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Tong D, Yu Y, Lu L, Zhou W, Yu Y, Zhang X, Tian D, Liu G, Shi W. Microplastics weaken the exoskeletal mechanical properties of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133771. [PMID: 38364581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to crustaceans. Although exoskeleton quality is critical for crustacean survival, the impact of MPs on crustacean exoskeletons remains elusive. Our study represents a pioneering effort to characterize the effects of MPs exposure on crustacean exoskeletons. In this study, the mechanical properties of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exoskeletons were analyzed after exposure to environmentally realistic levels of MPs. Nanoindentation data demonstrated that MPs exposure significantly increased the hardness and modulus of both the carapace and abdominal segments of L. vannamei. Moreover, fractures and embedded MPs were detected on the exoskeleton surface using SEM-EDS analysis. Further analysis demonstrated that the degree of chitin acetylation (DA) in the shrimp exoskeleton, as indicated by FTIR peaks, was reduced by MPs exposure. In addition, exposure to MPs significantly inhibited the muscle Ca2+-ATPase activity and hemolymph calcium levels. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the expression levels of genes encoding key enzymes and metabolites in the chitin biosynthetic pathway were significantly affected by MPs exposure. In conclusion, MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations may affect the exoskeletal mechanical properties of L. vannamei through a comprehensive mechanism involving the disruption of the crystalline structure of chitin, assimilation into the exoskeleton, and dysregulation of exoskeleton biosynthesis-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yingying Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Lingzheng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yihan Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xunyi Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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2
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Zhang S, Ji Y, He Y, Dong J, Li H, Yu S. Effect of Environmental pH on the Mechanics of Chitin and Chitosan: A Single-Molecule Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:995. [PMID: 38611253 PMCID: PMC11014069 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are important structural macromolecules for most fungi and marine crustaceans. The functions and application areas of the two molecules are also adjacent beyond their similar molecular structure, such as tissue engineering and food safety where solution systems are involved. However, the elasticities of chitin and chitosan in solution lack comparison at the molecular level. In this study, the single-molecule elasticities of chitin and chitosan in different solutions are investigated via atomic force microscope (AFM) based single-molecule spectroscopy (SMFS). The results manifest that the two macromolecules share the similar inherent elasticity in DOSM due to their same chain backbone. However, obvious elastic deviations can be observed in aqueous conditions. Especially, a lower pH value (acid environment) is helpful to increase the elasticity of both chitin and chitosan. On the contrary, the tendency of elastic variation of chitin and chitosan in a larger pH value (alkaline environment) shows obvious diversity, which is mainly determined by the side groups. This basic study may produce enlightenment for the design of intelligent chitin and chitosan food packaging and biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564502, China; (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shirui Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564502, China; (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Chen Z, Gao J, Bi Y, Du K, Su J, Zhang D, Zhang S. Crustacean-inspired chitin-based flexible buffer layer with a helical cross-linked network for bamboo fiber/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129248. [PMID: 38191108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Marine biological resources, serving as a renewable and sustainable reservoir, holds significant import for the utilization of composite material. Hence, we produced bamboo fiber/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (BF/PHB) biocomposites with exceptional performance and economic viability, drawing inspiration from the resilience of crustacean shells. Polyaminoethyl modified chitin (PAECT) was synthesized using the alkali freeze-thaw method and introduced into the interface between BF and PHB to improve interfacial adhesion. The resulting chitin fibers, characterized by their intertwined helical chains, constructed a flexible mesh structure on the BF surface through an electrostatic self-assembly approach. The interwoven PAECT filaments infiltrated the dual-phase structure, acting as a promoter of interfacial compatibility, while the flexible chitin network provided a greater capacity for deformation accommodation. Consequently, both impact and tensile strength of the BF/PHB composites were notably enhanced. Additionally, this flexible layer ameliorated the thermal stability and crystalline properties of the composites. This investigation aimed to leverage the distinctive helical configuration of chitin to facilitate the advancement of bio-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanbin Bi
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keke Du
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jixing Su
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuangbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Elsayed RE, Hassanein D, El-Sayed MMH, Madkour TM. Impact of the Configurational Microstructure of Carboxylate-Rich Chitosan Beads on Its Adsorptive Removal of Diclofenac Potassium from Contaminated Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4274. [PMID: 37959954 PMCID: PMC10649765 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel adsorbent-contaminant system was investigated for its ability to remove a contaminant of emerging concern, diclofenac potassium, from contaminated water. Bio-based crosslinked chitosan beads functionalized with poly(itaconic acid) side chains were examined for their potential to remove the emerging contaminant. To evaluate the impact of the polymeric microstructure on its adsorptive capacity, several adsorbent samples were prepared using different combinations of initiator and monomeric concentrations. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the crosslinking of the chitosan chains and the incorporation of the carboxylic groups on the surface of the final chitosan beads. After the grafting copolymerization process, an additional peak at 1726 cm-1 corresponding to the carboxylic C=O groups of the grafted chains appeared, indicating the successful preparation of poly(IA)-g-chitosan. Thermal stability studies showed that the grafting copolymerization improved the thermal stability of the beads. X-ray and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the successful grafting of the itaconic acid on the surface of the beads. The study revealed that the higher the initiator concentration, the greater the number of side chains, whereas the higher the monomeric concentration, the longer the length of these side chains. The adsorption mechanism involved hydrogen bonding to the carboxylic groups of the grafted chains along with n-π* stacking interaction between the amino group of the chitosan and the aromatic rings of diclofenac potassium. The adsorption efficiencies of diclofenac potassium onto the grafted beads were significantly improved compared to the unfunctionalized chitosan beads, reaching values above 90%. The removal efficiency of grafted chitosan increased with an increase in the concentration in the range of 10-30 ppm and then flattened out in the range of 30-50 ppm. The removal efficiencies of 1-50 ppm of DCF ranged between about 75% and 92% for the grafted chitosan and 30-45% for the crosslinked chitosan. Rapid adsorption occurred within 20 min for all grafted sample combinations, and the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model with qe values ranging from 28 to 44.25 g/mg and R2 values greater than 0.9915. The results highlight the potential of grafted chitosan beads in removing emerging contaminants from contaminated water without harming the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (R.E.E.); (D.H.)
| | - Tarek M. Madkour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (R.E.E.); (D.H.)
