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Tandon S, Sarkar S. Glutamine stimulates the S6K/4E-BP branch of insulin signalling pathway to mitigate human poly(Q) disorders in Drosophila disease models. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:783-794. [PMID: 37658796 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2253028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Since, the S6K/4E-BP sub-pathway can be stimulated by various amino acids; we extended our investigation to examine if oral feeding of amino acids delivers rescue against human poly(Q) toxicity in Drosophila. We utilised Drosophila models of two different poly(Q) disorders to test our hypothesis. Glutamine was fed to the test flies orally mixed in the food. Control and treated flies were then tested for different parameters, such as formation of poly(Q) aggregates and neurodegeneration, to evaluate glutamine's proficiency in mitigating poly(Q) neurotoxicity. RESULTS Our study, for the first time, reports that glutamine feeding stimulates the growth promoting S6K/4E-BP branch of insulin signalling pathway and restricts pathogenesis of poly(Q) disorders in Drosophila disease models. We noted that glutamine treatment restricts the formation of neurotoxic poly(Q) aggregates and minimises neuronal deaths. Further, glutamine treatment re-establishes the chromatin architecture by improving the histone acetylation which is otherwise compromised in poly(Q) expressing neuronal cells. DISCUSSION Since, the insulin signalling pathway as well as mechanism of action of glutamine are fairly conserved between human and Drosophila, our finding strongly suggests that glutamine holds immense potential to be developed as an intervention therapy against the incurable human poly(Q) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tandon
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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2
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Hei Z, Wang J, Fang P. Trading in catalytic power for sensing. Structure 2024; 32:647-649. [PMID: 38848680 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Yin et al.1 present the CryoEM structure of the HisRS-like domain of human GCN2 and demonstrate that it is a pseudoenzyme, which binds uncharged tRNA in a different manner than HisRS and does not bind histidine and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoufei Hei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Öz-Arslan D, Durer ZA, Kan B. G protein-coupled receptor-mediated autophagy in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38501194 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse superfamily of mammalian transmembrane proteins. These receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological functions and are targets for more than a third of available drugs in the market. Autophagy is a cellular process involved in degrading damaged proteins and organelles and in recycling cellular components. Deficiencies in autophagy are involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Both GPCRs and autophagy are essential in preserving homeostasis and cell survival. There is emerging evidence suggesting that GPCRs are direct regulators of autophagy. Additionally, autophagic machinery is involved in the regulation of GPCR signalling. The interplay between GPCR and autophagic signalling mechanisms significantly impacts on health and disease; however, there is still an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications in different tissues and disease contexts. This review aims to discuss the interactions between GPCR and autophagy signalling. Studies on muscarinic receptors, beta-adrenoceptors, taste receptors, purinergic receptors and adhesion GPCRs are summarized, in relation to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aslıhan Durer
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Xie L, Li R, Zhang J, Li H, Gao X, Zhang M. Methionine Promotes Milk Synthesis through the BRCC36-BRG1-mTOR Signaling Axis in Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2135-2144. [PMID: 38240727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) functions as a key stimulator on the mTOR signaling pathway and milk synthesis, but the molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. We investigated the regulatory roles of BRCC36 in Met-stimulated milk lipid and protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and the mTOR signaling pathway. Knockdown of BRCC36 promoted milk lipid and protein synthesis in HC11 cells as well as cell proliferation by increasing the levels of mTOR gene transcription and protein phosphorylation. Conversely, the gene activation of BRCC36 had opposite effects. Furthermore, BRCC36 gene activation completely blocked Met stimulation on the BRG1 protein level and mTOR mRNA level and protein phosphorylation. BRCC36 bound to BRG1, and BRCC36 and BRG1 bound to the same region on the mTOR promoter. BRCC36 inhibited the BRG1 protein level and the binding of BRG1 to the mTOR promoter. Met decreased the BRCC36 protein level, and this effect was significantly attenuated by MG132 but not affected by cycloheximide or chloroquine. We further showed that Met increased BRCC36 ubiquitination degradation. Our findings reveal that Met promotes milk lipid and protein synthesis in MECs through the BRCC36-BRG1-mTOR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Heqian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
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5
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Zhang M, Ma Z, Qi H, Cui X, Li R, Gao X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of mammary gland tissues reveals the critical role of GPR110 in palmitic acid-stimulated milk protein and fat synthesis. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1665-1677. [PMID: 36946032 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) sensing nutritional signals (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, etc.) are not fully understood. In this research, we used transcriptome sequencing to analyse differentially expressed genes (DEG) in mouse mammary gland tissues at puberty, lactation and involution stages, in which eight GPCR were selected out and verified by qRT-PCR assay. It was further identified the role of GPR110-mediating nutrients including palmitic acid (PA) and methionine (Met) to improve milk synthesis using mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. PA but not Met affected GPR110 expression in a dose-dependent manner. GPR110 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis and cell proliferation and blocked the stimulation of PA on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression. In summary, these experimental results disclose DEG related to lactation and reveal that GPR110 mediates PA to activate the mTOR and SREBP-1c pathways to promote milk protein and fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghua Ma
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cui
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
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6
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Kahlhofer J, Teis D. The human LAT1-4F2hc (SLC7A5-SLC3A2) transporter complex: Physiological and pathophysiological implications. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:459-472. [PMID: 36460306 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
LAT1 and 4F2hc form a heterodimeric membrane protein complex, which functions as one of the best characterized amino acid transporters. Since LAT1-4F2hc is required for the efficient uptake of essential amino acids and hormones, it promotes cellular growth, in part, by stimulating mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) signalling and by repressing the integrated stress response (ISR). Gain or loss of LAT1-4F2hc function is associated with cancer, diabetes, and immunological and neurological diseases. Hence, LAT1-4F2hc represents an attractive drug target for disease treatment. Specific targeting of LAT1-4F2hc will be facilitated by the increasingly detailed understanding of its molecular architecture, which provides important concepts for its function and regulation. Here, we summarize (i) structural insights that help to explain how LAT1 and 4F2hc assemble to transport amino acids across membranes, (ii) the role of LAT1-4F2hc in key metabolic signalling pathways, and (iii) how derailing these processes could contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Alam S, Doherty E, Ortega-Prieto P, Arizanova J, Fets L. Membrane transporters in cell physiology, cancer metabolism and drug response. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050404. [PMID: 38037877 PMCID: PMC10695176 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
By controlling the passage of small molecules across lipid bilayers, membrane transporters influence not only the uptake and efflux of nutrients, but also the metabolic state of the cell. With more than 450 members, the Solute Carriers (SLCs) are the largest transporter super-family, clustering into families with different substrate specificities and regulatory properties. Cells of different types are, therefore, able to tailor their transporter expression signatures depending on their metabolic requirements, and the physiological importance of these proteins is illustrated by their mis-regulation in a number of disease states. In cancer, transporter expression is heterogeneous, and the SLC family has been shown to facilitate the accumulation of biomass, influence redox homeostasis, and also mediate metabolic crosstalk with other cell types within the tumour microenvironment. This Review explores the roles of membrane transporters in physiological and malignant settings, and how these roles can affect drug response, through either indirect modulation of sensitivity or the direct transport of small-molecule therapeutic compounds into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alam
- Drug Transport and Tumour Metabolism Lab, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Emily Doherty
- Drug Transport and Tumour Metabolism Lab, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paula Ortega-Prieto
- Drug Transport and Tumour Metabolism Lab, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia Arizanova
- Drug Transport and Tumour Metabolism Lab, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Louise Fets
- Drug Transport and Tumour Metabolism Lab, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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8
