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Theoharides TC, Twahir A, Kempuraj D. Mast cells in the autonomic nervous system and potential role in disorders with dysautonomia and neuroinflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:440-454. [PMID: 37951572 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are ubiquitous in the body, and they are critical for not only in allergic diseases but also in immunity and inflammation, including having potential involvement in the pathophysiology of dysautonomias and neuroinflammatory disorders. MC are located perivascularly close to nerve endings and sites such as the carotid bodies, heart, hypothalamus, the pineal gland, and the adrenal gland that would allow them not only to regulate but also to be affected by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). MC are stimulated not only by allergens but also many other triggers including some from the ANS that can affect MC release of neurosensitizing, proinflammatory, and vasoactive mediators. Hence, MC may be able to regulate homeostatic functions that seem to be dysfunctional in many conditions, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and Long-COVID syndrome. The evidence indicates that there is a possible association between these conditions and diseases associated with MC activation. There is no effective treatment for any form of these conditions other than minimizing symptoms. Given the many ways MC could be activated and the numerous mediators released, it would be important to develop ways to inhibit stimulation of MC and the release of ANS-relevant mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Assma Twahir
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
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2
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Ali HT, Sula I, AbuHamdia A, Elejla SA, Elrefaey A, Hamdar H, Elfil M. Nervous System Response to Neurotrauma: A Narrative Review of Cerebrovascular and Cellular Changes After Neurotrauma. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:22. [PMID: 38367075 PMCID: PMC10874332 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For instance, traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes more than 30% of all injury-related deaths in the USA annually. The underlying cause and clinical sequela vary among cases. Patients are liable to both acute and chronic changes in the nervous system after such a type of injury. Cerebrovascular disruption has the most common and serious effect in such cases because cerebrovascular autoregulation, which is one of the main determinants of cerebral perfusion pressure, can be effaced in brain injuries even in the absence of evident vascular injury. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier regulatory function may also ensue whether due to direct injury to its structure or metabolic changes. Furthermore, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be affected leading to sympathetic hyperactivity in many patients. On a cellular scale, the neuroinflammatory cascade medicated by the glial cells gets triggered in response to TBI. Nevertheless, cellular and molecular reactions involved in cerebrovascular repair are not fully understood yet. Most studies were done on animals with many drawbacks in interpreting results. Therefore, future studies including human subjects are necessarily needed. This review will be of relevance to clinicians and researchers interested in understanding the underlying mechanisms in neurotrauma cases and the development of proper therapies as well as those with a general interest in the neurotrauma field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idris Sula
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar AbuHamdia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | | | - Hiba Hamdar
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed Elfil
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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3
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Agoston DV, Helmy A. Fluid-Based Protein Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: The View from the Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16267. [PMID: 38003454 PMCID: PMC10671762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion of research into biofluid (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)-based protein biomarkers in traumatic brain injury (TBI) over the past decade. The availability of very large datasets, such as CENTRE-TBI and TRACK-TBI, allows for correlation of blood- and CSF-based molecular (protein), radiological (structural) and clinical (physiological) marker data to adverse clinical outcomes. The quality of a given biomarker has often been framed in relation to the predictive power on the outcome quantified from the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. However, this does not in itself provide clinical utility but reflects a statistical association in any given population between one or more variables and clinical outcome. It is not currently established how to incorporate and integrate biofluid-based biomarker data into patient management because there is no standardized role for such data in clinical decision making. We review the current status of biomarker research and discuss how we can integrate existing markers into current clinical practice and what additional biomarkers do we need to improve diagnoses and to guide therapy and to assess treatment efficacy. Furthermore, we argue for employing machine learning (ML) capabilities to integrate the protein biomarker data with other established, routinely used clinical diagnostic tools, to provide the clinician with actionable information to guide medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes V. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetic, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
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Amato R, Canovai A, Melecchi A, Maci S, Quintela F, Fonseca BA, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M. Efficacy of a Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Extract as Nutritional Support in a Rat Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:6. [PMID: 37917085 PMCID: PMC10627303 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is an eye-brain axis disorder characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although the role of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in glaucoma has been established, the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation has emerged as a promising target for neuronal tissue-supporting glaucoma management. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a proprietary spearmint extract (SPE) on RGC density, activity, and neuronal health markers in a rat model of hypertensive glaucoma. Methods Animals were divided in four groups: untreated healthy control and three glaucomatous groups receiving orally administered vehicle, SPE-low dose, or SPE-high dose for 28 days. Ocular hypertension was induced through intracameral injection of methylcellulose at day 15. At day 29, rats underwent electroretinogram (ERG) recordings, and retinas were analyzed for RGC density and markers of neural trophism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Results SPE exerted dose-dependent response benefits on all markers except for IOP elevation. SPE significantly improved RGC-related ERG responses, cell density, neurotrophins, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers. Also, in SPE-high rats, most of the parameters were not statistically different from those of healthy controls. Conclusions SPE, a plant-based, polyphenolic extract, could be an effective nutritional support for neuronal tissues. Translational Relevance These results suggest that SPE not only may be a complementary approach in support to hypotensive treatments for the management of glaucoma but may also serve as nutritional support in other ocular conditions where antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanism are often disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Samanta Maci
- Kemin Human Nutrition and Health, a Division of Kemin Foods L.C., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Quintela
- Kemin Human Nutrition and Health, a Division of Kemin Foods L.C., Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health,” University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health,” University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Aygun H, Akin AT, Kızılaslan N, Sumbul O, Karabulut D. Electrophysiological, histopathological, and biochemical evaluation of the protective effect of probiotic supplementation against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3540-3550. [PMID: 35429204 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Research on the relationship between the gut microbiome and epilepsy is accumulating. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. METHODS Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were included. The animals were divided into three groups of seven rats. Group 1 was a control group, whereas Group 2 rats received PTZ treatment and Group 3 rats had PTZ+PB (probiotic) treatment. For 6 weeks, Groups 1 and 2 were given saline (1 ml), whereas Group 3 had probiotic supplement. In the 5th week, tripolar electrodes were attached to the rats. Electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed in the 6 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS PB treatment significantly reduced seizures. In the PTZ group, expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and Sox2 (SRY sex-determining region Y-box 2) in rat brains decreased significantly compared to the control group, whereas the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total oxidant status (TOS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels increased. In the PTZ+PB group, NGF expression increased significantly compared to the PTZ group, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, TOS, and NO levels decreased. In histopathological examination, an abundance of necrotic neurons was notable in the PTZ group, which was less in the PTZ+PB group. In addition, body weight of the group supplemented with probiotics decreased after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that probiotic supplementation may alleviate seizure severity and exert neuroprotective effects by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and altering the expression of neurotrophins in epileptogenic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuğrul Akin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nildem Kızılaslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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Gatto A, Capossela L, Conti G, Eftimiadi G, Ferretti S, Manni L, Curatola A, Graglia B, Di Sarno L, Calcagni ML, Di Giuda D, Cecere S, Romeo DM, Soligo M, Picconi E, Piastra M, Della Marca G, Staccioli S, Ruggiero A, Cocciolillo F, Pulitanò S, Chiaretti A. Intranasal human-recombinant NGF administration improves outcome in children with post-traumatic unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Biol Direct 2023; 18:61. [PMID: 37789391 PMCID: PMC10546699 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most dramatic events in pediatric age and, despite advanced neuro-intensive care, the survival rate of these patients remains low. Children suffering from severe TBI show long-term sequelae, more pronounced in behavioral, neurological and neuropsychological functions leading to, in the most severe cases, an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS). Currently, no effective treatments can restore neuronal loss or produce significant improvement in these patients. In experimental animal models, human- recombinant Nerve Growth Factor (hr-NGF) promotes neural recovery supporting neuronal growth, differentiation and survival of brain cells and up-regulating the neurogenesis-associated processes. Only a few studies reported the efficacy of intranasal hr-NGF administration in children with post- traumatic UWS. METHODS Children with the diagnosis of post-traumatic UWS were enrolled. These patients underwent a treatment with intranasal hr-NGF administration, at a total dose of 50 gamma/kg, three times a day for 7 consecutive days. The treatment schedule was performed for 4 cycles, at one month distance each. Neuroradiogical evaluation by Positron Emission Tomography scan (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Electroencephalography (EEG), and Power Spectral Density (PSD) was determined before the treatment and one month after the end. Neurological assessment was also deepened by using modified Ashworth Scale, Gross Motor Function Measure, and Disability Rating Scale. RESULTS Three children with post-traumatic UWS were treated. hr-NGF administration improved functional (PET and SPECT) and electrophysiological (EEG and PSD) assessment. Also clinical conditions improved, mainly for the reduction of spasticity and with the acquisition of voluntary movements, facial mimicry, attention and verbal comprehension, ability to cry, cough reflex, oral motility, and feeding capacity, with a significant improvement of their neurological scores. No side effects were reported. CONCLUSION These promising results and the ease of administration of this treatment make it worthwhile to be investigated further, mainly in the early stages from severe TBI and in patients with better baseline neurological conditions, to explore more thoroughly the benefits of this new approach on neuronal function recovery after traumatic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gatto
