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Xu Y, Bian S, Shang L, Wang X, Bai X, Zhang W. Phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of volatile oil from Panax ginseng C.A.Mey: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1436624. [PMID: 39193331 PMCID: PMC11347760 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1436624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), a traditional and highly valued botanical drug, has been used for thousands of years and is known around the world for its uses in food, medicine, and healthcare. The comprehensive study of P. ginseng is crucial for the quality assurance of medicinal materials and optimal resource utilization. Despite being present in trace amounts, P. ginseng volatile oil has a wide range of chemical metabolites with important medicinal potential. The volatile oil has shown promise in defending the cardiovascular system, as well as in terms of its ability of antibacterial, anti-aging, anti-platelet coagulation, anti-inflammatory, support the nervous system nutritionally, and shield it from harm. Due to its low composition and lack of thorough investigation, P. ginseng volatile oil's therapeutic applicability is still restricted although it exhibited many benefits. This review aims to provide insights into the chemical composition, extraction processes, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action of P. ginseng volatile oil, and to provide theoretical support and guidelines for future research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Bian
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - LiYing Shang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Shah MA, Abuzar SM, Ilyas K, Qadees I, Bilal M, Yousaf R, Kassim RMT, Rasul A, Saleem U, Alves MS, Khan H, Blundell R, Jeandet P. Ginsenosides in cancer: Targeting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110634. [PMID: 37451663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of extensive clinical research and novel therapeutic treatments, cancer remains undefeated and the significant cause of death worldwide. Cancer is a disease in which growth of cells goes out of control, being also able to invade other parts of the body. Cellular division is strictly controlled by multiple checkpoints like G1/S and G2/M which, when dysregulated, lead to uncontrollable cell division. The current remedies which are being utilized to combat cancer are monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, cryoablation, and bone marrow transplant etc. and these have also been greatly disheartening because of their serious adverse effects like hypotension, neuropathy, necrosis, leukemia relapse and many more. Bioactive compounds derived from natural products have marked the history of the development of novel drug therapies against cancer among which ginsenosides have no peer as they target several signaling pathways, which when abnormally regulated, lead to cancer. Substantial research has reported that ginsenosides like Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2 etc. can prevent and treat cancer by targeting different pathways and molecules by induction of autophagy, neutralizing ROS, induction of cancerous cell death by controlling the p53 pathway, modulation of miRNAs by decreasing Smad2 expression, regulating Bcl-2 expression by normalizing the NF-Kb pathway, inhibition of inflammatory pathways by decreasing the production of cytokines like IL-8, causing cell cycle arrest by restricting cyclin E1 and CDC2, and induction of apoptosis during malignancy by decreasing β-catenin levels etc. In this review, we have analyzed the anti-cancer therapeutic potential of various ginsenoside compounds in order to consider their possible use in new strategies in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Muhammad Abuzar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kainat Ilyas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irtaza Qadees
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Momna Bilal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Yousaf
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Silvana Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Bioactivity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Renald Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD2080 Imsida, Malta
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- University of Reims, Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAe 1488 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 51100, Reims, France.
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Ren Q, Lin J, Wang H, Huang M, Tan X, Huang W, Xu Y. Effects of ginseng consumption on the biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3262-3274. [PMID: 37216939 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a key factor involved in the initiation and development of chronic diseases. Despite its widespread acceptance as an antioxidant, the effects of ginseng on OS in human clinical trials have not been comprehensively analyzed. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize the results of previous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining the impact of ginseng consumption on OS indicators. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles on the effects of ginseng consumption on oxidative stress markers up to March 20, 2023. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess effect sizes. Twelve RCTs with 15 effect sizes revealed that the effects of ginseng lowered serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: -0.87, -0.08; p = 0.03) and significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.45; p = 0.04), oxidative dismutase (SOD) (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.57; p < 0.0001), glutathione (GSH) (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.61; p = 0.005), and glutathione reductase (GR) (SMD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.81; p < 0.0001) levels compared to the effects of placebo. However, the effects on serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were not significant. Moreover, subgroup analysis based on intervention duration showed that ginseng consumption increased GPx (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.78; p = 0.039) and CAT (SMD = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.21; p = 0.002) levels after more than 4 weeks of intervention. According to the results of this meta-analysis, ginseng supplementation dramatically reduced MDA levels and increased TAC, SOD, GSH, and GR levels. Our results open up a new line of defense against oxidative stress-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengting Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaozhen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Li Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Ma J, Li X, Tian Y, Wen Y, Chen T. Ginseng and health outcomes: an umbrella review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1069268. [PMID: 37465522 PMCID: PMC10351045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1069268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng consumption has been associated with various health outcomes. However, there are no review articles summarizing these reports. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched from inception to 31 July 2022. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) systems were used to assess the methodological quality and quality of evidence in each meta-analysis, and the results were summarized in a narrative form. Results: Nineteen meta-analyses that met the eligibility criteria were identified from among 1,233 papers. The overall methodological quality was relatively poor, with only five studies being low-quality, and 14 critically low-quality. When compared with control treatments (mainly placebo), ginseng was beneficial for improving fatigue and physical function, sexual function, menopausal symptoms, metabolic indicators, inflammatory markers, unstable angina and respiratory diseases. Adverse events included gastrointestinal symptoms and potential bleeding; however, no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: This umbrella review suggests that ginseng intake has beneficial therapeutic effects for diverse diseases. However, the methodological quality of studies needs to be improved considerably. In addition, it is imperative to establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng through high-quality randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Protective Effect of Annona muricata Linn Fruit Pulp Lyophilized Powder against Paracetamol-Induced Redox Imbalance and Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current investigation, Annona muricata Linn. lyophilized fruit pulp powder was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity induced by paracetamol or acetaminophen (APAP). Male Sprague Dawley rats were orally pre-treated for 15 days with A. muricata lyophilized fruit pulp powder at low (1 g/kg b.wt) and high doses (2 g/kg b.wt). Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was administered as the standard drug. Hepatotoxicity was induced using APAP, in a single oral administration of 2.5 g/kg body weight dosage on the 15th day. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were elevated in the APAP group but were found to be significantly reduced in the pre-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. APAP administration brought down the serum total protein and albumin levels significantly. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase were reduced in the APAP administration; further, the reduced glutathione pool in the tissue was also diminished significantly. However, with the administration of Annona lyophilized fruit pulp powder, the level of antioxidant parameters was near normal. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in the APAP group, while the silymarin, AML, and AMH groups exhibited resistance to lipid peroxidation (LPO), as evident from lower levels of LPO generated. Histopathological examination also revealed considerable tissue damage in the APAP alone treatment group, which was not devastating in the silymarin, AML, and AMH groups. Altogether, the study concludes that the lyophilized fruit pulp of A. muricata is protective against APAP-induced liver injury in rats by modulating the hepatic redox systems.
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Ginseng volatile oil prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology 2022; 23:485-497. [PMID: 35939242 PMCID: PMC9358063 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng volatile oil (GVO) is one of the main components of ginseng and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to characterize GVO chemical composition, and 73 volatile components were detected from GVO. Caenorhabditis elegans was used as animal model to further elucidate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of GVO in vivo. The results suggested that GVO significantly prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans and promoted its health without damaging its reproductive capacity. In addition, GVO increased the antioxidant capacity and survival rate of nematodes after heat shock. Transcriptional sequencing showed that autophagy-related genes atg-4.2, atg-7, lgg-2, and cyd-1 were up-regulated, and superoxide dismutase 1 (sod-1) expression was increased after GVO pretreatment. Considering the role of autophagy and antioxidant in aging, the expression of autophagy substrate P62 protein in BC12921 strain was analyzed and found to decrease by more than 50.00% after treatment with GVO. In addition, the lifespan of SOD-1 mutant nematodes was not significantly different from that of the control group. SOD activity and autophagy were activated, which is a clear expression of hormesis. All these results suggest that GVO prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of C. elegans, and its biological functions may be related to hormesis.