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5
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Pinheiro AS, Tsarouhas V, Senti KA, Arefin B, Samakovlis C. Scavenger receptor endocytosis controls apical membrane morphogenesis in the Drosophila airways. eLife 2023; 12:e84974. [PMID: 37706489 PMCID: PMC10564452 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of distinct branch sizes and shapes is a central aspect in tubular organ morphogenesis and function. In the Drosophila airway tree, the interplay of apical extracellular matrix (ECM) components with the underlying membrane and cytoskeleton controls tube elongation, but the link between ECM composition with apical membrane morphogenesis and tube size regulation is elusive. Here, we characterized Emp (epithelial membrane protein), a Drosophila CD36 homolog belonging to the scavenger receptor class B protein family. emp mutant embryos fail to internalize the luminal chitin deacetylases Serp and Verm at the final stages of airway maturation and die at hatching with liquid filled airways. Emp localizes in apical epithelial membranes and shows cargo selectivity for LDLr-domain containing proteins. emp mutants also display over elongated tracheal tubes with increased levels of the apical proteins Crb, DE-cad, and phosphorylated Src (p-Src). We show that Emp associates with and organizes the βH-Spectrin cytoskeleton and is itself confined by apical F-actin bundles. Overexpression or loss of its cargo protein Serp lead to abnormal apical accumulations of Emp and perturbations in p-Src levels. We propose that during morphogenesis, Emp senses and responds to luminal cargo levels by initiating apical membrane endocytosis along the longitudinal tube axis and thereby restricts airway elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pinheiro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Vasilios Tsarouhas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Kirsten André Senti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- IMBA – Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburgSweden
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessenGermany
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6
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Duminis T, Heljak M, Święszkowski W, Ereskovsky A, Dziedzic I, Nowicki M, Pajewska-Szmyt M, Voronkina A, Bornstein SR, Ehrlich H. On the Mechanical Properties of Microfibre-Based 3D Chitinous Scaffolds from Selected Verongiida Sponges. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:463. [PMID: 37755076 PMCID: PMC10532465 DOI: 10.3390/md21090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal constructs of diverse marine sponges remain to be a sustainable source of biocompatible porous biopolymer-based 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering and technology, especially structures isolated from cultivated demosponges, which belong to the Verongiida order, due to the renewability of their chitinous, fibre-containing architecture focused attention. These chitinous scaffolds have already shown excellent and promising results in biomimetics and tissue engineering with respect to their broad diversity of cells. However, the mechanical features of these constructs have been poorly studied before. For the first time, the elastic moduli characterising the chitinous samples have been determined. Moreover, nanoindentation of the selected bromotyrosine-containing as well as pigment-free chitinous scaffolds isolated from selected verongiids was used in the study for comparative purposes. It was shown that the removal of bromotyrosines from chitin scaffolds results in a reduced elastic modulus; however, their hardness was relatively unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Duminis
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.D.); (M.N.); (M.P.-S.)
| | - Marcin Heljak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.H.); (W.Ś.)
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.H.); (W.Ś.)
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Izabela Dziedzic
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.D.); (M.N.); (M.P.-S.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.D.); (M.N.); (M.P.-S.)
| | - Martyna Pajewska-Szmyt
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.D.); (M.N.); (M.P.-S.)
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Pirogov Str. 56, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine;
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, Universitz Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitat Dresden, Fetschelstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
- Departmen of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.D.); (M.N.); (M.P.-S.)
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7
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Ngo TS, Tracey CT, Navrotskaya AG, Bukhtiyarov AV, Krivoshapkin PV, Krivoshapkina EF. Reusable carbon dot/chitin nanocrystal hybrid sorbent for the selective detection and removal of Cr(VI) and Co(II) ions from wastewater. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120471. [PMID: 36641187 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy S Ngo
- Energy Lab, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Chantal T Tracey
- Energy Lab, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Andrey V Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Prospekt, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel V Krivoshapkin
- Energy Lab, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena F Krivoshapkina
- Energy Lab, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
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8
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Zárate-Moreno JC, Escobar-Sierra DM, Ríos-Estepa R. Development and Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Food Coatings for Exotic Fruit Preservation. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12010020. [PMID: 36810447 PMCID: PMC9944848 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has gained agro-industrial interest due to its potential applications in food preservation. In this work, chitosan applications for exotic fruit coating, using feijoa as a case of study, were evaluated. For this, we synthetized and characterized chitosan from shrimp shells and tested its performance. Chemical formulations for coating preparation using chitosan were proposed and tested. Mechanical properties, porosity, permeability, and fungal and bactericidal characteristics were used to verify the potential application of the film in the protection of fruits. The results indicated that synthetized chitosan has comparable properties to commercial chitosan (deacetylation degree > 82%), and, for the case of feijoa, the chitosan coating achieved significant reduction of microorganisms and fungal growth (0 UFC/mL for sample 3). Further, membrane permeability allowed oxygen exchange suitable for fruit freshness and natural physiological weight loss, thus delaying oxidative degradation and prolonging shelf-life. Chitosan's characteristic of a permeable film proved to be a promising alternative for the protection and extension of the freshness of post-harvest exotic fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Zárate-Moreno
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Programa de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Escobar-Sierra
- Grupo de Biomateriales, Programa de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-4-2198568
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9
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Brauer VS, Pessoni AM, Freitas MS, Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Ries LNA, Almeida F. Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010089. [PMID: 36675910 PMCID: PMC9865612 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall (FCW) is a dynamic structure responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and is essential for modulating the interaction of the fungus with its environment. It is composed of proteins, lipids, pigments and polysaccharides, including chitin. Chitin synthesis is catalyzed by chitin synthases (CS), and up to eight CS-encoding genes can be found in Aspergillus species. This review discusses in detail the chitin synthesis and regulation in Aspergillus species, and how manipulation of chitin synthesis pathways can modulate fungal growth, enzyme production, virulence and susceptibility to antifungal agents. More specifically, the metabolic steps involved in chitin biosynthesis are described with an emphasis on how the initiation of chitin biosynthesis remains unknown. A description of the classification, localization and transport of CS was also made. Chitin biosynthesis is shown to underlie a complex regulatory network, with extensive cross-talks existing between the different signaling pathways. Furthermore, pathways and recently identified regulators of chitin biosynthesis during the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) are described. The effect of a chitin on the mammalian immune system is also discussed. Lastly, interference with chitin biosynthesis may also be beneficial for biotechnological applications. Even after more than 30 years of research, chitin biosynthesis remains a topic of current interest in mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S. Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - André M. Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus S. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Marinaldo P. Cavalcanti-Neto
