1
|
Suriyanarayanan T, Lee LS, Han SHY, Ching J, Seneviratne CJ. Targeted metabolomics analysis approach to unravel the biofilm formation pathways of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 38888425 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM (i) To characterize Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation pathways by semi-targeted metabolomics and targeted nitrogen panel analysis of strong (Ef63) and weak (Ef 64) biofilm forming E. faecalis clinical isolates and (ii) to validate the identified metabolic markers using targeted inhibitors. METHODOLOGY Previous proteomics profiling of E. faecalis clinical isolates with strong and weak biofilm formation revealed that differences in metabolic activity levels of small molecule, nucleotide and nitrogen compound metabolic processes and biosynthetic pathways, cofactor metabolic process, cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process and lyase activity were associated with differences in biofilm formation. Hence, semi-targeted analysis of Ef 63, Ef 64 and ATC control strain Ef 29212 was performed by selecting metabolites that were part of both the previously identified pathways and a curated library with confirmed physical and chemical identity, followed by confirmatory targeted nitrogen panel analysis. Significantly regulated metabolites (p < .05) were selected based on fold change cut-offs of 1.2 and 0.8 for upregulation and downregulation, respectively, and subjected to pathway enrichment analysis. The identified metabolites and pathways were validated by minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and colony forming unit (CFU) assays with targeted inhibitors. RESULTS Metabolomics analysis showed upregulation of betaine, hypoxanthine, glycerophosphorylcholine, tyrosine, inosine, allantoin and citrulline in Ef 63 w.r.t Ef 64 and Ef 29212, and thesemetabolites mapped to purinemetabolism, urea cycle and aspartate metabolism pathways. MBIC and CFU assays using compounds against selected metabolites and metabolic pathways, namely glutathione against hypoxanthine and hydroxylamine against aspartate metabolism showed inhibitory effects against E. faecalis biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the importance of oxidative stress inducers such as hypoxanthine and aspartate metabolism pathway in E. faecalis biofilm formation. Targeted therapeutics against these metabolic markers can reduce the healthcare burden associated with E. faecalis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanujaa Suriyanarayanan
- Singapore Oral Multiomics Initiative (SOMI), National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lye Siang Lee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Hong Yu Han
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- Singapore Oral Multiomics Initiative (SOMI), National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang B, Yu H, Gao J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Zhang Y. Machine learning deciphers the significance of mitochondrial regulators on the diagnosis and subtype classification in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29860. [PMID: 38707433 PMCID: PMC11066337 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent liver disease worldwide and lack of research on the diagnostic utility of mitochondrial regulators in NAFLD. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of NAFLD, especially oxidative stress and acidity β-oxidative overload. Thus, we aimed to identify and validate a panel of mitochondrial gene expression biomarkers for detection of NAFLD. Methods We selected the GSE89632 dataset and identified key mitochondrial regulators by intersecting DEGs, WGCNA modules, and MRGs. Classification of NAFLD subtypes based on these key mitochondrial regulatory factors was performed, and the pattern of immune system infiltration in different NAFLD subtypes were also investigated. RF, LASSO, and SVM-RFE were employed to identify possible diagnostic biomarkers from key mitochondrial regulatory factors and the predictive power was demonstrated through ROC curves. Finally, we validated these potential diagnostic biomarkers in human peripheral blood samples and a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Results We identified 25 key regulators of mitochondria and two NAFLD subtypes with different immune infiltration patterns. Four potential diagnostic biomarkers (BCL2L11, NAGS, HDHD3, and RMND1) were screened by three machine learning methods thereby establishing the diagnostic model, which showed favorable predictive power and achieved significant clinical benefit at certain threshold probabilities. Then, through internal and external validation, we identified and confirmed that BCL2L11 was significantly downregulated in NAFLD, while the other three were significantly upregulated. Conclusion The four MRGs, namely BCL2L11, NAGS, HDHD3, and RMND1, are novel potential biomarkers for diagnosing NAFLD. A diagnostic model constructed using the four MRGs may aid early diagnosis of NAFLD in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | | | - Jiawei Gao
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Liuxin Yang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Zhang Yali Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Studio, Harbin, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nie M, Wang J, Zhang K. A novel strategy for L-arginine production in engineered Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:138. [PMID: 37495979 PMCID: PMC10373293 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-arginine is an important amino acid with applications in diverse industrial and pharmaceutical fields. N-acetylglutamate, synthesized from L-glutamate and acetyl-CoA, is a precursor of the L-arginine biosynthetic branch in microorganisms. The enzyme that produces N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglutamate synthase, is allosterically inhibited by L-arginine. L-glutamate, as a central metabolite, provides carbon backbone for diverse biological compounds besides L-arginine. When glucose is the sole carbon source, the theoretical maximum carbon yield towards L-arginine is 96.7%, but the experimental highest yield was 51%. The