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Lee JY, Kim S, Kim S, Kim JH, Bae BS, Koo GB, So SH, Lee J, Lee YH. Effects of red ginseng oil(KGC11 o) on testosterone-propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:473-480. [PMID: 35600774 PMCID: PMC9120790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of the prostate, which occurs frequently in middle-aged men. In this study, we report the effect of red ginseng oil (KGC11o) on BPH. Methods The BPH-induced Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: control, BPH, KGC11o 25, 50, 100, 200, and finasteride groups. KGC11o and finasteride were administered for 8 weeks. The BPH biomarkers, DHT, 5AR1, and 5AR2, androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Bax, Bcl-2, and TGF-β were determined in the serum and prostate tissue. The cell viability after KGC11o treatment was determined using BPH-1 cells, and, androgen receptor, Bax, Bcl-2, and TGF-β were confirmed by western blotting. Results In the in vivo study, administration of KGC11o reduced prostate weight by 18%, suppressed DHT (up to 22%) and 5AR2 (up to 12%) levels from administration of 100 mg/kg KGC11o (P < 0.05). PSA was significantly downregulated dose-dependently from at the concentration of 50 mg/kg KGC11o (P < 0.05). BPH-1 cell viability significantly reduced through the treatment with KGC11o. In vitro and vivo, AR, Bcl-2 TGF-β levels reduced significantly but Bax was increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that KGC11o may inhibit the development of BPH by significantly reducing the levels of BPH biomarkers via 5ARI, anti-androgenic effect, and anti-proliferation effect, serving as a potential functional food for treating BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyuk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Seok Bae
- Laboratory of Resource and Analysis, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Bang Koo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Qi H, Li J, Chen J, Huang Q, Liu Q, Mi J, Li X. Gut Microbiota: Therapeutic Targets of Ginseng Against Multiple Disorders and Ginsenoside Transformation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853981. [PMID: 35548468 PMCID: PMC9084182 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, as the king of Chinese herb, has significant therapeutic effects on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, colitis, diarrhea, and many other diseases. This review systematically summarized recent findings, which show that ginseng plays its role by regulating gut microbiota diversity, and gut microbiota could also regulate the transformation of ginsenosides. We conclude the characteristics of ginseng in regulating gut microbiota, as the potential targets to prevent and treat metabolic diseases, colitis, neurological diseases, cancer, and other diseases. Ginseng treatment can increase some probiotics such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and reduce pathogenic bacteria such as Deferribacters, Lactobacillus, Helicobacter against various diseases. Meanwhile, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium were found to be the key bacteria for ginsenoside transformation in vivo. Overall, ginseng can regulate gut microbiome diversity, further affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites, as well as promote the transformation of ginsenosides for improving the absorptivity of ginsenosides. This review can provide better insight into the interaction of ginseng with gut microbiota in multiple disorders and ginsenoside transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
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Angwa LM, Jiang Y, Pei J, Sun D. Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1418-1441. [PMID: 34003450 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a major public health problem globally. The non-availability of specific treatment and the irreversible nature of dental and skeletal lesions poses a challenge in the management of fluorosis. Oxidative stress is known to be one of the most important mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Fluoride promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting the activity of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species at the cellular level which further leads to activation of cell death processes such as apoptosis. Phytochemicals that act as antioxidants have the potential to protect cells from oxidative stress. Evidence confirms that clinical symptoms of fluorosis can be mitigated to some extent or prevented by long-term intake of antioxidants and plant products. The primary purpose of this review is to examine recent findings that focus on the amelioration of fluoride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by natural and synthetic phytochemicals and their molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linet M Angwa
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kabarak University, Nakuru, 20157, Kenya
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Junrui Pei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Verma K, Makwana S, Paliwal S, Paliwal V, Jain S, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Simvastatin ameliorates oxidative stress levels in HepG2 cells and hyperlipidemic rats. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100088. [PMID: 35146420 PMCID: PMC8818901 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is an established anti-hyperlipidemic drug and few studies have indicated its role in the mitigation of oxidative stress. However, a systematic study considering molecular binding/interaction of simvastatin with anti-oxidant enzymes followed by confirmational in vitro and in vivo studies have never been done. We investigated the molecular binding of simvastatin with multiple anti-oxidant enzymes and assessed their levels after the treatment of simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. This study is the first to show the molecular binding of simvastatin to catalase through molecular docking analysis. Moreover, the anti-oxidative properties of simvastatin have not been studied in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. We found that simvastatin effectively attenuated oxidative stress in LPS induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD) fed hyperlipidemic rats by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) both increased significantly in oxidatively stressed HepG2 cells after the treatment with simvastatin (10 μM, 24 h). In addition to this, he original cell morphology of oxidatively stressed cells was restored by simvastatin, and an increase in antioxidant enzymes, catalase (0.08 U/cells to 0.12 U/cells), and SOD (0.57 U/cells to 0.74 U/cells) was also noted in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, a significant increase in the antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, SOD, and reduced glutathione (GSH) was noted after simvastatin treatment in the HFD model. Moreover, we also observed degradation of by-products of lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl levels. This indicates that simvastatin enhances anti-oxidant enzyme activities and can be repurposed for the treatment of oxidative stress in liver diseases in humans after extensive clinical trials. In silico, molecular docking analysis shows that simvastatin binds to the active site of the catalase enzyme. Simvastatin attenuates LPS induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by increasing the amount of antioxidant enzymes catalase and SOD. Simvastatin significantly reduces triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and increases HDL level in HFD induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Simvastatin can be repurposed for the treatment of oxidative stress in liver diseases.
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Park S, Lee J. Modulation of Hair Growth Promoting Effect by Natural Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122163. [PMID: 34959442 PMCID: PMC8706577 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of people suffer from alopecia or hair loss worldwide. Drug-based therapies using minoxidil and finasteride for the treatment of alopecia are available, but they have shown various side effects in patients. Thus, the use of new therapeutic approaches using bioactive products to reduce the risk of anti-hair-loss medications has been emphasized. Natural products have been used since ancient times and have been proven safe, with few side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the use of plants and their extracts to promote hair growth. Moreover, commercial products based on these natural ingredients have been developed for the treatment of alopecia. Several clinical, animal, and cell-based studies have been conducted to determine the anti-alopecia effects of plant-derived biochemicals. This review is a collective study of phytochemicals with anti-alopecia effects, focusing mainly on the mechanisms underlying their hair-growth-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-7722
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12
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Truong VL, Jeong WS. Red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:214-224. [PMID: 35509821 PMCID: PMC9058829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng oil (RGO), rather than the conventional aqueous extract of red ginseng, has been receiving much attention due to accumulating evidence of its functional and pharmacological potential. In this review, we describe the key extraction technologies, chemical composition, potential health benefits, and safety of RGO. This review emphasizes the proposed molecular mechanisms by which RGO is involved in various bioactivities. RGO is mainly produced using organic solvents or supercritical fluid extraction, with the choice of method greatly affecting the yield and quality of the end products. RGO contains a high unsaturated fatty acid levels along with considerable amounts of lipophilic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyacetylenes. The beneficial health properties of RGO include cellular defense, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, chemoprevention, hair growth promotion, and skin health improvement. We propose several molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie the bioactivity of RGO. In addition, RGO is regarded as safe and nontoxic. Further studies on RGO must focus on a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, composition–functionality relationship, and verification of the bioactivities of RGO in clinical models. This review may provide useful information in the development of RGO-based products in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and functional cosmetics.