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphofunctional Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Laure N. A. Ries
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
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10
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Lee S, Hao LT, Park J, Oh DX, Hwang DS. Nanochitin and Nanochitosan: Chitin Nanostructure Engineering with Multiscale Properties for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203325. [PMID: 35639091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanochitin and nanochitosan (with random-copolymer-based multiscale architectures of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units) have recently attracted immense attention for the development of green, sustainable, and advanced functional materials. Nanochitin and nanochitosan are multiscale materials from small oligomers, rod-shaped nanocrystals, longer nanofibers, to hierarchical assemblies of nanofibers. Various physical properties of chitin and chitosan depend on their molecular- and nanostructures; translational research has utilized them for a wide range of applications (biomedical, industrial, environmental, and so on). Instead of reviewing the entire extensive literature on chitin and chitosan, here, recent developments in multiscale-dependent material properties and their applications are highlighted; immune, medical, reinforcing, adhesive, green electrochemical materials, biological scaffolds, and sustainable food packaging are discussed considering the size, shape, and assembly of chitin nanostructures. In summary, new perspectives for the development of sustainable advanced functional materials based on nanochitin and nanochitosan by understanding and engineering their multiscale properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Chang FC, Zhou Y, James MM, Zareie HM, Ando Y, Yang J, Zhang M. Effect of Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan/Chitin on Human Neural Stem Cell Culture. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200389. [PMID: 36281904 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and research for neural diseases depends on reliable reproduction of neural stem cells. Chitosan-based materials have been proposed as a substrate for culturing human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in the pursuit of clinically compatible culture conditions that are chemically defined and compliant with good manufacturing practices. The physical and biochemical properties of chitosan and chitin are strongly regulated by the degree of deacetylation (DD). However, the effect of DD on hNSC behavior has not been systematically investigated. In this study, films with DD ranging from 93% to 14% are fabricated with chitosan and chitin. Under xeno-free conditions, hNSCs proliferate preferentially on films with a higher DD, exhibiting adherent morphology and retaining multipotency. Lowering the DD leads to formation of neural stem cell spheroids due to unsteady adhesion. The neural spheroids present NSC multipotency protein expression reduction and cytoplasmic translocation. This study provides an insight into the influence of the DD on hNSCs behavior and may serve as a guideline for hNSC research using chitosan-based biomaterials. It demonstrates the capability of controlling hNSC fate by simply tailoring the DD of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Chien Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew Michael James
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hadi M Zareie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yoshiki Ando
- Materials Department, Medical R&D Center, Corporate R&D Group, KYOCERA Corporation, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2362, Japan
| | - Jihui Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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12
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Sharmin N, Rosnes JT, Prabhu L, Böcker U, Sivertsvik M. Effect of Citric Acid Cross Linking on the Mechanical, Rheological and Barrier Properties of Chitosan. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165118. [PMID: 36014369 PMCID: PMC9415850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, acetic acid (AA-2% w/v), a combination of acetic acid and citric acid (AA-1% w/v + CA-1% w/w), and three different concentrations of citric acid (CA-2, 4 and 6% w/w) were used to create chitosan solution. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of residual CA in all the CA-containing samples where no trace of AA was observed. The tensile strengths of the CA-containing samples were lower than the AA samples. Whereas the values for the elongation at break of the CA samples were higher than the AA samples, which kept increasing with an increasing CA content due to the plasticizing effect from residual citric acid. The elongation at break values for 4 and 6% CA-containing samples were 98% higher than the AA samples. The samples prepared with CA showed shorter LVE regions that reduced with an increasing CA concentration compared to the AA samples. Different acid concentrations did not have a large effect on the gelation time. However, CA-containing samples showed higher viscosities as compared to the AA-containing solution, which increased with an increasing CA content. The water vapour transmission rates of the CA-containing samples were lower than the others. All the chitosan solutions suppressed the growth of the two test strains, and none of the variants reached an abs 600 nm at 0.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Sharmin
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Ås, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Thomas Rosnes
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima AS, Richard Johnsens gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Leena Prabhu
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima AS, Richard Johnsens gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ulrike Böcker
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sivertsvik
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima AS, Richard Johnsens gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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13
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Sargazi S, Siddiqui B, Qindeel M, Rahdar A, Bilal M, Behzadmehr R, Mirinejad S, Pandey S. Chitosan nanocarriers for microRNA delivery and detection: A preliminary review with emphasis on cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Chen Y, Yang X. Molecular simulation of layered GO membranes with amorphous structure for heavy metal ions separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Chen P, Zhao C, Wang H, Li Y, Tan G, Shao Z, Nishiyama Y, Hu T, Wohlert J. Quantifying the Contribution of the Dispersion Interaction and Hydrogen Bonding to the Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Chitin and Chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1633-1642. [PMID: 35352926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The elastic tensors of chitin and chitosan allomorphs were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with and without the dispersion correction and compared with experimental values. The longitudinal Young's moduli were 114.9 or 126.9 GPa for α-chitin depending on the hydrogen bond pattern: 129.0 GPa for β-chitin and 191.5 GPa for chitosan. Furthermore, the moduli were found to vary between 17.0 and 52.8 GPa in the transverse directions and between 2.2 and 15.2 GPa in shear. Switching off the dispersion correction led to a decrease in modulus by up to 63%, depending on the direction. The transverse Young's moduli of α-chitin strongly depended on the hydroxylmethyl group conformation coupled with the dispersion correction, suggesting a synergy between hydrogen bonding and dispersion interactions. The calculated longitudinal Young's moduli were, in general, higher than experimental values obtained in static conditions, and the Poisson's ratios were lower than experimental values obtained in static conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Changjun Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Tao Hu