gap of L-arginine yield indicates the regulation complexity of carbon flux and energy during the L-arginine biosynthesis. Besides endogenous biosynthesis, N-acetylglutamate, the key precursor of L-arginine, can be obtained by chemical acylation of L-glutamate with a high yield of 98%. To achieve high-yield production of L-arginine, we demonstrated a novel approach by directly feeding precursor N-acetylglutamate to engineered Escherichia coli. RESULTS We reported a new approach for the high yield of L-arginine production in E. coli. Gene argA encoding N-acetylglutamate synthase was deleted to disable endogenous biosynthesis of N-acetylglutamate. The feasibility of external N-acetylglutamate towards L-arginine was verified via growth assay in argA- strain. To improve L-arginine production, astA encoding arginine N-succinyltransferase, speF encoding ornithine decarboxylase, speB encoding agmatinase, and argR encoding an arginine responsive repressor protein were disrupted. Based on overexpression of argDGI, argCBH operons, encoding enzymes of the L-arginine biosynthetic pathway, ~ 4 g/L L-arginine was produced in shake flask fermentation, resulting in a yield of 0.99 mol L-arginine/mol N-acetylglutamate. This strain was further engineered for the co-production of L-arginine and pyruvate by removing genes adhE, ldhA, poxB, pflB, and aceE, encoding enzymes involved in the conversion and degradation of pyruvate. The resulting strain was shown to produce 4 g/L L-arginine and 11.3 g/L pyruvate in shake flask fermentation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we developed a novel approach to avoid the strict regulation of L-arginine on ArgA and overcome the metabolism complexity in the L-arginine biosynthesis pathway. We achieve a high yield of L-arginine production from N-acetylglutamate in E. coli. Co-production pyruvate and L-arginine was used as an example to increase the utilization of input carbon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Nie
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang China
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 Zhejiang China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 Zhejiang China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou S, Li X, Huang Y, Zhang B, Tang H, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Properties and biotechnological applications of microbial deacetylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12613-1. [PMID: 37326683 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deacetylases, a class of enzymes that can catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylated substrates to remove the acetyl group, used in producing various products with high qualities, are one of the most influential industrial enzymes. These enzymes are highly specific, non-toxic, sustainable, and eco-friendly biocatalysts. Deacetylases and deacetylated compounds have been widely applicated in pharmaceuticals, medicine, food, and the environment. This review synthetically summarizes deacetylases' sources, characterizations, classifications, and applications. Moreover, the typical structural characteristics of deacetylases from different microbial sources are summarized. We also reviewed the deacetylase-catalyzed reactions for producing various deacetylated compounds, such as chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS), mycothiol, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), glucosamines, amino acids, and polyamines. It is aimed to expound on the advantages and challenges of deacetylases in industrial applications. Moreover, it also serves perspectives on obtaining promising and innovative biocatalysts for enzymatic deacetylation. KEYPOINTS: • The fundamental properties of microbial deacetylases of various microorganisms are presented. • The biochemical characterizations, structures, and catalyzation mechanisms of microbial deacetylases are summarized. • The applications of microbial deacetylases in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, and the environment were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Zou H. Expression of ZmNAGK in tobacco enhances heat stress tolerance via activation of antioxidant-associated defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 199:107719. [PMID: 37148659 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress severely inhibits plant growth and limits crop yields. Thus, it is crucial to identify genes that are associated with plant heat stress responses. Here, we report a maize (Zea mays L.) gene, N-acetylglutamate kinase (ZmNAGK), that positively enhances plant heat stress tolerance. The ZmNAGK expression level was significantly up-regulated by heat stress in maize plants, and ZmNAGK was found to be localized in maize chloroplasts. Phenotypic analysis showed that overexpressing of ZmNAGK enhanced the tolerance of tobacco to heat stress both in the seed germination and seedling growth stages. Further physiological analysis showed that ZmNAGK overexpression in tobacco could alleviate oxidative damages that occurred during heat stress via activation of antioxidant defense signaling. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmNAGK could modulate the expression of antioxidant-enzyme encoding genes, such as ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APX2) and superoxide dismutase C (SODC), and heat shock network genes. Taken together, we have identified a maize gene that can provide plants with heat tolerance through the induction of antioxidant-associated defense signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Liu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Binglin Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Huawen Zou
