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Pezzino S, Luca T, Castorina M, Puleo S, Latteri S, Castorina S. Role of Perturbated Hemostasis in MASLD and Its Correlation with Adipokines. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38255708 PMCID: PMC10820028 DOI: 10.3390/life14010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) continues to rise, making it one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders. MASLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies, from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. Interestingly, the liver exhibits close intercommunication with fatty tissue. In fact, adipose tissue could contribute to the etiology and advancement of MASLD, acting as an endocrine organ that releases several hormones and cytokines, with the adipokines assuming a pivotal role. The levels of adipokines in the blood are altered in people with MASLD, and recent research has shed light on the crucial role played by adipokines in regulating energy expenditure, inflammation, and fibrosis in MASLD. However, MASLD disease is a multifaceted condition that affects various aspects of health beyond liver function, including its impact on hemostasis. The alterations in coagulation mechanisms and endothelial and platelet functions may play a role in the increased vulnerability and severity of MASLD. Therefore, more attention is being given to imbalanced adipokines as causative agents in causing disturbances in hemostasis in MASLD. Metabolic inflammation and hepatic injury are fundamental components of MASLD, and the interrelation between these biological components and the hemostasis pathway is delineated by reciprocal influences, as well as the induction of alterations. Adipokines have the potential to serve as the shared elements within this complex interrelationship. The objective of this review is to thoroughly examine the existing scientific knowledge on the impairment of hemostasis in MASLD and its connection with adipokines, with the aim of enhancing our comprehension of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Tonia Luca
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Stefano Puleo
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Mediterranean Foundation “GB Morgagni”, 95125 Catania, Italy (M.C.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Kim DM, Lee JH, Pan Q, Han HW, Shen Z, Eshghjoo S, Wu CS, Yang W, Noh JY, Threadgill DW, Guo S, Wright G, Alaniz R, Sun Y. Nutrient-sensing growth hormone secretagogue receptor in macrophage programming and meta-inflammation. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101852. [PMID: 38092245 PMCID: PMC10772824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated chronic inflammation, aka meta-inflammation, is a key pathogenic driver for obesity-associated comorbidity. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is known to mediate the effects of nutrient-sensing hormone ghrelin in food intake and fat deposition. We previously reported that global Ghsr ablation protects against diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, but the site(s) of action and mechanism are unknown. Macrophages are key drivers of meta-inflammation. To unravel the role of GHSR in macrophages, we generated myeloid-specific Ghsr knockout mice (LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f). METHODS LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f and control Ghsrf/f mice were subjected to 5 months of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to induce obesity. In vivo, metabolic profiling of food intake, physical activity, and energy expenditure, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were performed. At termination, peritoneal macrophages (PMs), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and liver were analyzed by flow cytometry and histology. For ex vivo studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were generated from the mice and treated with palmitic acid (PA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vitro studies, macrophage RAW264.7 cells with Ghsr overexpression or Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) knockdown were studied. RESULTS We found that Ghsr expression in PMs was increased under HFD feeding. In vivo, HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited significantly attenuated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting food intake or body weight. Tissue analysis showed that HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice have significantly decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration, pro-inflammatory activation, and lipid accumulation, showing elevated lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) in eWAT and liver. Ex vivo, Ghsr-deficient macrophages protected against PA- or LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization, showing reduced glycolysis, increased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. At molecular level, GHSR metabolically programs macrophage polarization through PKA-CREB-IRS2-AKT2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that macrophage GHSR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of meta-inflammation, and macrophage GHSR promotes macrophage infiltration and induces pro-inflammatory polarization. These exciting findings suggest that GHSR may serve as a novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and its associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- Department of Marine Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, South Korea; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Quan Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hye Won Han
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sahar Eshghjoo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Agilent technologies, Aanta Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wanbao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Tlaloc Therapeutics Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Jhuo JY, Tong ZJ, Ku PH, Cheng HW, Wang HT. Acrolein induces mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissues in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122380. [PMID: 37625774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in critical glucose-consuming tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to play key roles in IR. Acrolein is a reactive aldehyde found in the diet and environment that is generated as a fatty acid product through the glucose autooxidation process under hyperglycemic conditions. Our previous studies have shown that acrolein impairs insulin sensitivity in normal and diabetic mice, and this effect can be reversed by scavenging acrolein. This study demonstrated that acrolein increased oxidative stress and inhibited mitochondrial respiration in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As a result, insulin signaling pathways were inhibited, leading to reduced glucose uptake. Treatment with acrolein scavengers, N-acetylcysteine, or carnosine ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited insulin signaling. Additionally, an increase in acrolein expression correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the muscle and adipose tissues of diabetic mice. These findings suggest that acrolein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to IR, and scavenging acrolein is a potential therapeutic approach for treating IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Jhuo