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Capossela
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conti
- Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Eftimiadi
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Manni
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Curatola
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Graglia
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Sarno
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Calcagni
- UOC di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Giuda
- UOC di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cecere
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Marco Romeo
- Unità di Neurologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Picconi
- Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Piastra
- Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Della Marca
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Staccioli
- Dipartimento di Neuroriabilitazione Intensiva, Ospedale Pediatrico "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS - Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cocciolillo
- UOC di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pulitanò
- Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Women's Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Bolden CT, Skibber MA, Olson SD, Zamorano Rojas M, Milewicz S, Gill BS, Cox CS. Validation and characterization of a novel blood-brain barrier platform for investigating traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16150. [PMID: 37752338 PMCID: PMC10522590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly-selective physiologic barrier responsible for maintaining cerebral homeostasis. Innovative in vitro models of the BBB are needed to provide useful insights into BBB function with CNS disorders like traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a multidimensional and highly complex pathophysiological condition that requires intrinsic models to elucidate its mechanisms. Current models either lack fluidic shear stress, or neglect hemodynamic parameters important in recapitulating the human in vivo BBB phenotype. To address these limitations in the field, we developed a fluid dynamic novel platform which closely mimics these parameters. To validate our platform, Matrigel-coated Transwells were seeded with brain microvascular endothelial cells, both with and without co-cultured primary human astrocytes and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In this article we characterized BBB functional properties such as TEER and paracellular permeability. Our platform demonstrated physiologic relevant decreases in TEER in response to an ischemic environment, while directly measuring barrier fluid fluctuation. These recordings were followed with recovery, implying stability of the model. We also demonstrate that our dynamic platform is responsive to inflammatory and metabolic cues with resultant permeability coefficients. These results indicate that this novel dynamic platform will be a valuable tool for evaluating the recapitulating BBB function in vitro, screening potential novel therapeutics, and establishing a relevant paradigm to evaluate the pathophysiology of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Bolden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Max A Skibber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miriam Zamorano Rojas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Milewicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brijesh S Gill
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Palasz E, Wilkaniec A, Stanaszek L, Andrzejewska A, Adamczyk A. Glia-Neurotrophic Factor Relationships: Possible Role in Pathobiology of Neuroinflammation-Related Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076321. [PMID: 37047292 PMCID: PMC10094105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) by regulating the survival, differentiation, maturation, and development of neurons and by participating in the regeneration of damaged tissues. Disturbances in the level and functioning of NTFs can lead to many diseases of the nervous system, including degenerative diseases, mental diseases, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Each CNS disease is characterized by a unique pathomechanism, however, the involvement of certain processes in its etiology is common, such as neuroinflammation, dysregulation of NTFs levels, or mitochondrial dysfunction. It has been shown that NTFs can control the activation of glial cells by directing them toward a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory phenotype and activating signaling pathways responsible for neuronal survival. In this review, our goal is to outline the current state of knowledge about the processes affected by NTFs, the crosstalk between NTFs, mitochondria, and the nervous and immune systems, leading to the inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and thus the inhibition of the development and progression of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.)
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9
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Marson RF, Regner AP, da Silva Meirelles L. Mesenchymal "stem" cells, or facilitators for the development of regenerative macrophages? Pericytes at the interface of wound healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1148121. [PMID: 36936686 PMCID: PMC10017474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1148121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured mesenchymal stromal cells are among the most used cells in clinical trials. Currently, their potential benefits include provision of mature cell types through differentiation, and secretion of various types of paracrine signaling molecules. Even though research on these cells has spanned some decades now, surprisingly, their therapeutic potential has not been fully translated into clinical practice yet, which calls for further understanding of their intrinsic nature and modes of action. In this review, after discussing pieces of evidence that suggest that some perivascular cells may exhibit mesenchymal stem cell characteristics in vivo, we examine the possibility that subpopulations of perivascular and/or adventitial cells activated after tissue injury behave as MSCs and contribute to the resolution of tissue injury by providing cues for the development of regenerative macrophages at injured sites. Under this perspective, an important contribution of cultured MSCs (or their acellular products, such as extracellular vesicles) used in cell therapies would be to instigate the development of M2-like macrophages that support the tissue repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Fava Marson
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pereira Regner
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles, ,
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10
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Soligo M, Manni L, Conti G, Chiaretti A. Intranasal nerve growth factor for prevention and recovery of the outcomes of traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:773-778. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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11
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Sefiani A, Rusyn I, Geoffroy CG. Novel adult cortical neuron processing and screening method illustrates sex- and age-dependent effects of pharmaceutical compounds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13125. [PMID: 35908049 PMCID: PMC9338961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and neurotraumatic injuries are typically age-associated disorders that can reduce neuron survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity leading to loss of cognitive capacity, executive function, and motor control. In pursuit of reducing the loss of said neurological functions, novel compounds are sought that promote neuron viability, neuritogenesis, and/or synaptic plasticity. Current high content in vitro screenings typically use cells that are iPSC-derived, embryonic, or originate from post-natal tissues; however, most patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma are of middle-age and older. The chasm in maturity between the neurons used in drug screens and those in a target population is a barrier for translational success of in vitro results. It has been historically challenging to culture adult neurons let alone conduct screenings; therefore, age-appropriate drug screenings have previously not been plausible. We have modified Miltenyi’s protocol to increase neuronal yield, neuron purity, and neural viability at a reduced cost to expand our capacity to screen compounds directly in primary adult neurons. To our knowledge, we developed the first morphology-based screening system using adult cortical neurons and the first to incorporate age and sex as biological variables in a screen using adult cortical neurons. By using primary adult cortical neurons from mice that were 4 to 48 weeks old for screening pharmaceutical agents, we have demonstrated age- and sex-dependent effects on neuritogenesis and neuron survival in vitro. Utilizing age- and sex-appropriate in vitro models to find novel compounds increasing neuron survival and neurite outgrowth, made possible by our modified adult neuron processing method, will greatly increase the relevance of in vitro screening for finding neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Sefiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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Secondary Mechanisms of Neurotrauma: A Closer Look at the Evidence. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10020030. [PMID: 35645251 PMCID: PMC9149951 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system injury is a leading cause of neurological injury worldwide. While initial neuroresuscitative efforts are focused on ameliorating the effects of primary injury through patient stabilization, secondary injury in neurotrauma is a potential cause of cell death, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. These secondary injuries lack defined therapy. The major causes of secondary injury in neurotrauma include endoplasmic reticular stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the buildup of reactive oxygen or nitrogenous species. Stress to the endoplasmic reticulum in neurotrauma results in the overactivation of the unfolded protein response with subsequent cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to the release of caspases and the buildup of reactive oxygen species; several characteristics make the central nervous system particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Together, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and oxidative stress can have detrimental consequences, beginning moments and lasting days to months after the primary injury. Understanding these causative pathways has led to the proposal of various potential treatment options.
