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Leandro K, Rufino-Ramos D, Breyne K, Di Ianni E, Lopes SM, Jorge Nobre R, Kleinstiver BP, Perdigão PRL, Breakefield XO, Pereira de Almeida L. Exploring the potential of cell-derived vesicles for transient delivery of gene editing payloads. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024:115346. [PMID: 38849005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene editing technologies have the potential to correct genetic disorders by modifying, inserting, or deleting specific DNA sequences or genes, paving the way for a new class of genetic therapies. While gene editing tools continue to be improved to increase their precision and efficiency, the limited efficacy of in vivo delivery remains a major hurdle for clinical use. An ideal delivery vehicle should be able to target a sufficient number of diseased cells in a transient time window to maximize on-target editing and mitigate off-target events and immunogenicity. Here, we review major advances in novel delivery platforms based on cell-derived vesicles - extracellular vesicles and virus-like particles - for transient delivery of gene editing payloads. We discuss major findings regarding packaging, in vivo biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy, and safety concerns of cell-derived vesicles delivery of gene-editing cargos and their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leandro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Rufino-Ramos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Emilio Di Ianni
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sara M Lopes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Jorge Nobre
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; ViraVector - Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pedro R L Perdigão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; GeneT - Gene Therapy Center of Excellence Portugal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; ViraVector - Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
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Zhang S, Wang Q, Tan DEL, Sikka V, Ng CH, Xian Y, Li D, Muthiah M, Chew NWS, Storm G, Tong L, Wang J. Gut-liver axis: Potential mechanisms of action of food-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12466. [PMID: 38887165 PMCID: PMC11183959 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-derived extracellular vesicles (FEVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles obtained from dietary materials such as breast milk, plants and probiotics. Distinct from other EVs, FEVs can survive the harsh degrading conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and reach the intestines. This unique feature allows FEVs to be promising prebiotics in health and oral nanomedicine for gut disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, therapeutic effects of FEVs have recently also been observed in non-gastrointestinal diseases. However, the mechanisms remain unclear or even mysterious. It is speculated that orally administered FEVs could enter the bloodstream, reach remote organs, and thus exert therapeutic effects therein. However, emerging evidence suggests that the amount of FEVs reaching organs beyond the gastrointestinal tract is marginal and may be insufficient to account for the significant therapeutic effects achieved regarding diseases involving remote organs such as the liver. Thus, we herein propose that FEVs primarily act locally in the intestine by modulating intestinal microenvironments such as barrier integrity and microbiota, thereby eliciting therapeutic impact remotely on the liver in non-gastrointestinal diseases via the gut-liver axis. Likewise, drugs delivered to the gastrointestinal system through FEVs may act via the gut-liver axis. As the liver is the main metabolic hub, the intestinal microenvironment may be implicated in other metabolic diseases. In fact, many patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease suffer from a leaky gut and dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in FEVs and discuss their biomedical applications as therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, highlighting the pivotal role of the gut-liver axis in the mechanisms of action of FEVs for the treatment of gut disorders and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Jinan Central HospitalShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Daniel En Liang Tan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Vritika Sikka
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of MedicineNational University HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yan Xian
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of ScienceNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of MedicineNational University HospitalSingaporeSingapore
- National University Centre for Organ TransplantationNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Nicholas W. S. Chew
- Department of CardiologyNational University Heart CentreNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lingjun Tong
- Jinan Central HospitalShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Jiong‐Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI)National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS)SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Poh BM, Liew LC, Soh YNA, Lai RC, Lim SK, Ho YS, Soh BS. MSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Exert Cardioprotective Effect Through Reducing VLCFAs and Apoptosis in Human Cardiac Organoid IRI Model. Stem Cells 2024; 42:416-429. [PMID: 38381602 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 31% of all deaths globally. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a common complication of CVDs, is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Studies have shown efficacious use of mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) to mitigate IRI in animals, but few research has been done on human-related models. In this study, human embryonic stem cell-derived chambered cardiac organoid (CCO) was used as a model system to study the effects of MSC-EVs on myocardial IRI. The results revealed that MSC-EVs treatment reduced apoptosis and improved contraction resumption of the CCOs. Metabolomics analysis showed that this effect could be attributed to EVs' ability to prevent the accumulation of unsaturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). This was corroborated when inhibition of fatty acid synthase, which was reported to reduce VLCFAs, produced a similar protective effect to EVs. Overall, this study uncovered the mechanistic role of MSC-EVs in mitigating IRI that involves preventing the accumulation of unsaturated VLCFA, decreasing cell death, and improving contraction resumption in CCOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Min Poh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lee Chuen Liew
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Soh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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Krishnan I, Chan AML, Law JX, Ng MH, Jayapalan JJ, Lokanathan Y. Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5340. [PMID: 38791378 PMCID: PMC11121203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous challenges remain within conventional cell-based therapy despite the growing trend of stem cells used to treat various life-debilitating diseases. These limitations include batch-to-batch heterogeneity, induced alloreactivity, cell survival and integration, poor scalability, and high cost of treatment, thus hindering successful translation from lab to bedside. However, recent pioneering technology has enabled the isolation and enrichment of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), canonically known as exosomes. EVs are described as a membrane-enclosed cargo of functional biomolecules not limited to lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins. Interestingly, studies have correlated the biological role of MSC-EVs to the paracrine activity of MSCs. This key evidence has led to rigorous studies on MSC-EVs as an acellular alternative. Using EVs as a therapy was proposed as a model leading to improvements through increased safety; enhanced bioavailability due to size and permeability; reduced heterogeneity by selective and quantifiable properties; and prolonged shelf-life via long-term freezing or lyophilization. Yet, the identity and potency of EVs are still relatively unknown due to various methods of preparation and to qualify the final product. This is reflected by the absence of regulatory strategies overseeing manufacturing, quality control, clinical implementation, and product registration. In this review, the authors review the various production processes and the proteomic profile of MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illayaraja Krishnan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (I.K.); (A.M.L.C.); (J.X.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Alvin Man Lung Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (I.K.); (A.M.L.C.); (J.X.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (I.K.); (A.M.L.C.); (J.X.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (I.K.); (A.M.L.C.); (J.X.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | | | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (I.K.); (A.M.L.C.); (J.X.L.); (M.H.N.)