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhen-Jie Tong
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hsuan Ku
- Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Zhang RH, Cao SS, Shi Y, Wang X, Shi LL, Zhang YH, Han CJ, Wang B, Feng L, Liu JP. Astragaloside IV-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress by upregulation of ghrelin in type 2 diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2637-2650. [PMID: 37097336 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
This study is to observe the upregulation effect of astragaloside IV on ghrelin in diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) rats and to investigate the pathway in prevention and treatment by reducing oxidative stress. The DCI model was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in conjunction with a high-fat and high-sugar diet and divided into three groups: model, low-dose (40 mg/kg), and high-dose (80 mg/kg) astragaloside IV. After 30 days of gavage, the learning and memory abilities of rats, as well as their body weight and blood glucose levels, were tested using the Morris water maze and then detection of insulin resistance, SOD activity, and serum MDA levels. The whole brain of rats was sampled for hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining to observe pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect ghrelin expression in the hippocampal CA1 region. A Western blot was used to determine changes in GHS-R1α/AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP2. RT-qPCR was used to determine the levels of ghrelin mRNA. Astragaloside IV reduced nerve damage, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decreased MDA levels, and improved insulin resistance. Ghrelin levels and expression increased in serum and hippocampal tissues, and ghrelin mRNA levels increased in rat stomach tissues. According to Western blot, it increased the expression of the ghrelin receptor GHS-R1α and upregulated the mitochondrial function associated-protein AMPK-PGC-1α-UCP2. Astragaloside IV increases ghrelin expression in the brain to reduce oxidative stress and delay diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. It may be related to the promotion of ghrelin mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639# Longmian Road, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Century Avenue, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
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Maternal Fructose Intake, Programmed Mitochondrial Function and Predisposition to Adult Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012215. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic diseases, such as hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. In addition to environmental, social, and genetic factors, an unfavourable intrauterine environment is now also recognised as an important factor in the progression of, or susceptibility to, metabolic disease during adulthood. Developmental trajectory in the short term, in response to nutrient restriction or excessive nutrient availability, may promote adaptation that serves to maintain organ functionality necessary for immediate survival and foetal development. Consequently, this may lead to decreased function of organ systems when presented with an unfavourable neonatal, adolescent and/or adult nutritional environment. These early events may exacerbate susceptibility to later-life disease since sub-optimal maternal nutrition increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in future generations. Earlier dietary interventions, implemented in pregnant mothers or those considering pregnancy, may have added benefit. Although, the mechanisms by which maternal diets high in fructose and the vertical transmission of maternal metabolic phenotype may lead to the predisposition to adult disease are poorly understood. In this review, we will discuss the potential contribution of excessive fructose intake during pregnancy and how this may lead to developmental reprogramming of mitochondrial function and predisposition to metabolic disease in offspring.
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Tuchaai E, Endres V, Jones B, Shankar S, Klemashevich C, Sun Y, Wu CS. Deletion of ghrelin alters tryptophan metabolism and exacerbates experimental ulcerative colitis in aged mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1558-1569. [PMID: 35833540 PMCID: PMC9554169 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major component of aging is chronic, low-grade inflammation, attributable in part by impaired gut barrier function. We previously reported that deletion of ghrelin, a peptidergic hormone released mainly from the gut, exacerbates experimental muscle atrophy in aged mice. In addition, ghrelin has been shown to ameliorate colitis in experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although the role of endogenous ghrelin in host-microbe interactions is less clear. Here, we showed that 22-month-old global ghrelin knockout (Ghrl-/-) mice exhibited significantly increased depressive-like behaviors, while anxiety levels and working memory were similar to littermate wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, old Ghrl-/- mice showed significantly increased intestinal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, significantly higher colonic interleukin (IL-1β) levels, and trends for higher colonic IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to WT mice. Interestingly, young Ghrl-/- and WT mice showed comparable depressive-like behavior and gut permeability, suggesting age-dependent exacerbation in gut barrier dysfunction in Ghrl-/- mice. While fecal short-chain fatty acids levels were comparable between old Ghrl-/- and WT mice, serum metabolome revealed alterations in metabolic cascades including tryptophan metabolism. Specifically, tryptophan and its microbial derivatives indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-lactic acid were significantly reduced in old Ghrl-/-mice. Furthermore, in an experimental model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Ghrl-/- mice showed exacerbated disease symptoms, and higher levels of chemoattractant and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon. Overall, these data demonstrated that ghrelin deficiency is associated with gut barrier dysfunction, alterations in microbially derived tryptophan metabolites, and increased susceptibility to colitis. These data suggested that endogenous ghrelin contributes to maintaining a healthy host-microbe environment, ultimately impacting on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Tuchaai
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Valerie Endres
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brock Jones
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Smriti Shankar
- Integrated Metabolomics Analysis Core, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Integrated Metabolomics Analysis Core, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Chia-Shan Wu.