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13
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Protective Effects of a synthetic glycosaminoglycan mimetic (OTR4132) in a rat immunotoxic lesion model of septohippocampal cholinergic degeneration. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:107-130. [PMID: 35254602 PMCID: PMC8979900 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation model, we assessed the effects of the RGTA® named OTR4132, a synthetic heparan-mimetic biopolymer with neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties. Long-Evans male rats were injected with the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (0.37 µg); vehicle injections served as controls. Immediately after surgery, OTR4132 was injected into the lateral ventricles (0.25 µg/5 µl/rat) or intramuscularly (1.5 mg/kg). To determine whether OTR4132 reached the lesion site, some rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intramuscular (I.M.) injections of fluorescent OTR4132. Rats were sacrificed at 4, 10, 20, or 60 days post-lesion (DPL). Fluorescein-labeled OTR4132 injected ICV or I.M. was found in the lesion from 4 to 20 DPL. Rats with partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation showed decreases in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and in choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum. These lesions were the largest at 10 DPL and then remained stable until 60 DPL. Both hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum effects were significantly attenuated in OTR4132-treated rats. These effects were not related to competition between OTR4132 and 192 IgG-saporin for the neurotrophin receptor P75 (p75NTR), as OTR4132 treatment did not alter the internalization of Cy3-labelled 192 IgG. OTR4132 was more efficient at reducing the acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons than a comparable heparin dose used as a comparator. Using the slice superfusion technique, we found that the lesion-induced decrease in muscarinic autoreceptor sensitivity was abolished by intramuscular OTR4132. After partial cholinergic damage, OTR4132 was able to concentrate at the brain lesion site possibly due to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and to exert structural and functional effects that hold promises for neuroprotection/neurotrophism.
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14
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Wang L, Zhang D, Ren Y, Guo S, Li J, Ma S, Yao M, Guan F. Injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel loaded with BMSC and NGF for traumatic brain injury treatment. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100201. [PMID: 35024600 PMCID: PMC8733324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injectable hydrogel has the advantage to fill the defective area and thereby shows promise as therapeutic implant or cell/drug delivery vehicle for tissue repair. In this study, an injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel in situ dual-enzymatically cross-linked by galactose oxidase (GalOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was synthesized and optimized, and the therapeutic effect of this hydrogel encapsulated with bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and nerve growth factors (NGF) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) mice was investigated. Results from in vitro experiments showed that either tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HT) or NGF loaded HT hydrogels (HT/NGF) possessed good biocompatibility. More importantly, the HT hydrogels loaded with BMSC and NGF could facilitate the survival and proliferation of endogenous neural cells probably by neurotrophic factors release and neuroinflammation regulation, and consequently improved the neurological function recovery and accelerated the repair process in a C57BL/6 TBI mice model. All these findings highlight that this injectable, BMSC and NGF-laden HT hydrogel has enormous potential for TBI and other tissue repair therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yikun Ren
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Shen Guo
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jinrui Li
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
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15
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Lin PH, Kuo LT, Luh HT. The Roles of Neurotrophins in Traumatic Brain Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:life12010026. [PMID: 35054419 PMCID: PMC8780368 DOI: 10.3390/life12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a collection of structurally and functionally related proteins. They play important roles in many aspects of neural development, survival, and plasticity. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to different levels of central nervous tissue destruction and cellular repair through various compensatory mechanisms promoted by the injured brain. Many studies have shown that neurotrophins are key modulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier permeability, memory capacity, and neurite regeneration. The expression of neurotrophins following TBI is affected by the severity of injury, genetic polymorphism, and different post-traumatic time points. Emerging research is focused on the potential therapeutic applications of neurotrophins in managing TBI. We conducted a comprehensive review by organizing the studies that demonstrate the role of neurotrophins in the management of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Lin
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Tzung Luh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-956279587
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16
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Erdivanli B, Ozdemir A, Sen A, Mercantepe T, Kazdal H, Uydu HA, Tumkaya L. Protective effect of thymoquinone in preventing trauma-related damage: an experimental study. Biomarkers 2021; 27:95-100. [PMID: 34890510 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2016972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary injury is a potentially modifiable factor of outcome in traumatic brain injury. This study aimed to investigate thymoquinone's effects on trauma-induced neuronal damage. METHODS Eighteen adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into three groups following ketamine and xylazine anaesthesia (n = 6): Control, Trauma, Trauma + Thymoquinone. First dose of thymoquinone was administered three hours after the trauma. RESULTS The trauma group showed significant oedema, vascular congestion, and ischaemia. Also, caspase-3 activity and malondialdehyde content of brain tissue was significantly increased, and Na,K-ATPase activity and glutathione levels were significantly reduced. Thymoquinone significantly reduced oedema, vascular congestion, ischaemia, and caspase-3 activity compared with the trauma group. While Na,K-ATPase activity and glutathione levels was similar to the Control group, malondialdehyde content was similar to the trauma group. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that low dose thymoquinone exhibited a neuroprotective effect following severe traumatic brain injury, if administered within three hours of injury. Similar levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde suggest no antioxidant effect. Significant reduction in oedema and ischaemia in the neuron cells and partially preserved activity of Na,K-ATPase suggest that thymoquinone protects mitochondrial functions and energy levels of the neuronal cells following severe traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Erdivanli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ozdemir
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun Education and Training Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hizir Kazdal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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17