- Department of Materials Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Islam MS, Sharif A, Kwan N, Tam KC. Bile Acid Sequestrants for Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Using Sustainable Biopolymers: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1248-1272. [PMID: 35333534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, the endogenous steroid nucleus containing signaling molecules, are responsible for the regulation of multiple metabolic processes, including lipoprotein and glucose metabolism to maintain homeostasis. Within our body, they are directly produced from their immediate precursors, cholesterol C (low-density lipoprotein C, LDL-C), through the enzymatic catabolic process mediated by 7-α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Bile acid sequestrants (BASs) or amphiphilic resins that are nonabsorbable to the human body (being complex high molecular weight polymers/electrolytes) are one of the classes of drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia (a high plasma cholesterol level) or dyslipidemia (lipid abnormalities in the body); thus, they have been used clinically for more than 50 years with strong safety profiles as demonstrated by the Lipid Research Council-Cardiovascular Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT). They reduce plasma LDL-C and can slightly increase high-density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) levels, whereas many of the recent clinical studies have demonstrated that they can reduce glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, due to higher daily dosage requirements, lower efficacy in LDL-C reduction, and concomitant drug malabsorption, research to develop an "ideal" BAS from sustainable or natural sources with better LDL-C lowering efficacy and glucose regulations and lower side effects is being pursued. This Review discusses some recent developments and their corresponding efficacies as bile removal or LDL-C reduction of natural biopolymer (polysaccharide)-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anjiya Sharif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nathania Kwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kam C Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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17
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Hou J, Aydemir BE, Dumanli AG. Understanding the structural diversity of chitins as a versatile biomaterial. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200331. [PMID: 34334022 PMCID: PMC8326827 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has adopted many different structural conformations using a combination of different natural processes like biopolymerization, crystallization and non-equilibrium self-assembly. This leads to a number of striking physical effects like complex light scattering and polarization as well as unique mechanical properties. In doing so, chitin uses a fine balance between the highly ordered chain conformations in the nanofibrils and random disordered structures. In this opinion piece, we discuss the structural hierarchy of chitin, its crystalline states and the natural biosynthesis processes to create such specific structures and diversity. Among the examples we explored, the unified question arises from the generation of completely different bioarchitectures like the Christmas tree-like nanostructures, gyroids or helicoidal geometries using similar dynamic non-equilibrium growth processes. Understanding the in vivo development of such structures from gene expressions, enzymatic activities as well as the chemical matrix employed in different stages of the biosynthesis will allow us to shift the material design paradigms. Certainly, the complexity of the biology requires a collaborative and multi-disciplinary research effort. For the future's advanced technologies, using chitin will ultimately drive many innovations and alternatives using biomimicry in materials science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Berk Emre Aydemir
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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18
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Palmieri V, Niccolini B, Perini G, Augello A, De Maio F, Gervasoni J, Primiano A, Delogu G, De Spirito M, Papi M. In situ N-acetylcysteine release from polyvinyl alcohol film for moisture-activated food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Giri AK, Cordeiro MND. Heavy metal ion separation from industrial wastewater using stacked graphene Membranes: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ando J, Kawagoe H, Nakamura A, Iino R, Fujita K. Label-free monitoring of crystalline chitin hydrolysis by chitinase based on Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:4087-4094. [PMID: 34060547 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for label-free monitoring of hydrolytic activity of crystalline-chitin-degrading enzyme, chitinase, by means of Raman spectroscopy. We found that crystalline chitin exhibited a characteristic Raman peak at 2995 cm-1, which did not appear in the reaction product, N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. We used this Raman peak as a marker of crystalline chitin degradation to monitor the hydrolytic activity of chitinase. When the crystalline chitin suspension and chitinase were mixed together, the peak intensity of crystalline chitin at 2995 cm-1 was linearly decreased depending on incubation time. The decrease in peak intensity was inversely correlated with the increase in the amount of released N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, which was measured by conventional colorimetric assay with alkaline ferricyanide. Our result, presented here, provides a new method for simple, in situ, and label-free monitoring of enzymatic activity of chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ando
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan and Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawagoe
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Nakamura
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan and Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan and Department of Applied Life Sciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryota Iino
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan and Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. and Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Lau CM, Kim SS, Lillie LM, Tolman WB, Reineke TM, Ellison CJ. Structural Basis for the Different Mechanical Behaviors of Two Chemically Analogous, Carbohydrate-Derived Thermosets. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:609-615. [PMID: 35570761 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two renewable, structurally analogous monomers, isosorbide undecenoate (IU) and glucarodilactone undecenoate (GDLU) reacted with pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETT) via thiol-ene photopolymerization to form IU-PETT and GDLU-PETT thermosets. Despite their chemical similarity, uniaxial tensile testing showed that GDLU-PETT exhibited a strain-hardening behavior and is significantly tougher than IU-PETT. To understand this observation, in situ tensile testing and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments (WAXS) were conducted. While the 2D WAXS patterns of IU-PETT displayed an isotropic halo during uniaxial deformation, they exhibited a change from an isotropic halo to a pair of scattering arcs for the GDLU-PETT samples. Density functional theory calculations further revealed that the GDLU alkyl chains are less angled than the IU alkyl chains. Based on these results, we postulate that the GDLU molecules can more easily order and align during uniaxial deformation, hence increasing intermolecular interactions between the GDLU molecules and contributing to the observed strain hardening behavior of their thermosets. This study exemplifies how molecules with subtle differences in their chemical structures can alter the structures and thermophysical properties of the resulting polymers in unpredictable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Maggie Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Leon M. Lillie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1134, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Kumar S, Foroozesh J. Chitin nanocrystals based complex fluids: A green nanotechnology. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117619. [PMID: 33541647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitin biopolymer has received significant attention recently by many industries as a green technology. Nanotechnology has been used to make chitin nanocrystals (ChiNCs) that are rod-shaped natural nanomaterials with nanoscale size. Owing to the unique features such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, rod-shape, and excellent surface and interfacial, physiochemical, and thermo-mechanical properties; ChiNCs have been green and attractive products with wide applications specifically in medical and pharmaceutical, food and packaging, cosmetic, electrical, and electronic, and also in the oil and gas industry. This review aims to give a comprehensive and applied insight into ChiNCs technology. It starts with reviewing different sources of chitin and their extraction methods followed by the characterization of ChiNCs. Furthermore, a detailed investigation into various complex fluids (dispersions, emulsions, foams, and gels) stabilized by ChiNCs and their characterisation have been thoroughly deliberated. Finally, the current status including ground-breaking applications, untapped investigations, and future prospective have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Jalal Foroozesh
