequency of COVID-19-related symptoms and experienced the symptoms in the week prior to the study. Of those, 81 (38.8%) and 38 (43.7%) were from Gr1 and Gr2 groups, respectively. Female gender, chronic illness, and symptomatic status at PCR testing were identified as risk factors for developing OSC syndrome, while only the latter showed a similar association with PSC symptoms. Our results also suggested that ongoing and persistent COVID-19-related symptoms are not influenced by the initial viral cycle threshold (Ct) values of the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 variant as well as vaccination status and type prior to COVID-19. Therefore, strategies other than vaccination are needed to combat the long-term effect of COVID-19, especially after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their possible economic burden on healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Bostanci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
| | - Ozgur Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Kaya Suer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Emine Unal Evren
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia 99320, Cyprus
| | - Hakan Evren
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia 99320, Cyprus
| | - Tamer Sanlidag
- DESAM Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
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Hu F, Jia Y, Zhao D, Fu X, Zhang W, Tang W, Hu S, Wu H, Ge M, Du W, Shen W, Zhu B, Chen H. Clinical outcomes of the SARS-cov-2 omicron and delta variant: systematic review and meta-analysis of 33 studies covering 6,037,144 COVID-19 positive patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023:S1198-743X(23)00133-7. [PMID: 36934872 PMCID: PMC10023211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is considered to induce less severe disease, there have been no consistent results on the extent of the decrease in severity. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients with Omicron and Delta variant infection. DATA SOURCES Searches were implemented up to 8 November 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, BioRvix, and MedRvix. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Eligible studies were cohort studies reporting the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients with omicron and delta variant infection, including hospitalization, ICU admission, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and death. PARTICIPANTS COVID-19 positive patients with Omicron and Delta variant infection. Assessment of risk of bias: Risk of bias was assessed employing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Methods of data synthesis: Random-effect models were employed to pool the Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare the risk of clinical outcome. I2 was employed to evaluate heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS A total of 33 studies with 6,037,144 COVID-19 positive patients were included in this meta-analysis. In the general population of COVID-19 positive, compared to Delta, Omicron variant infection resulted in a decreased risk of hospitalization (10.24% Vs 4.14%, OR=2.91, 95%CI=2.35-3.60), ICU admission (3.67% Vs 0.48%, OR=3.64, 95%CI=2.63-5.04), receiving IMV (3.93% Vs 0.34%, OR=3.11, 95%CI=1.76-5.50), and death (2.40% Vs 0.46%, OR=2.97, 95%CI=2.17-4.08). In the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 positive, compared to Delta, Omicron variant infection resulted in a decreased risk of ICU admission (20.70% Vs 12.90%, OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.32-2.02), receiving IMV (10.90% Vs 5.80%, OR=1.65, 95%CI=1.28-2.14), and death (10.72% Vs 7.10%, OR=1.44, 95%CI=1.22-1.71). DISCUSSION Compared to Delta, the severity of Omicron variant infection decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Hu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yijie Jia
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Danyan Zhao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuelei Fu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Tang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengwei Ge
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Du
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wangqin Shen
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, And Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, China.
| | - Honglin Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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29
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Kawaura F, Kishi T, Yamamoto T, Nakayama S, Goto T, Tsurusawa R, Katagiri T, Yamanouchi K, Matsuo A, Kobayashi-Watanabe N, Imamura T, Hirooka Y, Takagi K, Umemura T, Fujimoto K, Hayashi S, Takamori A. Age distribution and disease severity of COVID-19 patients continued to change in a time-dependent manner from May 2021 to April 2022 in the regional core hospital in Japan. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:60-65. [PMID: 36843034 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The present retrospective study aimed to examine the real-world data regarding time-dependent changes in the age distribution of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as the severity and infectivity in a regional core hospital in Japan. Patients with COVID-19 who visited the fever outpatient branch in Takagi Hospital during phase I (May 1 to December 31, 2021), and during phase II (January 1 to April 30, 2022) were evaluated. The age distribution of outpatients and the characteristics of inpatients aged > 75 years were compared between phases I and II. The age distribution of outpatients shifted from the older generation in phase I to the younger generation in phase II (p < 0.01). Disease severity might be reduced in a time-dependent manner with a decrease in the hospitalization rate (phase I: 145/368 (39.4%); phase II: 104/1496 (7.0%); p < 0.01) and mortality rate (phase I: 10/368 (2.7%); phase II: 7/1496 (0.5%); p < 0.01). The number of patients increased in phase II (374.0/month) compared to that in phase I (36.8/month). Regarding the older inpatients, the disease severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization days were reduced in phase II compared to those in phase I (p < 0.01, each). In conclusion, the present study suggests a change in the age distribution of patients with COVID-19, a decrease in toxicity, and an increase in infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Kawaura
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Kishi
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Shiki Nakayama
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Taku Goto
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Katagiri
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamanouchi
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomohiro Imamura
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirooka
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Takagi
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Tsukuru Umemura
- The Kouhou-kai Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | - Kazuma Fujimoto
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Takamori
- Clinical Research Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
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30