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Mass A, Poursharifi P, Peyot ML, Lussier R, Chenier I, Leung YH, Ghosh A, Oppong A, Possik E, Mugabo Y, Ahmad R, Sladek R, Murthy Madiraju S, Al-Mulla F, Prentki M. Hepatic glycerol shunt and glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase control liver metabolism and glucodetoxification under hyperglycemia. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101609. [PMID: 36198384 PMCID: PMC9579801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycerol-3-phosphate (Gro3P) phosphatase (G3PP) hydrolyzes Gro3P to glycerol that exits the cell, thereby operating a "glycerol shunt", a metabolic pathway that we identified recently in mammalian cells. We have investigated the role of G3PP and the glycerol shunt in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in mouse liver. METHODS We generated hepatocyte-specific G3PP-KO mice (LKO), by injecting AAV8-TBG-iCre to male G3PPfl/fl mice. Controls received AAV8-TBG-eGFP. Both groups were fed chow diet for 10 weeks. Hyperglycemia (16-20 mM) was induced by glucose infusion for 55 h. Hepatocytes were isolated from normoglycemic mice for ex vivo studies and targeted metabolomics were measured in mice liver after glucose infusion. RESULTS LKO mice showed no change in body weight, food intake, fed and fasted glycemia but had increased fed plasma triglycerides. Hepatic glucose production from glycerol was increased in fasted LKO mice. LKO mouse hepatocytes displayed reduced glycerol production, elevated triglyceride and lactate production at high glucose concentration. Hyperglycemia in LKO mice led to increased liver weight and accumulation of triglycerides, glycogen and cholesterol together with elevated levels of Gro3P, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, acetyl-CoA and some Krebs cycle intermediates in liver. Hyperglycemic LKO mouse liver showed elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and M1-macrophage markers accompanied by increased plasma triglycerides, LDL/VLDL, urea and uric acid and myocardial triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS The glycerol shunt orchestrated by G3PP acts as a glucose excess detoxification pathway in hepatocytes by preventing metabolic disturbances that contribute to enhanced liver fat, glycogen storage, inflammation and lipid build-up in the heart. We propose G3PP as a novel therapeutic target for hepatic disorders linked to nutrient excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anfal Al-Mass
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pegah Poursharifi
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Lussier
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yat Hei Leung
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Abel Oppong
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elite Possik
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Mugabo
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Departments of Immunology, Microbiology, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
| | - Robert Sladek
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S.R. Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada,Corresponding author. CRCHUM, Room R08-418, Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Departments of Immunology, Microbiology, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada,Corresponding author. Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal CRCHUM, Room R08-412, Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint Denis Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang HD, Xu JZ, Zhang WG. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient production of L-arginine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5603-5613. [PMID: 35931894 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As an important semi-essential amino acid, L-arginine (L-Arg) has important application prospects in medicine and health care. However, it remains a challenge to efficiently produce L-Arg by Escherichia coli (E. coli). In the present study, we obtained an E. coli A1 with L-Arg accumulation ability, and carried out a series of metabolic engineering on it, and finally obtained an E. coli strain A7 with high L-Arg production ability. First, genome analysis of strain A1 was performed to explore the related genes affecting L-Arg accumulation. We found that gene speC and gene speF played an important role in the accumulation of L-Arg. Second, we used two strategies to solve the feedback inhibition of the L-Arg pathway in E. coli. One was the combination of a mutation of the gene argA and the deletion of the gene argR, and the other was the combination of a heterologous insertion of the gene argJ and the deletion of the gene argR. The combination of exogenous argJ gene insertion and argR gene deletion achieved higher titer accumulation with less impact on strain growth. Finally, we inserted the gene cluster argCJBDF of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) to enhance the metabolic flux of the L-Arg pathway in E. coli. The final strain obtained 70.1 g/L L-Arg in a 5-L bioreactor, with a yield of 0.326 g/g glucose and a productivity of 1.17 g/(L· h). This was the highest level of L-Arg production by E. coli ever reported. Collectively, our findings provided valuable insights into the possibility of the industrial production of L-Arg by E. coli. KEY POINTS: • Genetic background of E. coli A1 genome analysis. • Heterologous argJ substitution of argA mutation promoted excessive accumulation of L-Arg in E. coli A1. • The overexpression of L-Arg synthesis gene cluster argCJBDF of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamate) promoted the accumulation of L-Arg, and 70.1 g/L L-Arg was finally obtained in fed-batch fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-De Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1,800# Lihu Road, 214122, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1,800# Lihu Road, 214122, WuXi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1,800# Lihu Road, 214122, WuXi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hai-De W, Shuai L, Bing-Bing W, Jie L, Jian-Zhong X, Wei-Guo Z. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient production of l-arginine. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 122:127-150. [PMID: 37085192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a semi-essential amino acid, l-arginine (l-Arg) plays an important role in food, health care, and medical treatment. At present, the main method of producing l-Arg is the use of microbial fermentation. Therefore, the selection and breeding of high-efficiency microbial strains is the top priority. To continuously improve the l-Arg production performance of the strains, a series of metabolic engineering strategies have been tried to transform the strains. The production of l-Arg by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) reached a relatively high level. Escherichia coli (E. coli), as a strain with great potential for l-Arg production, also has a large number of research strategies aimed at screening effective E. coli for producing l-Arg. E. coli also has a number of advantages over C. glutamicum in producing l-Arg. Therefore, it is of great significance to screen out excellent and stable E. coli to produce l-Arg. Here, based on recent research results, we review the metabolic pathways of l-Arg production in E. coli, the research progress of l-Arg production in E. coli, and various regulatory strategies implemented in E. coli.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim J, Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Nadler I, Singh R, Harlan D, Bumber A, He Y, Kerkhof LJ, Gao N, Su X, Ferraris RP. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modifies the metabolome of pathobionts in gnotobiotic mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 34082713 PMCID: PMC8176599 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the most widely used probiotic, but the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unresolved. Previous studies typically inoculated LGG in hosts with established gut microbiota, limiting the understanding of specific impacts of LGG on host due to numerous interactions among LGG, commensal microbes, and the host. There has been a scarcity of studies that used gnotobiotic animals to elucidate LGG-host interaction, in particular for gaining specific insights about how it modifies the metabolome. To evaluate whether LGG affects the metabolite output of pathobionts, we inoculated with LGG gnotobiotic mice containing Propionibacterium acnes, Turicibacter sanguinis, and Staphylococcus aureus (PTS). Results 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples by Ion Torrent and MinION platforms showed colonization of germ-free mice by PTS or by PTS plus LGG (LTS). Although the body weights and feeding rates of mice remained similar between PTS and LTS groups, co-associating LGG with PTS led to a pronounced reduction in abundance of P. acnes in the gut. Addition of LGG or its secretome inhibited P. acnes growth in culture. After optimizing procedures for fecal metabolite extraction and metabolomic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, unsupervised and supervised multivariate analyses revealed a distinct separation among fecal metabolites of PTS, LTS, and germ-free groups. Variables-important-in-projection scores showed that LGG colonization robustly diminished guanine, ornitihine, and sorbitol while significantly elevating acetylated amino acids, ribitol, indolelactic acid, and histamine. In addition, carnitine, betaine, and glutamate increased while thymidine, quinic acid and biotin were reduced in both PTS and LTS groups. Furthermore, LGG association reduced intestinal mucosal expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusions LGG co-association had a negative impact on colonization of P. acnes, and markedly altered the metabolic output and inflammatory response elicited by pathobionts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02178-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Ian Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Danielle Harlan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Amanda Bumber
- Comparative Medicine Resources, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuling He
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Academic Building, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Present address: Geriatric Endocrinology Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lee J Kerkhof
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Academic Building, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kovarik JJ, Morisawa N, Wild J, Marton A, Takase‐Minegishi K, Minegishi S, Daub S, Sands JM, Klein JD, Bailey JL, Kovalik J, Rauh M, Karbach S, Hilgers KF, Luft F, Nishiyama A, Nakano D, Kitada K, Titze J. Adaptive physiological water conservation explains hypertension and muscle catabolism in experimental chronic renal failure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13629. [PMID: 33590667 PMCID: PMC8244025 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim We have reported earlier that a high salt intake triggered an aestivation‐like natriuretic‐ureotelic body water conservation response that lowered muscle mass and increased blood pressure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar adaptive water conservation response occurs in experimental chronic renal failure. Methods In four subsequent experiments in Sprague Dawley rats, we used surgical 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 Nx) to induce chronic renal failure. We studied solute and water excretion in 24‐hour metabolic cage experiments, chronic blood pressure by radiotelemetry, chronic metabolic adjustment in liver and skeletal muscle by metabolomics and selected enzyme activity measurements, body Na+, K+ and water by dry ashing, and acute transepidermal water loss in conjunction with skin blood flow and intra‐arterial blood pressure. Results 5/6 Nx rats were polyuric, because their kidneys could not sufficiently concentrate the urine. Physiological adaptation to this renal water loss included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle for organic osmolyte production, elevated norepinephrine and copeptin levels with reduced skin blood flow, which by means of compensation reduced their transepidermal water loss. This complex physiologic‐metabolic adjustment across multiple organs allowed the rats to stabilize their body water content despite persisting renal water loss, albeit at the expense of hypertension and catabolic mobilization of muscle protein. Conclusion Physiological adaptation to body water loss, termed aestivation, is an evolutionary conserved survival strategy and an under‐studied research area in medical physiology, which besides hypertension and muscle mass loss in chronic renal failure may explain many otherwise unexplainable phenomena in medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J. Kovarik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Department of Internal Medicine III Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Norihiko Morisawa