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia.
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23
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Intermolecular interactions of chitosan: Degree of acetylation and molecular weight. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117782. [PMID: 33674019 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The degree of acetylation (DA), which determines as the molar proportion of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units on chitosan, characterizes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan. Thus, DA can be a critical factor in the utilization of chitosan. Nevertheless, quantitative studies on the molecular interactions of chitosan as a function of DA are lacking. Here, we directly measured the molecular interaction (adhesion and cohesion) of molecularly thin chitosan films, dependent on the molecular weight and DA, using a surface forces apparatus. Using low molecular weight (LMW, ∼5 kDa) and high molecular weight (HMW, ∼135 kDa) chitosan, we obtained several DA ranges through a reacetylation method. The interactions of LMW chitosan were greatly influenced by the intrinsic charge of the chitosan units, whereas for HMW chitosan, chain flexibility was found to be the major factor affecting molecular interaction Taken together, our comprehensive data provides a holistic understanding of the interaction mechanism of chitosan.
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24
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Singhal A, Schneible JD, Lilova RL, Hall CK, Menegatti S, Grafmüller A. A multiscale coarse-grained model to predict the molecular architecture and drug transport properties of modified chitosan hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10591-10610. [PMID: 33156313 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels constructed with functionalized polysaccharides are of interest in a multitude of applications, chiefly the design of therapeutic and regenerative formulations. Tailoring the chemical modification of polysaccharide-based hydrogels to achieve specific drug release properties involves the optimization of many tunable parameters, including (i) the type, degree (χ), and pattern of the functional groups, (ii) the water-polymer ratio, and (iii) the drug payload. To guide the design of modified polysaccharide hydrogels for drug release, we have developed a computational toolbox that predicts the structure and physicochemical properties of acylated chitosan chains, and their impact on the transport of drug molecules. Herein, we present a multiscale coarse-grained model to investigate the structure of networks of chitosan chains modified with acetyl, butanoyl, or heptanoyl moieties, as well as the diffusion of drugs doxorubicin (Dox) and gemcitabine (Gem) through the resulting networks. The model predicts the formation of different network structures, in particular the hydrophobically-driven transition from a uniform to a cluster/channel morphology and the formation of fibers of chitin chains. The model also describes the impact of structural and physicochemical properties on drug transport, which was confirmed experimentally by measuring Dox and Gem diffusion through an ensemble of modified chitosan hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Singhal
- Department of Theory and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany.
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25
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Velic A, Hasan J, Li Z, Yarlagadda PKDV. Mechanics of Bacterial Interaction and Death on Nanopatterned Surfaces. Biophys J 2020; 120:217-231. [PMID: 33333030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanopatterned surfaces are believed to kill bacteria through physical deformation, a mechanism that has immense potential against biochemical resistance. Because of its elusive nature, this mechanism is mostly understood through biophysical modeling. Problematically, accurate descriptions of the contact mechanics and various boundary conditions involved in the bacteria-nanopattern interaction remain to be seen. This may underpin conflicting predictions, found throughout the literature, regarding two important aspects of the mechanism-that is, its critical action site and relationship with geometry. Herein, a robust computational analysis of bacteria-nanopattern interaction is performed using a three-dimensional finite element modeling that incorporates relevant continuum mechanical properties, multilayered envelope structure, and adhesion interaction conditions. The model is applied to more accurately study the elusory mechanism and its enhancement via nanopattern geometry. Additionally, micrographs of bacteria adhered on a nanopatterned cicada wing are examined to further inform and verify the major modeling predictions. Together, the results indicate that nanopatterned surfaces do not kill bacteria predominantly by rupture in between protruding pillars as previously thought. Instead, nondevelopable deformation about pillar tips is more likely to create a critical site at the pillar apex, which delivers significant in-plane strains and may locally rupture and penetrate the cell. The computational analysis also demonstrates that envelope deformation is increased by adhesion to nanopatterns with smaller pillar radii and spacing. These results further progress understanding of the mechanism of nanopatterned surfaces and help guide their design for enhanced bactericidal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Velic
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jafar Hasan
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prasad K D V Yarlagadda
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Li J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Wu D. Surface chain engineering of chitin nanocrystals towards tailoring the nucleating capacities for poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:967-976. [PMID: 33144256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin nanocrystal (ChNC) is good nucleation agent for aliphatic polyesters because of its high-energy surface. To moderate its nucleation activity, silane coupling agents with different chain lengths or functional groups were used to modify ChNCs in this work, and biodegradable poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was used as target polymer for crystallization study. Surface coupling of ChNCs improves their phase adhesion to PHB chain and weakens their nucleation activities. The alterations strongly depend on the surface chain structure of ChNCs: sulfhydryl silane-coupled ChNC shows lowered nucleation activity, whereas amino silane-coupled ChNCs even become antinucleation agents. The interfacial compatibility is vital to altered role of ChNCs and to following changes in spherulite growth and ring-banded morphology, which is further disclosed using Flory-Huggins interaction parameters and rheological responses as probes. This work provides useful information on tailoring the functions of ChNCs as nanoadditive for biodegradable aliphatic polyesters by the way of surface chain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Yuankun Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jinsen Photoelectric Material Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratories of Environmental Materials & Engineering, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China.