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Chung TH, Kim JH, Seol SY, Kim YJ, Lee YJ. The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093090. [PMID: 34578969 PMCID: PMC8469655 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are vulnerable to aging and oxidative stress due to reduced estrogen. Previous studies have shown that Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects on aging and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of KRG on biological aging and antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women. This study conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The participants were randomly administered KRG or a placebo, and the following metrics were measured: mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) copy number as an indicator of biological aging and, total antioxidant status (TAS) as a marker of antioxidant capacity. Clinical symptoms of fatigue, as measured by the fatigue severity scale, were assessed before and after KRG administration. There were 63 participants, of whom 33 received KRG and 30 received a placebo. The mtDNA copy number (KRG group: 1.58 ± 2.05, placebo group: 0.28 ± 2.36, p = 0.023) and TAS (KRG group: 0.11 ± 0.25 mmol/L, placebo group: −0.04 ± 0.16 mmol/L, p = 0.011) increased and the fatigue severity scale (KRG group: −7 ± 12, placebo group: −1 ± 11, p = 0.033) decreased significantly more in the KRG group than the placebo group. KRG significantly increased the mtDNA copy number, total antioxidant status, and improved symptoms of fatigue in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ha Chung
- Department of Family Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Health Promotion, Severance Check-Up, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - So-Young Seol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Yon-Ji Kim
- Department of Health Promotion, Severance Check-Up, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2019-2630
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Ullah HMA, Lee YY, Kim M, Kim TW, Saba E, Kwak YS, Sandhu MA, Rhee MH. Red Ginseng Oil Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Offers Protection against Ultraviolet-Induced Photo Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5538470. [PMID: 34285765 PMCID: PMC8275431 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5538470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known herbal medicine that has been used for a long time in Korea to treat various diseases. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo protective effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and red ginseng oil (RGO). Liver injury was produced in BALB/c mice by 400 mg/kg of acetaminophen intraperitoneal injection. The antioxidant effects of RGE and RGO on the free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were measured. In addition, the hepatoprotective activities of RGE and RGO on liver markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in serum and histopathological analysis, were evaluated. The protective effect of RGO on UV-induced phototoxicity was also evaluated in Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line. RGE and RGO effectively inhibited the radicals DPPH and ABTS compared with ascorbic acid and trolox, respectively. Moreover, RGE and RGO significantly decreased the liver enzyme (ALT and AST) levels, increased the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) levels, and decreased the DNA oxidation product (8-OHdG) content in mice serum. RGO also exhibited protective effect against UV irradiation compared with chlorpromazine hydrochloride, a known phototoxic drug, in Balb/c 3T3 cell line. RGE and RGO possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in mice, and RGO exerts nonphototoxic activity in Balb/c 3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Arif Ullah
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansur Abdullah Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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El-Demerdash FM, El-Magd MA, El-Sayed RA. Panax ginseng modulates oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammations induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1362-1374. [PMID: 33749107 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are extensively used in cosmetics, food, and drug delivery. The main mechanism of SiO2 NPs toxicities depends on oxidative stress. Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is used in various medicinal applications because of its antioxidant efficiency. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the possible combated role of ginseng against SiO2 NPs toxicity in rat liver. Thirty-five male rats (160-180 g) were allocated into five groups of seven rats each, randomly. The first group was used as a control while groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were treated orally with ginseng (Gin; 75 mg/kg, 1/10 LD50 ), SiO2 NPs, (200 mg/kg, 1/10 LD50 ), Gin + SiO2 NPs (protection group), and SiO2 NPs + Gin (therapeutic group) for 5 weeks, respectively. Treatment with SiO2 NPs increased lipid peroxidation, liver function enzymes, and decreased antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) level. SiO2 NPs administration motivated liver apoptosis as revealed by the upregulation of the apoptotic genes, Bcl2-associated x protein (Bax), and Beclin 1 and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) as well as increase in DNA damage. Also, SiO2 NPs administration caused inflammation as indicated by upregulation of the inflammation-related genes (interleukin 1 beta [IL1β], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNFα], nuclear factor kappa B [NFκB], cyclooxygenase 2 [Cox2], transforming growth factor-beta 1 [TGFβ1]) as well as cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase of liver cells. Moreover, histopathological examination proved the biochemical and molecular perturbations occurred due to SiO2 NPs toxicity. On the other hand, ginseng caused a significant modulation on the deleterious effects induced by SiO2 NPs in rat liver. In conclusion, ginseng has a potent preventive effect than the therapeutic one and might be used in the treatment of SiO2 NPs hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A El-Magd
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Raghda A El-Sayed
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Jung HJ, Lee SH, Kwack MH, Lee WJ. Effect of Red Ginseng Oil on Cultured Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:245-253. [PMID: 34079184 PMCID: PMC8137333 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been known in Korea as a health-supportive herbal medicine from time immemorial. Essential oil isolated from fresh ginseng has been shown to display antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective The effects of red ginseng oil (RGO) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells were studied. Methods The cultured cells were treated with either 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml LPS, 50 µg/ml RGO, or 5 µg/ml LPS plus 50 µg/ml RGO for 6 and 24 hours. RT-PCR, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed for the analysis of inflammatory cytokine. Results RGO showed the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. RGO also showed the increased protein expression of p-c-jun and p-JNK in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Gene expression of TLR2 was increased in LPS-treated sebocytes following treatment with RGO. Additionally, RGO resulted in an increased expression of LL-37 in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Moreover, it remarkably increased the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes. Conclusion RGO might be among the aggravating factors of acne vulgaris. It would be better to stop taking red ginseng in patients with inflammatory acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Jung
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Pires FCS, de Oliveira JC, Menezes EGO, Silva APDSE, Ferreira MCR, Siqueira LMM, Almada-Vilhena AO, Pieczarka JC, Nagamachi CY, de Carvalho Junior RN. Bioactive Compounds and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Cytoprotective Effects of Murici Pulp Extracts ( Byrsonima crassifolia) Obtained by Supercritical Extraction in HepG2 Cells Treated with H 2O 2. Foods 2021; 10:737. [PMID: 33808511 PMCID: PMC8065398 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of clean technologies in the development of bioactive plant extracts has been encouraged, but it is necessary to verify the cytotoxicity and cytoprotection for food and pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain the experimental data of the supercritical sequential extraction of murici pulp, to determine the main bioactive compounds obtained and to evaluate the possible cytotoxicity and cytoprotection of the extracts in models of HepG2 cells treated with H2O2. The murici pulp was subjected to sequential extraction with supercritical CO2 and CO2+ethanol, at 343.15 K, and 22, 32, and 49 MPa. Higher extraction yields were obtained at 49 MPa. The oil presented lutein (224.77 µg/g), oleic, palmitic, and linoleic, as the main fatty acids, and POLi (17.63%), POO (15.84%), PPO (13.63%), and LiOO (10.26%), as the main triglycerides. The ethanolic extract presented lutein (242.16 µg/g), phenolic compounds (20.63 mg GAE/g), and flavonoids (0.65 mg QE/g). The ethanolic extract showed greater antioxidant activity (122.61 and 17.14 µmol TE/g) than oil (43.48 and 6.04 µmol TE/g). Both extracts did not show cytotoxicity and only murici oil showed a cytoprotective effect. Despite this, the results qualify both extracts for food/pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Cristina Seabra Pires
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), LABTECS (Supercritical Technology Laboratory), PPGCTA (PostGraduate Program in Food Science and Technology), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (F.C.S.P.); (A.P.d.S.eS.); (M.C.R.F.)