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Johannes Wild
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Adriana Marton
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Kaoru Takase‐Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Steffen Daub
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Jeff M. Sands
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Janet D. Klein
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - James L. Bailey
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jean‐Paul Kovalik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Division of Paediatrics Research Laboratory Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Karl F. Hilgers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Friedrich Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Jens Titze
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
- Division of Nephrology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
BCDIN3D RNA methyltransferase stimulates Aldolase C expression and glycolysis through let-7 microRNA in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2021; 40:2395-2406. [PMID: 33664453 PMCID: PMC8026734 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Type II diabetes (T2D) and specific cancers share many risk factors, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these connections are often not well-understood. BCDIN3D is an RNA modifying enzyme that methylates specific precursor microRNAs and tRNAHis. In addition to breast cancer, BCDIN3D may also be linked to metabolism, as its gene locus is associated with obesity and T2D. In order to uncover metabolic pathways regulated by BCDIN3D in cancer, we performed an unbiased analysis of the metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome of breast cancer cells depleted for BCDIN3D. Intersection of these analyses showed that BCDIN3D-depleted cells have increased levels of Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate (F1,6-BP), the last six-carbon glycolytic intermediate accompanied by reduced glycolytic capacity. We further show that elevated F1,6-BP is due to downregulation of Aldolase C (ALDOC), an enzyme that cleaves F1,6-BP mainly in the brain, but whose high expression/amplification is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. BCDIN3D regulates ALDOC through a non-canonical mechanism involving the crucial let-7 microRNA family and its target site on the 3'UTR of ALDOC. Overall, our results reveal an important connection between BCDIN3D, let-7 and glycolysis that may be relevant to breast cancer, obesity, and T2D.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang LM, Wang P, Teka T, Zhang YC, Yang WZ, Zhang Y, Wang T, Liu LX, Han LF, Liu CX. 1H NMR and UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-Based Metabolomics Combined with 16S rRNA Gut Microbiota Analysis Revealed the Potential Regulation Mechanism of Nuciferine in Hyperuricemia Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14059-14070. [PMID: 33146009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia seriously jeopardizes human health by increasing the risk of several diseases, such as gout and stroke. Nuciferine is able to alleviate hyperuricemia significantly. However, the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism remains unknown. To understand the metabolic effects of nuciferine on hyperuricemia by establishing a rat model of rapid hyperuricemia, 1H NMR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to conduct nontargeted metabolomics studies. A total of 21 metabolites were authenticated in plasma and urine to be closely related with hyperuricemia, which were mainly correlated to the six metabolic pathways. Moreover, 16S rRNA analysis indicated that diversified intestinal microorganisms are closely related to changes in differential metabolites, especially bacteria from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. We propose that indoxyl sulfate and N-acetylglutamate in urine may be the potential biomarkers besides uric acid for early diagnosis and prevention of hyperuricemia. Gut microbiological analysis found that changes in the gut microbiota are closely related to these metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Piao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Tekleab Teka
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie +251-1145, Ethiopia
| | - You-Cai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Lai-Xing Liu
- School of Management, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Li-Feng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Xiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Flynn BG, Prins KC, Shepherd BA, Forbrich VE, Suarez G, Merkler DJ. Identification of catalytically distinct arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase splicoforms from Tribolium castaneum. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105695. [PMID: 32681959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The assumption that structural or sequential homology between enzymes implies functional homology is a common misconception. Through in-depth structural and kinetic analysis, we are now beginning to understand the minute differences in primary structure that can alter the function of an enzyme completely. Alternative splicing is one method for which the activity of an enzyme can be controlled, simply by altering its length. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase A (AANATA) in D. melanogaster, which catalyzes the N-acetylation of biogenic amines, has multiple splicoforms - alternatively spliced enzyme isoforms - with differing tissue distribution. As demonstrated here, AANAT1 from Tribolium castaneum is another such enzyme with multiple splicoforms. A screening assay was developed and utilized to determine that, despite only a 35 amino acid truncation, the shortened form of TcAANAT1 is a more active form of the enzyme. This implies regulation of enzyme metabolic activity via alternative splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Karin Claire Prins