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Matthies A, Trauer M, Chopra K, Jarman RD. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasound for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 2023; 40:407-417. [PMID: 36868811 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2021-212092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care (POC) lung ultrasound (LUS) is widely used in the emergency setting and there is an established evidence base across a range of respiratory diseases, including previous viral epidemics. The necessity for rapid testing combined with the limitations of other diagnostic tests has led to the proposal of various potential roles for LUS during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused specifically on the diagnostic accuracy of LUS in adult patients presenting with suspected COVID-19 infection. METHODS Traditional and grey-literature searches were performed on 1 June 2021. Two authors independently carried out the searches, selected studies and completed the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). Meta-analysis was carried out using established open-source packages in R. We report overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve for LUS. Heterogeneity was determined using the I2 statistic. RESULTS Twenty studies were included, published between October 2020 and April 2021, providing data from a total of 4314 patients. The prevalence and admission rates were generally high across all studies. Overall, LUS was found to be 87.2% sensitive (95% CI 83.6 to 90.2) and 69.5% specific (95% CI 62.2 to 72.5) and demonstrated overall positive and negative likelihood ratios of 3.0 (95% CI 2.3 to 4.1) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.22), respectively. Separate analyses for each reference standard revealed similar sensitivities and specificities for LUS. Heterogeneity was found to be high across the studies. Overall, the quality of studies was low with a high risk of selection bias due to convenience sampling. There were also applicability concerns because all studies were undertaken during a period of high prevalence. CONCLUSION During a period of high prevalence, LUS had a sensitivity of 87% for the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. However, more research is required to confirm these results in more generalisable populations, including those less likely to be admitted to hospital. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021250464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Matthies
- Emergency Department, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK .,School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Michael Trauer
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Emergency Department, Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karl Chopra
- Emergency Department, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Robert David Jarman
- Accident and Emergency Department, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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31
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Aditya RS, Yusuf A, Alrazeeni DM, Almutairi RL, Solikhah FK, Rahmatika QT, Kotijah S. “We are Tired but Do Not Give Up” the Dilemma and Challenges of Primary Nurses Facing the Omicron Variant: Qualitative Research. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:797-809. [PMID: 37006344 PMCID: PMC10065016 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s404177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Everyone becomes aware due to the epidemic, especially primary department nurses. The significance of their experiences teaches nurses how to take care of themselves and be successful in their caregiving. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of nurses working in primary care settings in rural regions during the omicron variant pandemic. Methods On the basis of the Nvivo 12 analytic approach, extensive semi-structured interviews were used to perform this qualitative study. 20 interviews later, data saturation had been reached. Data collecting was place from February to March 2022 for a month. The following participant characteristics were discovered through semi-structured interviews with 20 nurse participants. Ages of the participants, who were split between eight men and twelve women, varied from 28 to 43 years (average age 36.4 years). The majority (75% of them) had a vocational education, and their years of experience ranged from five to fifteen (average 11 years). Results 4 topics and 7 sub-themes' results. The results' fundamental message is: The Nursing Clinical Practice Dilemma, school district, virus type uncertainty Indigenous peoples do not adhere to the concept of the afterlife. Must Be Excited and Alert; School Cluster; Virus Type Confusion; Non-Belief in Covid; and the Dilemma of Nursing in Clinical Practice are the Overarching Themes of This Study. Conclusion Making innovations to increase motivation thereby reducing mental and physical fatigue are the implications of the results of this study. Further exploration of the readiness of nurses to treat patients in the main department is believed to be beneficial for the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronal Surya Aditya
- Department of Public Health, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ah Yusuf
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Ah Yusuf, Email
| | | | - Reem Lafi Almutairi
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Informatics, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Siti Kotijah
- Department of Nursing, Universitas Bina Sehat PPNI, Mojokerto, Indonesia
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32
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de Menezes MT, Moreira FRR, Whittaker C, Santos FM, Queiroz DC, Geddes V, Fonseca PLC, de Jesus JG, Mendes-Oliveira F, Reis-Souza V, Santos B, Zauli DAG, de Lima AB, de Brito Mendonça C, Alvim LB, do Prado Silva J, Malta FSV, de Souza Ferreira AC, Faria NR, Sabino EC, Aguiar RS. Dynamics of Early Establishment of SARS-CoV-2 VOC Omicron Lineages in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:585. [PMID: 36851799 PMCID: PMC9962645 DOI: 10.3390/v15020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the nations most affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The introduction and establishment of new virus variants can be related to an increase in cases and fatalities. The emergence of Omicron, the most modified SARS-CoV-2 variant, caused alarm for the public health of Brazil. In this study, we examined the effects of the Omicron introduction in Minas Gerais (MG), the second-most populous state of Brazil. A total of 430 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) samples from November 2021 to June 2022 from Belo Horizonte (BH) city were sequenced. These newly sequenced genomes comprise 72% of all previously available SARS-CoV-2 genomes for the city. Evolutionary analysis of novel viral genomes reveals that a great diversity of Omicron sublineages have circulated in BH, a pattern in-keeping with observations across Brazil more generally. Bayesian phylogeographic reconstructions indicate that this diversity is a product of a large number of international and national importations. As observed previously, São Paulo state is shown as a significant hub for viral spread throughout the country, contributing to around 70% of all viral Omicron introductions detected in MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Talon de Menezes
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Franciele Martins Santos
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Daniel Costa Queiroz
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Victor Geddes
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Góes de Jesus