| | - Joicy Corrêa de Oliveira
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), FEA (College of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Gama Ortiz Menezes
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), PRODERNA (Postgraduate Program in Natural Resources Engineering in the Amazon), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (E.G.O.M.); (L.M.M.S.)
| | - Ana Paula de Souza e Silva
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), LABTECS (Supercritical Technology Laboratory), PPGCTA (PostGraduate Program in Food Science and Technology), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (F.C.S.P.); (A.P.d.S.eS.); (M.C.R.F.)
| | - Maria Caroline Rodrigues Ferreira
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), LABTECS (Supercritical Technology Laboratory), PPGCTA (PostGraduate Program in Food Science and Technology), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (F.C.S.P.); (A.P.d.S.eS.); (M.C.R.F.)
| | - Leticia Maria Martins Siqueira
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), PRODERNA (Postgraduate Program in Natural Resources Engineering in the Amazon), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (E.G.O.M.); (L.M.M.S.)
| | - Andryo Orfi Almada-Vilhena
- CEABIO (Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory), PCT-Guamá (Guamá Science and Technology Park), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (A.O.A.-V.); (J.C.P.); (C.Y.N.)
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- CEABIO (Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory), PCT-Guamá (Guamá Science and Technology Park), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (A.O.A.-V.); (J.C.P.); (C.Y.N.)
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- CEABIO (Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory), PCT-Guamá (Guamá Science and Technology Park), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil; (A.O.A.-V.); (J.C.P.); (C.Y.N.)
| | - Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior
- LABEX (Extraction Laboratory), LABTECS (Supercritical Technology Laboratory), FEA (College of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Pará), Augusto Corrêa Street S/N, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil
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Nguyen TLL, Huynh DTN, Jin Y, Jeon H, Heo KS. Protective effects of ginsenoside-Rg2 and -Rh1 on liver function through inhibiting TAK1 and STAT3-mediated inflammatory activity and Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:241-252. [PMID: 33537886 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic or hepatic inflammation is caused by intraperitoneal application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of combination of ginsenoside-Rg2 (G-Rg2) and -Rh1 (G-Rh1) on liver function under LPS challenging. We first confirmed that G-Rg2 and -Rh1 at 100 μg/ml did not show cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. G-Rg2 and -Rh1 treatment significantly inhibited activation of STAT3 and TAK1, and inflammatory factors including iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β in peritoneal macrophages. In HepG2 cells, G-Rg2 and -Rh1 treatment inhibited activation of STAT3 and TAK1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and down-regulated nuclear translocation of NF-κB transcription factor. In addition, LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was restored by treatment with G-Rg2 and -Rh1. Interestingly, pretreatment with G-Rg2 and -Rh1 effectively inhibited mitochondrial damage-mediated ROS production induced by LPS stimulation, and alterations of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ARE promotor activity were involved in G-Rg2 and -Rh1 effects on balancing ROS levels. In liver tissues of LPS-treated mice, G-Rg2 and -Rh1 treatment protected liver damages and increased Nrf2 expression while reducing CD45 expression. Taken together, G-Rg2 and -Rh1 exerts a protective effect on liver function by increasing antioxidant through Nrf2 and anti-inflammatory activities through STAT3/TAK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in liver cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Le Lam Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Diem Thi Ngoc Huynh
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Yujin Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyesu Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Khattab A, Ahmed-Farid O, Nasr S. Enhanced brain biodistribution of Ginsenoside Rg1 based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system to ameliorate metabolic syndromes and keep homeostatic balance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Truong VL, Keum YS, Jeong WS. Red ginseng oil promotes hair growth and protects skin against UVC radiation. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:498-509. [PMID: 34295210 PMCID: PMC8282496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of environmental factors, such as diseases, nutritional deficiencies, ageing, hormonal imbalances, stress, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, may affect the structure and function of the skin that covers the entire surface of the human body. In this study, we investigated roles of red ginseng oil (RGO) in enhancing skin functions, including hair growth and skin protection, using mouse models. Methods For hair growth experiment, shaved dorsal skins of C57BL/6 mice were topically applied with vehicle, RGO, RGO's major compounds, or minoxidil for consecutive 21 days and skin tissues were examined the hair growth promoting capacity. For skin protection experiment, SKH-1 hairless mice were topically applied with vehicle or RGO twice a day for three days prior to exposure to UVC radiation at 20 kJ/cm2. Skin tissues were collected to evaluate skin protective effects of RGO. Results Topical application of RGO to C57BL/6 mice effectively promoted hair regeneration by inducing early telogen-to-anagen transition and significantly increasing the density and bulb diameter of hair follicles. Major compounds, including linoleic acids and β-sitosterol, contributed to RGO-promoted hair growth. Treatment with RGO as well as its major components upregulated expression of hair growth–related proteins. Furthermore, in SKH-1 hairless mice, RGO had a protective effect against UVC-induced skin damage by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, as well as inducing cytoprotective systems. Conclusion These data suggest that RGO may be a potent agent for improving skin health and thereby preventing and/or treating hair loss and protecting skin against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.,Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Keum
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.,Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Abd Eldaim MAA, Abd El Latif AS, Hassan A, El-Borai NB. Ginseng attenuates fipronil-induced hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45008-45017. [PMID: 32772290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FPN) is a relatively new and broad spectrum insecticide that induces toxic effects to animals and humans through induction of oxidative stress. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Thus, the current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-toxic potential of ginseng aqueous extract (GAE) against FPN-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into four equal groups. Rats of the control group received distilled water. The second group was administrated with GAE at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. orally day by day for 6 weeks. The third group was intoxicated with FPN at a dose of 4.85 mg/kg b.w. orally day by day for 6 weeks. The fourth group was administrated with GAE 2 h before FPN intoxication. Intoxication of rats with FPN significantly elevated the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and serum levels of urea and creatinine, as well as increased malondialdehyde level and protein expressions of caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2 in hepatic and renal tissues. However, it significantly decreased hepatic and renal GSH content and catalase activity. In addition, it induced histopathological alterations in hepatic and renal tissue architectures. Conversely, concomitant oral administration of GAE ameliorated the FPN-induced biochemical, pathological, and histochemical alterations in both hepatic and renal tissues. This study indicated that ginseng attenuates FPN-induced hepatorenal toxicity, possibly via its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Graphical Abstract CAL ABSTRACTPHIRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk Attia Abd Abd Eldaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben Elkom, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Amira Shehata Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Borai El-Borai
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Hyun SH, Kim SW, Seo HW, Youn SH, Kyung JS, Lee YY, In G, Park CK, Han CK. Physiological and pharmacological features of the non-saponin components in Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:527-537. [PMID: 32617032 PMCID: PMC7322739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant, has been used as a blood-nourishing tonic for thousands of years in Asia, including Korea and China. P. ginseng exhibits adaptogen activity that maintains homeostasis by restoring general biological functions and non-specifically enhancing the body's resistance to external stress. Several P. ginseng effects have been reported. Korean Red Ginseng, in particular, has been reported in both basic and clinical studies to possess diverse effects such as enhanced immunity, fatigue relief, memory, blood circulation, and anti-oxidation. Moreover, it also protects against menopausal symptoms, cancer, cardiac diseases, and neurological disorders. The active components found in most Korean Red Ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds. In this review, the identity and bioactivity of the non-saponin components of Korean Red Ginseng discovered to date are evaluated and the components are classified into polysaccharide and nitrogen compounds (protein, peptide, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid), as well as fat-soluble components such as polyacetylene, phenols, essential oils, and phytosterols. The distinct bioactivity of Korean Red Ginseng was found to originate from both saponin and non-saponin components rather than from only one or two specific components. Therefore, it is important to consider saponin and non-saponin elements together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Youn
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kyung
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Hepatoprotective Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus Protein Hydrolysates Yielded by Pepsin Hydrolysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus protein extract (POPE) was prepared by the alkali precipitation method with 0.3% (w/v) NaOH. POPEP-III with a MW of 3000–5000 Da was acquired by pepsin enenzymatic hydrolysis. POPEP-III displayed noteworthy effects of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities, Fe2+ chelating ability, lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity, and metal reducing power. The administration of POPEP-III in mice significantly prevented prior CCl4-induced strengthen serum ALT and AST activities, changing from 365.44 ± 36.87 IU/L to 220.23 ± 22.27 IU/L and 352.52 IU/L to 206.75 ± 17.26 IU/L, respectively (p < 0.001), and suppressed hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation from 15.28 ± 3.47 nmol/mg prot to 10.04 ± 2.06 nmol/mg prot (p < 0.001). Mice treated with POPEP-III demonstrated augmented activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver, from 187.49 ± 19.81 U/mg prot to 233.35 ± 34.23 U/mg prot, and of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), from 84.01 ± 14.54 U/mg prot to 115.9 ± 16.57 U/mg prot (p < 0.05). POPEP-III also prevented CCl4-induced oxidative liver histological alteration. The results suggest that POPEP-III can protect the liver from CCl4-induced oxidative damage.