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Britney A Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peoc'h K, Damaj L, Pelletier R, Lefèvre C, Dubourg C, Denis MC, Bendavid C, Odent S, Moreau C. Early care of N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency in three infants from an inbred family. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 22:100558. [PMID: 32021803 PMCID: PMC6994713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency is the rarest urea cycle defect presenting as neonatal onset life-threatening hyperammonemia. We report here a family history of severe NAGS deficiency: after the index-case with severe hyperammonemia, one patient benefited from antenatal diagnosis, and from primary care at birth, another one was diagnosed at 2-days and immediately treated with carbaglumic-acid. Finally, we report excellent tolerance to long-term carbaglumic-acid treatment, with no side effects, and healthy neurological and psychomotor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katell Peoc'h
- APHP, HUPNVS, UF de Biochimie Clinique, Hôpital Beaujon, F-91118 Clichy, France.,Université de Paris, U1149 INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Léna Damaj
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Sud, CHU Rennes Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Charles Lefèvre
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire et Génomique Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.,UMR6290 IGDR, Univ Rennes, France
| | | | - Claude Bendavid
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRA, Institut NuMeCan, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- UMR6290 IGDR, Univ Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique clinique, Hôpital Sud, CHU Rennes Boulevard de Bulgarie, UMR6290 IGDR, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRA, Institut NuMeCan, CHU, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Zhou J, Xu S, Liu M, Wang M, Ma Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhao L. Association between the perturbation of bile acid homeostasis and valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
16
|
Effects of histidine load on ammonia, amino acid, and adenine nucleotide concentrations in rats. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1667-1680. [PMID: 31712921 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The unique capability of proton buffering is the rationale for using histidine (HIS) as a component of solutions for induction of cardiac arrest and myocardial protection in cardiac surgery. In humans, infusion of cardioplegic solution may increase blood plasma HIS from ~ 70 to ~ 21,000 µM. We examined the effects of a large intravenous dose of HIS on ammonia and amino acid concentrations and energy status of the body. Rats received 198 mM HIS intravenously (20 ml/kg) or vehicle. Samples of blood plasma, urine, liver, and soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were analysed at 2 or 24 h after treatment. At 2 h after HIS load, we found higher HIS concentration in all examined tissues, higher urea and ammonia concentrations in blood and urine, lower ATP content and higher AMP/ATP ratio in the liver and muscles, higher concentrations of almost all examined amino acids in urine, and lower glycine concentration in blood plasma, liver, and muscles when compared with controls. Changes in other amino acids were tissue dependent, markedly increased alanine and glutamate in the blood and the liver. At 24 h, the main findings were lower ATP concentrations in muscles, lower concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) in blood plasma and muscles, and higher carnosine content in SOL when compared with controls. It is concluded that a load of large HIS dose results in increased ammonia levels and marked alterations in amino acid and energy metabolism. Pathogenesis is discussed in the article.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang S, Yang W, Chen H, Liu B, Lin B, Tao Y. Metabolic engineering for efficient supply of acetyl-CoA from different carbon sources in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:130. [PMID: 31387584 PMCID: PMC6685171 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetyl-CoA is an important metabolic intermediate and serves as an acetylation precursor for the biosynthesis of various value-added acetyl-chemicals. Acetyl-CoA can be produced from glucose, acetate, or fatty acids via metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli. Although glucose is an efficient carbon source for acetyl-CoA production, the pathway from acetate to acetyl-CoA is the shortest and fatty acids can produce acetyl-CoA through fatty acid oxidation along with abundant NADH and FADH2. In this study, metabolically engineered E. coli strains for efficiently supplying acetyl-CoA from glucose, acetate, and fatty acid were constructed and applied in one-step biosynthesis of N-acetylglutamate (NAG) from glutamate and acetyl-CoA. Results A metabolically engineered E. coli strain for NAG production was constructed by overexpressing N-acetylglutamate synthase from Kitasatospora setae in E. coli BW25113 with argB and argA knockout. The strain was further engineered to utilize glucose, acetate, and fatty acid to produce acetyl-CoA. When glucose was used as a carbon source, the combined mutants of ∆ptsG::glk, ∆galR::zglf, ∆poxB::acs, ∆ldhA, and ∆pta were more efficient for supplying acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) pathway and acetate kinase-phosphate acetyltransferase (ACK-PTA) pathway from acetate to acetyl-CoA were investigated, and the ACK-PTA pathway showed to be more efficient for supplying acetyl-CoA. When fatty acid was used as a carbon source, acetyl-CoA supply was improved by deletion of fadR and constitutive expression of fadD under the strong promoter CPA1. Comparison of acetyl-CoA supply from glucose, acetate and palmitic acid revealed that a higher conversion rate of glutamate (98.2%) and productivity (an average of 6.25 mmol/L/h) were obtained when using glucose as a carbon source. The results also demonstrated the great