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Young W, Arojju SK, McNeill MR, Rettedal E, Gathercole J, Bell N, Payne P. Feeding Bugs to Bugs: Edible Insects Modify the Human Gut Microbiome in an in vitro Fermentation Model. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1763. [PMID: 32793177 PMCID: PMC7390975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report a study characterizing the potential for edible insects to act as a prebiotic by altering the bacterial composition of the human fecal microbiome, using batch cultures inoculated with fecal adult human donors. Black field cricket nymphs, grass grub larvae, and wax moth larvae were subjected to an in vitro digestion to simulate the oral, gastric, and small intestinal stages of digestion. The digested material was then dialyzed to remove small molecules such as amino acids and free sugars to simulate removal of nutrients through upper gastrointestinal tract digestion. The retentate, representing the digestion resistant constituents, was then fermented in fecal batch cultures for 4, 7, and 15 h to represent rapid and longer fermentation times. Batch cultures without any added substrates were also set up to act as controls. Additionally, phosphate-buffered saline was used as a no-protein control and milk powder as "standard" protein control. At the end of the incubation period, the bacterial pellets were collected for microbiome analysis by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Analysis of fecal cultures showed striking differences in community composition. Each substrate led to significant differences across a wide range of taxa compared to each other and PBS controls. Among the differences observed, digested grass grub larvae increased proportions of Faecalibacterium and the Prevotella 2 group. Black field crickets increased the prevalence of the Escherichia-Shigella group, Dialister genus, and a group of unclassified Lachnospiraceae. Wax moth larvae promoted the expansion of the same group of unclassified Lachnospiraceae and the Escherichia/Shigella group. The increased Faecalibacterium observed in the cultures with grass grub larvae represents a noteworthy finding as this bacterium is widely thought to be beneficial in nature, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and associations with gut health. We conclude that insects can differentially modulate the microbiome composition in batch cultures inoculated with adult fecal material after simulated in vitro digestion. Although the physiological impact in vivo remains to be determined, this study provides sound scientific evidence that investigating the potential for consuming insects for gut health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenges, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sai Krishna Arojju
- Forage Genetics Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark R. McNeill
- Biocontrol and Biosecurity Team, AgResearch Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Rettedal
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Gathercole
- Proteins and Metabolites Team, AgResearch Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Bell
- Soil Biology Team, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Penny Payne
- People and Agriculture Team, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Cui J, Qin Z, Masic A, Buehler MJ. Multiscale structural insights of load bearing bamboo: A computational modeling approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 107:103743. [PMID: 32364947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bamboo has been widely utilized as a load bearing material in building construction since ancient times by taking advantage of its excellent mechanical performances under loading as well as its low density and rapid growth. Applications of bamboo to engineering, architecture, and infrastructure require an in-depth understanding of the relationship between its morphology and mechanics, including how this regularly spaced segmental structure adapts to taking the applied loads. However, previous research on buckling behavior of structural bamboo considered it as a homogenous tube without multiscale structural features, and no reasonable explanation for the regular segment length was proposed. Here, we have implemented representative volume elements within the framework of finite element analysis to study the mechanical response of a bamboo culm under axial compressive load and systematically investigated how the bamboo's hierarchical structural features (e.g., gradient fiber distribution, periodic nodes, and others) contribute to its compression capacity. We find that column buckling is a critical failure mode that leads to the collapse of the entire structure, which can be disastrous. We observe that the gradient fiber distribution pattern along the radial direction significantly contributes to its strength. We find that the occurrence of fiber deviation at the node region reduces the strength of bamboo. Nevertheless, our results show that structural features such as external ridge and internal diaphragm play the role of reinforcement while the effect is more significant for bamboo than other plants with similar node appearance. Our work provides structural insights into the outstanding mechanics of bamboo. Such information could provide a guide for engineers to predict the material mechanics according to its structure, design bamboo-inspired composite materials, and construct high-performance architectures with bamboo accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Cui
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Admir Masic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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29
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D'Hondt E, Soetemans L, Bastiaens L, Maesen M, Jespers V, Van den Bosch B, Voorspoels S, Elst K. Simplified determination of the content and average degree of acetylation of chitin in crude black soldier fly larvae samples. Carbohydr Res 2020; 488:107899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jones M, Kujundzic M, John S, Bismarck A. Crab vs. Mushroom: A Review of Crustacean and Fungal Chitin in Wound Treatment. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E64. [PMID: 31963764 PMCID: PMC7024172 DOI: 10.3390/md18010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its derivative chitosan are popular constituents in wound-treatment technologies due to their nanoscale fibrous morphology and attractive biomedical properties that accelerate healing and reduce scarring. These abundant natural polymers found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls affect almost every phase of the healing process, acting as hemostatic and antibacterial agents that also support cell proliferation and attachment. However, key differences exist in the structure, properties, processing, and associated polymers of fungal and arthropod chitin, affecting their respective application to wound treatment. High purity crustacean-derived chitin and chitosan have been widely investigated for wound-treatment applications, with research incorporating chemically modified chitosan derivatives and advanced nanocomposite dressings utilizing biocompatible additives, such as natural polysaccharides, mineral clays, and metal nanoparticles used to achieve excellent mechanical and biomedical properties. Conversely, fungi-derived chitin is covalently decorated with -glucan and has received less research interest despite its mass production potential, simple extraction process, variations in chitin and associated polymer content, and the established healing properties of fungal exopolysaccharides. This review investigates the proven biomedical properties of both fungal- and crustacean-derived chitin and chitosan, their healing mechanisms, and their potential to advance modern wound-treatment methods through further research and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Jones