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5
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Ma CY, Zhai Y, Li CT, Liu J, Xu X, Chen H, Tse HF, Lian Q. Translating mesenchymal stem cell and their exosome research into GMP compliant advanced therapy products: Promises, problems and prospects. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:919-938. [PMID: 38095832 DOI: 10.1002/med.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the few stem cell types used in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair, due to their unique paracrine capacity, multiple differentiation potential, active components in exosomes, and effective mitochondria donation. At present, MSCs derived from tissues such as bone marrow and umbilical cord are widely applied in preclinical and clinical studies. Nevertheless, there remain challenges to the maintenance of consistently good quality MSCs derived from different donors or tissues, directly impacting their application as advanced therapy products. In this review, we discuss the promises, problems, and prospects associated with translation of MSC research into a pharmaceutical product. We review the hurdles encountered in translation of MSCs and MSC-exosomes from the research bench to an advanced therapy product compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP). These difficulties include how to set up GMP-compliant protocols, what factors affect raw material selection, cell expansion to product formulation, establishment of quality control (QC) parameters, and quality assurance to comply with GMP standards. To avoid human error and reduce the risk of contamination, an automatic, closed system that allows real-time monitoring of QC should be considered. We also highlight potential advantages of pluripotent stem cells as an alternative source for MSC and exosomes generation and manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Yan Ma
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Zhai
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chung Tony Li
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank Centre, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Shenzhen Hong Kong University Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Cord Blood Bank Centre, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Gu X, Liu Z, Shan S, Ren T, Wang S. Airway basal cell‑derived exosomes suppress epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of lung cells by inhibiting the expression of ANO1. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:219. [PMID: 38590572 PMCID: PMC11000454 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of activated lung cells is an important strategy to inhibit the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present study investigated the role of exosomes derived from airway basal cells on EMT of lung cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Exosomes were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy imaging and markers detection. The role of exosome on the EMT of lung epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1 was detected. RNA sequencing screened dysregulated genes in exosome-treated group, followed by the bioinformatical analysis. One of the candidates, anoctamin-1 (ANO1), was selected for further gain-and-loss phenotype assays. A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model was used to evaluate the treatment effect of exosomes. Exosomes were round-like and positively expressed CD63 and tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein. Treatment with exosomes inhibited the EMT of lung cells activated by TGF-β1. 4158 dysregulated genes were identified in exosome-treated group under the threshold of |log2 fold-change| value >1 and they were involved in the metabolism of various molecules, as well as motility-related biological processes. A key gene, ANO1, was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, whose overexpression induced the EMT of lung cells. By contrast, ANO1 knockdown reversed the EMT induced by TGF-β1. In vivo assay indicated that exosome treatment ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis and inhibited the upregulation of ANO1 induced by bleomycin. In conclusion, airway basal cell-derived exosomes suppressed the EMT of lung cells via the downregulation of ANO1. These exosomes represent a potential therapeutic option for patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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7
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Vo N, Tran C, Tran NHB, Nguyen NT, Nguyen T, Ho DTK, Nguyen DDN, Pham T, Nguyen TA, Phan HTN, Nguyen H, Tu LN. A novel multi-stage enrichment workflow and comprehensive characterization for HEK293F-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12454. [PMID: 38760878 PMCID: PMC11101607 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising drug delivery vehicle as they are biocompatible and capable of targeted delivery. However, clinical translation of EVs remains challenging due to the lack of standardized and scalable manufacturing protocols to consistently isolate small EVs (sEVs) with both high yield and high purity. The heterogenous nature of sEVs leading to unknown composition of biocargos causes further pushback due to safety concerns. In order to address these issues, we developed a robust quality-controlled multi-stage process to produce and isolate sEVs from human embryonic kidney HEK293F cells. We then compared different 2-step and 3-step workflows for eliminating protein impurities and cell-free nucleic acids to meet acceptable limits of regulatory authorities. Our results showed that sEV production was maximized when HEK293F cells were grown at high-density stationary phase in semi-continuous culture. The novel 3-step workflow combining tangential flow filtration, sucrose-cushion ultracentrifugation and bind-elute size-exclusion chromatography outperformed other methods in sEV purity while still preserved high yield and particle integrity. The purified HEK293F-derived sEVs were thoroughly characterized for identity including sub-population analysis, content profiling including proteomics and miRNA sequencing, and demonstrated excellent preclinical safety profile in both in-vitro and in-vivo testing. Our rigorous enrichment workflow and comprehensive characterization will help advance the development of EVs, particularly HEK293F-derived sEVs, to be safe and reliable drug carriers for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan Vo
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Chau Tran
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | | | - Thieu Nguyen
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | | | - Tran Pham
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | | | | | - Lan N. Tu
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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8
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Li E, Xu J, Liu N, Xiong Q, Zhang W, Gong Y, Zhang L, He Y, Ge H, Xiao X. Application Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Renal Diseases. Stem Cells 2024; 42:216-229. [PMID: 38035715 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence and complex etiology of renal diseases already impose a heavy disease burden on patients and society. In certain kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, current treatments are limited to slowing rather than stabilizing or reversing disease progression. Therefore, it is crucial to study the pathological mechanisms of kidney disease and discover new therapeutic targets and effective therapeutic drugs. As cell-free therapeutic strategies are continually being developed, extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a hot topic for research in the field of renal diseases. Studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs not only reproduce the therapeutic effects of MSCs but also localize to damaged kidney tissue. Compared to MSCs, MSC-EVs have several advantages, including ease of preservation, low immunogenicity, an inability to directly form tumors, and ease of artificial modification. Exploring the detailed mechanisms of MSC-EVs by developing standardized culture, isolation, purification, and drug delivery strategies will help facilitate their clinical application in kidney diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of studies about MSC-EVs in kidney diseases and discuss their limitations at the human nephrology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizi Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikai He
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Huipeng Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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9
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Kink JA, Bellio MA, Forsberg MH, Lobo A, Thickens AS, Lewis BM, Ong IM, Khan A, Capitini CM, Hematti P. Large-scale bioreactor production of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells for treatment of acute radiation syndrome. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:72. [PMID: 38475968 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) occurring after exposure to ionizing radiation damages bone marrow causing cytopenias, increasing susceptibility to infections and death. We and others have shown that cellular therapies like human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), or monocytes/macrophages educated ex-vivo with extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs were effective in a lethal H-ARS mouse model. However, given the complexity of generating cellular therapies and the potential risks of using allogeneic products, development of an "off-the-shelf" cell-free alternative like EVs may have utility in conditions like H-ARS that require rapid deployment of available therapeutics. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of producing MSC-derived EVs at large scale using a bioreactor and assess critical quality control attributes like identity, sterility, and potency in educating monocytes and promoting survival in a lethal H-ARS mouse model. METHODS EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from unprimed and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed MSCs grown at large scale using a hollow fiber bioreactor and compared to a small scale system using flasks. The physical identity of EVs included a time course assessment of particle diameter, yield, protein content and surface marker profile by flow-cytometry. Comparison of the RNA cargo in EVs was determined by RNA-seq. Capacity of EVs to generate exosome educated monocytes (EEMos) was determined by qPCR and flow cytometry, and potency was assessed in vivo using a lethal ARS model with NSG mice. RESULTS Physical identity of EVs at both scales were similar but yields by volume were up to 38-fold more using a large-scale bioreactor system. RNA-seq indicated that flask EVs showed upregulated let-7 family and miR-143 micro-RNAs. EEMos educated with LPS-EVs at each scale were similar, showing increased gene expression of IL-6, IDO, FGF-2, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-15 and immunophenotyping consistent with a PD-L1 high, CD16 low, and CD86 low cell surface expression. Treatment with LPS-EVs manufactured at both scales were effective in the ARS model, improving survival and clinical scores through improved hematopoietic recovery. EVs from unprimed MSCs were less effective than LPS-EVs, with flask EVs providing some improved survival while bioreactor EVs provide no survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS LPS-EVs as an effective treatment for H-ARS can be produced using a scale-up development manufacturing process, representing an attractive off-the-shelf, cell-free therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kink
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Bellio
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew H Forsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra Lobo
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna S Thickens
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryson M Lewis
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aisha Khan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI, USA.
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53326, USA.