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Mizobuchi H, Soma GI. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide as an immune regulator for homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system through transformation to neuroprotective microglia. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1928-1934. [PMID: 33642362 PMCID: PMC8343302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain, play a central role in the brain innate immunity and contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and activates immune cells including microglia via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Lipopolysaccharide is generally known as an endotoxin, as administration of high-dose lipopolysaccharide induces potent systemic inflammation. Also, it has long been recognized that lipopolysaccharide exacerbates neuroinflammation. In contrast, our study revealed that oral administration of lipopolysaccharide ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and suggested that neuroprotective microglia are involved in this phenomenon. Additionally, other recent studies have accumulated evidence demonstrating that controlled immune training with low-dose lipopolysaccharide prevents neuronal damage by transforming the microglia into a neuroprotective phenotype. Therefore, lipopolysaccharide may not a mere inflammatory inducer, but an immunomodulator that can lead to neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this review, we summarized current studies regarding neuroprotective microglia transformed by immune training with lipopolysaccharide. We state that microglia transformed by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning cannot simply be characterized by their general suppression of proinflammatory mediators and general promotion of anti-inflammatory mediators, but instead must be described by their complex profile comprising various molecules related to inflammatory regulation, phagocytosis, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and antioxidation. In addition, microglial transformation seems to depend on the dose of lipopolysaccharide used during immune training. Immune training of neuroprotective microglia using low-dose lipopolysaccharide, especially through oral lipopolysaccharide administration, may represent an innovative prevention or treatment for neurological diseases; however more vigorous studies are still required to properly modulate these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
- Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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18
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Ashwal S, Siebold L, Krueger AC, Wilson CG. Post-traumatic Neuroinflammation: Relevance to Pediatrics. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:50-58. [PMID: 34304972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Both detrimental and beneficial effects of post-traumatic neuroinflammation have become a major research focus as they offer the potential for immediate as well as delayed targeted reparative therapies. Understanding the complex interactions of central and peripheral immunocompetent cells as well as their mediators on brain injury and recovery is complicated by the temporal, regional, and developmental differences in their response to injuries. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have become central in these investigations as they serve a major surveillance function, have the ability to react swiftly to injury, recruit various cellular and chemical mediators, and monitor the reparative/degenerative processes. In this review we describe selected aspects of this burgeoning literature, describing the critical role of cytokines and chemokines, microglia, advances in neuroimaging, genetics and fractal morphology analysis, our research efforts in this area, and selected aspects of pediatric post-traumatic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.
| | - Lorraine Siebold
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - A Camille Krueger
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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19
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Mizobuchi H, Yamamoto K, Yamashita M, Inagawa H, Kohchi C, Soma GI. Prevention of streptozotocin‑induced Neuro‑2a cell death by C8‑B4 microglia transformed with repetitive low‑dose lipopolysaccharide. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:687. [PMID: 34328201 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes‑associated neuronal dysfunction (DAND) is one of the serious complications of diabetes, but there is currently no remedy for it. Streptozotocin [2‑deoxy‑2‑(3‑methy1‑3‑nitrosoureido) D‑glucopyranose; STZ] is one of the most well‑established diabetes inducers and has been used in vivo and in vitro DAND models. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that C8‑B4 microglia transformed by the stimulus of repetitive low‑dose lipopolysaccharide (LPSx3‑microglia) prevent STZ‑induced Neuro‑2a neuronal cell death in vitro. The ELISA results showed that neurotrophin‑4/5 (NT‑4/5) secretion was promoted in LPSx3‑microglia and the cell viability assay with trypan blue staining revealed that the culture supernatant of LPSx3‑microglia prevented STZ‑induced neuronal cell death. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR showed that neurons treated with the culture supernatant of LPSx3‑microglia promoted the gene expression of B‑cell lymphoma‑extra large and glucose‑dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. Furthermore, the inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor B, a receptor of NT‑4/5, suppressed the neuroprotective effect of LPSx3‑microglia. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that LPSx3‑microglia prevent STZ‑induced neuronal death and that NT‑4/5 may be involved in the neuroprotective mechanism of LPSx3‑microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamamoto
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamashita
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Chie Kohchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
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20
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Garzón C, Caminos JE, Alzate JP, Eslava-Schmalbach JH, Garcés MF, Beltrán-Dussan EH. Effect of neural therapy on NGF and BDNF serum levels in patients with chronic pain. A pilot study. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v69n3.80142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neurotrophins (NT) are a family of proteins consisting of the nerve growth factor (NGF), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and NT-3 and NT-4/5. These proteins play an essential role in neuronal survival, differentiation, and proliferation.
Objectives: To analyze the variations of NGF and BDNF serum levels in patients with chronic pain after undergoing neural therapy and to establish the effects of this type of intervention on their quality of life.
Materials and methods: Prospective pilot study conducted in 10 patients with chronic pain treated with neural therapy between July 2017 and April 2018 in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Three consultations were performed (one in which the intervention was initiated, and two follow-up visits every three weeks). During each consultation, the patients’ quality of life was assessed using the SF-12 scale and their NGF and BDNF serum levels were measured. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, using medians and interquartile ranges for quantitative variables, and absolute frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables.
Results: The median score on the SF-12 scale tended to improve in the first and second follow-up visits compared with the baseline score (pre-intervention), particularly during the first follow-up visit (consultation No. 1: 34.5; follow-up No. 1: 39.5, and follow-up No. 2: 38). Median NGF serum levels had a downward trend after the intervention, particularly in the first follow-up visit (157.6, 42.95, and 237.8, respectively), and in the case of BNDF, an overall downward trend was also found (29.96, 19.24 and 20.43, respectively). An improvement in quality of life related to the decrease in the serum levels of both neurotrophins was observed.
Conclusion: Neural therapy intervention reduced NGF and BDNF serum levels and improved the quality of life of the participants. Therefore, the behavior of these neurotrophins could become a biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with chronic pain.