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Li Q, Chen J, Liu J, Lin T, Liu X, Zhang S, Yue X, Zhang X, Zeng X, Ren M, Guan W, Zhang S. Leucine and arginine enhance milk fat and milk protein synthesis via the CaSR/G i/mTORC1 and CaSR/G q/mTORC1 pathways. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2873-2890. [PMID: 37392244 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Amino acids (AAs) not only constitute milk protein but also stimulate milk synthesis through the activation of mTORC1 signaling, but which amino acids that have the greatest impact on milk fat and protein synthesis is still very limited. In this study, we aimed to identify the most critical AAs involved in the regulation of milk synthesis and clarify how these AAs regulate milk synthesis through the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (HC11) and porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) were selected as study subjects. After treatment with different AAs, the amount of milk protein and milk fat synthesis were detected. Activation of mTORC1 and GPCRs signaling induced by AAs was also investigated. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that essential amino acids (EAAs) are crucial to promote lactation by increasing the expression of genes and proteins related to milk synthesis, such as ACACA, FABP4, DGAT1, SREBP1, α-casein, β-casein, and WAP in HC11 cells and PMECs. In addition to activating mTORC1, EAAs uniquely regulate the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) among all amino-acid-responsive GPCRs, which indicates a potential link between CaSR and the mTORC1 pathway in mammary gland epithelial cells. Compared with other EAAs, leucine and arginine had the greatest capacity to trigger GPCRs (p-ERK) and mTORC1 (p-S6K1) signaling in HC11 cells. In addition, CaSR and its downstream G proteins Gi, Gq, and Gβγ are involved in the regulation of leucine- and arginine-induced milk synthesis and mTORC1 activation. Taken together, our data suggest that leucine and arginine can efficiently trigger milk synthesis through the CaSR/Gi/mTORC1 and CaSR/Gq/mTORC1 pathways. CONCLUSION We found that the G-protein-coupled receptor CaSR is an important amino acid sensor in mammary epithelial cells. Leucine and arginine promote milk synthesis partially through the CaSR/Gi/mTORC1 and CaSR/Gq/mTORC1 signaling systems in mammary gland epithelial cells. Although this mechanism needs further verification, it is foreseeable that this mechanism may provide new insights into the regulation of milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tongbin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinghong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianhuai Yue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Ren
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Colonna MB, Moss T, Mokashi S, Srikanth S, Jones JR, Foley JR, Skinner C, Lichty A, Kocur A, Wood T, Stewart TM, Casero Jr. RA, Flanagan-Steet H, Edison AS, Lyons MJ, Steet R. Functional assessment of homozygous ALDH18A1 variants reveals alterations in amino acid and antioxidant metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:732-744. [PMID: 36067040 PMCID: PMC9941824 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and bi-allelic variants in ALDH18A1 cause a spectrum of human disorders associated with cutaneous and neurological findings that overlap with both cutis laxa and spastic paraplegia. ALDH18A1 encodes the bifunctional enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) that plays a role in the de novo biosynthesis of proline and ornithine. Here we characterize a previously unreported homozygous ALDH18A1 variant (p.Thr331Pro) in four affected probands from two unrelated families, and demonstrate broad-based alterations in amino acid and antioxidant metabolism. These four patients exhibit variable developmental delay, neurological deficits and loose skin. Functional characterization of the p.Thr331Pro variant demonstrated a lack of any impact on the steady-state level of the P5CS monomer or mitochondrial localization of the enzyme, but reduced incorporation of the monomer into P5CS oligomers. Using an unlabeled NMR-based metabolomics approach in patient fibroblasts and ALDH18A1-null human embryonic kidney cells expressing the variant P5CS, we identified reduced abundance of glutamate and several metabolites derived from glutamate, including proline and glutathione. Biosynthesis of the polyamine putrescine, derived from ornithine, was also decreased in patient fibroblasts, highlighting the functional consequence on another metabolic pathway involved in antioxidant responses in the cell. RNA sequencing of patient fibroblasts revealed transcript abundance changes in several metabolic and extracellular matrix-related genes, adding further insight into pathogenic processes associated with impaired P5CS function. Together these findings shed new light on amino acid and antioxidant pathways associated with ALDH18A1-related disorders, and underscore the value of metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling to discover new pathways that impact disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell B Colonna
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tonya Moss
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jackson R Foley
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Angie Lichty
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | | | - Tim Wood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert A Casero Jr.
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Arthur S Edison
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Xu M, Zhou Y, Fan S, Zhang M, Gao X. Cul5 mediates taurine-stimulated mTOR mRNA expression and proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2023; 55:243-252. [PMID: 36449095 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cullin5 (Cul5) protein can regulate multiple signaling pathways; however, it is still largely unknown the role and molecule mechanism of Cul5 in regulation of the mTOR signaling. In this study, we determined the effect of Cul5 on the proliferation of HC11 cells, a mouse mammary epithelial cell line, and explored the corresponding molecular mechanism. We found that Cul5 was highly expressed in mammary gland tissues in the lactation stage compared with that in puberty and involution. Using gene knockdown and activation methods, we showed that Cul5 promoted proliferation of HC11 cells, mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation of mTOR. Taurine (Tau) affected Cul5 mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Cul5 localized to the nucleus and knockdown of Cul5 almost totally blocked the stimulation of Tau on mTOR mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation. PI3K inhibition almost totally abolished the stimulation of Tau on Cul5 expression. In summary, our data uncover that Cul5 is a positive regulator of proliferation of HC11 cells, and mediates the stimulation of Tau on mRNA expression and subsequent protein phosphorylation of mTOR. Our data lay a new theoretical foundation for regulating mammary cell proliferation and promoting milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Sihua Fan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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11
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Caligaris M, Nicastro R, Hu Z, Tripodi F, Hummel JE, Pillet B, Deprez MA, Winderickx J, Rospert S, Coccetti P, Dengjel J, De Virgilio C. Snf1/AMPK fine-tunes TORC1 signaling in response to glucose starvation. eLife 2023; 12:84319. [PMID: 36749016 PMCID: PMC9937656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) are central kinase modules of two opposing signaling pathways that control eukaryotic cell growth and metabolism in response to the availability of energy and nutrients. Accordingly, energy depletion activates AMPK to inhibit growth, while nutrients and high energy levels activate TORC1 to promote growth. Both in mammals and lower eukaryotes such as yeast, the AMPK and TORC1 pathways are wired to each other at different levels, which ensures homeostatic control of growth and metabolism. In this context, a previous study (Hughes Hallett et al., 2015) reported that AMPK in yeast, that is Snf1, prevents the transient TORC1 reactivation during the early phase following acute glucose starvation, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Using a combination of unbiased mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics, genetic, biochemical, and physiological experiments, we show here that Snf1 temporally maintains TORC1 inactive in glucose-starved cells primarily through the TORC1-regulatory protein Pib2. Our data, therefore, extend the function of Pib2 to a hub that integrates both glucose and, as reported earlier, glutamine signals to control TORC1. We further demonstrate that Snf1 phosphorylates the TORC1 effector kinase Sch9 within its N-terminal region and thereby antagonizes the phosphorylation of a C-terminal TORC1-target residue within Sch9 itself that is critical for its activity. The consequences of Snf1-mediated phosphorylation of Pib2 and Sch9 are physiologically additive and sufficient to explain the role of Snf1 in short-term inhibition of TORC1 in acutely glucose-starved cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caligaris
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | | | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Johannes Erwin Hummel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Benjamin Pillet
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Sabine Rospert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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12
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Zhang B, Ning B, Chen X, Li C, Liu M, Yue Z, Liu L, Li F. Effects of the SLC38A2-mTOR Pathway Involved in Regulating the Different Compositions of Dietary Essential Amino Acids-Lysine and Methionine on Growth and Muscle Quality in Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233406. [PMID: 36496929 PMCID: PMC9740809 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ensuring food security has been an important challenge for the world. It is important to make good use of China’s domestic local feed resources to provide safe, stable, efficient, and high-quality rabbit meat products for China and the world. Lysine and methionine are the two most limiting essential amino acids in the rabbit diet. However, little is known about the rational composition of lysine and methionine in rabbit diets and the mechanisms that affect growth and development. Accordingly, in this study, we sought to address this knowledge gap by examining the effects of different compositions of lysine and methionine in rabbit diets. Subsequently, the growth status, nitrogen metabolism, blood biochemical indexes, muscle development, muscle quality, and the growth of satellite cells were evaluated in the animals. The results showed that diets containing 0.80% Lys and 0.40% Met improved average daily weight gain, feed conversion, nitrogen use efficiency, and muscle quality in the rabbits (p < 0.05). Additionally, it altered the amino acid transport potential in muscle by upregulating the expression of the SLC7A10 gene (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the cell viability and the rate of division and migration of SCs in the 0.80% Lys/0.40 % Met composition group were increased (p < 0.05). SLC38A2 and P−mTOR protein expression was upregulated in the 0.80% lysine/0.40% methionine composition group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.80% Lys/0.40% Met was the most suitable lysine and methionine composition in all tested diets. SLC38A2 acted as an amino acid sensor upstream of mTOR and was involved in the 0.80% Lys/0.40% Met regulation of muscle growth and development, thus implicating the mTOR signaling pathway in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Boyuan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhengkai Yue
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Fuchang Li
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (F.L.)