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Karunasagara S, Hong GL, Park SR, Lee NH, Jung DY, Kim TW, Jung JY. Korean red ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis via accelerated autophagy and protects against diabetic kidney disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112693. [PMID: 32112899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Korean ginseng) has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus for thousands of years. It also plays a key role in health maintenance owing to its anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties, and is quite popular as a dietary supplement. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to offer a complementary and alternative medicine to manage the diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which causes long-term damage to the renal structure. We also investigated the regulation of the autophagy mechanism, which is the underlying the pathogenesis of DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on DKD was evaluated using human kidney proximal tubular cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Sprague-Dawley rat models. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the proteins related to fibrosis and autophagy. This was followed by in vivo experiments involving rats treated with single intraperitoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg) and then with KRG solution orally for 4 weeks. Proteins related to renal injury, fibrosis, and autophagy were determined by immunoblotting. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Sirius red, and immunostaining were processed for histological studies. RESULTS KRG diminished the levels of metabolic measurements and blood parameters. Western blotting showed a decreased expression of proteins, such as TGF-β1, KIM1, and AGE, which are responsible for renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. Histological studies also supported these results and revealed that the KRG-treated groups recovered from renal injury and fibrosis. Furthermore, the autophagy marker, LC3, was upregulated, whereas p62 was downregulated. The levels of proteins related to the autophagy mechanism, such as ATG7, increased, while mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) decreased with the KRG treatment and exhibited accelerated autophagy compared to the STZ alone group. CONCLUSIONS KRG can suppress renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1 activation and can induce cellular autophagy. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that KRG exhibits a renoprotective effect against the STZ-induced DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Karunasagara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Hojati Kermani MA, Zare M, Amani R. Benefits and harms of ginseng supplementation on liver function? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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El-Bialy BES, Abd Eldaim MA, Hassan A, Abdel-Daim MM. Ginseng aqueous extract ameliorates lambda-cyhalothrin-acetamiprid insecticide mixture for hepatorenal toxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress-mediated proinflammatory and proapoptotic protein expressions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:124-135. [PMID: 31566303 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of Panax ginseng aqueous extract (GAE) against hepatorenal toxicity induced by lambda-cyhalothrin-acetamiprid insecticide mixture in rats. A total of 32 male albino rats were assigned into four groups. Normal control group received distilled water. Insecticide control group intoxicated with the insecticide at a dose of 2.14 mg/kg b.wt orally day after day for 45 days. GAE control group was treated with GAE at a dose 200 mg/kg b.wt orally. GAE experimental group was administered GAE 1 hour before insecticide administration. Intoxication of rats with the insecticide caused a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities and urea and creatinine levels as well as malondialdehyde concentration and proteins expression of caspase-3 and induced nitric oxide synthase in hepatic and renal tissues. However, it decreased the serum levels of total protein and globulin and reduced the glutathione content and catalase activity in hepatic and renal tissues. In addition, insecticide induced histopathological alterations in both hepatic and renal tissues. In contrast, GAE modulated insecticide-induced alterations in liver and kidney functions and structures as it ameliorated the effects of insecticide on the above mentioned parameters. These results indicated that GAE was a potent antioxidant agent that could protect rats against insecticide-induced hepatorenal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr E S El-Bialy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mabrouk A Abd Eldaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben Elkom, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Thunbergia laurifolia Leaf Extract Increased Levels of Antioxidant Enzymes and Protected Human Cell-Lines In Vitro Against Cadmium. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010047. [PMID: 31935795 PMCID: PMC7022844 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thunbergia laurifolia or Rang Jued has been used as an herbal tea and in folk medicine as a detoxifying agent. Cd contamination is globally widespread and a serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) production of the crude dried extract (CDE) of T. laurifolia leaves, using human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and human liver (HepG2) cells as in vitro models. Moreover, the cytotoxicity including anti-cadmium (Cd) toxicity in both cells were measured. The experimental design had 3 treatment groups with combined, pre-, and post-treatments for investigating the anti-Cd toxicity, and cell viability was determined with MTT test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The CDE showed low cytotoxicity and increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both cell types. It was found that the CDE protected against Cd-induced toxicity in both cell types, and a synergistic combination therapy effect was seen when CaNa2EDTA, a chelating agent, was applied. Therefore, CDE can protect against Cd-induced oxidative stress in cells, possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Moreover, using the extract or drinking the herbal tea together with chelating agent should have an efficacy advantage over using the CDE or the chelating agent singly.