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21
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Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Feng L, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Diabetes exacerbates brain pathology following a focal blast brain injury: New role of a multimodal drug cerebrolysin and nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:285-367. [PMID: 33223037 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blast brain injury (bBI) is a combination of several forces of pressure, rotation, penetration of sharp objects and chemical exposure causing laceration, perforation and tissue losses in the brain. The bBI is quite prevalent in military personnel during combat operations. However, no suitable therapeutic strategies are available so far to minimize bBI pathology. Combat stress induces profound cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunction leading to psychosomatic disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM). This is still unclear whether brain pathology in bBI could exacerbate in DM. In present review influence of DM on pathophysiology of bBI is discussed based on our own investigations. In addition, treatment with cerebrolysin (a multimodal drug comprising neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments) or H-290/51 (a chain-breaking antioxidant) using nanowired delivery of for superior neuroprotection on brain pathology in bBI in DM is explored. Our observations are the first to show that pathophysiology of bBI is exacerbated in DM and TiO2-nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin induces profound neuroprotection in bBI in DM, not reported earlier. The clinical significance of our findings with regard to military medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Argon Inhalation for 24 h After Closed-Head Injury Does not Improve Recovery, Neuroinflammation, or Neurologic Outcome in Mice. Neurocrit Care 2020; 34:833-843. [PMID: 32959200 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE In recent years, the noble gas argon (Ar) has been extensively studied for its organ protection properties. While mounting in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that argon provides neuroprotection in ischemic brain injury, its neuroprotective potential in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been evaluated in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that prolonged inhalation of 70% or 79% argon for 24 h after closed-head injury (CHI) improves neurologic outcome and overall recovery at 36 days post-injury. We also compared effects of the 30% or 21% residual oxygen on argon's potential neuroprotective capacity. METHODS Adult male C57/black mice (n = 240) were subjected to closed-head traumatic brain injury, followed by inhalation of 70% argon or nitrogen (30% oxygen), or 79% argon or nitrogen (21% oxygen) for 24 h. Neurologic outcome (rotarod, neuroscore, and Morris water maze) was evaluated for up to 36 days post-injury. Histologic parameters of neurologic degeneration (Fluoro-Jade staining) and inflammation (F4/80 microglia immunostaining) were assessed in subgroups at 24 h and on post-injury day 7. RESULTS Our CHI protocol consistently resulted in significant brain injury. After argon inhalation for 24 h at either concentration, mice did not show significant improvement with regard to neuroscores, rotarod performance, Morris water maze performance, or overall recovery (body weight), compared to nitrogen controls, up to 36 days. At 7 days post-injury, histologic markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation, particularly in the hippocampus, consistently demonstrated significant injury. Notably, recovery was reduced in mice treated with the higher oxygen concentration (30%) after CHI compared to 21%. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged argon treatment did not improve neurologic outcome, overall recovery (weight), nor markers of neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation after significant CHI compared to nitrogen. While neuroprotective in predominately ischemic injury, argon did not provide protection after TBI in this model, highlighting the crucial importance of assessing argon's strengths and weaknesses in preclinical models to fully understand its organ protective potential in different pathologies and gas mixtures.
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23
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Sajanti A, Lyne SB, Girard R, Frantzén J, Rantamäki T, Heino I, Cao Y, Diniz C, Umemori J, Li Y, Takala R, Posti JP, Roine S, Koskimäki F, Rahi M, Rinne J, Castrén E, Koskimäki J. A comprehensive p75 neurotrophin receptor gene network and pathway analyses identifying new target genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14984. [PMID: 32917932 PMCID: PMC7486379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P75 neurotrophic receptor (p75NTR) is an important receptor for the role of neurotrophins in modulating brain plasticity and apoptosis. The current understanding of the role of p75NTR in cellular adaptation following pathological insults remains blurred, which makes p75NTR’s related signaling networks an interesting and challenging initial point of investigation. We identified p75NTR and related genes through extensive data mining of a PubMed literature search including published works related to p75NTR from the past 20 years. Bioinformatic network and pathway analyses of identified genes (n = 235) were performed using ReactomeFIViz in Cytoscape based on the highly reliable Reactome functional interaction network algorithm. This approach merges interactions extracted from human curated pathways with predicted interactions from machine learning. Genome-wide pathway analysis showed total of 16 enriched hierarchical clusters. A total of 278 enriched single pathways were also identified (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). Gene network analyses showed multiple known and new targets in the p75NTR gene network. This study provides a comprehensive analysis and investigation into the current knowledge of p75NTR signaling networks and pathways. These results also identify several genes and their respective protein products as involved in the p75NTR network, which have not previously been clearly studied in this pathway. These results can be used to generate novel hypotheses to gain a greater understanding of p75NTR in acute brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and general response to cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Sajanti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Seán B Lyne
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Janek Frantzén
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiro Heino
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Cassiano Diniz
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juzoh Umemori
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Li
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riikka Takala
- Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital, POB 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Susanna Roine
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Fredrika Koskimäki
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Melissa Rahi
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Rinne
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Koskimäki
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Hämeentie 11, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.
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24
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O'Reilly ML, Tom VJ. Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:187. [PMID: 32792908 PMCID: PMC7390932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), spontaneous plasticity is observed throughout the neuraxis and affects multiple key circuits. Much of this spontaneous plasticity can elicit beneficial and deleterious functional outcomes, depending on the context of plasticity and circuit affected. Injury-induced activation of the neuroimmune system has been proposed to be a major factor in driving this plasticity, as neuroimmune and inflammatory factors have been shown to influence cellular, synaptic, structural, and anatomical plasticity. Here, we will review the mechanisms through which the neuroimmune system mediates plasticity after CNS injury. Understanding the role of specific neuroimmune factors in driving adaptive and maladaptive plasticity may offer valuable therapeutic insight into how to promote adaptive plasticity and/or diminish maladaptive plasticity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L O'Reilly
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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25
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Treble-Barna A, Pilipenko V, Wade SL, Jegga AG, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Martin LJ, Kurowski BG. Cumulative Influence of Inflammatory Response Genetic Variation on Long-Term Neurobehavioral Outcomes after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Relative to Orthopedic Injury: An Exploratory Polygenic Risk Score. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1491-1503. [PMID: 32024452 PMCID: PMC7307697 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of genetic factors to prognostic models of neurobehavioral recovery following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) may account for unexplained heterogeneity in outcomes. The present study examined the cumulative influence of candidate genes involved in the inflammatory response on long-term neurobehavioral recovery in children with early childhood TBI relative to children with orthopedic injuries (OI). Participants were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study evaluating outcomes of children who sustained TBI (n = 67) or OI (n = 68) between the ages of 3 and 7 years. Parents completed ratings of child executive function and behavior at an average of 6.8 years after injury. Exploratory unweighted and weighted polygenic risk scores (PRS) were constructed from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across candidate inflammatory response genes (i.e., angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL1RN], and 5'-ectonucleotidase [NT5E]) that showed nominal (p ≤ 0.20) associations with outcomes in the TBI group. Linear regression models tested the PRS × injury group (TBI vs. OI) interaction term and post-hoc analyses examined the effect of PRS within each injury group. Higher inflammatory response PRS were associated with more executive dysfunction and behavior problems in children with TBI but not in children with OI. The cumulative influence of inflammatory response genes as measured by PRS explained additional variance in long-term neurobehavioral outcomes, over and above well-established predictors and single candidate SNPs tested individually. The results suggest that some of the unexplained heterogeneity in long-term neurobehavioral outcomes following pediatric TBI may be attributable to a child's genetic predisposition to a greater or lesser inflammatory response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amery Treble-Barna