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10
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Leung J, Pollalis D, Nair GKG, Bailey JK, Pennington BO, Khan AI, Kelly KR, Yeh AK, Sundaram KS, Clegg DO, Peng CC, Xu L, Lee SY. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Through Orthogonal Approaches for the Development of Intraocular EV Therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:6. [PMID: 38466285 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Isolating extracellular vesicles (EVs) with high yield, replicable purity, and characterization remains a bottleneck in the development of EV therapeutics. To address these challenges, the current study aims to establish the necessary framework for preclinical and clinical studies in the development of stem cell-derived intraocular EV therapeutics. Methods Small EVs (sEVs) were separated from the conditioned cell culture medium (CCM) of the human embryogenic stem cell-derived fully polarized retinal pigment epithelium (hESC-RPE-sEV) by a commercially available microfluidic tangential flow filtration (TFF) device ExoDisc (ED) or differential ultracentrifugation (dUC). The scaling and concentration capabilities and purity of recovered sEVs were assessed. Size, number, and surface markers of sEVs were determined by orthogonal approaches using multiple devices. Results ED yielded higher numbers of sEVs, ranging from three to eight times higher depending on the measurement device, compared to dUC using the same 5 mL of CCM input. Within the same setting, the purity of ED-recovered hESC-RPE-sEVs was higher than that for dUC-recovered sEVs. ED yielded a higher concentration of particles, which is strongly correlated with the input volume, up to 10 mL (r = 0.98, P = 0.016). Meanwhile, comprehensive characterization profiles of EV surface markers between ED- and dUC-recovered hESC-RPE-sEVs were compatible. Conclusions Our study supports TFF as a valuable strategy for separating sEVs for the development of intraocular EV therapeutics. However, there is a growing need for diverse devices to optimize TFF for use in EV preparation. Using orthogonal approaches in EV characterization remains ideal for reliably characterizing heterogeneous EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Leung
- USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dimitrios Pollalis
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Gopa K G Nair
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Bailey
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Britney O Pennington
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Amir I Khan
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Kaitlin R Kelly
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Ashley K Yeh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- College of Creative Studies, Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Kartik S Sundaram
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Dennis O Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles Vision Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Liya Xu
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles Vision Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sun Young Lee
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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11
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Liu Z, Cheng L, Zhang L, Shen C, Wei S, Wang L, Qiu Y, Li C, Xiong Y, Zhang X. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in vascular dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1329357. [PMID: 38389559 PMCID: PMC10881761 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1329357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is a prevalent cognitive disorder among the elderly. Its pathological mechanism encompasses neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, among others. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered significant attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. Current research indicates that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) play a pivotal role in both the diagnosis and treatment of VD. Thus, this article delves into the recent advancements of MSC-EVs in VD, discussing the mechanisms by which EVs influence the pathophysiological processes of VD. These mechanisms form the theoretical foundation for their neuroprotective effect in VD treatment. Additionally, the article highlights the potential applications of EVs in VD diagnosis. In conclusion, MSC-EVs present a promising innovative treatment strategy for VD. With rigorous research and ongoing innovation, this concept can transition into practical clinical treatment, providing more effective options for VD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lushun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunxiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shufei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuemin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yinyi Xiong
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Center for Cognitive Science and Transdisciplinary Studies, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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12
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Pinto H, Sánchez-Vizcaíno Mengual E. Exosomes in the Real World of Medical Aesthetics: A Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-023-03844-8. [PMID: 38315231 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that transport proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and play a significant role in almost every physiological process in the human body. They have generated great interest, especially in the field of tissue regeneration. Studies in the last decade support their great regenerating and rejuvenating potential. However, the lack of standardized procedures, limited knowledge regarding their action mechanism, and little clinical evidence impair their implementation and approval in the medical setting. This review aimed to identify published studies and clinical trials using exosomes in human patients for clinical treatments in aesthetic medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed database using the search term "exosomes" and 25 terms related to aesthetic medicine treatments in human patients. Additionally, a search was conducted in the ClinicalTrials.gov database for interventional clinical trials using exosomes for aesthetic treatments in adults 18 to ≥ 65 years of age. RESULTS Nine articles were selected after debugging the initial list of published articles in which exosomes were related to Aesthetic Medicine (633 articles). Nine studies were identified from the initial search on ClinicalTrial.gov (104 trials with exosomes). CONCLUSIONS There is no doubt about the scientific basis of exosome regenerative potential and the growing interest in exosomes in Aesthetic Medicine. However, companies must spend more on research to develop standardized and reliable procedures to obtain exosomes for their approval and application in clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . This review highlights the large amount of published research on exosomes related to aesthetic medicine and, at the same time, the lack of products approved by regulatory agencies. Several issues have been suggested to elucidate a response, such as the need for standardized protocols and more knowledge to ensure safe treatments. It also highlights the few clinical trials conducted to evaluate exosome properties in aesthetic medicine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Pinto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas i2e3, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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13
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Rademakers DJ, Saffari S, Shin AY, Pulos N. The Role of Exosomes in Upper-Extremity Tissue Regeneration. J Hand Surg Am 2024; 49:170-178. [PMID: 38099878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-free membrane vesicles secreted by a wide variety of cells as secretomes into the extracellular matrix. Alongside facilitating intercellular communication, exosomes carry various bioactive molecules consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosome applications have increased in popularity by overcoming the disadvantages of mesenchymal stem cell therapies. Despite this, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of exosomes is necessary prior to clinical application in upper-extremity tissue regeneration. The purpose of this review is to introduce the concept of exosomes and their possible applications in upper-extremity tissue regeneration, detail the shortcomings of current exosome research, and explore their potential clinical application in the upper extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J Rademakers
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Plastic Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Saffari
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Plastic Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Pulos
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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14
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Malvicini R, De Lazzari G, Tolomeo AM, Santa-Cruz D, Ullah M, Cirillo C, Grumati P, Pacienza N, Muraca M, Yannarelli G. Influence of the isolation method on characteristics and functional activity of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:157-170. [PMID: 38069981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods are based on different physicochemical properties and may result in the purification of distinct EV populations. We compared two different isolation methods suitable for producing clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs)-ion exchange chromatography (IEX) and ultrafiltration (UF)-and evaluated their impact on the composition and functional properties of EVs. METHODS EVs were purified from conditioned culture medium using an anion exchange resin (IEX) or Amicon filters with a 100-kDa cutoff (UF) (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). We assessed nanoparticle size and distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and morphology by transmission electron microscopy. We also measured protein, lipid and total RNA concentration and immunophenotyped both EV populations by flow cytometry (MACSPlex assay; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Moreover, immunomodulatory activity was tested using a standardized macrophage polarization assay and T-cell stimulation assay. Finally, proteomic analysis and cytokine quantification were carried out to better characterize both EV populations. RESULTS We found by both TRPS and NTA that IEX and UF yielded a comparable amount of total particles with similar size and distribution. In addition, a similar quantity of lipids was obtained with the two procedures. However, IEX yielded 10-fold higher RNA quantity and a larger amount of proteins than UF. MSC-EVs isolated from IEX and UF were positive for the exosome markers CD9, CD63 and CD81 and showed a comparable surface marker expression pattern. Both populations demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in vitro, as they prevented acquisition of the M1 phenotype in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and inhibited acquisition of the activation markers CD69 and CD25 on T cells, but the IEX-EVs exerted a significantly greater immunomodulatory effect on both macrophages and T cells compared with UF-EVs. Proteomic analysis and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed no major differences between the preparations. Finally, cytokine quantification revealed that IEX-EVs were more enriched in some crucial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor) compared with UF-EVs. CONCLUSIONS MSC-EVs isolated by IEX and UF displayed similar physicochemical, phenotypic and functional characteristics. In our conditions, both EV populations demonstrated important anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages and T cells. However, IEX-EVs were more potent than UF-EVs, which may indicate the superiority of this method for the production of clinical-grade EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Malvicini
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giada De Lazzari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tolomeo
- Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Santa-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carmine Cirillo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalia Pacienza
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yu L, Zeng X, Hu X, Wen Q, Chen P. Advances and challenges in clinical applications of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113704. [PMID: 38113751 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of substances that feature vesicle-like structures. Initially deemed to be "biological waste", recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of EVs in mediating information communication between cells by transporting bioactive components. Specifically, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) contain components that can be utilized for disease diagnosis and as vaccines to activate the immune system. Moreover, since TEVs have a phospholipid bilayer shell and can transport exogenous substances, they are being increasingly explored as drug delivery vehicles in anti-tumor therapy. TEVs have proven highly compatible with their corresponding tumor cells, allowing for efficient drug delivery and exerting killing effects on tumor cells through various mechanisms such as domino effects, lysosomal pathways, and inhibition of drug efflux from tumor tissues. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in the clinical applications of EVs derived from tumor cells. This paper outlines the current advances and limitations in this field, highlighting the potential of TEVs as a powerful tool for combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaonan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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16
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Nguyen DDN, Vu DM, Vo N, Tran NHB, Ho DTK, Nguyen T, Nguyen TA, Nguyen H, Tu LN. Skin rejuvenation and photoaging protection using adipose-derived stem cell extracellular vesicles loaded with exogenous cargos. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13599. [PMID: 38279569 PMCID: PMC10818134 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells (ASC-sEVs) have gained remarkable attention for their regenerative and protective properties against skin aging. However, the use of ASC-sEVs to further encapsulate certain natural anti-aging compounds for synergistic effects has not been actively explored. For large-scale production in skincare industry, it is also crucial to standardize cost-effective methods to produce highly pure ASC-sEVs. METHODS Human ASCs were expanded in serum-free media with different compositions to first optimize the sEV production. ASC-sEVs from different batches were then purified using tangential flow filtration and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation, followed by extensive characterization for identity and content profiling including proteomics, lipidomics and miRNA sequencing. ASC-sEVs were further loaded with nicotinamide riboside (NR) and resveratrol by sonication-incubation method. The therapeutic effect of ASC-sEVs and loaded ASC-sEVs was tested on human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT exposed to UVB by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loaded ASC-sEVs were later applied on the hand skin of three volunteers once a day for 8 weeks and skin analysis was performed every 2 weeks. RESULTS Our standardized workflow produced ASC-sEVs with high yield, high purity and with stable characteristics and consistent biocargo among different batches. The most abundant subpopulations in ASC-sEVs were CD63+ (∼30%) and CD81+ -CD63+ (∼35%). Purified ASC-sEVs could be loaded with NR and resveratrol at the optimized loading efficiency of ∼20%. In UVB-exposed HaCaT cells, loaded ASC-sEVs could reduce ROS by 38.3%, higher than the sEVs (13.3%) or compounds (18.5%) individually. In human trial, application of loaded ASC-sEVs after 8 weeks substantially improved skin texture, increased skin hydration and elasticity by 104% and reduced mean pore volume by 51%. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a robust protocol to produce ASC-sEVs and exogenously load them with natural compounds. The loaded ASC-sEVs exhibited synergistic effects of both sEVs and anti-aging compounds in photoaging protection and skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diem My Vu