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
| | - Franciane Mendes-Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
| | - Valquíria Reis-Souza
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Brito de Lima
- Pardini Group, Research and Development Department, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | | | - Luige Biciati Alvim
- Pardini Group, Research and Development Department, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Joice do Prado Silva
- Pardini Group, Research and Development Department, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
- D’OR Institute of Research and Teaching, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Saini S, Khurana S, Saini D, Rajput S, Thakur CJ, Singh J, Jaswal A, Kapoor Y, Kumar V, Saini A. In silico analysis of genomic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant of concerns (Delta and Omicron) reveals changes in the coding potential of miRNAs and their target genes. Gene X 2023; 853:147097. [PMID: 36470485 PMCID: PMC9721428 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 related morbidities and mortalities are still continued due to the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2. In the last few years, viral miRNAs have been the centre of study to understand the disease pathophysiology. In this work, we aimed to predict the change in coding potential of the viral miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2's VOCs, Delta and Omicron compared to the Reference (Wuhan origin) strain using bioinformatics tools. After ab-intio based screening by the Vmir tool and validation, we retrieved 22, 6, and 6 pre-miRNAs for Reference, Delta, and Omicron. Most of the predicted unique pre-miRNAs of Delta and Omicron were found to be encoded from the terminal and origin of the genomic sequence, respectively. Mature miRNAs identified by MatureBayes from the unique pre-miRNAs were used for target identification using miRDB. A total of 1786, 216, and 143 high-confidence target genes were captured for GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis. The GO and KEGG pathways terms analysis revealed the involvement of Delta miRNAs targeted genes in the pathways such as Human cytomegalovirus infection, Breast cancer, Apoptosis, Neurotrophin signaling, and Axon guidance whereas the Sphingolipid signaling pathway was found for the Omicron. Furthermore, we focussed our analysis on target genes that were validated through GEO's (Gene Expression Omnibus) DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) dataset, in which FGL2, TNSF12, OGN, GDF11, and BMP11 target genes were found to be down-regulated by Reference miRNAs and YAE1 and RSU1 by Delta. Few genes were also observed to be validated among in up-regulated gene set of the GEO dataset, in which MMP14, TNFRSF21, SGMS1, and TMEM192 were related to Reference whereas ZEB2 was detected in all three strains. This study thus provides an in-silico based analysis that deciphered the unique pre-miRNAs in Delta and Omicron compared to Reference. However, the findings need future wet lab studies for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Saini
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India,Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India,Corresponding authors at: Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India (S. Saini)
| | - Savi Khurana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Dikshant Saini
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Saru Rajput
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Chander Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Jeevisha Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Akanksha Jaswal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Yogesh Kapoor
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Varinder Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India,Corresponding authors at: Department of Bioinformatics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India (S. Saini)
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Kale A, Shelke V, Dagar N, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. How to use COVID-19 antiviral drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1053814. [PMID: 36843922 PMCID: PMC9947246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1053814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir (Veklury), Nirmatrelvir with Ritonavir (Paxlovid), Azvudine, and Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) can reduce the risk for severe and fatal Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Although chronic kidney disease is a highly prevalent risk factor for severe and fatal COVID-19, most clinical trials with these drugs excluded patients with impaired kidney function. Advanced CKD is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency (SIDKD), which increases the susceptibility to severe COVID-19, COVID-19 complications, and the risk of hospitalization and mortality among COVID-19 patients. The risk to develop COVID-19 related acute kidney injury is higher in patients with precedent CKD. Selecting appropriate therapies for COVID-19 patients with impaired kidney function is a challenge for healthcare professionals. Here, we discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of COVID-19-related antiviral drugs with a focus on their potential use and dosing in COVID-19 patients with different stages of CKD. Additionally, we describe the adverse effects and precautions to be taken into account when using these antivirals in COVID-19 patients with CKD. Lastly, we also discuss about the use of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 patients with kidney disease and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vishwadeep Shelke
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Dagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India,*Correspondence: Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad,
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Gomes da Silva P, Gonçalves J, Torres Franco A, Rodriguez E, Diaz I, Orduña Domingo A, Garcinuño Pérez S, March Roselló GA, Dueñas Gutiérrez CJ, São José Nascimento M, Sousa SI, Garcia Encina P, Mesquita JR. Environmental Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 in a University Hospital during the COVID-19 5th Wave Delta Variant Peak in Castile-León, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1574. [PMID: 36674328 PMCID: PMC9866319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The dominant SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) became the main circulating variant among countries by mid 2021. Attention was raised to the increased risk of airborne transmission, leading to nosocomial outbreaks even among vaccinated individuals. Considering the increased number of COVID-19 hospital admissions fueled by the spread of the variant, with Spain showing the highest COVID-19 rates in mainland Europe by July 2021, the aim of this study was to assess SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination in different areas of a University Hospital in the region of Castile-León, Spain, during the peak of the 5th wave of COVID-19 in the country (July 2021). Air samples were collected from sixteen different areas of the Hospital using a Coriolis® μ air sampler. Surface samples were collected in these same areas using sterile flocked plastic swabs. RNA extraction followed by a one-step RT-qPCR were performed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the 21 air samples, only one was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, from the emergency waiting room. Of the 40 surface samples, 2 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, both from the microbiology laboratory. These results may be relevant for risk assessment of nosocomial infection within healthcare facilities, thus helping prevent and minimize healthcare staff's exposure to SARS-CoV-2, reinforcing the importance of always wearing appropriate and well-fit masks at all times and proper PPE when in contact with infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Gonçalves