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennslvania, USA
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shari L. Wade
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brad G. Kurowski
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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26
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Siebold L, Krueger AC, Abdala JA, Figueroa JD, Bartnik-Olson B, Holshouser B, Wilson CG, Ashwal S. Cosyntropin Attenuates Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:109. [PMID: 32670020 PMCID: PMC7332854 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality/morbidity and is associated with chronic neuroinflammation. Melanocortin receptor agonists including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ameliorate inflammation and provide a novel therapeutic approach. We examined the effect of long-acting cosyntropin (CoSyn), a synthetic ACTH analog, on the early inflammatory response and functional outcome following experimental TBI. Methods: The controlled cortical impact model was used to induce TBI in mice. Mice were assigned to injury and treatment protocols resulting in four experimental groups including sham + saline, sham + CoSyn, TBI + saline, and TBI + CoSyn. Treatment was administered subcutaneously 3 h post-injury and daily injections were given for up to 7 days post-injury. The early inflammatory response was evaluated at 3 days post-injury through the evaluation of cytokine expression (IL1β and TNFα) and immune cell response. Quantification of immune cell response included cell counts of microglia/macrophages (Iba1+ cells) and neutrophils (MPO+ cells) in the cortex and hippocampus. Behavioral testing (n = 10–14 animals/group) included open field (OF) and novel object recognition (NOR) during the first week following injury and Morris water maze (MWM) at 10–15 days post-injury. Results: Immune cell quantification showed decreased accumulation of Iba1+ cells in the perilesional cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus for CoSyn-treated TBI animals compared to saline-treated. Reduced numbers of MPO+ cells were also found in the perilesional cortex and hippocampus in CoSyn treated TBI mice compared to their saline-treated counterparts. Furthermore, CoSyn treatment reduced IL1β expression in the cortex of TBI mice. Behavioral testing showed a treatment effect of CoSyn for NOR with CoSyn increasing the discrimination ratio in both TBI and Sham groups, indicating increased memory performance. CoSyn also decreased latency to find platform during the early training period of the MWM when comparing CoSyn to saline-treated TBI mice suggesting moderate improvements in spatial memory following CoSyn treatment. Conclusion: Reduced microglia/macrophage accumulation and neutrophil infiltration in conjunction with moderate improvements in spatial learning in our CoSyn treated TBI mice suggests a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of CoSyn following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Siebold
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Amy C Krueger
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan A Abdala
- The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Johnny D Figueroa
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Bartnik-Olson
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Barbara Holshouser
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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27
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Mizobuchi H, Yamamoto K, Tsutsui S, Yamashita M, Nakata Y, Inagawa H, Kohchi C, Soma GI. A unique hybrid characteristic having both pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype transformed by repetitive low-dose lipopolysaccharide in C8-B4 microglia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8945. [PMID: 32488176 PMCID: PMC7265460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is regarded as an inducer of inflammation, previous studies have suggested that repetitive low-dose LPS has neuroprotective effects via immunomodulation of microglia, resident macrophages of brain. However, microglia transformed by the stimulus of repetitive low-dose LPS (REPELL-microglia) are not well characterized, whereas microglia transformed by repetitive high-dose LPS are well studied as an endotoxin tolerance model in which the induction of pro-inflammatory molecules is suppressed. In this study, to characterize REPELL-microglia, the gene expression and phagocytic activity of REPELL-microglia were analyzed with the murine C8-B4 microglia cell line. The REPELL-microglia were characterized by a high expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (Nos2, Ccl1, IL-12B, and CD86), anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-10, Arg1, Il13ra2, and Mrc1), and neuroprotective molecules (Ntf5, Ccl7, and Gipr). In addition, the phagocytic activity of REPELL-microglia was promoted as high as that of microglia transformed by single low-dose LPS. These results suggest the potential of REPELL-microglia for inflammatory regulation, neuroprotection, and phagocytic clearance. Moreover, this study revealed that gene expression of REPELL-microglia was distinct from that of microglia transformed by repetitive high-dose LPS treatment, suggesting the diversity of microglia transformation by different doses of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamamoto
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Yamashita
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan.,Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan.,Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan. .,Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan. .,Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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28
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Rosso P, Iannitelli A, Pacitti F, Quartini A, Fico E, Fiore M, Greco A, Ralli M, Tirassa P. Vagus nerve stimulation and Neurotrophins: a biological psychiatric perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:338-353. [PMID: 32278791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since 2004, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used in treatment-resistant or treatment-intolerant depressive episodes. Today, VNS is suggested as possible therapy for a larger spectrum of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorders, and panic disorders. Despite a large body of literature supports the application of VNS in patients' treatment, the exact mechanism of action of VNS remains not fully understood. In the present study, the major knowledges on the brain areas and neuronal pathways regulating neuroimmune and autonomic response subserving VNS effects are reviewed. Furthermore, the involvement of the neurotrophins (NTs) Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in vagus nerve (VN) physiology and stimulation is revised. The data on brain NGF/BDNF synthesis and in turn on the activity-dependent plasticity, connectivity rearrangement and neurogenesis, are presented and discussed as potential biomarkers for optimizing stimulatory parameters for VNS. A vagus nerve-neurotrophin interaction model in the brain is finally proposed as a working hypothesis for future studies addressed to understand pathophysiology of psychiatric disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rosso
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (IBBC), Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Iannitelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Psychiatry Unit San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Adele Quartini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Fico
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (IBBC), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (IBBC), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (IBBC), Rome, Italy.
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29
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Detering NT, Kubinski S, Buch A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Spanier J, Gudi V, Wagenknecht S, Kopfnagel V, Werfel TA, Stangel M, Beineke A, Kalinke U, Paludan SR, Sodeik B, Claus P. HSV-1 triggers paracrine fibroblast growth factor response from cortical brain cells via immediate-early protein ICP0. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:248. [PMID: 31791351 PMCID: PMC6889453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) which is characterized by severe brain damage and long-term disabilities. Different cell types including neurons and astrocytes become infected in the course of an HSE which leads to an activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells change their neurotrophic factor profile and modulate inflammation and repair. The superfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is one of the largest family of neurotrophic factors comprising 22 ligands. FGFs induce pro-survival signaling in neurons and an anti-inflammatory answer in glial cells thereby providing a coordinated tissue response which favors repair over inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that FGF expression is altered in HSV-1-infected CNS cells. METHOD We employed primary murine cortical cultures comprising a mixed cell population of astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Astrocyte reactivity was morphometrically monitored by an automated image analysis algorithm as well as by analyses of A1/A2 marker expression. Altered FGF expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and its paracrine FGF activity. In addition, HSV-1 mutants were employed to characterize viral factors important for FGF responses of infected host cells. RESULTS Astrocytes in HSV-1-infected cortical cultures were transiently activated and became hypertrophic and expressed both A1- and A2-markers. Consistently, a number of FGFs were transiently upregulated inducing paracrine neurotrophic signaling in neighboring cells. Most prominently, FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-9, and FGF-15 became upregulated in a switch-on like mechanism. This effect was specific for CNS cells and for a fully functional HSV-1. Moreover, the viral protein ICP0 critically mediated the FGF switch-on mechanism. CONCLUSIONS HSV-1 uses the viral protein ICP0 for the induction of FGF-expression in CNS cells. Thus, we propose that HSV-1 triggers FGF activity in the CNS for a modulation of tissue response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Tula Detering