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Kawamoto H, Takeshita F, Murata K. Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oil Extracts From Panax Plants Against β-Secretase, Cholinesterase, and Amyloid Aggregation. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19881549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pharmacological studies on Panax plants have been performed. However, these studies were limited to ginsenosides, which are typical constituents in Panax plants. In our research program to discover novel agents to prevent dementia and improve dementia symptoms, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we investigated the inhibitory activities of essential oil (EO) extracts from 4 Panax plants against β-secretase, amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). An EO extract of Panax japonicus showed the most potent activity with 51.3% inhibition at 500 μg/mL against β-secretase. Panax ginseng showed the most potent inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE with 70.4% and 84.4% inhibition at 50 μg/mL, respectively. Panax notoginseng extract showed the most potent activity with 57.3% inhibition at 500 μg/mL against Aβ aggregation. From these results, an EO extract of P. ginseng could be an effective agent to improve AD symptoms, while EO extracts of P. japonicus and P. notoginseng could be suitable for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
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Xia T, Zhang B, Duan W, Li Y, Zhang J, Song J, Zheng Y, Wang M. Hepatoprotective efficacy of Shanxi aged vinegar extract against oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kawamoto H, Takeshita F, Murata K. Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oil Extracts From Panax ginseng Against β-Secretase and Cholinesterases. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19873443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is recognized as one of the most important crude drugs in ancient Chinese medicine. Numerous pharmacological studies investigated P. ginseng; however, these studies were limited to ginsenosides, which are typical constituents in P. ginseng. We focused on the essential oil (EO) from P. ginseng as it has a typical aroma. Herein, we report the inhibitory activities of EO against β-secretase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which were investigated in order to demonstrate the potential of EO as a preventative and therapeutic agent against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Essential oil (250 µg/mL) showed 41.4% inhibition against β-secretase, 77.4% inhibition against AChE, and 94.1% inhibition against BChE. In addition, spathulenol (8.82%, content % in EO), bicyclogermacrene (6.23%), β-elemene (3.94%), and α-humulene (3.69%) were identified as high content by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Furthermore, β-elemene and α-humulene showed high activity among 3 compounds with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 77.2 and 137.3 µM for AChE, and 298.2 and >2000 µM for BChE, respectively. In this report, we showed the inhibitory activity of EO from P. ginseng against β-secretase, AChE, and BChE, and demonstrated that EO could be a candidate to treat AD. This is the first research to report the anti-AD effect of EO and determination of its volatile components. Especially, β-elemene and α-humulene are expected to be highly bio-available compounds due to their small molecular size and lipophilicity. From these results, EO from P. ginseng may be a promising candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
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Truong VL, Bak MJ, Jeong WS. Chemopreventive Activity of Red Ginseng Oil in a Mouse Model of Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammation-Associated Colon Carcinogenesis. J Med Food 2019; 22:578-586. [PMID: 30864851 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of red ginseng oil (RGO). However, the role of RGO in models of intestinal inflammation has not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the chemopreventive effect of RGO in a mouse model of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis and explored its underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of AOM (10 mg/kg), followed by 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 7 days to produce colon carcinogenesis. RGO at 10 or 100 mg/kg was orally given for 17 weeks. RGO supplementation reduced the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration as well as lipid peroxidation and inhibited the production of proinflammatory factors such as inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the mouse colitis tissue. Increased phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκB by AOM/DSS exposure were attenuated by the presence of RGO. In addition, RGO supplementation induced the activity of primary antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated antioxidant enzyme hemeoxygenase-1 in the colons of AOM/DSS-treated mice. These findings indicate that RGO may be a potent natural chemopreventive agent for ameliorating inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- 1 Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Min Ji Bak
- 1 Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,2 Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- 1 Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Majdi Seghinsara A, Shoorei H, Hassanzadeh Taheri MM, Khaki A, Shokoohi M, Tahmasebi M, Khaki AA, Eyni H, Ghorbani S, Riahi Rad KH, Kalarestaghi H, Roshangar L. Panax ginseng Extract Improves Follicular Development after Mouse Preantral Follicle 3D Culture. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:210-219. [PMID: 30825295 PMCID: PMC6397605 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Panax ginseng is a popular traditional herb that has been used in complementary and alternative medicine
in eastern Asia, and it possesses pharmacologically active compounds like ginsenosides (GSs). This study aimed to
investigate the impact of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) at different concentrations on in vitro follicular function and
development in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system fabricated using sodium alginate after 12 days of culture.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, preantral follicles (n=661) were mechanically isolated from the
ovaries of 14-day-old female NMRI mice using 29-gauge insulin syringes. Follicles were individually capsulated within
sodium alginate, and divided into four groups including control and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. Then, they were
cultured for 12 days in the medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGE (0, 50, 100, and 500 µg/
mL, for control groups and groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). At the end of the culture period, the mean diameter and
maturation of follicles, follicular steroid production, mRNA expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in collected metaphase-II
(MII) oocytes were determined.
Results The mean diameter of follicles in group 2 was significantly increased as compared to other groups (P<0.001).
The percentages of the survival and maturation rate and levels of secreted hormones were higher in group 2 than
the other groups (P<0.05). Follicles cultured in the presence of PGE 100 µg/mL had higher levels of proliferation cell
nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) mRNA expression in comparison to other
groups (P<0.05). Moreover, oocytes collected from groups 2 and 3 had lower levels of ROS as compared to other
groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion Our results suggest that PGE at the concentration of 100 µg/mL induces higher follicular function and
development in the 3D culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Majdi Seghinsara
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | | | - Arash Khaki
- Department of Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Shokoohi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moloud Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Afshin Khaki
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Eyni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ghorbani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Hadijeh Riahi Rad
- Department of Horticulture Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kalarestaghi
- Research laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Saidi R, Ghrab F, Kallel R, Feki AE, Boudawara T, Chesné C, Ammar E, Jarraya RM. Tunisian Clematis flammula Essential Oil Enhances Wound Healing: GC-MS Analysis, Biochemical and Histological Assessment. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1483-1499. [PMID: 30404969 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial part of Clematis flammula (Ranunculaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases including mycotic infection in the Tunisian traditional medicine. The study was undertaken to extract and determine the essential oil chemical composition of Clematis flammula aerial parts and to assess the potential of anemonin in wound healing on mechanically wounded wistar rats. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Anemonin was isolated and then incorporated as active in a cream for which the cytotoxicity was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)-based colorimetric assay. Then, its potential in wound healing on mechanically wounded wistar rats was assessed. The GC-MS analysis showed that the major compound was protoanemonin (86.74%) which spontaneously dimerised in part to form the anemonin. The wound healing activity of anemonin cream exhibited a non toxic potential of anemonin at a concentration of 25 µg/mL with a cell migration efficiency that reaches more than 80% after 48 hours of treatment. Wound healing efficiency was evaluated by monitoring morphological and skin histological analyses. Comparable wound surface reduction of the group treated by anemonin cream (p ≥ 0.05) when compared to the reference treated group. The skin histological analysis showed the completely wound closure. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the malondialdehyde (MDA) rates and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase) determination. The results provided strong support for the effective wound healing activity of anemonin cream, making it a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent in tissue repairing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakia Saidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry LR17ES08, Natural Substances team, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Ferdaws Ghrab
- Coastal and urban environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University.,Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Rim Kallel
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Universitary Hospital
| | | | - Tahya Boudawara
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Universitary Hospital
| | | | - Emna Ammar
- Coastal and urban environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Raoudha Mezghani Jarraya
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry LR17ES08, Natural Substances team, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
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Almehizia AA, Abuelizz HA, Taie HA, ElHassane A, Marzouk M, Al-Salahi R. Investigation the antioxidant activity of benzo[ g]triazoloquinazolines correlated with a DFT study. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:133-137. [PMID: 30662316 PMCID: PMC6323194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a series of 2-phenoxy-benzo[g]triazoloquinazolines 1-16 were synthesized and fully characterized. The antioxidant activity of the target molecules 1-16 was evaluated using three different assays namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power capability (RPC). The results revealed that some benzotriazoloquinazolines showed good activity and have the capacity to scavenge free radicals. In particular, compounds 1 and 14 have shown the highest activity. The butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) used as standard agent. Density functional theory was carried out to explain the relative importance of C[bond, double bond]O, C[bond, double bond]S and NH groups on the radical scavenging activity of the target benzotriazoloquinazolines. The finding in present study shows that the active compounds can be used as template for further development of more potent antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A.A. Taie