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina S/N., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrés Torres Franco
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina S/N., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodriguez
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina S/N., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Israel Diaz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina S/N., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña Domingo
- Microbiology Service, Valladolid University Clinical Hospital (HCUV), Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Jesús Dueñas Gutiérrez
- Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Valladolid University Clinical Hospital (HCUV), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Sofia I.V. Sousa
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Garcia Encina
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina S/N., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - João R. Mesquita
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 1800-412 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Shen Q. Research of mortality risk prediction based on hospital admission data for COVID-19 patients. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:5333-5351. [PMID: 36896548 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to spread across the world and causes hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, medical institutions around the world keep facing a crisis of medical runs and shortages of medical resources. In order to study how to effectively predict whether there are risks of death in patients, a variety of machine learning models have been used to learn and predict the clinical demographics and physiological indicators of COVID-19 patients in the United States of America. The results show that the random forest model has the best performance in predicting the risk of death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, as the COVID-19 patients' mean arterial pressures, ages, C-reactive protein tests' values, values of blood urea nitrogen and their clinical troponin values are the most important implications for their risk of death. Healthcare organizations can use the random forest model to predict the risks of death based on data from patients admitted to a hospital due to COVID-19, or to stratify patients admitted to a hospital due to COVID-19 based on the five key factors this can optimize the diagnosis and treatment process by appropriately arranging ventilators, the intensive care unit and doctors, thus promoting the efficient use of limited medical resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare organizations can also establish databases of patient physiological indicators and use similar strategies to deal with other pandemics that may occur in the future, as well as save more lives threatened by infectious diseases. Governments and people also need to take action to prevent possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shen
- Department of Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, Xi'an 710100, China
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Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya M, Nag S, Dhama K, Chakraborty C. A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:167. [PMID: 36680207 PMCID: PMC9866114 DOI: 10.3390/v15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all the previously emerged variants. The numerous mutations in Omicron's viral genome and its sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of viral fitness, owing to the alteration of the transmission and pathophysiology of the virus. With a rapid change to the viral structure, Omicron and its sub-variants, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5, dominate the community with an ability to escape the neutralization efficiency induced by prior vaccination or infections. Similarly, several recombinant sub-variants of Omicron, namely XBB, XBD, and XBF, etc., have emerged, which a better understanding. This review mainly entails the changes to Omicron and its sub-lineages due to it having a higher number of mutations. The binding affinity, cellular entry, disease severity, infection rates, and most importantly, the immune evading potential of them are discussed in this review. A comparative analysis of the Delta variant and the other dominating variants that evolved before Omicron gives the readers an in-depth understanding of the landscape of Omicron's transmission and infection. Furthermore, this review discusses the range of neutralization abilities possessed by several approved antiviral therapeutic molecules and neutralizing antibodies which are functional against Omicron and its sub-variants. The rapid evolution of the sub-variants is causing infections, but the broader aspect of their transmission and neutralization has not been explored. Thus, the scientific community should adopt an elucidative approach to obtain a clear idea about the recently emerged sub-variants, including the recombinant variants, so that effective neutralization with vaccines and drugs can be achieved. This, in turn, will lead to a drop in the number of cases and, finally, an end to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
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Chang SL, Nguyen QD, Martiniuk A, Sintchenko V, Sorrell TC, Prokopenko M. Persistence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Australia: The impact of fluctuating social distancing. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001427. [PMID: 37068078 PMCID: PMC10109475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We modelled emergence and spread of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Australia between December 2021 and June 2022. This pandemic stage exhibited a diverse epidemiological profile with emergence of co-circulating sub-lineages of Omicron, further complicated by differences in social distancing behaviour which varied over time. Our study delineated distinct phases of the Omicron-associated pandemic stage, and retrospectively quantified the adoption of social distancing measures, fluctuating over different time periods in response to the observable incidence dynamics. We also modelled the corresponding disease burden, in terms of hospitalisations, intensive care unit occupancy, and mortality. Supported by good agreement between simulated and actual health data, our study revealed that the nonlinear dynamics observed in the daily incidence and disease burden were determined not only by introduction of sub-lineages of Omicron, but also by the fluctuating adoption of social distancing measures. Our high-resolution model can be used in design and evaluation of public health interventions during future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl L Chang
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Quang Dang Nguyen