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Ma L, Tian X, Xi F, He Y, Li D, Sun J, Yuan T, Li K, Fan L, Zhang C, Yang G, Yu T. Ablation of Tas1r1 Reduces Lipid Accumulation Through Reducing the de Novo Lipid Synthesis and Improving Lipid Catabolism in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10248-10258. [PMID: 35968935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid sensing plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism by sensing amino acid nutrient disturbance. T1R1 (umami taste receptor, type 1, member 1) is a membrane G protein-coupled receptor that senses amino acids. Tas1r1-knockout (KO) mice were used to explore the function of umami receptors in lipid metabolism. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, Tas1r1-KO mice showed decreased fat mass (P < 0.05) and adipocyte size, lower liver triglyceride (7.835 ± 0.809 vs 12.463 ± 0.916 mg/g WT, P = 0.013) and total cholesterol levels (0.542 ± 0.109 vs 1.472 ± 0.044 mmol/g WT, P < 0.001), and reduced lipogenesis gene expressions in adipose and liver tissues. Targeted liver amino acid metabolomics showed that the amino acid content of Tas1r1-KO mice was significantly decreased, which was consistent with the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase protein levels. Proteomics analysis showed that the upregulated proteins were enriched in lipid and steroid metabolism pathways, and parallel reaction monitoring results illustrated that Tas1r1 ablation promoted lipid catabolism through oxysterol 7 α-hydroxylase and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2. In summary, Tas1r1 disruption in mice could reduce lipid accumulation by reducing de novo lipid synthesis and improving lipid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuekai Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengxue Xi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Collage of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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GPRC6A Mediates Glucose and Amino Acid Homeostasis in Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080740. [PMID: 36005612 PMCID: PMC9415337 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GPRC6A, an important member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, has been widely studied in body health maintenance and related diseases. However, it is still controversial whether GPRC6A plays a vital role in glucose homeostasis, and the role of GPRC6A on amino acid homeostasis has not been reported. In this study, GPRC6A was knocked out in C57BL6 mice, and we found that GPRC6A plays an important role in the glucose metabolism, mainly affecting the glucose clearance capacity and gluconeogenesis in mice. GPRC6A plays an important role in maintaining amino acid homeostasis under dietary restrictions, and this may be realized by participating in the regulation of autophagy. Since a large amount of amino acid is lost from urine in aged GPRC6A−/− mice, it is possible that GPRC6A regulates amino acid homeostasis by affecting the integrity of tissue structure. GPRC6A is involved in the regulation of mTORC1 activation but is not necessary for mTORC1 activation under sufficient nutritional supply. In the absence of exogenous amino acids, the loss of GPRC6A induces the GCN2 pathway activation and excessive autophagy of cells, leading to the overactivation of mTORC1, which may be detrimental to body health and cell survival. In summary, this study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the metabolic process of GPRC6A in body growth and health.
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Kim D, Kim J, Yu YS, Kim YR, Baek SH, Won KJ. Systemic approaches using single cell transcriptome reveal that C/EBPγ regulates autophagy under amino acid starved condition. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7298-7309. [PMID: 35801910 PMCID: PMC9303372 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process to remove unnecessary or dysfunctional organelles, is triggered by various signals including nutrient starvation. Depending on the types of the nutrient deficiency, diverse sensing mechanisms and signaling pathways orchestrate for transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of autophagy. However, our knowledge about nutrient type-specific transcriptional regulation during autophagy is limited. To understand nutrient type-dependent transcriptional mechanisms during autophagy, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with or without glucose starvation (GS) as well as amino acid starvation (AAS). Trajectory analysis using scRNAseq identified sequential induction of potential transcriptional regulators for each condition. Gene regulatory rules inferred using TENET newly identified CCAAT/enhancer binding protein γ (C/EBPγ) as a regulator of autophagy in AAS, but not GS, condition, and knockdown experiment confirmed the TENET result. Cell biological and biochemical studies validated that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is responsible for conferring specificity to C/EBPγ for the activation of autophagy genes under AAS, but not under GS condition. Together, our data identified C/EBPγ as a previously unidentified key regulator under AAS-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Junil Kim
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Yu
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang J, Eming SA, Ding X. Role of mTOR Signaling Cascade in Epidermal Morphogenesis and Skin Barrier Formation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060931. [PMID: 35741452 PMCID: PMC9220260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The skin epidermis is a stratified multilayered epithelium that provides a life-sustaining protective and defensive barrier for our body. The barrier machinery is established and maintained through a tightly regulated keratinocyte differentiation program. Under normal conditions, the basal layer keratinocytes undergo active proliferation and migration upward, differentiating into the suprabasal layer cells. Perturbation of the epidermal differentiation program often results in skin barrier defects and inflammatory skin disorders. The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the central hub of cell growth, metabolism and nutrient signaling. Over the past several years, we and others using transgenic mouse models have unraveled that mTOR signaling is critical for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that disturbed activation of mTOR signaling is significantly implicated in the development of various skin diseases. In this review, we focus on the formation of skin barrier and discuss the current understanding on how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal differentiation and skin barrier formation. We hope this review will help us better understand the metabolic signaling in the epidermis, which may open new vistas for epidermal barrier defect-associated disease therapy. Abstract The skin epidermis, with its capacity for lifelong self-renewal and rapid repairing response upon injury, must maintain an active status in metabolism. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cellular growth and metabolism that coordinates diverse physiological and pathological processes in a variety of tissues and organs. Recent evidence with genetic mouse models highlights an essential role of the mTOR signaling network in epidermal morphogenesis and barrier formation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal morphogenesis and skin barrier formation. Understanding the details of the metabolic signaling will be critical for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to promote skin barrier regeneration and to treat epidermal barrier defect-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sabine A. Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
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Nowosad A, Besson A. Lysosomes at the Crossroads of Cell Metabolism, Cell Cycle, and Stemness. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042290. [PMID: 35216401 PMCID: PMC8879101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially described as lytic bodies due to their degradative and recycling functions, lysosomes play a critical role in metabolic adaptation to nutrient availability. More recently, the contribution of lysosomal proteins to cell signaling has been established, and lysosomes have emerged as signaling hubs that regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation and cell fate. Deciphering these signaling pathways has revealed an extensive crosstalk between the lysosomal and cell cycle machineries that is only beginning to be understood. Recent studies also indicate that a number of lysosomal proteins are involved in the regulation of embryonic and adult stem cell fate and identity. In this review, we will focus on the role of the lysosome as a signaling platform with an emphasis on its function in integrating nutrient sensing with proliferation and cell cycle progression, as well as in stemness-related features, such as self-renewal and quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Nowosad