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Marina Kujundzic
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabu John
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Rehman A, Houshyar S, Wang X. Nanodiamond in composite: Biomedical application. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:906-922. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Rehman
- School of Fashion and Textiles RMIT University Brunswick Victoria Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Fashion and Textiles RMIT University Brunswick Victoria Australia
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Chrissian C, Camacho E, Fu MS, Prados-Rosales R, Chatterjee S, Cordero RJB, Lodge JK, Casadevall A, Stark RE. Melanin deposition in two Cryptococcus species depends on cell-wall composition and flexibility. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1815-1828. [PMID: 31896575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are two species complexes in the large fungal genus Cryptococcus and are responsible for potentially lethal disseminated infections. These two complexes share several phenotypic traits, such as production of the protective compound melanin. In C. neoformans, the pigment associates with key cellular constituents that are essential for melanin deposition within the cell wall. Consequently, melanization is modulated by changes in cell-wall composition or ultrastructure. However, whether similar factors influence melanization in C. gattii is unknown. Herein, we used transmission EM, biochemical assays, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy of representative isolates and "leaky melanin" mutant strains from each species complex to examine the compositional and structural factors governing cell-wall pigment deposition in C. neoformans and C. gattii. The principal findings were the following. 1) C. gattii R265 had an exceptionally high chitosan content compared with C. neoformans H99; a rich chitosan composition promoted homogeneous melanin distribution throughout the cell wall but did not increase the propensity of pigment deposition. 2) Strains from both species manifesting the leaky melanin phenotype had reduced chitosan content, which was compensated for by the production of lipids and other nonpolysaccharide constituents that depended on the species or mutation. 3) Changes in the relative rigidity of cell-wall chitin were associated with aberrant pigment retention, implicating cell-wall flexibility as an independent variable in cryptococcal melanin assembly. Overall, our results indicate that cell-wall composition and molecular architecture are critical factors for the anchoring and arrangement of melanin pigments in both C. neoformans and C. gattii species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chrissian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Man Shun Fu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10033; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jennifer K Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016.
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33
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Production of low molecular weight chitosan by acid and oxidative pathways: Effect on physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2019; 123:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Jones M, Weiland K, Kujundzic M, Theiner J, Kählig H, Kontturi E, John S, Bismarck A, Mautner A. Waste-Derived Low-Cost Mycelium Nanopapers with Tunable Mechanical and Surface Properties. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3513-3523. [PMID: 31355634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycelium, the vegetative growth of filamentous fungi, has attracted increasing commercial and academic interest in recent years because of its ability to upcycle agricultural and industrial wastes into low-cost, sustainable composite materials. However, mycelium composites typically exhibit foam-like mechanical properties, primarily originating from their weak organic filler constituents. Fungal growth can be alternatively utilized as a low-cost method for on-demand generation of natural nanofibrils, such as chitin and chitosan, which can be grown and isolated from liquid wastes and byproducts in the form of fungal microfilaments. This study characterized polymer extracts and nanopapers produced from a common mushroom reference and various species of fungal mycelium grown on sugarcane byproduct molasses. Polymer yields of ∼10-26% were achieved, which are comparable to those of crustacean-derived chitin, and the nanopapers produced exhibited much higher tensile strengths than the existing mycelium materials, with values of up to ∼25 MPa (mycelium) and ∼98 MPa (mushroom), in addition to useful hydrophobic surface properties resulting from the presence of organic lipid residues in the nanopapers. HCl or H2O2 treatments were used to remove these impurities facilitating tuning of mechanical, thermal, and surface properties of the nanopapers produced. This potentially enables their use in a wide range of applications including coatings, membranes, packaging, and paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Jones
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Bundoora East Campus , P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne 3083 , Victoria , Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (BIO2) , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Sabu John
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Bundoora East Campus , P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne 3083 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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35
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Montroni D, Fermani S, Morellato K, Torri G, Naggi A, Cristofolini L, Falini G. β-Chitin samples with similar microfibril arrangement change mechanical properties varying the degree of acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:26-33. [PMID: 30600008 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is widespread in nature and is increasingly used in synthetic process for the production of new biomaterials. Chitin degree of acetylation, crystalline structure and microfibril arrangement differentiate chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, no information are available on the relationship between the mechanical properties and the degree of acetylation (DA) in chitin samples in which the microfibril arrangement does not change. Here, samples of β-chitin with decreasing DA, up to chitosan, were prepared using the squid pen of Loligo vulgaris. These samples were characterized by CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analyses, synchrotron X-ray fiber diffraction and tensile tests. The results showed a similar microfibril arrangement decreasing the DA, except for the chitosan sample. The mechanical properties showed an increase of the maximum strain and a reduction of the maximum stress and Young's modulus, decreasing the DA. These changes, not linear with the DA, were related to structural changes at molecular structure level. The knowledge deriving from this study is of interest both for the understanding of the mechanical properties of chitinous biological samples, but also for the design and synthesis of new biomacromolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Montroni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kavin Morellato