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Gu L, Lou L, Zhang J, Zhang K. The clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in patients with COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1061879. [PMID: 36619998 PMCID: PMC9817148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under the wave of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant Omicron epidemic, the number of infectious cases has increased dramatically in Jilin Province, China since March 2022.The clinical features and severity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in tuberculosis (TB) patients are not yet clear. Methods Data were obtained from 153 patients with the Omicron variant and TB coinfection and 153 non-TB COVID-19 patients who had been hospitalized at Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital from March to June 2022. Results Among these coinfection patients, 17 patients showed COVID-19-related pneumonia on chest imaging and 11 were diagnosed with severe COVID-19. The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 clearance was 13 days. The negative conversion time was associated with age, COVID-19-related pneumonia and antibody IgG. A higher white blood cell count, a lower lymphocyte percentage, a higher CRP level, and a higher D-dimer level were found in the severe group. Age and increased PCT were individual risk factors for the severity of COVID-19. Compared with the non-TB patients, the coinfection patients had higher severity of COVID-19 and the elder coinfection patients had a longer negative conversion time. Conclusion This study found an association between age, pneumonia, antibody IgG and RNA negative conversion time in COVID-19 and TB coinfection patients, and age and increased PCT were risk factors for the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Pathogen Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Gu
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixin Lou
- Center of Infectious Disease and Pathogen Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun, China,Jian Zhang,
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Pathogen Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Kaiyu Zhang,
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Khedar RS, Gupta R, Sharma K, Mittal K, Ambaliya HC, Gupta JB, Singh S, Sharma S, Singh Y, Mathur A. Biomarkers and outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a prospective registry. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067430. [PMID: 36521904 PMCID: PMC9755908 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine association of biomarkers-high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), D-dimer, interleukin-6 (IL-6), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)-at hospitalisation with outcomes in COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING Tertiary-care hospital based prospective registry. PARTICIPANTS Successive virologically confirmed patients with COVID-19 hospitalised from April 2020 to July 2021 were prospectively recruited. Details of clinical presentation, investigations, management and outcomes were obtained. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES All biomarkers were divided into tertiles to determine associations with clinical features and outcomes. Primary outcome was all-cause deaths and secondary outcome was oxygen requirement, non-invasive and invasive ventilation, dialysis, duration of stay in ICU and hospital. Numerical data are presented in median and interquartile range (IQR 25-75). Univariate and multivariate (age, sex, risk factors, comorbidities, treatments) ORs and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS 3036 virologically confirmed patients with COVID-19 were detected and 1251 hospitalised. Men were 70.0%, aged >60 years 44.8%, hypertension 44.1%, diabetes 39.6% and cardiovascular disease 18.9%. Median symptom duration was 5 days (IQR 4-7) and oxygen saturation 95% (90%-97%). Total white cell count was 6.9×109/L (5.0-9.8), neutrophils 79.2% (68.1%-88.2%), lymphocytes 15.8% (8.7%-25.5%) and creatinine 0.93 mg/dL (0.78-1.22). Median (IQR) for biomarkers were hsCRP 6.9 mg/dL (2.2-18.9), D-dimer 464 ng/dL (201-982), IL-6 20.1 ng/dL (6.5-60.4), LDH 284 mg/dL (220-396) and ferritin 351 mg/dL (159-676). Oxygen support at admission was in 38.6%, subsequent non-invasive or invasive ventilatory support in 11.0% and 11.6%, and haemodialysis in 38 (3.1%). 173 (13.9%) patients died and 15 (1.2%) transferred to hospice care. For each biomarker, compared with the first, those in the second and third tertiles had more clinical and laboratory abnormalities, and oxygen, ventilatory and dialysis support. Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for deaths in second and third versus first tertiles, respectively, were hsCRP 2.24 (1.11 to 4.50) and 12.56 (6.76 to 23.35); D-dimer 3.44 (1.59 to 7.44) and 14.42 (7.09 to 29.30); IL-6 2.56 (1.13 to 5.10) and 10.85 (5.82 to 20.22); ferritin 2.88 (1.49 to 5.58) and 8.19 (4.41 to 15.20); LDH 1.75 (0.81 to 3.75) and 9.29 (4.75 to 18.14); and NLR 3.47 (1.68 to 7.14) and 17.71 (9.12 to 34.39) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION High levels of biomarkers-hsCRP, D-dimer, IL-6, LDH, ferritin and NLR-in COVID-19 are associated with more severe illness and higher in-hospital mortality. NLR, a widely available investigation, provides information similar to more expensive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghubir Singh Khedar
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Academic & Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishnakumar Sharma
- Pharmacology, Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kartik Mittal
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harshad C Ambaliya
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jugal B Gupta
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Laboratory Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Microbiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Alok Mathur
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Seizures in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical and Neurophysiological Characterization. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121923. [PMID: 36553366 PMCID: PMC9777450 DOI: 10.3390/children9121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may present with a wide variety of symptoms, including neurological manifestations. We investigated clinical, demographic, laboratory, neurophysiological and imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-positive children with seizures and analyzed differences between children admitted during the periods with prevalent circulation of the Alpha/Delta and Omicron variants, respectively. Patients' characteristics were analyzed according to the presence or absence of seizures and then according to the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Five-hundred and four SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were included: 93 (18.4%) with seizures and 411 (81.6%) without. Patients with seizures were older, had more commonly an underlying epilepsy and had more frequently altered C-reactive protein than those without seizures. Electroencephalography was abnormal in 5/38 cases. According to the SARS-CoV-2 variant, seizures were recorded in 4.7% of the total number of hospitalized patients during the Alpha/Delta period, and in 16.9% of patients admitted during the Omicron period. During the Alpha/Delta variants, seizures were more commonly observed in patients with epilepsy compared to those observed during the Omicron period. Our findings suggest that although SARS-CoV-2 may potentially trigger seizures, they are generally not severe and do not require intensive care admission.