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-561558486
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Hu H, Luo Z, Liu X, Huang L, Lu X, Ding R, Duan C, He Y. Sestrin2 Overexpression Ameliorates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis via Inhibiting mTOR Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:2009753. [PMID: 36536875 PMCID: PMC9759384 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2009753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sestrin2 is a highly conserved stress-inducible protein, acting as a crucial part in regulating homeostasis in response to various stress conditions in the cell. However, the role of Sestrin2 in regulating cell apoptosis related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has not been fully investigated. Our study presented here aims to reveal the effect of Sestrin2 in tunicamycin (TM)-induced cell apoptosis related to ER stress and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that Sestrin2 expression was significantly upregulated correlated with ER stress responses in TM treated HepG2 cells. Sestrin2 overexpression obviously alleviated ER stress with the determination of ER stress-related proteins expression. In addition, Sestrin2 overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis with the examination of apoptosis-related proteins and TUNEL assay. However, Sestrin2 knockdown further promoted the ER stress-mediated cell apoptosis. The further mechanistic study revealed that Sestrin2 overexpression inhibited TM-induced mTOR pathway activation. Taken together, our current study indicated that Sestrin2 overexpression ameliorates ER stress-induced apoptosis via inhibiting mTOR pathway in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Emergency, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Zhou J, Yue S, Xue B, Wang Z, Wang L, Peng Q, Xue B. Enhanced supply of methionine regulates protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells under hyperthermia condition. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1126-1141. [PMID: 34796352 PMCID: PMC8564303 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that methionine (Met) supplementation can improve milk
protein synthesis under hyperthermia (which reduces milk production). To explore
the mechanism by which milk protein synthesis is affected by Met supplementation
under hyperthermia, mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells were incubated at a
hyperthermic temperature of 42°C for 6 h in media with different
concentrations of Met. While the control group (CON) contained a normal amino
acid concentration profile (60 μg/mL of Met), the three treatment groups
were supplemented with Met at concentrations of 10 μg/mL (MET70, 70
μg/mL of Met), 20 μg/mL (MET80, 80 μg/mL of Met), and 30
μg/mL (MET90,90 μg/mL of Met). Our results show that additional
Met supplementation increases the mRNA and protein levels of BCL2 (B-cell
lymphoma-2, an anti-apoptosis agent), and decreases the mRNA and protein levels
of BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein, a pro-apoptosis agent), especially at an
additional supplementary concentration of 20 μg/mL (group Met80).
Supplementation with higher concentrations of Met decreased the mRNA levels of
Caspase-3 and
Caspase-9, and increased protein levels of
heat shock protein (HSP70). The total protein levels of the mechanistic target
of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mTOR signalling pathway-related proteins, AKT,
ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1), and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6),
increased with increasing Met supplementation, and peaked at 80 μg/mL Met
(group Met80). In addition, we also found that additional Met supplementation
upregulated the gene expression of αS1-casein (CSN1S1),
β-casein (CSN2), and the amino acid transporter genes
SLC38A2, SLC38A3 which are known to be
mTOR targets. Additional Met supplementation, however, had no effect on the gene
expression of κ-casein (CSN3) and solute carrier family
34 member 2 (SLC34A2). Our results suggest that additional Met
supplementation with 20 μg/mL may promote the synthesis of milk proteins
in bovine mammary epithelial cells under hyperthermia by inhibiting apoptosis,
activating the AKT-mTOR-RPS6KB1 signalling pathway, and regulating the entry of
amino acids into these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuangming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocation College, Chengdu 611845, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Fu L, Zhang L, Liu L, Yang H, Zhou P, Song F, Dong G, Chen J, Wang G, Dong X. Effect of Heat Stress on Bovine Mammary Cellular Metabolites and Gene Transcription Related to Amino Acid Metabolism, Amino Acid Transportation and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113153. [PMID: 34827885 PMCID: PMC8614368 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study mainly employed metabolomics technology to determine changes of intracellular metabolite concentrations related to milk protein synthesis induced by heat stress (HS) in bovine mammary epithelial cells. HS was associated with significant differences in intracellular amino acid metabolism resulting in an increase in the intracellular amino acid concentrations. Moreover, HS promoted amino acid transportation and the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which plays an important role as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. Greater expression of the alpha-S2-casein gene (CSN1S2) was also observed during HS. Overall, our study indicated that bovine mammary epithelial cells may have the ability to resist HS damage and continue milk protein synthesis partly through enhanced intracellular amino acid absorption and metabolism and by activating the mTOR signaling pathway during HS. Abstract Heat stress (HS) is one of the most serious factors to negatively affect the lactation performance of dairy cows. Bovine mammary epithelial cells are important for lactation. It was demonstrated that HS decreases the lactation performance of dairy cows, partly through altering gene expression within bovine mammary epithelial tissue. However, the cellular metabolism mechanisms under HS remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether HS induced changes in intracellular metabolites and gene transcription related to amino acid metabolism, amino acid transportation and the mTOR signaling pathway. Immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell lines (MAC-T cells, n = 5 replicates/treatment) were incubated for 12 h at 37 °C (Control group) and 42 °C (HS group). Relative to the control group, HS led to a greater mRNA expression of heat shock protein genes HSF1, HSPB8, HSPA5, HSP90AB1 and HSPA1A. Compared with the control group, metabolomics using liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry identified 417 differential metabolites with p < 0.05 and a variable importance in projection (VIP) score >1.0 in the HS group. HS resulted in significant changes to the intracellular amino acid metabolism of glutathione, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, proline, cysteine, methionine, alanine, aspartate and glutamate. HS led to a greater mRNA expression of the amino acid transporter genes SLC43A1, SLC38A9, SLC36A1, and SLC3A2 but a lower mRNA expression of SLC7A5 and SLC38A2. Additionally, HS influenced the expression of genes associated with the mTOR signaling pathway and significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of mTOR, AKT, RHEB, eIF4E and eEF2K but decreased the mRNA expression of TSC1, TSC2 and eEF2 relative to the control group. Compared with the control group, HS also led to greater mRNA expression of the CSN1S2 gene. Overall, our study indicates that bovine mammary epithelial cells may have the ability to resist HS damage and continue milk protein synthesis partly through enhanced intracellular amino acid absorption and metabolism and by activating the mTOR signaling pathway during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
| | - Li Liu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401228, China;
| | - Heng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
| | - Fan Song
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
| | - Guozhong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.F.); (L.Z.); (P.Z.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (X.D.)