- Plant Biochemistry Department, Division of Agriculture & Biological Researches, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St.(Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Anouar ElHassane
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Chemistry of Natural Products Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St.(Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
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Sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng protect CCl 4 –induced acute liver injury by anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capabilities in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:412-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Guesmi F, Bellamine H, Landoulsi A. Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and mediated brain injury attenuated by Thymus algeriensis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1275-1281. [PMID: 29800528 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels induced by hydrophobic fractions of Thymus algeriensis (HFTS) growing in Tunisia. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidative stress inducer, acts by decreasing the body mass and brain mass of rats. Moreover, we found higher MDA levels in the group treated with H2O2 (P < 0.05) and a significantly lower activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as a reduction in reduced glutathione activity in the brain tissues of H2O2-treated rats when compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05); however, rats that received HFTS with H2O2 experienced a decrease in MDA levels in the brain. In contrast, HFTS demonstrated neuroprotective effects in rat brain. Overall, exposure to HFTS prior to H2O2 induced a marked dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species scavenger levels (P < 0.05) accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in MDA levels (P < 0.05) when compared with no exposure. Notably, the activity of AChE was affected by exposure to natural compounds; levels were significantly lower in HFTS-treated rats and in those treated with the combination of HFTS and a low or high dose of H2O2. Furthermore, histopathological analysis showed that brain injuries occurred with high doses of H2O2 administered alone or with a low dose of HFTS, whereas a high dose of essential oil markedly alleviated neurone degeneration. The results suggest that HFTS alleviates neuroinflammation by acting as an AChE inhibitor and attenuates H2O2-induced brain toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Guesmi
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda Bellamine
- b Service of Anatomo-Pathology of Menzel Bourguiba, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Landoulsi
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
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Lee H, Woo M, Kim M, Noh JS, Song YO. Antioxidative and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Lemon Essential Oil in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:8-14. [PMID: 29662842 PMCID: PMC5894780 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering and anti-atherogenic effects of lemon essential oil (LEO) were investigated and compared with the effects of limonene. Owing to their volatility, both LEO and limonene were microencapsulated before preparation of the diet (20%, w/w). Hypercholesterolemia-induced rabbits were divided into 3 groups based on plasma total cholesterol (TC) levels and fed coating matrix (control group), LEO (LEO group), or limonene (Limonene group) for 8 weeks. LEO dose-dependently inhibited low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Plasma TC levels were the lowest in the LEO group (P<0.05). Erythrocytes in the LEO group had a normal disc shape, whereas the erythrocytes in the limonene and control groups were aggregated and star-shaped, respectively. The aortic intima thickness was thinnest in the LEO group followed by the control and limonene groups. Plasma TC lowering and anti-atherogenic effects of LEO were greater than limonene, suggesting that other bioactive compounds besides limonene in LEO might contribute to these effects. The bioactive compounds in LEO were limonene (67.57%), β-pinene (10.00%), and γ-terpinene (9.95%). In addition, sabinene, α-pinene, myrcene, and geranial were also present but the amount was in the range of 1~2%. Several bioactive compounds were also detected. In conclusion, LEO had beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia due to its antioxidative and cholesterol lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.,Wellness Life Institute, Jeju 63246, Korea
| | - Minji Woo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mijeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Busan 48520, Korea
| | - Yeong Ok Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of some 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline derivatives. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:379-390. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to assess a new series of triazoloquinazolines 1–40 for their antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reduction antioxidant power and reducing power capability assays. Results: All triazoloquinazolines 1–40 exhibited antioxidant activity ranged from weak to moderate and high. The obtained findings revealed that the triazoloquinazolines 30, 36 and 38–40 have superiority among all compounds, demonstrating the highest capacity to deplete 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl and free radicals, in relation to butylated hydroxyl toluene, as a synthetic antioxidant agent. Conclusion: Chemical modifications together with density functional theory study on the targets supplied us with some valuable clarifications about the required properties needed for the target compounds to be more active against free radicals.
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40
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Truong VL, Kong AN, Jeong WS. Red Ginseng Oil Inhibits TPA-Induced Transformation of Skin Epidermal JB6 Cells. J Med Food 2017; 21:380-389. [PMID: 29271701 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng oil (RGO) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of RGO on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells. RGO pretreatment abolished the transformation of JB6 P+ cells challenged by TPA. RGO suppressed the transactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors as well as protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Bcl-2 in the TPA-treated cells. Additionally, TPA-induced phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β were downregulated in the presence of RGO. Furthermore, RGO induced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and effectively blocked the overproduction of TPA-induced reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that RGO exerts a potent chemopreventive activity in skin cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- 1 Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University , Gimhae, Korea
| | - Ah Ng Kong
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- 1 Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University , Gimhae, Korea
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Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Oil against Aβ 25-35-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Inflammation in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102218. [PMID: 29065557 PMCID: PMC5666897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), aggregation and deposition of β amyloid (Aβ), has been accepted as a potent activator of neuronal cell death. Red ginseng is well-known for various pharmacological activities, but most studies have been focused on red ginseng water extract (RGW), which has resulted in the conception of the present study of red ginseng oil (RGO) against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by Aβ were verified and the underlying mechanism by which RGO inhibited neuronal cell death, mitochondria dysfunction and NF-κB pathway related protein markers were evaluated. RGO attenuated Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis, not only by inhibiting calcium influx, but also by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential loss. RGO significantly decreased Bax, whereas increased Bcl-2 and inactivated of caspase-3 and -9 and PARP-1 stimulated by Aβ25-35. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of RGO was demonstrated by downregulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, resulting in inhibiting of the NF-κB pathway and thereby suppressing the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The present study revealed that RGO is a potential natural resource of the functional foods industry as well as a promising candidate of multi-target neuronal protective agent for the prevention of AD.
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Truong VL, Bak MJ, Lee C, Jun M, Jeong WS. Hair Regenerative Mechanisms of Red Ginseng Oil and Its Major Components in the Testosterone-Induced Delay of Anagen Entry in C57BL/6 Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091505. [PMID: 28885585 PMCID: PMC6151708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss (alopecia) is a universal problem for numerous people in the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of red ginseng oil (RGO) and its major components on hair re-growth using testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen entry in C57BL/6 mice and their mechanisms of action. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were daily treated with TES for 1 h prior to topical application of 10% RGO, 1% linoleic acid (LA), 1% β-sitosterol (SITOS), or 1% bicyclo(10.1.0)tridec-1-ene (BICYCLO) once a day for 28 days. Hair regenerative capacity was significantly restored by treatment of RGO and its major compounds in the TES-treated mice. Histological analysis showed that RGO along with LA and SITOS but not BICYCLO promoted hair growth through early inducing anagen phase that was delayed by TES in mice. Treatment of mice with RGO, LA, or SITOS up-regulated Wnt/β-catenin and Shh/Gli pathways-mediated expression of genes such as β-catenin, Lef-1, Sonic hedgehog, Smoothened, Gli-1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E in the TES-treated mice. In addition, RGO and its major components reduced the protein level of TGF-β but enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These results suggest that RGO is a potent novel therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia possibly through hair re-growth activity of its major components such as LA and SITOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Min Ji Bak
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Changook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of BNIT, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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Ahuja A, Kim JH, Kim JH, Yi YS, Cho JY. Functional role of ginseng-derived compounds in cancer. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:248-254. [PMID: 29983605 PMCID: PMC6026353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a natural product best known for its curative properties in diverse physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, and maintenance of hemostasis in the immune system. In previous decades, there have been some promising studies into the pharmacology and chemistry of ginseng components and the relationship between their structure and function. The emerging use of modified ginseng and development of new compounds from ginseng for clinical studies have been topics of study for many researchers. The present review deals with the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive effects, and recent advances in microRNA technology related to red ginseng. The review also summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of ginsenosides in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ahuja