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Julia Spanier
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagenknecht
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Andreas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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30
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Sato TR, Itokazu T, Osaki H, Ohtake M, Yamamoto T, Sohya K, Maki T, Sato TK. Interhemispherically dynamic representation of an eye movement-related activity in mouse frontal cortex. eLife 2019; 8:50855. [PMID: 31687930 PMCID: PMC6892611 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical plasticity is fundamental to motor recovery following cortical perturbation. However, it is still unclear how this plasticity is induced at a functional circuit level. Here, we investigated motor recovery and underlying neural plasticity upon optogenetic suppression of a cortical area for eye movement. Using a visually-guided eye movement task in mice, we suppressed a portion of the secondary motor cortex (MOs) that encodes contraversive eye movement. Optogenetic unilateral suppression severely impaired contraversive movement on the first day. However, on subsequent days the suppression became inefficient and capability for the movement was restored. Longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging revealed that the regained capability was accompanied by an increased number of neurons encoding for ipsiversive movement in the unsuppressed contralateral MOs. Additional suppression of the contralateral MOs impaired the recovered movement again, indicating a compensatory mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that repeated optogenetic suppression leads to functional recovery mediated by the contralateral hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi R Sato
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States.,Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Osaki
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohtake
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sohya
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo K Sato
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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31
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Dong W, Sun Y, Cheng H, Yang B, Wang L, Jiang Z, Li B, Wen S, Guo X, Guan D, Zhao R. Dynamic cell type-specific expression of Nrf2 after traumatic brain injury in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1981-1993. [PMID: 30828870 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in antioxidant response and anti-inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and its deletion aggravates TBI-induced brain damage. Previous studies have demonstrated that Nrf2 is activated post TBI, but dynamic changes in expression and cell type-specific characteristics remain unclear. In this study, the Feeney weight-drop contusion model was conducted to mimic TBI, and the ipsilateral cerebral cortex was collected at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post TBI (dpi). Nrf2 protein levels were observed by western blot. Cell type-specific localization of Nrf2 after TBI was detected at different time intervals by double immunofluorescence staining. NeuN, GFAP, IBA1 and NG2 were used as cell type-specific markers to neurons, astrocytes, microglia and NG2 glia, respectively. After TBI, Nrf2 protein levels peaked at 1 dpi. Robust transient Nrf2 accumulation was co-localized with neurons, which was predominant at 1 dpi. Continuous weak Nrf2 expression was detected in activated astrocytes, and the number of double positive cells peaked at 7 dpi. Inducible widespread immunostaining of Nrf2 was observed in the nucleus of the microglia, and the number of Nrf2+ microglia peaked at 7 dpi. In addition, we also explored colocalization of Nrf2 in NG2 glia, in which the percentage of Nrf2+ in NG2 glia reached a climax at 3 dpi. This study reveals that the accumulation of endogenous Nrf2 might mediate different pathophysical roles in neurons and glias after TBI, the cell-type specific and time-dependent expression provide insights to explain the roles of Nrf2 in different neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Dong
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingfu Sun
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenfei Jiang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Bingxuan Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuheng Wen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangshen Guo
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
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Executive Dysfunction Early Postnatal Biomarkers among Children Born Extremely Preterm. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:188-199. [PMID: 30191383 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship between blood levels of inflammatory and neurotrophic proteins during the first postnatal month in 692 children born before the 28th week of gestation and executive function limitations among those 10-year olds who had an IQ ≥ 70. The measures of dysfunction were Z-scores ≤ -1 on the Differential Ability Scales-II working memory (WM) assessment) (N = 164), the NEPSY-II (A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment-II) Inhibition-Inhibition assessment) (N = 350), the NEPSY-II Inhibition-Switching assessment) (N = 345), as well as a Z-score ≤ -1 on all three assessments (identified as the executive dysfunction composite (N = 104). Increased risks of the executive dysfunction composite associated with high concentrations of inflammatory proteins (IL-8, TNF-α, and ICAM-1) were modulated by high concentrations of neurotrophic proteins. This pattern of modulation by neurotrophins of increased risk associated with inflammation was also seen for the working memory limitation, but only with high concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α, and the switching limitation, but only with high concentrations of ICAM-1. We infer that among children born extremely preterm, risks of executive function limitations might be explained by perinatal systemic inflammation in the absence of adequate neurotrophic capability.
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AAV-Syn-BDNF-EGFP Virus Construct Exerts Neuroprotective Action on the Hippocampal Neural Network during Hypoxia In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082295. [PMID: 30081596 PMCID: PMC6121472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the key signaling molecules that supports the viability of neural cells in various brain pathologies, and can be considered a potential therapeutic agent. However, several methodological difficulties, such as overcoming the blood–brain barrier and the short half-life period, challenge the potential use of BDNF in clinical practice. Gene therapy could overcome these limitations. Investigating the influence of viral vectors on the neural network level is of particular interest because viral overexpression affects different aspects of cell metabolism and interactions between neurons. The present work aimed to investigate the influence of the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Syn-BDNF-EGFP virus construct on neural network activity parameters in an acute hypobaric hypoxia model in vitro. Materials and methods. An adeno-associated virus vector carrying the BDNF gene was constructed using the following plasmids: AAV-Syn-EGFP, pDP5, DJvector, and pHelper. The developed virus vector was then tested on primary hippocampal cultures obtained from C57BL/6 mouse embryos (E18). Acute hypobaric hypoxia was induced on day 21 in vitro. Spontaneous bioelectrical and calcium activity of neural networks in primary cultures and viability tests were analysed during normoxia and during the posthypoxic period. Results. BDNF overexpression by AAV-Syn-BDNF-EGFP does not affect cell viability or the main parameters of spontaneous bioelectrical activity in normoxia. Application of the developed virus construct partially eliminates the negative hypoxic consequences by preserving cell viability and maintaining spontaneous bioelectrical activity in the cultures. Moreover, the internal functional structure, including the activation pattern of network bursts, the number of hubs, and the number of connections within network elements, is also partially preserved. BDNF overexpression prevents a decrease in the number of cells exhibiting calcium activity and maintains the frequency of calcium oscillations. Conclusion. This study revealed the pronounced antihypoxic and neuroprotective effects of AAV-Syn-BDNF-EGFP virus transduction in an acute normobaric hypoxia model.
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Pál B. Involvement of extrasynaptic glutamate in physiological and pathophysiological changes of neuronal excitability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2917-2949. [PMID: 29766217 PMCID: PMC11105518 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, as the majority of neurons use glutamate as neurotransmitter. It is also well known that this neurotransmitter is not restricted to synaptic clefts, but found in the extrasynaptic regions as ambient glutamate. Extrasynaptic glutamate originates from spillover of synaptic release, as well as from astrocytes and microglia. Its concentration is magnitudes lower than in the synaptic cleft, but receptors responding to it have higher affinity for it. Extrasynaptic glutamate receptors can be found in neuronal somatodendritic location, on astroglia, oligodendrocytes or microglia. Activation of them leads to changes of neuronal excitability with different amplitude and kinetics. Extrasynaptic glutamate is taken up by neurons and astrocytes mostly via EAAT transporters, and astrocytes, in turn metabolize it to glutamine. Extrasynaptic glutamate is involved in several physiological phenomena of the central nervous system. It regulates neuronal excitability and synaptic strength by involving astroglia; contributing to learning and memory formation, neurosecretory and neuromodulatory mechanisms, as well as sleep homeostasis.The extrasynaptic glutamatergic system is affected in several brain pathologies related to excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. Being present in dementias, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases or tumor invasion in a seemingly uniform way, the system possibly provides a common component of their pathogenesis. Although parts of the system are extensively discussed by several recent reviews, in this review I attempt to summarize physiological actions of the extrasynaptic glutamate on neuronal excitability and provide a brief insight to its pathology for basic understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Pál
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary.