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Du M, Ma Y, Deng J, Liu M, Liu J. Comparison of Long COVID-19 Caused by Different SARS-CoV-2 Strains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316010. [PMID: 36498103 PMCID: PMC9736973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies of long COVID-19 were reported, there was a lack of systematic research which assessed the differences of long COVID-19 in regard to what unique SARS-CoV-2 strains caused it. As such, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the characteristics of long COVID-19 that is caused by different SARS-CoV-2 strains. We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect databases in order to find cohort studies of long COVID-19 as defined by the WHO (Geneva, Switzerland). The main outcomes were in determining the percentages of long COVID-19 among patients who were infected with different SARS-CoV-2 strains. Further, this study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022339964). A total of 51 studies with 33,573 patients was included, of which three studies possessed the Alpha and Delta variants, and five studies possessed the Omicron variant. The highest pooled estimate of long COVID-19 was found in the CT abnormalities (60.5%; 95% CI: 40.4%, 80.6%) for the wild-type strain; fatigue (66.1%; 95% CI: 42.2%, 89.9%) for the Alpha variant; and ≥1 general symptoms (28.4%; 95% CI: 7.9%, 49.0%) for the Omicron variant. The pooled estimates of ≥1 general symptoms (65.8%; 95% CI: 47.7%, 83.9%) and fatigue were the highest symptoms found among patients infected with the Alpha variant, followed by the wild-type strain, and then the Omicron variant. The pooled estimate of myalgia was highest among patients infected with the Omicron variant (11.7%; 95%: 8.3%, 15.1%), compared with those infected with the wild-type strain (9.4%; 95%: 6.3%, 12.5%). The pooled estimate of sleep difficulty was lowest among the patients infected with the Delta variant (2.5%; 95%: 0.2%, 4.9%) when compared with those infected with the wild-type strain (24.5%; 95%: 17.5%, 31.5%) and the Omicron variant (18.7%; 95%: 1.0%, 36.5%). The findings of this study suggest that there is no significant difference between long COVID-19 that has been caused by different strains, except in certain general symptoms (i.e., in the Alpha or Omicron variant) and in sleep difficulty (i.e., the wild-type strain). In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its emerging variants, directing more attention to long COVID-19 that is caused by unique strains, as well as implementing targeted intervention measures to address it are vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yirui Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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Preceding anti-spike IgG levels predicted risk and severity of COVID-19 during the Omicron-dominant wave in Santa Fe city, Argentina. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e187. [PMID: 36325837 PMCID: PMC9947048 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has increased infectivity and immune escape compared with previous variants, and caused the surge of massive COVID-19 waves globally. Despite a vast majority (~90%) of the population of Santa Fe city, Argentina had been vaccinated and/or had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 when Omicron emerged, the epidemic wave that followed its arrival was by far the largest one experienced in the city. A serosurvey conducted prior to the arrival of Omicron allowed to assess the acquired humoral defences preceding the wave and to conduct a longitudinal study to provide individual-level real-world data linking antibody levels and protection against COVID-19 during the wave. A very large proportion of 1455 sampled individuals had immunological memory against COVID-19 at the arrival of Omicron (almost 90%), and about half (48.9%) had high anti-spike immunoglobulin G levels (>200 UI/ml). However, the antibody titres varied greatly among the participants, and such variability depended mainly on the vaccine platform received, on having had COVID-19 previously and on the number of days elapsed since last antigen exposure (vaccine shot or natural infection). A follow-up of 514 participants provided real-world evidence of antibody-mediated protection against COVID-19 during a period of high risk of exposure to an immune-escaping highly transmissible variant. Pre-wave antibody titres were strongly negatively associated with COVID-19 incidence and severity of symptoms during the wave. Also, receiving a vaccine shot during the follow-up period reduced the COVID-19 risk drastically (15-fold). These results highlight the importance of maintaining high defences through vaccination at times of high risk of exposure to immune-escaping variants.