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Suryawan A, El-Kadi SW, Nguyen HV, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Intermittent Bolus Compared With Continuous Feeding Enhances Insulin and Amino Acid Signaling to Translation Initiation in Skeletal Muscle of Neonatal Pigs. J Nutr 2021; 151:2636-2645. [PMID: 34159368 PMCID: PMC8417931 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition administered as intermittent bolus feeds rather than continuously promotes greater protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and enhances lean growth in a neonatal piglet model. The molecular mechanisms responsible remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the insulin- and/or amino acid-signaling components involved in the enhanced stimulation of skeletal muscle by intermittent bolus compared to continuous feeding in neonatal pigs born at term. METHODS Term piglets (2-3 days old) were fed equal amounts of sow milk replacer [12.8 g protein and 155 kcal/(kg body weight · d)] by orogastric tube as intermittent bolus meals every 4 hours (INT) or by continuous infusion (CTS). After 21 days, gastrocnemius muscle samples were collected from CTS, INT-0 (before a meal), and INT-60 (60 minutes after a meal) groups (n = 6/group). Insulin- and amino acid-signaling components relevant to mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) 1 activation and protein translation were measured. RESULTS Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, IRS-1, PDK1, mTORC2, pan-Akt, Akt1, Akt2, and TSC2 was 106% to 273% higher in the skeletal muscle of INT-60 piglets than in INT-0 and CTS piglets (P < 0.05), but phosphorylation of PTEN, PP2A, Akt3, ERK1/2, and AMPK did not differ among groups, nor did abundances of PHLPP, SHIP2, and Ubl4A. The association of GATOR2 with Sestrin1/2, but not CASTOR1, was 51% to 52% lower in INT-60 piglets than in INT-0 and CTS piglets (P < 0.05), but the abundances of SLC7A5/LAT1, SLC38A2/SNAT2, SLC38A9, Lamtor1/2, and V-ATPase did not differ. Associations of mTOR with RagA, RagC, and Rheb and phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1, but not eIF2α and eEF2, were 101% to 176% higher in INT-60 piglets than in INT-0 and CTS piglets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The enhanced rates of muscle protein synthesis and growth with intermittent bolus compared to continuous feeding in a neonatal piglet model can be explained by enhanced activation of both the insulin- and amino acid-signaling pathways that regulate translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Suryawan
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Han M, Zhang M. The regulatory mechanism of amino acids on milk protein and fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells: a mini review. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:402-412. [PMID: 34339350 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1950743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cell (MEC) is the basic unit of the mammary gland that synthesizes milk components including milk protein and milk fat. MECs can sense to extracellular stimuli including nutrients such as amino acids though different sensors and signaling pathways. Here, we review recent advances in the regulatory mechanism of amino acids on milk protein and fat synthesis in MECs. We also highlight how these mechanisms reflect the amino acid requirements of MECs and discuss the current and future prospects for amino acid regulation in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Han
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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23
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Zakaria NF, Hamid M, Khayat ME. Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072229. [PMID: 34209599 PMCID: PMC8308393 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatini Zakaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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24
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UFL1 regulates milk protein and fat synthesis-related gene expression of bovine mammary epithelial cells probably via the mTOR signaling pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:550-559. [PMID: 34081293 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UFL1 is an ufmylation (a novel post-translational modification) E3 ligase, mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), that has emerged as a significant regulator of several physiological and pathological processes. Yet its physiological function in milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of UFL1 in milk protein and fat synthesis-related gene expression, with a particular emphasis on the role of UFL1 in LPS-treated BMECs. Results showed that UFL1 depletion significantly reduced the expression of milk protein and fat synthesis-related gene and mTOR phosphorylation in both normal and LPS-treated BMECs. Overexpression of UFL1 enhanced the activation of the mTOR and milk protein and fat synthesis-related gene expression. Collectively, these above results strongly demonstrate that UFL1 could regulate milk protein and fat synthesis-related gene expression of BMECs probably via the mTOR signaling pathway.
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25
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Fairweather SJ, Okada S, Gauthier-Coles G, Javed K, Bröer A, Bröer S. A GC-MS/Single-Cell Method to Evaluate Membrane Transporter Substrate Specificity and Signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646574. [PMID: 33928121 PMCID: PMC8076599 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play a vital role in metabolism and nutrient signaling pathways. Typically, transport activity is investigated using single substrates and competing amounts of other amino acids. We used GC-MS and LC-MS for metabolic screening of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing various human amino acid transporters incubated in complex media to establish their comprehensive substrate profiles. For most transporters, amino acid selectivity matched reported substrate profiles. However, we could not detect substantial accumulation of cationic amino acids by SNAT4 and ATB0,+ in contrast to previous reports. In addition, comparative substrate profiles of two related sodium neutral amino acid transporters known as SNAT1 and SNAT2, revealed the latter as a significant leucine accumulator. As a consequence, SNAT2, but not SNAT1, was shown to be an effective activator of the eukaryotic cellular growth regulator mTORC1. We propose, that metabolomic profiling of membrane transporters in Xe nopus laevis oocytes can be used to test their substrate specificity and role in intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (CSIRO) Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Kiran Javed
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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26
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Philips AM, Khan N. Amino acid sensing pathway: A major check point in the pathogenesis of obesity and COVID-19. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13221. [PMID: 33569904 PMCID: PMC7995014 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and obesogenic comorbidities have been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality. However, the mechanism of such correlations requires an in-depth understanding. Overnutrition/excess serum amino acid profile during obesity has been linked with inflammation and reprogramming of translational machinery through hyperactivation of amino acid sensor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is exploited by SARS-CoV-2 for its replication. Conversely, we have shown that the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)-dependent amino acid starvation sensing pathway suppresses intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). While activation of GCN2 has shown to mitigate susceptibility to dengue infection, GCN2 deficiency increases viremia and inflammation-associated pathologies. These findings reveal that the amino acid sensing pathway plays a significant role in controlling inflammation and viral infections. The current fact is that obesity/excess amino acids/mTOR activation aggravates COVID-19, and it might be possible that activation of amino acid starvation sensor GCN2 has an opposite effect. This article focuses on the amino acid sensing pathways through which host cells sense the availability of amino acids and reprogram the host translation machinery to mount an effective antiviral response. Besides, how SARS-CoV-2 hijack and exploit amino acid sensing pathway for its replication and pathogenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mariam Philips
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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27
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Yan R, Li Y, Müller J, Zhang Y, Singer S, Xia L, Zhong X, Gertsch J, Altmann KH, Zhou Q. Mechanism of substrate transport and inhibition of the human LAT1-4F2hc amino acid transporter. Cell Discov 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33758168 PMCID: PMC7988154 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 (SLC7A5) is one of the representative light chain proteins of heteromeric amino acid transporters, forming a heterodimer with its heavy chain partner 4F2hc (SLC3A2). LAT1 is overexpressed in many types of tumors and mediates the transfer of drugs and hormones across the blood-brain barrier. Thus, LAT1 is considered as a drug target for cancer treatment and may be exploited for drug delivery into the brain. Here, we synthesized three potent inhibitors of human LAT1, which inhibit transport of leucine with IC50 values between 100 and 250 nM, and solved the cryo-EM structures of the corresponding LAT1-4F2hc complexes with these inhibitors bound at resolution of up to 2.7 or 2.8 Å. The protein assumes an outward-facing occluded conformation, with the inhibitors bound in the classical substrate binding pocket, but with their tails wedged between the substrate binding site and TM10 of LAT1. We also solved the complex structure of LAT1-4F2hc with 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine (Diiodo-Tyr) at 3.4 Å overall resolution, which revealed a different inhibition mechanism and might represent an intermediate conformation between the outward-facing occluded state mentioned above and the outward-open state. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the outward-facing conformation is revealed for the HAT family. Our results unveil more important insights into the working mechanisms of HATs and provide a structural basis for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jennifer Müller
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1- 5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Simon Singer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lu Xia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1- 5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China. .,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
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28
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Maezawa T, Ishikawa M, Sekii K, Nagamatsu G, Furukawa R, Kobayashi K. D-Tryptophan enhances the reproductive organ-specific expression of the amino acid transporter homolog Dr-SLC38A9 involved in the sexual induction of planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33743841 PMCID: PMC7981857 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many animals switch between asexual and sexual reproduction in nature. We previously established a system for the sexual induction of planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding asexual planarians with minced sexual planarians. We identified DL-tryptophan (Trp) as one of the sex-inducing substances. DL-Trp can induce ovarian development, the first and essential step of sexual induction. D-Trp must act as a principal bioactive compound in terms of ovarian development, because the ovary-inducing activity of D-Trp was 500 times more potent than that of L-Trp. However, how Trp controls sexual induction is still unknown. RESULTS In this study, qRT-PCR analyses suggested that the putative amino acid transporter gene Dr-SLC38A9 is highly expressed in sexual worms, especially in the yolk glands. In situ hybridization analyses showed that Dr-SLC38A9 is expressed in the ovarian primordia of asexual worms and in the mature ovaries, testes, and yolk glands of sexual worms. In addition, Dr-SLC38A9 RNA interference during sexual induction resulted in the suppression of the development of reproductive organs. These results suggest that Dr-SLC38A9 is involved in the development of these organs. Moreover, we demonstrated that the reproductive organ-specific expression of Dr-SLC38A9 is enhanced by the addition of D-Trp. CONCLUSION We propose that D-Trp activates the expression of Dr-SLC38A9 to promote sexual induction in the planarian D. ryukyuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Maezawa
- Advanced Science Course, Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College, 624-1 Numa, Tsuyama, Okayama, 708-8509, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kiyono Sekii
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furukawa
- Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
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29
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Growth Inhibition by Amino Acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010007. [PMID: 33375077 PMCID: PMC7822121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are essential metabolites but can also be toxic when present at high levels intracellularly. Substrate-induced downregulation of amino acid transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is thought to be a mechanism to avoid this toxicity. It has been shown that unregulated uptake by the general amino acid permease Gap1 causes cells to become sensitive to amino acids. Here, we show that overexpression of eight other amino acid transporters (Agp1, Bap2, Can1, Dip5, Gnp1, Lyp1, Put4, or Tat2) also induces a growth defect when specific single amino acids are present at concentrations of 0.5-5 mM. We can now state that all proteinogenic amino acids, as well as the important metabolite ornithine, are growth inhibitory to S. cerevisiae when transported into the cell at high enough levels. Measurements of initial transport rates and cytosolic pH show that toxicity is due to amino acid accumulation and not to the influx of co-transported protons. The amino acid sensitivity phenotype is a useful tool that reports on the in vivo activity of transporters and has allowed us to identify new transporter-specific substrates.