- Center for Molecular BiomedicineUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Nhan Vo
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | | | - Thieu Nguyen
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | | | - Lan N. Tu
- Medical Genetics InstituteHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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Farzaneh M, Khoshnam SE. Functional Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:2-14. [PMID: 36567297 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666221222123818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease and one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. Currently, no drugs on the market promote neural recovery after stroke insult, and spontaneous remodeling processes are limited to induce recovery in the ischemic regions. Therefore, promoting a cell-based therapy has been needed to elevate the endogenous recovery process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as candidate cell sources for therapeutic purposes of ischemic stroke, and their therapeutic effects are mediated by exosomes. The microRNA cargo in these extracellular vesicles is mostly responsible for the positive effects. When it comes to the therapeutic viewpoint, MSCsderived exosomes could be a promising therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge around the potential of MSCs-derived exosomes in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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18
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St‐Denis‐Bissonnette F, Cummings SE, Qiu S, Stalker A, Muradia G, Mehic J, Mediratta K, Kaczmarek S, Burger D, Lee S, Wang L, Lavoie JR. A clinically relevant large-scale biomanufacturing workflow to produce natural killer cells and natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles for cancer immunotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12387. [PMID: 38054534 PMCID: PMC10698709 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NK-EVs) have shown promising potential as biotherapeutics for cancer due to their unique attributes as cytotoxic nanovesicles against cancer cells and immune-modulatory activity towards immune cells. However, a biomanufacturing workflow is needed to produce clinical-grade NK-EVs for pre-clinical and clinical applications. This study established a novel biomanufacturing workflow using a closed-loop hollow-fibre bioreactor to continuously produce NK-EVs from the clinically relevant NK92-MI cell line under serum-free, Xeno-free and feeder-free conditions following GMP-compliant conditions. The NK92 cells grown in the bioreactor for three continuous production lots resulted in large quantities of both NK cell and NK-EV biotherapeutics at the end of each production lot (over 109 viable cells and 1013 EVs), while retaining their cytotoxic payload (granzyme B and perforin), pro-inflammatory cytokine (interferon-gamma) content and cytotoxicity against the human leukemic cell line K562 with limited off-target toxicity against healthy human fibroblast cells. This scalable biomanufacturing workflow has the potential to facilitate the clinical translation of adoptive NK cell-based and NK-EV-based immunotherapies for cancer with GMP considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic St‐Denis‐Bissonnette
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Sarah E. Cummings
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Shirley Qiu
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Gauri Muradia
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Jelica Mehic
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Karan Mediratta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Shelby Kaczmarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research CentreOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Seung‐Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
| | - Jessie R. Lavoie
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs DirectorateHealth Products and Food Branch, Health CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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19
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Didamoony MA, Soubh AA, Atwa AM, Ahmed LA. Innovative preconditioning strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2973-2993. [PMID: 37874430 PMCID: PMC10692273 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have become a global health issue and an economic burden due to their wide distribution, late prognosis, and the inefficacy of recent available medications. Therefore, it is crucial to search for new strategies for their management. In the recent decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has attracted attention as a viable option for treating a myriad of GI disorders such as hepatic fibrosis (HF), ulcerative colitis (UC), acute liver injury (ALI), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to their regenerative and paracrine properties. Importantly, recent studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are responsible for most of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. In addition, EVs have revealed several benefits over their parent MSCs, such as being less immunogenic, having a lower risk of tumour formation, being able to cross biological barriers, and being easier to store. MSC-EVs exhibited regenerative, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic effects in different experimental models of GI diseases. However, a key issue with their clinical application is the maintenance of their stability and efficacy following in vivo transplantation. Preconditioning of MSC-EVs or their parent cells is one of the novel methods used to improve their effectiveness and stability. Herein, we discuss the application of MSC-EVs in several GI disorders taking into account their mechanism of action. We also summarise the challenges and restrictions that need to be overcome to promote their clinical application in the treatment of various GI diseases as well as the recent developments to improve their effectiveness. A representation of the innovative preconditioning techniques that have been suggested for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs in GI diseases. The pathological conditions in various GI disorders (ALI, UC, HF and NAFLD) create a harsh environment for EVs and their parents, increasing the risk of apoptosis and senescence of MSCs and thereby diminishing MSC-EVs yield and restricting their large-scale applications. Preconditioning with pharmacological agents or biological mediators can improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs through their adaption to the lethal environment to which they are subjected. This can result in establishment of a more conducive environment and activation of numerous vital trajectories that act to improve the immunomodulatory, reparative and regenerative activities of the derived EVs, as a part of MSCs paracrine system. ALI, acute liver injury; GI diseases, gastrointestinal diseases; HF, hepatic fibrosis; HSP, heat shock protein; miRNA, microRNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; MSC-EVs, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A Didamoony
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ayman A Soubh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Ahram Canadian University, 4th Industrial Zone, Banks Complex, 6th of October City, Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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20
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Fu Y, Wang Y, Liang L, Gu M, Gao Y, Feng L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Utilization for In Vitro Donor Liver Machine Perfusion Preservation: Current Status and Future Directions. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023; 12:665-675. [PMID: 37643740 PMCID: PMC10552689 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. Currently, the shortage of high-quality donors has led to the exploration of the use of marginal organs. However, several factors limit the in vitro long-term preservation and long-distance transport of livers, which can also lead to ischemia-reperfusion injuries, resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, an efficient and convenient strategy to improve this situation is urgently required. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is expected to improve the liver environment in vitro and provide better evaluation indices for organ repair mechanisms. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can repair damaged hepatocytes or exert their protective effects via paracrine mechanisms, such as the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We hypothesized that combining the regenerative ability of MSCs and the significant advantages of NMP may improve the quality and utilization rate of organs, especially marginal organs. In this study, we review different strategies for liver preservation in vitro, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. We also introduce MSCs, derived EVs, and MSCs applications in liver preservation in vitro. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future trends of MSCs applications for in vitro liver preservation. We envision novel bioreactor designs that employ 3D cell culturing and offer the possibility to reconstruct MSCs microenvironments to promote cell growth and biofunction expression. Large-scale MSCs production can be combined with normothermic machine perfusion to enhance in vitro liver preservation, thereby promoting donor organ function to benefit recipients in need of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzi Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Zhiguo F, Ji W, Shenyuan C, Guoyou Z, Chen K, Hui Q, Wenrong X, Zhai X. A swift expanding trend of extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury research: a bibliometric analysis. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:289. [PMID: 37612689 PMCID: PMC10463993 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. However, no bibliometric assessment has been conducted to evaluate the scientific progress in this area. A search of articles in Web of Science (WoS) from January 1, 1991, to May 1, 2023, yielded 359 papers that were analyzed using various online analysis tools. These articles have been cited 10,842 times with 30.2 times per paper. The number of publications experienced explosive growth starting in 2015. China and the United States led this research initiative. Keywords were divided into 3 clusters, including "Pathophysiology of SCI", "Bioactive components of EVs", and "Therapeutic effects of EVs in SCI". By integrating the average appearing year (AAY) of keywords in VoSviewer with the time zone map of the Citation Explosion in CiteSpace, the focal point of research has undergone a transformative shift. The emphasis has moved away from pathophysiological factors such as "axon", "vesicle", and "glial cell" to more mechanistic and applied domains such as "activation", "pathways", "hydrogels" and "therapy". In conclusions, institutions are expected to allocate more resources towards EVs-loaded hydrogel therapy and the utilization of innovative materials for injury mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhiguo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wu Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chen Shenyuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhang Guoyou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qian Hui
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Xu Wenrong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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22
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Lu D, Wu JP, Yang QW, Wang HY, Yang JJ, Zhang GG, Wang C, Yang YL, Zhu L, Sun XZ. Recent advances in lipid nanovesicles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261288. [PMID: 37691909 PMCID: PMC10486273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective regeneration and functional restoration of damaged spinal cord tissue have been a long-standing concern in regenerative medicine. Treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging due to the obstruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), the lack of targeting of drugs, and the complex pathophysiology of injury sites. Lipid nanovesicles, including cell-derived nanovesicles and synthetic lipid nanovesicles, are highly biocompatible and can penetrate BSCB, and are therefore effective delivery systems for targeted treatment of SCI. We summarize the progress of lipid nanovesicles for the targeted treatment of SCI, discuss their advantages and challenges, and provide a perspective on the application of lipid nanovesicles for SCI treatment. Although most of the lipid nanovesicle-based therapy of SCI is still in preclinical studies, this low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and highly engineerable nanovesicles will hold great promise for future spinal cord injury treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Chouaib B, Haack-Sørensen M, Chaubron F, Cuisinier F, Collart-Dutilleul PY. Towards the Standardization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome-Derived Product Manufacturing for Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12594. [PMID: 37628774 PMCID: PMC10454619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell secretome or conditioned medium (MSC-CM) is a combination of biomolecules and growth factors in cell culture growth medium, secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the starting point of several derived products. MSC-CM and its derivatives could be applied after injuries and could mediate most of the beneficial regenerative effects of MSCs without the possible side effects of using MSCs themselves. However, before the clinical application of these promising biopharmaceuticals, several issues such as manufacturing protocols and quality control must be addressed. This review aims to underline the influence of the procedure for conditioned medium production on the quality of the secretome and its derivatives and highlights the questions considering cell sources and donors, cell expansion, cell passage number and confluency, conditioning period, cell culture medium, microenvironment cues, and secretome-derived product purification. A high degree of variability in MSC secretomes is revealed based on these parameters, confirming the need to standardize and optimize protocols. Understanding how bioprocessing and manufacturing conditions interact to determine the quantity, quality, and profile of MSC-CM is essential to the development of good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant procedures suitable for replacing mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Chouaib
- LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (F.C.)