potential of acetate and fatty acid to supply acetyl-CoA, as the molar conversion rate of glutamate was more than 80%. Conclusions Metabolically engineered E. coli strains were developed for NAG production. The metabolic pathways of acetyl-CoA from glucose, acetate, or fatty acid were optimized for efficient acetyl-CoA supply to enhance NAG production. The metabolic strategies for efficient acetyl-CoA supply used in this study can be exploited for other chemicals that use acetyl-CoA as a precursor or when acetylation is involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1177-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baixue Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo H, Wang J, Yao J, Sun S, Sheng N, Zhang X, Guo X, Guo Y, Sun Y, Dai J. Comparative Hepatotoxicity of Novel PFOA Alternatives (Perfluoropolyether Carboxylic Acids) on Male Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3929-3937. [PMID: 30865431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As novel alternatives to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropolyether carboxylic acids (multiether PFECAs, CF3(OCF2) nCOO-, n = 2-4) have been detected in various environmental matrices; however, public information regarding their toxicities remains unavailable. To compare the hepatotoxicity of multiether PFECAs (e.g., PFO2HxA, PFO3OA, and PFO4DA) with PFOA, male mice were exposed to 0.4, 2, or 10 mg/kg/d of each chemical for 28 d, respectively. Results demonstrated that PFO2HxA and PFO3OA exposure did not induce marked increases in relative liver weight; whereas 2 and 10 mg/kg/d of PFO4DA significantly increased relative liver weight. Furthermore, PFO2HxA and PFO3OA demonstrated almost no accumulation in the liver or serum; whereas PFO4DA was accumulated but with weaker potential than PFOA. Exposure to 10 mg/kg/d of PFO4DA led to 198 differentially expressed liver genes (56 down-regulated, 142 up-regulated), with bioinformatics analysis highlighting the urea cycle disorder. Like PFOA, 10 mg/kg/d of PFO4DA decreased the urea cycle-related enzyme protein levels (e.g., carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1) and serum ammonia content in a dose-dependent manner. Both PFOA and PFO4DA treatment (highest concentration) caused a decrease in glutamate content and increase in both glutamine synthetase activity and aquaporin protein levels in the brain. Thus, we concluded that PFO4DA caused hepatotoxicity, as indicated by hepatomegaly and karyolysis, though to a lesser degree than PFOA, and induced urea cycle disorder, which may contribute to the observed toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Jingzhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Sujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029 , China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hall RJ, Flanagan LA, Bottery MJ, Springthorpe V, Thorpe S, Darby AC, Wood AJ, Thomas GH. A Tale of Three Species: Adaptation of Sodalis glossinidius to Tsetse Biology, Wigglesworthia Metabolism, and Host Diet. mBio 2019; 10:e02106-18. [PMID: 30602581 PMCID: PMC6315101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02106-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tsetse fly is the insect vector for the Trypanosoma brucei parasite, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. The colonization and spread of the trypanosome correlate positively with the presence of a secondary symbiotic bacterium, Sodalis glossinidius The metabolic requirements and interactions of the bacterium with its host are poorly understood, and herein we describe a metabolic model of S. glossinidius metabolism. The model enabled the design and experimental verification of a defined medium that supports S. glossinidius growth ex vivo This has been used subsequently to analyze in vitro aspects of S. glossinidius metabolism, revealing multiple unique adaptations of the symbiont to its environment. Continued dependence on a sugar, and the importance of the chitin monomer N-acetyl-d-glucosamine as a carbon and energy source, suggests adaptation to host-derived molecules. Adaptation to the amino acid-rich blood diet is revealed by a strong dependence on l-glutamate as a source of carbon and nitrogen and by the ability to rescue a predicted l-arginine auxotrophy. Finally, the selective loss of thiamine biosynthesis, a vitamin provided to the host by the primary symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia, reveals an intersymbiont dependence. The reductive evolution of S. glossinidius to exploit environmentally derived metabolites has resulted in multiple weaknesses in the metabolic network. These weaknesses may become targets for reagents that inhibit S. glossinidius growth and aid the reduction of trypanosomal transmission.IMPORTANCE Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by the Trypanosoma brucei parasite. The tsetse fly vector is of interest for its potential to prevent disease spread, as it is essential for T. brucei life cycle progression and transmission. The tsetse's mutualistic endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius has a link to trypanosome establishment, providing a disease control target. Here, we describe a new, experimentally verified model of S. glossinidius metabolism. This model has enabled the development of a defined growth medium that was used successfully to test aspects of S. glossinidius metabolism. We present S. glossinidius as uniquely adapted to life in the tsetse, through its reliance on the blood diet and host-derived sugars. Additionally, S. glossinidius has adapted to the tsetse's obligate symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia by scavenging a vitamin it produces for the insect. This work highlights the use of metabolic modeling to design defined growth media for symbiotic bacteria and may provide novel inhibitory targets to block trypanosome transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hall
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Thorpe
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Darby
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A Jamie Wood