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30
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Galsgaard KD. The Vicious Circle of Hepatic Glucagon Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124049. [PMID: 33333850 PMCID: PMC7765287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key criterion for the most common chronic liver disease—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is an intrahepatic fat content above 5% in individuals who are not using steatogenic agents or having significant alcohol intake. Subjects with NAFLD have increased plasma concentrations of glucagon, and emerging evidence indicates that subjects with NAFLD may show hepatic glucagon resistance. For many years, glucagon has been thought of as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin with a primary function of increasing blood glucose concentrations and protecting against hypoglycemia. However, in recent years, glucagon has re-emerged as an important regulator of other metabolic processes including lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism. This review discusses the evidence that in NAFLD, hepatic glucagon resistance may result in a dysregulated lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism, leading to excess accumulation of fat, hyperglucagonemia, and increased oxidative stress contributing to the worsening/progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; ; Tel.: +45-6044-6145
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Brown MN, Gibson KM, Schmidt MA, Walters DC, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Roullet J. Cellular and molecular outcomes of glutamine supplementation in the brain of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-deficient mice. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:58-69. [PMID: 33204597 PMCID: PMC7653255 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) manifests with low levels of glutamine in the brain, suggesting that central glutamine deficiency contributes to pathogenesis. Recently, we attempted to rescue the disease phenotype of aldh5a1 -/- mice, a murine model of SSADHD with dietary glutamine supplementation. No clinical rescue and no central glutamine improvement were observed. Here, we report the results of follow-up studies of the cellular and molecular basis of the resistance of the brain to glutamine supplementation. We first determined if the expression of genes involved in glutamine metabolism was impacted by glutamine feeding. We then searched for changes of brain histology in response to glutamine supplementation, with a focus on astrocytes, known regulators of glutamine synthesis in the brain. Glutamine supplementation significantly modified the expression of glutaminase (gls) (0.6-fold down), glutamine synthetase (glul) (1.5-fold up), and glutamine transporters (solute carrier family 7, member 5 [slc7a5], 2.5-fold up; slc38a2, 0.6-fold down). The number of GLUL-labeled cells was greater in the glutamine-supplemented group than in controls (P < .05). Reactive astrogliosis, a hallmark of brain inflammation in SSADHD, was confirmed. We observed a 2-fold stronger astrocyte staining in mutants than in wild-type controls (optical density/cell were 1.8 ± 0.08 in aldh5a1 -/- and 0.99 ± 0.06 in aldh5a1 +/+ ; P < .0001), and a 3-fold higher expression of gfap and vimentin. However, glutamine supplementation did not improve the histological and molecular signature of astrogliosis. Thus, glutamine supplementation impacts genes implicated in central glutamine homeostasis without improving reactive astrogliosis. The mechanisms underlying glutamine deficiency and its contribution to SSADHD pathogenesis remain unknown and should be the focus of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn N. Brown
- Department of PharmacotherapyCollege of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of PharmacotherapyCollege of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - Michelle A. Schmidt
- Department of PharmacotherapyCollege of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - Dana C. Walters
- Department of PharmacotherapyCollege of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - Erland Arning
- Baylor Scott and White Research InstituteInstitute of Metabolic DiseaseDallasTexasUSA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Baylor Scott and White Research InstituteInstitute of Metabolic DiseaseDallasTexasUSA
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Roullet
- Department of PharmacotherapyCollege of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
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32
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Protein metabolism and related body function: mechanistic approaches and health consequences. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:243-251. [PMID: 33050961 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of body composition and functions require an adequate protein intake with a continuous supply of amino acids (AA) to tissues. Body pool and AA cellular concentrations are tightly controlled and maintained through AA supply (dietary intake, recycled from proteolysis and de novo synthesis), AA disposal (protein synthesis and other AA-derived molecules) and AA losses (deamination and oxidation). Different molecular regulatory pathways are involved in the control of AA sufficiency including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, the general control non-derepressible 2/activating transcription factor 4 system or the fibroblast growth factor 21. There is a tight control of protein intake, and human subjects and animals appear capable of detecting and adapting food and protein intake and metabolism in face of foods or diets with different protein contents. A severely protein deficient diet induces lean body mass losses and ingestion of sufficient dietary energy and protein is a prerequisite for body protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle, bone and other lean tissues and functions. Maintaining adequate protein intake with age may help preserve muscle mass and strength but there is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. The protein synthesis response to protein intake can also be enhanced by prior completion of resistance exercise but this effect could be somewhat reduced in older compared to young individuals and gain in muscle mass and function due to exercise require regular training over an extended period.