- Human Health Department, IRSN, French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, SERAMED, LRMed, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mandana Haack-Sørensen
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre 9302, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Henrik Harpestrengsvej 4C, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franck Chaubron
- Institut Clinident BioPharma, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France;
| | - Frederic Cuisinier
- LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (F.C.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Service Odontologie, CHU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Collart-Dutilleul
- LBN, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (F.C.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Service Odontologie, CHU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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24
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Ou YC, Huang CC, Kao YL, Ho PC, Tsai KJ. Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1691-1708. [PMID: 37115409 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that enormously affects an individual's health and quality of life. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is one of the most important sequelae induced by SCI, causing complications including urinary tract infection, renal function deterioration, urinary incontinence, and voiding dysfunction. Current therapeutic methods for SCI-induced NLUTD mainly target on the urinary bladder, but the outcomes are still far from satisfactory. Stem cell therapy has gained increasing attention for years for its ability to rescue the injured spinal cord directly. Stem cell differentiation and their paracrine effects, including exosomes, are the proposed mechanisms to enhance the recovery from SCI. Several animal studies have demonstrated improvement in bladder function using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). Human clinical trials also provide promising results in urodynamic parameters after MSC therapy. However, there is still uncertainty about the ideal treatment window and application protocol for stem cell therapy. Besides, data on the therapeutic effects regarding NSCs and stem cell-derived exosomes in SCI-related NLUTD are scarce. Therefore, there is a pressing need for further well-designed human clinical trials to translate the stem cell therapy into a formal therapeutic option for SCI-induced NLUTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chien Ou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lin Kao
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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25
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Won S, Lee C, Bae S, Lee J, Choi D, Kim M, Song S, Lee J, Kim E, Shin H, Basukala A, Lee TR, Lee D, Gho YS. Mass-produced gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles activate cancer antigen-specific stem-like CD8 + T cells which enables an effective combination immunotherapy with anti-PD-1. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12357. [PMID: 37563797 PMCID: PMC10415594 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the capability of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to induce potent anti-tumour responses, large-scale production of bacterial EVs remains as a hurdle for their development as novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Here, we developed manufacturing processes for mass production of Escherichia coli EVs, namely, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). By combining metal precipitation and size-exclusion chromatography, we isolated 357 mg in total protein amount of E. coli OMVs, which was equivalent to 3.93 × 1015 particles (1.10 × 1010 particles/μg in total protein amounts of OMVs) from 160 L of the conditioned medium. We show that these mass-produced E. coli OMVs led to complete remission of two mouse syngeneic tumour models. Further analysis of tumour microenvironment in neoantigen-expressing tumour models revealed that E. coli OMV treatment causes increased infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells, especially those of cancer antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with high expression of TCF-1 and PD-1. Furthermore, E. coli OMVs showed synergistic anti-tumour activity with anti-PD-1 antibody immunotherapy, inducing substantial tumour growth inhibition and infiltration of activated cancer antigen-specific stem-like CD8+ T cells into the tumour microenvironment. These data highlight the potent anti-tumour activities of mass-produced E. coli OMVs as a novel candidate for developing next-generation cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solchan Won
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Seoyoon Bae
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECHPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- SL Bigen Inc.IncheonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECHPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Department of BiochemistrySoonchunhyang University College of MedicineCheonanRepublic of Korea
| | - Min‐Gang Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - HaYoung Shin
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECHPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Anita Basukala
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECHPohangRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Dong‐Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- SL Bigen Inc.IncheonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECHPohangRepublic of Korea
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26
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Teo KYW, Tan R, Wong KL, Hey DHW, Hui JHP, Toh WS. Small extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells: the next therapeutic paradigm for musculoskeletal disorders. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:837-846. [PMID: 37191613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the biggest contributors to morbidity and place an enormous burden on the health care system in an aging population. Owing to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders. Although MSCs were originally thought to differentiate and replace injured/diseased tissues, it is now accepted that MSCs mediate tissue repair through secretion of trophic factors, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs). Endowed with a diverse cargo of bioactive lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites, MSC-EVs have been shown to elicit diverse cellular responses and interact with many cell types needed in tissue repair. The present review aims to summarize the latest advances in the use of native MSC-EVs for musculoskeletal regeneration, examine the cargo molecules and mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects, and discuss the progress and challenges in their translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristeen Ye Wen Teo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rachel Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Keng Lin Wong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dennis Hwee Weng Hey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Xu Y, Yao Y, Yu L, Zhang X, Mao X, Tey SK, Wong SWK, Yeung CLS, Ng TH, Wong MYM, Che C, Lee TKW, Gao Y, Cui Y, Yam JWP. Clathrin light chain A-enriched small extracellular vesicles remodel microvascular niche to induce hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12359. [PMID: 37606345 PMCID: PMC10443339 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a key role in exchanging cargoes between cells in tumour microenvironment. This study aimed to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) derived sEV-clathrin light chain A (CLTA) in remodelling microvascular niche. CLTA level in the circulating sEVs of HCC patients was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The functions of sEV-CLTA in affecting HCC cancerous properties were examined by multiple functional assays. Mass spectrometry was used to identify downstream effectors of sEV-CLTA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Tube formation, sprouting, trans-endothelial invasion and vascular leakiness assays were performed to determine the functions of sEV-CLTA and its effector, basigin (BSG) in HUVECs. BSG inhibitor, SP-8356, was tested in a mouse model of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Circulating sEVs of HCC patients had markedly enhanced CLTA levels than control individuals and were reduced in patients after surgery. HCC derived sEV-CLTA enhanced HCC cancerous properties, disrupted endothelial integrity and induced angiogenesis. Mechanistically, CLTA remodels microvascular niche by stabilizing and upregulating BSG. Last, SP-8356 alone or in combination with sorafenib attenuated PDXs growth. The study reveals the role of HCC derived sEV-CLTA in microvascular niche formation. Inhibition of CLTA and its mediated pathway may illuminate a new therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangP. R. China
| | - Yue Yao
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismSecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangP. R. China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangP. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of MedicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Mao
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research (The University of Hong Kong)Hong Kong
| | - Sze Keong Tey
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Samuel Wan Ki Wong
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Cherlie Lot Sum Yeung
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Tung Him Ng
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Melody YM Wong
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology LimitedHong Kong
| | - Chi‐Ming Che
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology LimitedHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, and Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery IIZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangP. R. China
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research (The University of Hong Kong)Hong Kong
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Abudurexiti M, Zhao Y, Wang X, Han L, Liu T, Wang C, Yuan Z. Bio-Inspired Nanocarriers Derived from Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2011. [PMID: 37514197 PMCID: PMC10386614 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With their seemingly limitless capacity for self-improvement, stem cells have a wide range of potential uses in the medical field. Stem-cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), as paracrine components of stem cells, are natural nanoscale particles that transport a variety of biological molecules and facilitate cell-to-cell communication which have been also widely used for targeted drug delivery. These nanocarriers exhibit inherent advantages, such as strong cell or tissue targeting and low immunogenicity, which synthetic nanocarriers lack. However, despite the tremendous therapeutic potential of stem cells and EVs, their further clinical application is still limited by low yield and a lack of standardized isolation and purification protocols. In recent years, inspired by the concept of biomimetics, a new approach to biomimetic nanocarriers for drug delivery has been developed through combining nanotechnology and bioengineering. This article reviews the application of biomimetic nanocarriers derived from stem cells and their EVs in targeted drug delivery and discusses their advantages and challenges in order to stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munire Abudurexiti
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu 610041, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Tianfu New Area People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu 610041, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Lu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu 610041, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead 2145, Australia;
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu 610041, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (L.H.)