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Ling S, Chen W, Fan Y, Zheng K, Jin K, Yu H, Buehler MJ, Kaplan DL. Biopolymer nanofibrils: structure, modeling, preparation, and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018; 85:1-56. [PMID: 31915410 PMCID: PMC6948189 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer nanofibrils exhibit exceptional mechanical properties with a unique combination of strength and toughness, while also presenting biological functions that interact with the surrounding environment. These features of biopolymer nanofibrils profit from their hierarchical structures that spun angstrom to hundreds of nanometer scales. To maintain these unique structural features and to directly utilize these natural supramolecular assemblies, a variety of new methods have been developed to produce biopolymer nanofibrils. In particular, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs), silk nanofibrils (SNFs) and collagen nanofibrils (CoNFs), as the four most abundant biopolymer nanofibrils on earth, have been the focus of research in recent years due to their renewable features, wide availability, low-cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. A series of top-down and bottom-up strategies have been accessed to exfoliate and regenerate these nanofibrils for versatile advanced applications. In this review, we first summarize the structures of biopolymer nanofibrils in nature and outline their related computational models with the aim of disclosing fundamental structure-property relationships in biological materials. Then, we discuss the underlying methods used for the preparation of CNFs, ChNFs, SNF and CoNFs, and discuss emerging applications for these biopolymer nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Sadat Mohajer F, Parvizpour S, Razmara J, Shahir Shamsir M. The two mutations of actin-myosin interface and their effect on the dynamics, structures, and functions of skeletal muscle actin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:372-382. [PMID: 29338614 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1427630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myopathy is a broad category of muscular diseases with symptoms appearing at the time of birth. One type of congenital myopathy is Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion (CFTD), a severely debilitating disease. The G48D and G48C mutations in the D-loop and the actin-myosin interface are the two causes of CFTD. These mutations have been shown to significantly affect the structure and function of muscle fibers. To the author's knowledge, the effects of these mutations have not yet been studied. In this work, the power stroke structure of the head domain of myosin and the wild and mutated types of actin were modeled. Then, a MD simulation was run for the modeled structures to study the effects of these mutations on the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of actin. The wild and mutated actins docked with myosin showed differences in hydrogen bonding patterns, free binding energies, and hydrogen bond occupation frequencies. The G48D and G48C mutations significantly impacted the conformation of D-loops because of their larger size compared to Glycine and their ability to interfere with the polarity or hydrophobicity of this neutralized and hydrophobic loop. Therefore, the mutated loops were unable to fit properly into the hydrophobic groove of the adjacent G-actin. The abnormal structure of D-loops seems to result in the abnormal assembly of F-actins, giving rise to the symptoms of CFTD. It was also noted that G48C and G48D did not form hydrogen bonds with myosin in the residue 48 location. Nevertheless, in this case, muscles are unable to contract properly due to muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Sadat Mohajer
- a Bioinformatics Research Group, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering , UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
| | - Sepideh Parvizpour
- b Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Jafar Razmara
- c Departement of Computer Science , University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- a Bioinformatics Research Group, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering , UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
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38
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Yu Z, Lau D. Flexibility of backbone fibrils in α-chitin crystals with different degree of acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:941-947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Mutsenko VV, Gryshkov O, Lauterboeck L, Rogulska O, Tarusin DN, Bazhenov VV, Schütz K, Brüggemeier S, Gossla E, Akkineni AR, Meißner H, Lode A, Meschke S, Fromont J, Stelling AL, Tabachnik KR, Gelinsky M, Nikulin S, Rodin S, Tonevitsky AG, Petrenko AY, Glasmacher B, Schupp PJ, Ehrlich H. Novel chitin scaffolds derived from marine sponge Ianthella basta for tissue engineering approaches based on human mesenchymal stromal cells: Biocompatibility and cryopreservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1955-1965. [PMID: 28365291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary biocompatibility and mechanical properties of chitinous scaffolds from marine sponges endows these structures with unique properties that render them ideal for diverse biomedical applications. In the present work, a technological route to produce "ready-to-use" tissue-engineered products based on poriferan chitin is comprehensively investigated for the first time. Three key stages included isolation of scaffolds from the marine demosponge Ianthella basta, confirmation of their biocompatibility with human mesenchymal stromal cells, and cryopreservation of the tissue-like structures grown within these scaffolds using a slow cooling protocol. Biocompatibility of the macroporous, flat chitin scaffolds has been confirmed by cell attachment, high cell viability and the ability to differentiate into the adipogenic lineage. The viability of cells cryopreserved on chitin scaffolds was reduced by about 30% as compared to cells cryopreserved in suspension. However, the surviving cells were able to retain their differentiation potential; and this is demonstrated for the adipogenic lineage. The results suggest that chitin from the marine demosponge I. basta is a promising, highly biocompatible biomaterial for stem cell-based tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii V Mutsenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine; Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Lauterboeck
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Olena Rogulska
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy N Tarusin
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vasilii V Bazhenov
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Brüggemeier
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Gossla
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ashwini R Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Meißner
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jane Fromont
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia
| | - Allison L Stelling
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergey Nikulin
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey Rodin
- P.A. Hertsen Moscow Research Oncology Institute, Botkinskii p.3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Y Petrenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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40
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Mei XM, Chen W, Bai ZW. Enantioseparation characteristics of the chiral stationary phases based on natural and regenerated chitins. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1710-1717. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Mei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Wu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan P.R. China
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