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33
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Chatsirisupachai K, Kitdumrongthum S, Panvongsa W, Janpipatkul K, Worakitchanon W, Lertjintanakit S, Wongtrakoongate P, Chairoungdua A. Expression and roles of system L amino acid transporters in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Andrology 2020; 8:1844-1858. [PMID: 32741077 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common malignant cancer in young men. Although TGCTs are generally responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy particularly cisplatin, acquired resistance in patients with metastasis still occurs resulting in poor prognosis. Specifically, differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of TGCTs, can lead to the reduction of cisplatin responsiveness. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for TGCTs are needed. System L amino acid transporters have been reported to be up-regulated and to play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, expression and role of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of system L amino acid transporters was analyzed in TGCT samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression of LAT1, LAT2, and 4F2hc was examined in human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA2. Roles of system L amino acid transporters on NTERA2 cell survival, cell proliferation, pluripotency, and cisplatin sensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS Based upon TCGA datasets, we found that two isoforms of system L (LAT1 and LAT2) and their chaperone protein 4F2hc are highly expressed in EC samples compared with other groups. Treatment with the system L inhibitor BCH significantly suppressed leucine uptake into the pluripotent EC cell line NTERA2. The malignant phenotypes including cell viability, cell proliferation, and clonal ability were decreased following BCH treatment. Nonetheless, system L inhibition did not alter expression of stemness genes in NTERA2 cells. After NTERA2 differentiation, expressions of LAT1 and LAT2 were decreased. Finally, co-administration of BCH enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. These effects were associated with the reduction in p70S6K phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results shed light on the roles of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs. Therefore, system L amino acid transporters could provide novel therapeutic targets for treatment against TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wittaya Panvongsa
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sarat Lertjintanakit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Luo C, Yu M, Li S, Huang X, Qi H, Gao X. Methionine stimulates GlyRS phosphorylation via the GPR87-CDC42/Rac1-MAP3K10 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:847-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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A regulatory circuit between lncRNA and TOR directs amino acid uptake in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118680. [PMID: 32081726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial players of several central cellular processes across eukaryotes. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator of myriad of fundamental cellular processes including amino acid transport under diverse environmental conditions. Here we investigated the role of lncRNA in TOR regulated amino acid uptake in S. cerevisiae. Transcription of lncRNA regulates local gene expression in eukaryotes. In silico analysis of many genome wide studies in S. cerevisiae revealed that transcriptome includes conditional expression of numerous lncRNAs in proximity to amino acid transporters (AATs). Considering regulatory role of these lncRNAs, we selected highly conserved TOR regulated locus of a pair of AATs present in tandem BAP2 and TAT1. We observed that the expression of antisense lncRNA XUT_2F-154 (TBRT) and AATs BAP2 and TAT1 depends on activities of TOR signaling pathway. The expression of TBRT is induced, while that of BAP2 TAT1 is repressed upon TOR inhibition by Torin2. Notably, upon TOR inhibition loss of TBRT contributed to enhanced activities of Bap2 and Tat1 leading to improved growth. Interestingly, nucleosome scanning assay reveal that TOR signaling pathway governs chromatin remodeling at BAP2 biphasic promoter to control the antagonism of TBRT and BAP2 expression. Further TBRT also reprograms local chromatin landscapes to decrease the transcription of TAT1. The current work demonstrates a functional correlation between lncRNA production and TOR governed amino acid uptake in yeast. Thus this work brings forth a novel avenue for identification of potential regulators for therapeutic interventions against TOR mediated diseases.
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36
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Hu L, Chen Y, Cortes IM, Coleman DN, Dai H, Liang Y, Parys C, Fernandez C, Wang M, Loor JJ. Supply of methionine and arginine alters phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), circadian clock proteins, and α-s1-casein abundance in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:883-894. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) and arginine (Arg) regulate casein protein abundance through alterations in activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P.R. China
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences
| | - Yifei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ismael M. Cortes
- Agricultural and Animal Production Department
- UAM-Xochimilco
- Mexico City
- Mexico 04960
| | - Danielle N. Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences
- University of Illinois
- Urbana 61801
- USA
| | - Hongyu Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences
- University of Illinois
- Urbana 61801
- USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences
- University of Illinois
- Urbana 61801
- USA
| | | | - Carlos Fernandez
- Animal Science Department
- Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences
- University of Illinois
- Urbana 61801
- USA
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37
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Recent advancements in understanding fin regeneration in zebrafish. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e367. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Wishart DS. Metabolomics for Investigating Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1819-1875. [PMID: 31434538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry techniques to enable the high-throughput characterization of metabolites from cells, organs, tissues, or biofluids. The rapid growth in metabolomics is leading to a renewed interest in metabolism and the role that small molecule metabolites play in many biological processes. As a result, traditional views of metabolites as being simply the "bricks and mortar" of cells or just the fuel for cellular energetics are being upended. Indeed, metabolites appear to have much more varied and far more important roles as signaling molecules, immune modulators, endogenous toxins, and environmental sensors. This review explores how metabolomics is yielding important new insights into a number of important biological and physiological processes. In particular, a major focus is on illustrating how metabolomics and discoveries made through metabolomics are improving our understanding of both normal physiology and the pathophysiology of many diseases. These discoveries are yielding new insights into how metabolites influence organ function, immune function, nutrient sensing, and gut physiology. Collectively, this work is leading to a much more unified and system-wide perspective of biology wherein metabolites, proteins, and genes are understood to interact synergistically to modify the actions and functions of organelles, organs, and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gan Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yin Q, Jian Y, Liu Y, Xuan N, Li J, Zhou J, Liu K, Jing Y, Wang X, Yang C. The amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocytic lysosome reformation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2619-2637. [PMID: 31235480 PMCID: PMC6683750 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How lysosomes reform following phagolysosomal digestion of apoptotic cells is poorly understood. Gan et al. reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocygtic lysosome reformation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells involves formation, maturation, and digestion of cell corpse–containing phagosomes. The retrieval of lysosomal components following phagolysosomal digestion of cell corpses remains poorly understood. Here we reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 is essential for lysosome reformation during cell corpse clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Loss of slc-36.1 leads to formation of phagolysosomal vacuoles arising from cell corpse–containing phagosomes. In the absence of slc-36.1, phagosome maturation is not affected, but the retrieval of lysosomal components is inhibited. Moreover, loss of PPK-3, the C. elegans homologue of the PtdIns3P 5-kinase PIKfyve, similarly causes accumulation of phagolysosomal vacuoles that are defective in phagocytic lysosome reformation. SLC-36.1 and PPK-3 function in the same genetic pathway, and they directly interact with one another. In addition, loss of slc-36.1 and ppk-3 causes strong defects in autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Our findings thus suggest that the PPK-3–SLC-36.1 axis plays a central role in both phagocytic and autophagic lysosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Yuan X, Zhen Z, Zhang M, Yu Y, Gao X, Ao JX. Cyclase-associated protein 1 is a key negative regulator of milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:185-192. [PMID: 30847953 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is a highly conserved protein. Previous reports have suggested that CAP1 may be a negative regulator of cellular proliferation, migration, and adhesion and the development of cell carcinomas. The molecular mechanism of CAP1 regulation of downstream pathways, as well as how CAP1 is regulated by environmental stimuli and upstream signalling, is not well understood. In this present study, we assessed the role of CAP1 in milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Using gene overexpression and silencing methods, CAP1 was found to negatively regulate milk synthesis and proliferation of cells via the PI3K-mTOR/SREBP-1c/Cyclin D1 signalling pathway. Hormones, such as prolactin and oestrogen, and amino acids, such as methionine and leucine, stimulate MMP9 expression and trigger CAP1 degradation, and thus, abrogate its inhibition of synthesis of milk protein, fat, and lactose by and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. The results of our study help deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying milk synthesis and aid in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of CAP1. Previous reports have suggested that CAP1 is a negative regulator of cellular proliferation and anabolism, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this present study, we identified CAP1 as a negative regulator of milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Our results will deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying milk synthesis and aid in exploring the molecular mechanisms of CAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Xia Ao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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41
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Yu M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu Y, Gao X. Taurine Promotes Milk Synthesis via the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A Signaling in BMECs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1927-1936. [PMID: 30678459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taurine, a β-aminosulfonic acid, exerts many cellular physiological functions. It is still unknown whether taurine can regulate milk synthesis in the mammary gland. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects and mechanism of taurine on milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Bovine MECs (BMECs) cultured in FBS-free OPTI-MEMImedium were treated with taurine (0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, and 0.4 mM). Taurine treatment led to increased milk protein and fat synthesis, mTOR phosphorylation, and SREBP-1c protein expression, in a dose-dependent manner, with an apparent maximum at 0.24 mM. Gene function study approaches revealed that the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A signaling was required for taurine to increase the mTOR and SREBP-1c mRNA levels. Taurine stimulated GPR87 expression and cell membrane localization in a dose dependent manner, suggesting a sensing mechanism of GPR87 to extracellular taurine. Collectively, these data demonstrate that taurine promotes milk synthesis via the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , 524088 , China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , 150030 , China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , 524088 , China
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42
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Phosphorylation of TSC2 by PKC-δ reveals a novel signaling pathway that couples protein synthesis to mTORC1 activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:123-134. [PMID: 30684133 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Downstream of insulin-like growth factor receptor, the TSC1/2/ TCB1D7 (tuberous sclerosis complex) and mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathways are implicated in many human diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Targeting this pathway is currently an important approach for palliating or eradicating cancer. Downstream of mTOR, translational machinery targeting holds great promise for anticancer drug development. Therefore, we investigated whether the protein synthesis machinery that is regulated by mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) signaling can in turn regulate mTORC1 activity. We found that inhibition of protein synthesis results in rapid activation of mTORC1 signaling, thereby uncovering a feedback loop between mTOR and the translation machinery. This mTORC1 activation requires tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) but is independent of AKT. In addition, by using a PKC-δ (protein kinase c delta)-specific inhibitor and PKC-δ siRNA knockdown, we found that PKC-δ kinase activity is required for mTORC1 activation in response to translation inhibitors. Furthermore, translation inhibition activates PKC-δ. Subsequently, we investigated whether PKC-δ can phosphorylate and inactivate TSC1/2, leading to mTORC1 activation. In vitro kinase assays showed direct phosphorylation of TSC2 (S932 and S939) by PKC-δ, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In vivo kinase analysis further indicated that both S932 and S939 are phosphorylated in response to translation inhibitors. Finally, phosphorylation defective TSC2 mutants (S932A and S939A single mutants and a S932A/S939A double mutant) failed to upregulate mTORC1 activity in the presence of translation inhibitors, suggesting that activation of mTORC1 by translation inhibitors is mediated by PKC-δ phosphorylation of TSC2 at S932/S939, which inactivates TSC.