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Nasiry D, Khalatbary AR. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapy for nerve injury: A review of the molecular mechanisms. World Neurosurg X 2023; 19:100201. [PMID: 37181584 PMCID: PMC10173266 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that stem cell therapy has beneficial effects on nerve damage. These beneficial effects were subsequently found to be exerted in part in a paracrine manner by the release of extracellular vesicles. Stem cell-secreted extracellular vesicles have shown great potential to reduce inflammation and apoptosis, optimize the function of Schwann cells, regulate genes related to regeneration, and improve behavioral performance after nerve damage. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on neuroprotection and regeneration along with their molecular mechanisms after nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Nasiry
- Amol Faculty of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Greenberg ZF, Graim KS, He M. Towards artificial intelligence-enabled extracellular vesicle precision drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023:114974. [PMID: 37356623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, recently exploded into nanomedicine as an emerging drug delivery approach due to their superior biocompatibility, circulating stability, and bioavailability in vivo. However, EV heterogeneity makes molecular targeting precision a critical challenge. Deciphering key molecular drivers for controlling EV tissue targeting specificity is in great need. Artificial intelligence (AI) brings powerful prediction ability for guiding the rational design of engineered EVs in precision control for drug delivery. This review focuses on cutting-edge nano-delivery via integrating large-scale EV data with AI to develop AI-directed EV therapies and illuminate the clinical translation potential. We briefly review the current status of EVs in drug delivery, including the current frontier, limitations, and considerations to advance the field. Subsequently, we detail the future of AI in drug delivery and its impact on precision EV delivery. Our review discusses the current universal challenge of standardization and critical considerations when using AI combined with EVs for precision drug delivery. Finally, we will conclude this review with a perspective on future clinical translation led by a combined effort of AI and EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Kiley S Graim
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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Neuber S, Ermer MR, Emmert MY, Nazari-Shafti TZ. Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis with Extracellular Vesicles: What Is Missing for Clinical Translation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10480. [PMID: 37445658 PMCID: PMC10342089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and currently affects more than 60 million people worldwide. A key feature in the pathogenesis of almost all forms of heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the heart. Although cardiac fibrosis is beneficial in the short term after acute myocardial injury to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the heart, persistent cardiac fibrosis contributes to pathological cardiac remodeling, leading to mechanical and electrical dysfunction of the heart. Despite its high prevalence, standard therapies specifically targeting cardiac fibrosis are not yet available. Cell-based approaches have been extensively studied as potential treatments for cardiac fibrosis, but several challenges have been identified during clinical translation. The observation that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem and progenitor cells exhibit some of the therapeutic effects of the parent cells has paved the way to overcome limitations associated with cell therapy. However, to make EV-based products a reality, standardized methods for EV production, isolation, characterization, and storage must be established, along with concrete evidence of their safety and efficacy in clinical trials. This article discusses EVs as novel therapeutics for cardiac fibrosis from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuber
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam R. Ermer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Şimşek FB, Şencan A, Vatansever HS. Exosomes obtained from adipose mesenchymal stem cells prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury after torsion-detorsion in rat testes. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:204. [PMID: 37222876 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of exosomes obtained from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) on testicular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS AD-MSCs from rat adipose tissue were cultured. Characterization of cells was evaluated with CD44, CD90, CD34 and CD45 antibodies. Exosomes from AD-MSCs were obtained with the miRCURY exosome isolation kit. 21 rats were divided into 3 groups. The I/R model was created as 720° torsion for 4 h and reperfusion for 4 h. In the Sham group (SG), only scrotal incision was made. 100 µl of medium in the torsion-control group (T-CG) and 100 µl of exosome in the treatment group (TG) were injected into the testicular parenchyma after detorsion. Johnsen scores of testicles were determined. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL method. RESULTS It was observed that the seminiferous tubule structures were partially disrupted in T-CG, but normal in SG and TG. Johnsen scores in SG, T-CG, and TG were 8.64 ± 0.39, 7.71 ± 0.37, and 8.57 ± 0.39, respectively. Apoptotic cell distribution was 11.28 ± 5.25%, 60.58% ± 1.68% and 17.71 ± 8.34% in SG, T-CG and TG, respectively. In both parameters, the difference between SG and TG was insignificant (p > 0.05), the difference between T-CG/TG and SG/T-CG was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exosomes obtained from AD-MSCs are effective in preventing testicular I/R injury. This effect appears to occur because of suppression of apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bilgecan Şimşek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Aydın Şencan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye.
| | - H Seda Vatansever
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
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Levy D, Jeyaram A, Born LJ, Chang KH, Abadchi SN, Hsu ATW, Solomon T, Aranda A, Stewart S, He X, Harmon JW, Jay SM. Impact of storage conditions and duration on function of native and cargo-loaded mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:502-509. [PMID: 36513574 PMCID: PMC10079553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS As evidenced by ongoing clinical trials and increased activity in the commercial sector, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have begun the transition from bench to bedside. As this progression continues, one critical aspect of EV clinical translation is understanding the effects of storage and transport conditions. Several studies have assessed the impact of storage on EV characteristics such as morphology, uptake and component content, but effects of storage duration and temperature on EV functional bioactivity and, especially, loaded cargo are rarely reported. METHODS The authors assessed EV outcomes following storage at different temperatures (room temperature, 4°C, -20°C, -80°C) for various durations as well as after lyophilization. RESULTS Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) EVs were observed to retain key aspects of their bioactivity (pro-vascularization, anti-inflammation) for up to 4-6 weeks at -20°C and -80°C and after lyophilization. Furthermore, via in vitro assays and an in vivo wound healing model, these same storage conditions were also demonstrated to enable preservation of the functionality of loaded microRNA and long non-coding RNA cargo in MSC EVs. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend the current understanding of how EV therapeutic potential is impacted by storage conditions and may inform best practices for handling and storing MSC EVs for both basic research and translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Talia Solomon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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Man K, Eisenstein NM, Hoey DA, Cox SC. Bioengineering extracellular vesicles: smart nanomaterials for bone regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:137. [PMID: 37106449 PMCID: PMC10134574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key regulators of bone development, homeostasis and repair. EV-based therapies have the potential to circumnavigate key issues hindering the translation of cell-based therapies including functional tissue engraftment, uncontrolled differentiation and immunogenicity issues. Due to EVs' innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high physiochemical stability, these naturally-derived nanoparticles have garnered growing interest as potential acellular nanoscale therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Our increasing knowledge of the roles these cell-derived nanoparticles play, has made them an exciting focus in the development of novel pro-regenerative therapies for bone repair. Although these nano-sized vesicles have shown promise, their clinical translation is hindered due to several challenges in the EV supply chain, ultimately impacting therapeutic efficacy and yield. From the biochemical and biophysical stimulation of parental cells to the transition to scalable manufacture or maximising vesicles therapeutic response in vivo, a multitude of techniques have been employed to improve the clinical efficacy of EVs. This review explores state of the art bioengineering strategies to promote the therapeutic utility of vesicles beyond their native capacity, thus maximising the clinical potential of these pro-regenerative nanoscale therapeutics for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil M Eisenstein
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
- Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 DK07, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, D02 VN51, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Sanz-Ros J, Mas-Bargues C, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. The Potential Use of Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers or Therapeutical Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087005. [PMID: 37108168 PMCID: PMC10139054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis. Aberrant mitochondria can cause severe damage to the cells, which have established a tight quality control for the mitochondria. This process avoids the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and can lead to the release of mitochondrial constituents to the extracellular milieu through mitochondrial extracellular vesicles (MitoEVs). These MitoEVs carry mtDNA, rRNA, tRNA, and protein complexes of the respiratory chain, and the largest MitoEVs can even transport whole mitochondria. Macrophages ultimately engulf these MitoEVs to undergo outsourced mitophagy. Recently, it has been reported that MitoEVs can also contain healthy mitochondria, whose function seems to be the rescue of stressed cells by restoring the loss of mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial transfer has opened the field of their use as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. This review describes this new EVs-mediated transfer of the mitochondria and the current application of MitoEVs in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Valencia, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Lotfy A, AboQuella NM, Wang H. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes in clinical trials. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 37024925 PMCID: PMC10079493 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are widely utilized in cell therapy because of their robust immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Their paracrine activity is one of the most important features that contribute to their efficacy. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the production of various factors via extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, governs the principal efficacy of MSCs after infusion in experimental models. Compared to MSCs themselves, MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have provided significant advantages by efficiently decreasing unfavorable adverse effects, such as infusion-related toxicities. MSC-Exos is becoming a promising cell-free therapeutic tool and an increasing number of clinical studies started to assess the therapeutic effect of MSC-Exos in different diseases. In this review, we summarized the ongoing and completed clinical studies using MSC-Exos for immunomodulation, regenerative medicine, gene delivery, and beyond. Additionally, we summarized MSC-Exos production methods utilized in these studies with an emphasis on MSCs source, MSC-Exos isolation methods, characterization, dosage, and route of administration. Lastly, we discussed the current challenges and future directions of exosome utilization in different clinical studies as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lotfy