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35
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Protein biomarkers of epileptogenicity after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:59-68. [PMID: 30030023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) develops over time in up to 50% of patients with severe TBI. PTE is mostly unresponsive to traditional anti-seizure treatments suggesting distinct, injury-induced pathomechanisms in the development of this condition. Moderate and severe TBIs cause significant tissue damage, bleeding, neuron and glia death, as well as axonal, vascular, and metabolic abnormalities. These changes trigger a complex biological response aimed at curtailing the physical damage and restoring homeostasis and functionality. Although a positive correlation exists between the type and severity of TBI and PTE, there is only an incomplete understanding of the time-dependent sequelae of TBI pathobiologies and their role in epileptogenesis. Determining the temporal profile of protein biomarkers in the blood (serum or plasma) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help to identify pathobiologies underlying the development of PTE, high-risk individuals, and disease modifying therapies. Here we review the pathobiological sequelae of TBI in the context of blood- and CSF-based protein biomarkers, their potential role in epileptogenesis, and discuss future directions aimed at improving the diagnosis and treatment of PTE.
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Ondruschka B, Sieber M, Kirsten H, Franke H, Dreßler J. Measurement of Cerebral Biomarkers Proving Traumatic Brain Injuries in Post-Mortem Body Fluids. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2044-2055. [PMID: 29732941 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, it is impossible to identify a fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) before post-mortem radiological investigations or an autopsy take place. It would be preferable to have an additional diagnostic tool such as post-mortem biochemistry to get greater insight into the pathological pathways and survival times after sustaining TBI. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of 84 autopsy cases were collected from forensic autopsies with post-mortem intervals (PMI) of up to 148 h. The cases were categorized into a fatal TBI case group (n = 42) and non-TBI controls (n = 42). The values of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were analyzed by means of quantitative chemiluminescent multiplex immunoassays. The main results indicate that the usage of liquid samples with good macroscopic quality is more relevant for meaningful biomarker analyses than the length of the PMI. All three proteins were shown to differentiate TBI fatalities from the controls in CSF. In serum, only GFAP could be shown to be able to identify TBI cases. This study is the first approach to measure the three proteins together in CSF and serum in autopsy cases. Determined threshold values may differentiate between fatal TBI and control cases. The presented results emphasize the possible use of post-mortem biochemistry as a supplemental tool in everyday forensic routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ondruschka
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Sieber
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- 2 Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- 3 Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Dreßler
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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Removal of area CA3 from hippocampal slices induces postsynaptic plasticity at Schaffer collateral synapses that normalizes CA1 pyramidal cell discharge. Neurosci Lett 2018; 678:55-61. [PMID: 29738844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks that undergo acute insults display remarkable reorganization. This injury related plasticity is thought to permit recovery of function in the face of damage that cannot be reversed. Previously, an increase in the transmission strength at Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapses was observed after long-term activity reduction in organotypic hippocampal slices. Here we report that, following acute preparation of adult rat hippocampal slices and surgical removal of area CA3, input to area CA1 was reduced and Schaffer collateral synapses underwent functional strengthening. This increase in synaptic strength was limited to Schaffer collateral inputs (no alteration to temporoammonic synapses) and acted to normalize postsynaptic discharge, supporting a homeostatic or compensatory response. Short-term plasticity was not altered, but an increase in immunohistochemical labeling of GluA1 subunits was observed in the stratum radiatum (but not stratum moleculare), suggesting increased numbers of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and a postsynaptic locus of expression. Combined, these data support the idea that, in response to the reduction in presynaptic activity caused by removal of area CA3, Schaffer collateral synapses undergo a relatively rapid increase in functional efficacy likely supported by insertion of more AMPARs, which maintains postsynaptic excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons. This novel fast compensatory plasticity exhibits properties that would allow it to maintain optimal network activity levels in the hippocampus, a brain structure lauded for its ongoing experience-dependent malleability.
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Zhang Y, Fang X, Fan W, Tang W, Cai J, Song L, Zhang C. Interaction between BDNF and TNF-α genes in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:1-6. [PMID: 29306772 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our recent work reported that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is negatively correlated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with schizophrenia. A previous study has shown that TNF-α could regulate the extracellular secretion of BDNF. Therefore, we hypothesized that the TNF-α gene (TNF-α) may interact with the BDNF gene (BDNF) to influence schizophrenia risk. METHODS We recruited 694 patients with schizophrenia from three mental hospitals in Eastern China and 725 healthy controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was employed to evaluate symptom severity. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was performed to assess cognitive function. The SNPs rs6265 in BDNF and rs1799964 in TNF-α were genotyped. RESULTS There were no significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies in either rs6265 or rs1799964 between the case and control groups. A significant association of rs6265 AA + AG × rs1799964 CC + CT with schizophrenia was observed (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.02-1.27; P = .02). There were significant differences in the RBANS attention and total scores between the patients with rs6265A and rs1799964C alleles and those without these two alleles (P = .03 and P = .03 after Bonferroni correction, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings provided preliminary evidence that the interaction of BDNF and TNF-α may confer susceptibility to schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisheng Song
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ondruschka B, Schuch S, Pohlers D, Franke H, Dreßler J. Acute phase response after fatal traumatic brain injury. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:531-539. [PMID: 29306988 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory response occurring after fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates time-dependent cascades of acute phase response. This may offer the potential to monitor postmortem biomarker levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines to gain information about the cause of death and the trauma survival time. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were collected from forensic autopsies of 95 adult cadavers after postmortem intervals up to 6 days. The cases were divided according to their cause of death into fatal TBI (n = 46) with different survival times and age- and gender-matching non-TBI fatalities as controls (n = 49). Quantitative marker levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed using immunoassays. Standardized statistical tests were performed to differentiate causes of death and survival time of TBI cases. The CSF IL-6, ferritin, and LDH levels after TBI were significantly higher than those in the controls (p < 0.001). Only serum IL-6 values showed comparable differences (p < 0.05). Both CSF and serum ferritin levels were discriminative between early and delayed death after TBI (p < 0.05). There were partly distinctive correlations between marker levels in both fluids with rising values after longer survival. There were up to moderate correlation between the marker levels and the postmortem interval due to postmortem hemolysis. However, neither CSF nor serum level ranges were affected by the age or gender of the subjects. This study is the first to measure all five proteins systematically in postmortem trauma cases. Ferritin and IL-6 proved themselves to be interesting postmortem biomarkers to provide specific information on the injury pattern and the survival time of traumatic fatalities. Such forensic investigations could serve as inexpensive and fast laboratory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Schuch
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Pohlers
- Center of Diagnostics GmbH, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Dreßler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Low Vs. High Alcohol: Central Benefits Vs. Detriments. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:860-869. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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