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Leucine Signals to mTORC1 via Its Metabolite Acetyl-Coenzyme A. Cell Metab 2019; 29:192-201.e7. [PMID: 30197302 PMCID: PMC6331339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Leucine (Leu) activates mTORC1 and many have tried to identify the mechanisms whereby cells sense Leu in this context. Here we describe that the Leu metabolite acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA) positively regulates mTORC1 activity by EP300-mediated acetylation of the mTORC1 regulator, Raptor, at K1097. Leu metabolism and consequent mTORC1 activity are regulated by intermediary enzymes. As AcCoA is a Leu metabolite, this process directly correlates with Leu abundance, and does not require Leu sensing via intermediary proteins, as has been described previously. Importantly, we describe that this pathway regulates mTORC1 in a cell-type-specific manner. Finally, we observed decreased acetylated Raptor, and inhibited mTORC1 and EP300 activity in fasted mice tissues. These results provide a direct mechanism for mTORC1 regulation by Leu metabolism.
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44
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Perez Pardo P, Wu J, Garssen J, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Hogenkamp A, Hartog A, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Focus on Amino Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:247. [PMID: 31057483 PMCID: PMC6477881 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that affect communication and social behavior. Besides social deficits, systemic inflammation, gastrointestinal immune-related problems, and changes in the gut microbiota composition are characteristic for people with ASD. Animal models showed that these characteristics can induce ASD-associated behavior, suggesting an intimate relationship between the microbiota, gut, immune system and the brain in ASD. Multiple factors can contribute to the development of ASD, but mutations leading to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are reported frequently. Hyperactivation of mTOR leads to deficits in the communication between neurons in the brain and to immune impairments. Hence, mTOR might be a critical factor linking the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR is shown to improve ASD-associated behavior and immune functions, however, the clinical use is limited due to severe side reactions. Interestingly, studies have shown that mTOR activation can also be modified by nutritional stimuli, in particular by amino acids. Moreover, specific amino acids are demonstrated to inhibit inflammation, improve gut barrier function and to modify the microbiota composition. In this review we will discuss the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD and explore the potential of amino acids as a treatment option for ASD, either via modification of mTOR activity, the immune system or the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H. J. van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiangbo Wu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aletta D. Kraneveld
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45
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Clatici VG, Voicu C, Voaides C, Roseanu A, Icriverzi M, Jurcoane S. Diseases of Civilization - Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity and Acne - the Implication of Milk, IGF-1 and mTORC1. MAEDICA 2018; 13:273-281. [PMID: 30774725 PMCID: PMC6362881 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2018.13.4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and food are one of the most complex aspects of human lives, being influenced by biochemical, psychological, social and cultural factors. The Western diet is the prototype of modern dietary pattern and is mainly characterized by the intake of large amounts of red meat, dairy products, refined grains and sugar. Large amounts of scientific evidence positively correlate Western diet to acne, obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, the so-called "diseases of civilization". The pathophysiological common ground of all these pathologies is the IGF-1 and mTORC pathways, which will be disscussed further in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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46
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Yu M, Luo C, Huang X, Chen D, Li S, Qi H, Gao X. Amino acids stimulate glycyl‐tRNA synthetase nuclear localization for mammalian target of rapamycin expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7608-7621. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Chaochao Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xin Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Dongying Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Shanshan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Hao Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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47
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Huo N, Yu M, Li X, Zhou C, Jin X, Gao X. PURB is a positive regulator of amino acid‐induced milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6992-7003. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huo
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xueying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Chenjian Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xin Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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48
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Tomé D. 90th Anniversary Commentary: The mTORC1 Complex-A Central Player in the Control and Regulation of Amino Acid Sufficiency. J Nutr 2018; 148:1678-1682. [PMID: 30281113 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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49
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Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Peng J, Loor JJ. Methionine and valine activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway through heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) and intracellular Ca 2+ in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11354-11363. [PMID: 30268610 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids play a key role in regulating milk protein synthesis partly through activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. However, the involvement of extracellular AA sensing receptors in this process is not well understood. In nonruminants, it is well established that the AA taste 1 receptor member 1/3 (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) heterodimer contributes to the sensing of most l-AA. Whether this receptor is functional in bovine mammary cells is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine essential AA signaling through TAS1R1/TAS1R3 and their roles in regulating mTOR signaling pathway and casein mRNA abundance in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells and the Mac-T cell line. The bovine mammary epithelial cells were stimulated with complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (+EAA), medium without EAA (-EAA), or medium supplemented with only 1 of the 10 essential AA, respectively. The nonessential AA levels were the same across all treatments. Small interference RNA targeting TAS1R1 were designed and transfected into bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (bPMEC). Supplementation of a complete mixture of essential AA or Arg, Val, Leu, His, Phe, Met, and Ile individually led to greater mTOR phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 was greater in the presence of Val, Leu, Trp, Met, and Ile. Valine, Leu, Met, and Ile led to greater eIF4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation. Although +EAA and a few individual AA tested induced increases in intracellular calcium, Met and Val were the most potent. Knockdown of TAS1R1 decreased intracellular calcium in bPMEC cultured with both Val and Met. Phosphorylation of mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1, and eIF4E-binding protein 1 was lower when TAS1R1 was knocked-down in bPMEC supplemented with Val and Met. In addition, small interference RNA silencing of TAS1R1 resulted in lower β-casein (CSN2) abundance. The TAS1R1/TAS1R3 receptor may sense extracellular AA and activate mTOR signaling in bovine mammary cells, likely by elevating intracellular calcium concentration. This mechanism appears to have a role in Met- and Val-induced changes in CSN2 mRNA abundance. Further in vivo studies will have to be performed to assess the relevance of this mechanism in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430070; Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634.
| | - J Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430070
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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50
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Dato S, Hoxha E, Crocco P, Iannone F, Passarino G, Rose G. Amino acids and amino acid sensing: implication for aging and diseases. Biogerontology 2018; 20:17-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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