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Noha M AboQuella
- International Graduate Program Medical Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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38
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Reiss AB, Ahmed S, Johnson M, Saeedullah U, De Leon J. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2023; 13:479. [PMID: 37110138 PMCID: PMC10142472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In recent decades, clinical research has made significant advances, resulting in improved survival and recovery rates for patients with CVD. Despite this progress, there is substantial residual CVD risk and an unmet need for better treatment. The complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of CVD pose a challenge for researchers seeking effective therapeutic interventions. Consequently, exosomes have emerged as a new focus for CVD research because their role as intercellular communicators gives them the potential to act as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanocarriers. In the heart and vasculature, cell types such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, cardiac fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and resident stem cells are involved in cardiac homeostasis via the release of exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate cell-type specific miRNAs, and this miRNA content fluctuates in response to the pathophysiological setting of the heart, indicating that the pathways affected by these differentially expressed miRNAs may be targets for new treatments. This review discusses a number of miRNAs and the evidence that supports their clinical relevance in CVD. The latest technologies in applying exosomal vesicles as cargo delivery vehicles for gene therapy, tissue regeneration, and cell repair are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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39
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Kang M, Hisey C, Tsai B, Nursalim Y, Blenkiron C, Chamley LW. Placental Extracellular Vesicles Can Be Loaded with Plasmid DNA. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1898-1913. [PMID: 36919912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered considerable interest as potential vehicles for drug delivery, including gene therapy. Although EVs from diverse sources have been investigated, current techniques used in the field for EV generation limit large-scale EV production. The placenta is essentially a tissue transplant and has unique properties that allow it to avoid the maternal immune system making it likely that placental EVs will not generate inflammatory responses and will avoid clearance by the immune system. We propose that placental EVs produced from explant cultures are an efficient method to produce considerable quantities of EVs that would be safe to administer, and we hypothesize that placental EVs can be loaded with large exogenous plasmids. To this end, we trialed three strategies to load plasmid DNA into placental EVs, including loading via electroporation of placental tissue prior to EV isolation and loading directly into placental EVs via electroporation or direct incubation of the EVs in plasmid solution. We report that the placenta releases vast quantities of EVs compared to placental cells in monolayer cultures. We show successful loading of plasmid DNA into both large- and small-EVs following both exogenous loading strategies with more plasmid encapsulated in large-EVs. Importantly, direct incubation did not alter EV size nor quantity. Further, we showed that the loading efficiency into EVs was dependent on the exogenous plasmid DNA dose and the DNA size. These results provide realistic estimates of plasmid loading capacity into placental EVs using current technologies and showcase the potential of placental EVs as DNA delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Colin Hisey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand.,Department of biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 United States
| | - Bridget Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Yohanes Nursalim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Center (ACSRC), University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand.,Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
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40
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Draguet F, Bouland C, Dubois N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Stamatopoulos B, Lagneaux L. Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Natural Nanocarriers: Concise Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020558. [PMID: 36839879 PMCID: PMC9964668 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication, through direct and indirect cell contact, is mandatory in multicellular organisms. These last years, the microenvironment, and in particular, transfer by extracellular vesicles (EVs), has emerged as a new communication mechanism. Different biological fluids and cell types are common sources of EVs. EVs play different roles, acting as signalosomes, biomarkers, and therapeutic agents. As therapeutic agents, MSC-derived EVs display numerous advantages: they are biocompatible, non-immunogenic, and stable in circulation, and they are able to cross biological barriers. Furthermore, EVs have a great potential for drug delivery. Different EV isolation protocols and loading methods have been tested and compared. Published and ongoing clinical trials, and numerous preclinical studies indicate that EVs are safe and well tolerated. Moreover, the latest studies suggest their applications as nanocarriers. The current review will describe the potential for MSC-derived EVs as drug delivery systems (DDS) in disease treatment, and their advantages. Thereafter, we will outline the different EV isolation methods and loading techniques, and analyze relevant preclinical studies. Finally, we will describe ongoing and published clinical studies. These elements will outline the benefits of MSC-derived EV DDS over several aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Draguet
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Cyril Bouland
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint-Pierre Hospital, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi, 3 Grand’Rue, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nathan Dubois
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Department of Haematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Haematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Medicine Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Medicine Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Turano E, Scambi I, Virla F, Bonetti B, Mariotti R. Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Towards Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032917. [PMID: 36769247 PMCID: PMC9917806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are fatal disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) which currently lack effective treatments. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a new promising approach for treating these incurable disorders. Growing evidence suggest that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are due to the secretion of neurotrophic molecules through extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles produced by MSCs (MSC-EVs) have valuable innate properties deriving from parental cells and could be exploited as cell-free treatments for many neurological diseases. In particular, thanks to their small size, they are able to overcome biological barriers and reach lesion sites inside the CNS. They have a considerable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, avoiding the critical issues related to the fate of cells following transplantation. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the strategies to further enhance their beneficial effects such as tracking methods, bioengineering applications, with particular attention to intranasal delivery as a feasible strategy to deliver MSC-EVs directly to the CNS in an effective and minimally invasive way. Current progresses and limiting issues to the extent of the use of MSC-EVs treatment for human neurodegenerative diseases will be also revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanna Turano
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Virla
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Bonetti
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7164
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42
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Nian W, Fu C. Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction: Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Application. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:87-96. [PMID: 35672604 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the leading fatal disease in the world, and with subsequent adverse ventricular remodeling often leading to the development of heart failure, finding new ways to improve the prognosis of MI is important. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm secreted by various cells in the body. It is now well recognized that exosomes play an important role in MI, and exosomes may become a new approach to post-MI treatment. It is valuable to study how exosomes are involved in post-MI progression and how exosomes can be modified to improve their effectiveness. In this review, we focus on summarizing the therapeutic potential of exosomes for MI and the current status of clinical applications to provide evidence for the formal use of exosomes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Yi Ji Shan Hospital Affiliated to Wan Nan Medical College, 92# West Zhe Shan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, China. .,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
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43
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Heydari Z, Peshkova M, Gonen ZB, Coretchi I, Eken A, Yay AH, Dogan ME, Gokce N, Akalin H, Kosheleva N, Galea-Abdusa D, Ulinici M, Vorojbit V, Shpichka A, Groppa S, Vosough M, Todiras M, Butnaru D, Ozkul Y, Timashev P. EVs vs. EVs: MSCs and Tregs as a source of invisible possibilities. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:51-63. [PMID: 36527475 PMCID: PMC9759062 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by various cells and exist in most biological fluids. They play an important role in cell-cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, and also have theranostic potential. They deliver many functional biomolecules, including DNA, microRNAs (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), lipids, and proteins, thus affecting different physiological processes in target cells. Decreased immunogenicity compared to liposomes or viral vectors and the ability to cross through physiological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier make them an attractive and innovative option as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers. Here, we highlighted two types of cells that can produce functional EVs, namely, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), discussing MSC/Treg-derived EV-based therapies for some specific diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydari
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ianos Coretchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arzu Hanım Yay
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ensar Dogan
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Gokce
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalin
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nastasia Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniela Galea-Abdusa
- Genetics Laboratory, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mariana Ulinici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Valentina Vorojbit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Drug Research Center, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | | | - Yusuf Ozkul