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Rusňáková D, Sedláčková T, Radvák P, Böhmer M, Mišenko P, Budiš J, Bokorová S, Lipková N, Forgáčová-Jakúbková M, Sládeček T, Sitarčík J, Krampl W, Gažiová M, Kaliňáková A, Staroňová E, Tichá E, Vrábľová T, Ševčíková L, Kotvasová B, Maďarová L, Feiková S, Beňová K, Reizigová L, Onderková Z, Ondrušková D, Loderer D, Škereňová M, Danková Z, Janíková K, Halašová E, Nováková E, Turňa J, Szemes T. Systematic Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus on Illumina Sequencing Platforms in the Slovak Republic-One Year Experience. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112432. [PMID: 36366530 PMCID: PMC9697771 DOI: 10.3390/v14112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore a genomic pool of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the pandemic, the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic formed a genomics surveillance workgroup, and the Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic launched a systematic national epidemiological surveillance using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Six out of seven genomic centers implementing Illumina sequencing technology were involved in the national SARS-CoV-2 virus sequencing program. Here we analyze a total of 33,024 SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected from the Slovak population from 1 March 2021, to 31 March 2022, that were sequenced and analyzed in a consistent manner. Overall, 28,005 out of 30,793 successfully sequenced samples met the criteria to be deposited in the global GISAID database. During this period, we identified four variants of concern (VOC)-Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). In detail, we observed 165 lineages in our dataset, with dominating Alpha, Delta and Omicron in three major consecutive incidence waves. This study aims to describe the results of a routine but high-level SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance program. Our study of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in collaboration with the Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic also helped to inform the public about the epidemiological situation during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rusňáková
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Sedláčková
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Radvák
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Böhmer
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Mišenko
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budiš
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Bokorová
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Tomáš Sládeček
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Sitarčík
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Werner Krampl
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Anna Kaliňáková
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Edita Staroňová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Tichá
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Vrábľová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Ševčíková
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kotvasová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovakia, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Maďarová
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Banská Bystrica, 975 56 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Feiková
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Banská Bystrica, 975 56 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Beňová
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Trenčín, 911 01 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Reizigová
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Trenčín, 911 01 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Onderková
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dorota Ondrušková
- Regional Public Health Authority with the Seat in Košice, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Loderer
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jesseniuss Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mária Škereňová
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jesseniuss Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Danková
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jesseniuss Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Janíková
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jesseniuss Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halašová
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jesseniuss Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Elena Nováková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ján Turňa
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Szemes
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Cheung T, Li J, Goh J, Sekhar C, Cheong D, Tham KW. Evaluation of aerosol transmission risk during home quarantine under different operating scenarios: A pilot study. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 225:109640. [PMID: 36210963 PMCID: PMC9528801 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been recognized to be airborne transmissible. With the large number of reported positive cases in the community, home quarantine is recommended for the infectors who are not severely ill. However, the risks of household aerosol transmission associated with the quarantine room operating methods are under-explored. We used tracer gas technique to simulate the exhaled virus laden aerosols from a patient under home quarantine situation inside a residential testbed. The Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration was measured both inside and outside the quarantine room under different operating settings including, air-conditioning and natural ventilation, presence of an exhaust fan, and the air movement generated by ceiling or pedestal fan. We calculated the outside-to-inside SF6 concentration to indicate potential exposure of occupants in the same household. In-room concentration with air-conditioning was 4 times higher than in natural ventilation settings. Exhaust fan operation substantially reduced in-room SF6 concentration and leakage rate in most of the ventilation scenarios, except for natural ventilation setting with ceiling fan. The exception is attributable to the different airflow patterns between ceiling fan (recirculates air vertically) and pedestal fan (moves air horizontally). These airflow variations also led to differences in SF6 concentration at two sampling heights (0.1 m and 1.7 m) and SF6 leakage rates when the quarantine room door was opened momentarily. Use of natural ventilation rather than air-conditioning, and operating exhaust fan when using air-conditioning are recommended to lower exposure risk for home quarantine. A more holistic experiment will be conducted to address the limitations reflected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Cheung
- Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiayu Li
- Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), Singapore
| | - Jiamin Goh
- Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chandra Sekhar
- Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Cheong
- Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Poznański P, Augustyniak-Bartosik H, Magiera-Żak A, Skalec K, Jakuszko K, Mazanowska O, Janczak D, Krajewska M, Kamińska D. Molnupiravir When Used Alone Seems to Be Safe and Effective as Outpatient COVID-19 Therapy for Hemodialyzed Patients and Kidney Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102224. [PMID: 36298779 PMCID: PMC9610487 DOI: 10.3390/v14102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molnupiravir demonstrated an in vitro antiviral activity against positive-sense RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The study aimed to present the results of outpatient molnupiravir use in kidney transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients during the first months of 2022 in Poland. Methods: The retrospective observational cohort study at one kidney transplant center included 36 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with an automated nucleic acid amplification test on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. All patients received molnupiravir for home-based therapy at a dose of 800 mg every 12 h orally for 5 days. Both kidney transplant recipients (n = 16) and hemodialysis patients (n = 20) presented a lot of comorbidities with a Charlson comorbidity index of 4.1 and 5.1, respectively. Results: Patients presented with fever, cough, and weakness followed by muscle and joint pain. Five kidney transplant recipients experienced acute kidney injury with a rise in serum creatinine level from 0.4 to 1.9 mg/dL. No serious side effects of molnupiravir therapy or interactions with immunosuppressive medications were observed. Symptoms of COVID-19 improved rapidly or resolved within 24–48 h of starting treatment. Conclusion: The study suggests the safety and efficacy of molnupiravir therapy alone early after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but further investigations should be performed to confirm our preliminary results. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first published report on molnupiravir use in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients on hemodialysis and the third concerning kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Poznański
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717332500
| | - Hanna Augustyniak-Bartosik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Magiera-Żak
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Skalec
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jakuszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Oktawia Mazanowska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Vascular, General and Transplant Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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Silva MFS, Pinto ACMD, de Oliveira FDCE, Caetano LF, Araújo FMDC, Fonseca MHG. Antibody response 6 months after the booster dose of Pfizer in previous recipients of CoronaVac. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28169. [PMID: 36138495 PMCID: PMC9538962 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used vaccines were messenger RNA (mRNA), viral vector, and inactivated virus with two-dose schedules. In Brazil, the CoronaVac (Sinovac) was the first vaccine approved for emergency use, and the third dose was administered, preferably, with the BNT162b2 vaccine. We evaluated antibody levels after 6 months of the booster dose with BNT162B2 in previous recipients of CoronaVac and whether a subsequent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection enhances the antibody response. We analyze the humoral response (spike [S] IgM for the SARS-CoV-2 and IgG for the S and nucleocapsid [N] proteins) in samples collected before the third dose and 6 months after the third dose. The presence of antibodies was measured by using Abbott Architect i2000SR. The IgM and IgG antispikes were stimulated mainly 30 days after the third dose (30d/3D), with a decline over time. The IgG anti-N was stimulated predominantly in 90d/3D and 180d/3D. The N IgG levels were 50 and 35 times higher in the positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) group in 90d/3D and 180d/3D, respectively. The S IgG titers were 1.5 times elevated in the positive PCR group, in 180d/3D. The BNT162b2 boosted the S IgG levels, decreasing after 60 days. The booster shot induced IgM and IgG antibodies against spike protein. Infection after vaccination increased antibodies against protein N.
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Lina L, Zhendong G, Sevalie S, Fangfang Z, Dawei Z, Weiwei C, Xiao L, Zongzheng Z. Comparison of the amount of SARS-CoV-2 exhaled by Delta and Omicron patients. J Infect 2022; 85:573-607. [PMID: 36044946 PMCID: PMC9420242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Lina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guo Zhendong
- Tropical Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Center, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Stephen Sevalie
- No. 34 Military Hospital, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zhang Fangfang
- The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Dawei
- The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Weiwei
- The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- Tropical Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Center, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
| | - Zhao Zongzheng
- Tropical Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Center, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
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Shang Y, Wu J, Liu J, Long Y, Xie J, Zhang D, Hu B, Zong Y, Liao X, Shang X, Ding R, Kang K, Liu J, Pan A, Xu Y, Wang C, Xu Q, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Yu K, Guan X, Chen D. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2:199-222. [PMID: 36785648 PMCID: PMC9411033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Jinglun Liu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianfeng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital, Xi'an, Shannxi 710068, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiuling Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Renyu Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Aijun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yonghao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Changsong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Qianghong Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, China
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Corresponding authors: Dechang Chen, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Xiangdong Guan, Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China. Kaijiang Yu, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
- Corresponding authors: Dechang Chen, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Xiangdong Guan, Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China. Kaijiang Yu, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Dechang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors: Dechang Chen, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Xiangdong Guan, Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China. Kaijiang Yu, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
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50
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Zhu Y, Liu S, Zhang D. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot Compared with Non-Booster: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091396. [PMID: 36146474 PMCID: PMC9504142 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the effectiveness of booster shots compared with primary vaccination is extremely vital. This paper aimed to summarize the results of all available evidence studies on the effectiveness of booster vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Articles published up to 21 June 2022 were systematically searched through PubMed and EMBASE databases. The searched studies were independently assessed for quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Seven studies (nine datasets) met the criteria and were included in this study. The pooled results demonstrated a 71% (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17–0.48) reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among subjects who received a booster shot compared with those who did not receive a booster shot of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine. In addition, this analysis emphasized that during the period when the Delta variant was predominant, subjects who received the booster shot showed an 82% (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.13–0.25) reduction in infection rates. Moreover, during the period of dominance of the Omicron variant, subjects who received the booster vaccination displayed a 47% (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35–0.81) reduction in infection rates. This finding confirmed that booster vaccination against the Omicron variant is significantly less effective than that against the Delta variant. In pandemic periods, correlations between the dominant variant and the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine booster should be considered when making vaccine booster plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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