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cavicchi C, Chilleri C, Fioravanti A, Ferri L, Ripandelli F, Costa C, Calabresi P, Prontera P, Pochiero F, Pasquini E, Funghini S, la Marca G, Donati MA, Morrone A. Late-Onset N-Acetylglutamate Synthase Deficiency: Report of a Paradigmatic Adult Case Presenting with Headaches and Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020345. [PMID: 29364180 PMCID: PMC5855567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (NAGSD) is an extremely rare urea cycle disorder (UCD) with few adult cases so far described. Diagnosis of late-onset presentations is difficult and delayed treatment may increase the risk of severe hyperammonemia. We describe a 52-year-old woman with recurrent headaches who experienced an acute onset of NAGSD. As very few papers focus on headaches in UCDs, we also report a literature review of types and pathophysiologic mechanisms of UCD-related headaches. In our case, headaches had been present since puberty (3–4 days a week) and were often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or behavioural changes. Despite three previous episodes of altered consciousness, ammonia was measured for the first time at 52 years and levels were increased. Identification of the new homozygous c.344C>T (p.Ala115Val) NAGS variant allowed the definite diagnosis of NAGSD. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that an order/disorder alteration of the mutated form could affect the arginine-binding site, resulting in poor enzyme activation and late-onset presentation. After optimized treatment for NAGSD, ammonia and amino acid levels were constantly normal and prevented other headache bouts. The manuscript underlies that headache may be the presenting symptom of UCDs and provides clues for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of late-onset NAGSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cavicchi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Chiara Chilleri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Structural Biology Researcher Center, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pochiero
- Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Pasquini
- Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Silvia Funghini
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Alice Donati
- Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparative proteomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii by iTRAQ provides insights into response to desiccation. Food Res Int 2017; 100:631-639. [PMID: 28873731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen throughout the world and survives extremely desiccation stress. However, the molecular basis involved in desiccation resistance of C. sakazakii is still unknown. In this study, the potential desiccation resistance factors of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 were determined using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. A total of 2775 proteins were identified by iTRAQ, of which 233 showed a different protein expression between control group and desiccation stress group. Among these 233 proteins identified as desiccation resistance proteins, there were 146 proteins downregulated and 87 proteins upregulated. According to the comprehensive proteome coverage analysis, C. sakazakii increased its resistance to desiccation by reducing the gene involved with unnecessary survival functions such as those used for virulence, adhesion, invasion and flagella assembly, while increasing gene expression of genes used in withstanding osmotic stress such as those genes involved in trehalose and betaine uptake. However, the mechanism involved in amino acid metabolism in an osmotic stress response, including the producing of γ-aminobutyric acid in C. sakazakii is still uncertain. This is the first report to determine the potential desiccation resistant factors of C. sakazakii at the proteomic levels.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoshimi N, Futamura T, Kakumoto K, Salehi AM, Sellgren CM, Holmén-Larsson J, Jakobsson J, Pålsson E, Landén M, Hashimoto K. Blood metabolomics analysis identifies abnormalities in the citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism in bipolar disorder. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:151-8. [PMID: 27114925 PMCID: PMC4832124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and debilitating psychiatric disorder. However, the precise biological basis remains unknown, hampering the search for novel biomarkers. We performed a metabolomics analysis to discover novel peripheral biomarkers for BD. Methods We quantified serum levels of 116 metabolites in mood-stabilized male BD patients (n = 54) and age-matched male healthy controls (n = 39). Results After multivariate logistic regression, serum levels of pyruvate, N-acetylglutamic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and arginine were significantly higher in BD patients than in healthy controls. Conversely, serum levels of β-alanine, and serine were significantly lower in BD patients than in healthy controls. Chronic (4-weeks) administration of lithium or valproic acid to adult male rats did not alter serum levels of pyruvate, N-acetylglutamic acid, β-alanine, serine, or arginine, but lithium administration significantly increased serum levels of α-ketoglutarate. Conclusions The metabolomics analysis demonstrated altered serum levels of pyruvate, N-acetylglutamic acid, β-alanine, serine, and arginine in BD patients. General significance The present findings suggest that abnormalities in the citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of BD. Metabolomics analysis of serum sample from bipolar disorder (BD) was performed. Pyruvate, N-acetylglutamic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and arginine were higher in BD. β-alanine, and serine were lower in BD patients. Abnormalities in citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism in BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan; Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Kakumoto
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Alireza M Salehi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Holmén-Larsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Jakobsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|