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey. .,Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Yin T, Liu Y, Ji W, Zhuang J, Chen X, Gong B, Chu J, Liang W, Gao J, Yin Y. Engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A state-of-the-art multifunctional weapon against Alzheimer's disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:1264-1285. [PMID: 36923533 PMCID: PMC10008732 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of population aging, the number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is also increasing. According to current estimates, approximately 11% of people over 65 suffer from AD, and that percentage rises to 42% among people over 85. However, no effective treatment capable of decelerating or stopping AD progression is available. Furthermore, AD-targeted drugs composed of synthetic molecules pose concerns regarding biodegradation, clearance, immune response, and neurotoxicity. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are essential intercellular communication mediators holding great promise as AD therapeutics owing to their biocompatibility, versatility, effortless storage, superior safety, and the ability to transport messenger and noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNAs, and other bioactive compounds derived from cells. The functionalisation and engineering strategies of MSC-EVs are highlighted (e.g. preconditioning, drug loading, surface modification, and artificial EV fabrication), which could improve AD treatment by multiple therapeutic effects, including clearing abnormal protein accumulation and achieving neuroprotection and immunomodulatory effects. Herein, this review summarises state-of-the-art strategies to engineer MSC-EVs, discusses progress in their use as AD therapeutics, presents the perspectives and challenges associated with the related clinical applications, and concludes that engineered MSC-EVs show immense potential in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital; Clinical pharmacy innovation institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Wenbo Ji
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China.,Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianhua Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Baofeng Gong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jianjian Chu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wendanqi Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - You Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
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Vonk LA. Potency Assay Considerations for Cartilage Repair, Osteoarthritis and Use of Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:59-80. [PMID: 37258784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints acting as a shock absorber that helps movement of bones. Damage of the articular cartilage needs treatment as it does not repair itself and the damage can progress to osteoarthritis. In osteoarthritis all the joint tissues are involved with characteristic progressive cartilage degradation and inflammation. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a well-proven cell-based treatment for cartilage defects, but a main downside it that it requires two surgeries. Multipotent, aka mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based cartilage repair has gained attention as it can be used as a one-step treatment. It is proposed that a combination of immunomodulatory and regenerative capacities make MSC attractive for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, since part of the paracrine effects of MSCs are attributed to extracellular vesicles (EVs), small membrane enclosed particles secreted by cells, EVs are currently being widely investigated for their potential therapeutic effects. Although MSCs have entered clinical cartilage treatments and EVs are used in in vivo efficacy studies, not much attention has been given to determine their potency and to the development of potency assays. This chapter provides considerations and suggestions for the development of potency assays for the use of MSCs and MSC-EVs for the treatment of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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46
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Zhang B, Gong J, He L, Khan A, Xiong T, Shen H, Li Z. Exosomes based advancements for application in medical aesthetics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1083640. [PMID: 36605254 PMCID: PMC9810265 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1083640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauty is an eternal pursuit of all people. Wound repair, anti-aging, inhibiting hyperpigmentation and hair loss are the main demands for medical aesthetics. At present, the repair and remodeling of human body shape and function in medical aesthetics are often achieved by injection of antioxidants, hyaluronic acid and botulinum toxin, stem cell therapy. However, there are some challenges, such as difficulty controlling the injection dose, abnormal local contour, increased foreign body sensation, and the risk of tumor occurrence and deformity induced by stem cell therapy. Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by cells, which are rich in proteins, nucleic acids and other bioactive molecules. They have the characteristics of low immunogenicity and strong tissue penetration, making them ideal for applications in medical aesthetics. However, their low yield, strong heterogeneity, and long-term preservation still hinder their application in medical aesthetics. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of action, administration methods, engineered production and preservation technologies for exosomes in medical aesthetics in recent years to further promote their research and industrialization in the field of medical aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmin Gong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Han Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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47
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Warnecke A, Staecker H, Rohde E, Gimona M, Giesemann A, Szczepek AJ, Di Stadio A, Hochmair I, Lenarz T. Extracellular Vesicles in Inner Ear Therapies-Pathophysiological, Manufacturing, and Clinical Considerations. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247455. [PMID: 36556073 PMCID: PMC9788356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common and debilitating condition. To date, comprehensive pharmacologic interventions are not available. The complex and diverse molecular pathology that underlies hearing loss may limit our ability to intervene with small molecules. The current review foccusses on the potential for the use of extracellular vesicles in neurotology. (2) Methods: Narrative literature review. (3) Results: Extracellular vesicles provide an opportunity to modulate a wide range of pathologic and physiologic pathways and can be manufactured under GMP conditions allowing for their application in the human inner ear. The role of inflammation in hearing loss with a focus on cochlear implantation is shown. How extracellular vesicles may provide a therapeutic option for complex inflammatory disorders of the inner ear is discussed. Additionally, manufacturing and regulatory issues that need to be addressed to develop EVs as advanced therapy medicinal product for use in the inner ear are outlined. (4) Conclusion: Given the complexities of inner ear injury, novel therapeutics such as extracellular vesicles could provide a means to modulate inflammation, stress pathways and apoptosis in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation (DFG; “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”) “Hearing4all”, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Eva Rohde
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV-TT), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK) Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV-TT), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Giesemann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J. Szczepek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Arianna Di Stadio
- Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation (DFG; “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”) “Hearing4all”, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Sanz-Ros J, Mas-Bargues C, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314632. [PMID: 36498960 PMCID: PMC9735639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an alteration of intercellular communication. These changes in the extracellular environment contribute to the aging phenotype and have been linked to different aging-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are factors that mediate the transmission of signaling molecules between cells. In the aging field, these EVs have been shown to regulate important aging processes, such as oxidative stress or senescence, both in vivo and in vitro. EVs from healthy cells, particularly those coming from stem cells (SCs), have been described as potential effectors of the regenerative potential of SCs. Many studies with different animal models have shown promising results in the field of regenerative medicine. EVs are now viewed as a potential cell-free therapy for tissue damage and several diseases. Here we propose EVs as regulators of the aging process, with an important role in tissue regeneration and a raising therapy for age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wu H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Zhu H, Yue C. Extracellular vesicle: A magic lamp to treat skin aging, refractory wound, and pigmented dermatosis? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1043320. [PMID: 36420445 PMCID: PMC9676268 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1043320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to an external stimulus may lead to a series of irreversible dysfunctions, such as skin aging, refractory wounds, and pigmented dermatosis. Nowadays, many cutaneous treatments have failed to strike a balance between cosmetic needs and medical recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the most promising therapeutic tools. EVs are cell-derived nanoparticles that can carry a variety of cargoes, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. They also have the ability to communicate with neighboring or distant cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs play a significant role in skin repair. We summarize the current findings of EV therapy in skin aging, refractory wound, and pigmented dermatosis and also describe the novel engineering strategies for optimizing EV function and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhao
- Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongming Zhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
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McLaughlin C, Datta P, Singh YP, Lo A, Horchler S, Elcheva IA, Ozbolat IT, Ravnic DJ, Koduru SV. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Use and in Bioengineering Applications. Cells 2022; 11:3366. [PMID: 36359762 PMCID: PMC9657427 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are naturally released from cells into body fluids, and therefore can travel and convey regulatory functions in the distal parts of the body. EVs can transmit paracrine signaling by carrying over cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, interleukins (ILs), transcription factors, and nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs, lncRNAs, sn/snoRNAs, mtRNAs and circRNAs; these EVs travel to predecided destinations to perform their functions. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to improve healing and facilitate treatments of various diseases, the allogenic use of these cells is often accompanied by serious adverse effects after transplantation. MSC-produced EVs are less immunogenic and can serve as an alternative to cellular therapies by transmitting signaling or delivering biomaterials to diseased areas of the body. This review article is focused on understanding the properties of EVs derived from different types of MSCs and MSC-EV-based therapeutic options. The potential of modern technologies such as 3D bioprinting to advance EV-based therapies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline McLaughlin
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Pallab Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Yogendra P. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexis Lo
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Summer Horchler
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Irina A. Elcheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Dino J. Ravnic
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Srinivas V. Koduru
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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