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Reyes AWB, Hop HT, Arayan LT, Huy TXN, Park SJ, Kim KD, Min W, Lee HJ, Rhee MH, Kwak YS, Kim S. The host immune enhancing agent Korean red ginseng oil successfully attenuates Brucella abortus infection in a murine model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:5-14. [PMID: 28012988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae), is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines and is used for the treatment of various human diseases. In this study, we elucidated the protective mechanism of the essential oil from Korean red ginseng (RGO) against Brucella infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of RGO on Brucella abortus viability, NO production, uptake and intracellular growth in macrophages were investigated. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with B. abortus and orally treated with RGO for 14 days. The weights and bacterial numbers from each spleen were monitored, and the sera were evaluated for cytokine production. RESULTS B. abortus viability was not affected, whereas NO production, internalization and intracellular replication were inhibited in RGO-treated macrophages. Bacterial adherence, F-actin polymerization and MAPK signaling protein phosphorylation (ERK1/2, JNK and p38α) were reduced and the co-localization of B. abortus-containing phagosomes with LAMP-1 was augmented in RGO-treated cells compared to untreated cells. RGO displayed protective effects against cell damage by inhibiting nitrite production during B. abortus infection in macrophages. Moreover, the spleen weight and bacterial burden were lower in the RGO-treated group than in the control group. The uninfected RGO-treated mice displayed increased TNF-α and IFN-γ production, whereas the B. abortus-infected RGO-treated mice showed reduced IL-10 production compared to the control. CONCLUSION RGO exhibits protective effects against B. abortus infection in vitro and in vivo, which emphasize the beneficial effects of RGO in the prevention and treatment of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo Reyes
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Huynh Tan Hop
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Jong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - WonGi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Research Institute of Technology, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Taejon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Seo HW, Suh JH, So SH, Kyung JS, Kim YS, Han CK. Subacute oral toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity study of Korean Red Ginseng oil. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:595-601. [PMID: 29021709 PMCID: PMC5628349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red ginseng oil (RGO) is produced by supercritical CO2 extraction of secondary products derived from Korean Red Ginseng extract. As the use of RGO has increased, product safety concerns have become more important. Methods In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of RGO were evaluated. Sprague–Dawley rats were orally administered with RGO for 28 d by gavage. Daily RGO dose concentrations were 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 500 mg/kg bw, 1,000 mg/kg bw, or 2,000 mg/kg bw per day. Bacterial reverse mutation tests included five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli WP2 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), which were used in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The plated incorporation method for mutation test was used with RGO concentrations ranging from 312.5 μg to 5,000 μg per plate. Results The subacute oral toxicity test results did not reveal any marked changes in clinical characteristics. There were no toxicological changes related to RGO administration in hematological and serum biochemical characteristics in either control or treatment animals. Furthermore, no gross or histopathological changes related to RGO treatment were observed. The bacterial reverse mutation test results did not reveal, at any RGO concentration level and in all bacterial strains, any increase in the number of revertant colonies in the RGO treatment group compared to that in the negative control group. Conclusion The no-observed-adverse-effect level of RGO is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw and RGO did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Won Seo
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Suh
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Kyung
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Kim
- Korea Occupational Safety Health Research Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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46
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Park TY, Hong M, Sung H, Kim S, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in chronic liver disease. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:450-455. [PMID: 29021690 PMCID: PMC5628344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease, one of the most common diseases, typically arises from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, there is a pressing need for improved treatment strategies. Korean Red Ginseng has been known to have positive effects on liver disease and liver function. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng on chronic liver disease, a condition encompassing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as supported by experimental evaluation and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meegun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cell Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sangyeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Zhang N, Zhang C, Chen Y, Zheng B. Purification and Characterization of Antioxidant Peptides of Pseudosciaena crocea Protein Hydrolysates. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010057. [PMID: 28042837 PMCID: PMC6155639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two peptides with antioxidant activity were isolated from Pseudosciaena crocea proteins. Pseudosciaena crocea muscle was hydrolyzed with neutral protease to obtain Pseudosciaena crocea protein hydrolysates (PCPH). After ultrafiltration through molecular weight cut-off membranes of 10, 5 and 3 kDa and assessment of free radical scavenging ability, the fraction (PCPH-IV) with the highest antioxidant activity was obtained. Several purification steps, i.e., ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, were applied to further purify PCPH-IV. Two antioxidant peptides with the amino acid sequences Ser-Arg-Cys-His-Val and Pro-Glu-His-Trp were finally identified by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Fuzhou Municipal Finance Office, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Baodong Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Huang Q, Bai F, Nie J, Lu S, Lu C, Zhu X, Zhuo L, Lin X. Didymin ameliorates hepatic injury through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways by up-regulating RKIP expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 42:130-138. [PMID: 27912149 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A flavone was isolated from Origanum vulgare and identified as didymin (O. vulgare didymin, OVD). The protective effect and mechanism of OVD on acute liver injury was then assessed in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that OVD significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver injury in mice and markedly decreased serum ALT and AST activities. OVD treatment significantly reduced CYP2E1 activity, lipid peroxidation level, ROS generation, NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in liver tissues and RAW 264.7 cells, but enhanced the hepatic antioxidative enzymes activities. Further study showed that OVD significantly inhibited the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Interestingly, OVD notably enhanced Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expression, and the effects of OVD on histological changes, oxidative stress and inflammation was largely abolished by the RKIP specific inhibitor locostatin. Our findings indicate that OVD can ameliorate CCl4-induced liver injury, which may be ascribed to its radical scavenging action, antioxidant activity, and modulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Facheng Bai
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jinlan Nie
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shengjuan Lu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chunyuang Lu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xunshuai Zhu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lang Zhuo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 169483, Singapore
| | - Xing Lin
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Szeto YT, Wong KS, Han A, Pak SC, Kalle W. DNA protective effect of ginseng and the antagonistic effect of Chinese turnip: A supplementation study. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:331-334. [PMID: 27757261 PMCID: PMC5061474 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160521021323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this clinical study is to provide scientific evidence for supporting traditional Chinese application and usage to the patients. For this purpose, we tested the ability if Panax ginseng extract to lower oxidative damage to nuclear DNA in human lymphocytes by comparing the effect of cooked Chinese turnip on this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven healthy subjects (4 males and 3 females from 37 to 60 years) participated two occasions which were at least 2 weeks apart. About 2 mL of fasting blood sample for baseline measurement was taken on arrival. They were requested to ingest the content of 5 ginseng capsules in 200 mL water. The subject remained fasting for 2 h until the second blood sample taken. In the other occasion, the experiment was repeated except a piece of cooked turnip (10 g) was taken with the ginseng extract. The two occasions could be interchanged. Comet assay was performed on two specimens on the same day for the evaluation of lymphocytic DNA damage with or without oxidative stress. RESULTS For the group with ginseng supplementation, there was a significant decrease in comet score for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment over the 2-h period while no change in DNA damage for unstressed sample. For the group with ginseng together with turnip supplementation, there was no significant difference in comet score for both H2O2 treatment and phosphate-buffered saline treatment. Ginseng extract could reduce DNA damage mediated by H2O2 effectively, but this protection effect was antagonized by the ingestion of cooked turnip at the same time. CONCLUSION In the current study, commercial ginseng extract was used for supplementing volunteers. Ginseng extract could protect DNA from oxidative stress in vivo while turnip diminished the protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Tong Szeto
- Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Shatin), Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Shing Wong
- Department of Pathology, Yan Chai Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrea Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
| | - Wouter Kalle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
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Bak MJ, Truong VL, Ko SY, Nguyen XNG, Jun M, Hong SG, Lee JW, Jeong WS. Induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated cytoprotective genes by red ginseng oil through ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:423-430. [PMID: 27746696 PMCID: PMC5052443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. METHODS Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical CO2 extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0]tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. CONCLUSION RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Bak
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Van-Long Truong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Ko
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Xuan Ngan Giang Nguyen
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon-Gi Hong
- Ginseng Product Research Institute, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Ginseng Product Research Institute, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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