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7
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Chehade SB, Green GBH, Graham CD, Chakraborti A, Vashai B, Moon A, Williams MB, Vickers B, Berryhill T, Van Der Pol W, Wilson L, Powell ML, Smith DL, Barnes S, Morrow C, Mukhtar MS, Kennedy GD, Bibb JA, Watts SA. A modified standard American diet induces physiological parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6J mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:929446. [PMID: 36105576 PMCID: PMC9464921 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.929446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the causative role that western dietary patterns have on obesity and disease pathogenesis have speculated that quality and quantity of dietary fats and/or carbohydrates have a predictive role in the development of these disorders. Standard reference diets such as the AIN-93 rodent diet have historically been used to promote animal health and reduce variation of results across experiments, rather than model modern human dietary habits or nutrition-related pathologies. In rodents high-fat diets (HFDs) became a classic tool to investigate diet-induced obesity (DIO). These murine diets often relied on a single fat source with the most DIO consistent HFDs containing levels of fat up to 45-60% (kcal), higher than the reported human intake of 33-35% (kcal). More recently, researchers are formulating experimental animal (pre-clinical) diets that reflect mean human macro- and micronutrient consumption levels described by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). These diets attempt to integrate relevant ingredient sources and levels of nutrients; however, they most often fail to include high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a source of dietary carbohydrate. We have formulated a modified Standard American Diet (mSAD) that incorporates relevant levels and sources of nutrient classes, including dietary HFCS, to assess the basal physiologies associated with mSAD consumption. Mice proffered the mSAD for 15 weeks displayed a phenotype consistent with metabolic syndrome, exhibiting increased adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia with impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Metabolic alterations were evidenced at the tissue level as crown-like structures (CLS) in adipose tissue and fatty acid deposition in the liver, and targeted 16S rRNA metagenomics revealed microbial compositional shifts between dietary groups. This study suggests diet quality significantly affects metabolic homeostasis, emphasizing the importance of developing relevant pre-clinical diets to investigate chronic diseases highly impacted by western dietary consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B. Chehade
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - George B. H. Green
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher D. Graham
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ayanabha Chakraborti
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bijal Vashai
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amber Moon
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael B. Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Taylor Berryhill
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William Van Der Pol
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Landon Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mickie L. Powell
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Casey Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gregory D. Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James A. Bibb
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen A. Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Pavić T, Pelajić S, Blažević N, Kralj D, Milošević M, Mikolasevic I, Lerotic I, Hrabar D. Gut peptide changes in patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing biliary drainage: A prospective case control study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:5551-5565. [PMID: 35979104 PMCID: PMC9258356 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i17.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary obstruction is a relatively common condition that affects approximately 5 in 1000 people annually. Malnutrition is very common in patients with biliary obstruction and since it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, it is important to identify factors and mechanisms involved in its development.
AIM To determine the influence of obstructive jaundice on the hormones controlling appetite and nutritive status.
METHODS This was a prospective case control study performed in a tertiary center in Zagreb, Croatia. Patients with biliary obstruction undergoing internal biliary drainage from September 2012 until August 2013 were enrolled. After excluding patients who developed procedure related complications or were lost in the follow-up, out of initial 73 patients, 55 patients were included in the analysis, including 34 with benign and 21 with malignant disease. Meanwhile, 40 non-jaundiced controls were also included. Appetite, nutritional status, and serum ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined at admission, 48 h and 28 d after internal biliary drainage. Chi square test was used for categorical variables. Continuous variables were analysed for normality by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and relevant non-parametric (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman) or parametric (t-test and analysis of variance) tests were used.
RESULTS Patients with obstructive jaundice were significantly malnourished compared to controls, regardless of disease etiology. Plasma ghrelin and CCK levels were significantly higher in patients with obstructive jaundice. Serum bilirubin concentrations were negatively correlated with ghrelin levels and positively correlated with TNF-α, but had no correlation with CCK concentrations. After internal biliary drainage, a significant improvement of nutritional status was observed although serum concentrations of ghrelin, IL-6, and TNF-α remained significantly elevated even 28 d after the procedure. CCK levels in patients without malnutrition remained elevated 28 d after the procedure, but in patients with malnutrition, CCK levels decreased to levels comparable with those in the control group. We have not established any correlation between appetite and serum levels of ghrelin, CCK, IL-6, and TNF-α before and after biliary drainage.
CONCLUSION Possible abnormalities in ghrelin and CCK regulation may be associated with the development of malnutrition during the inflammatory response in patients with biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajana Pavić
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Stipe Pelajić
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nina Blažević
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Kralj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Milan Milošević
- Andrija Stampar School of Public Health WHO Collaborative Centre for Occupational Health, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Mikolasevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Lerotic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Davor Hrabar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040483. [PMID: 35454071 PMCID: PMC9032665 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone produced and secreted from the stomach, is prim arily known as an appetite stimulant. Recently, it has emerged as a potential regulator/biomarker of cancer progression. Inconsistent results on this subject make this body of literature difficult to interpret. Here, we attempt to identify commonalities in the relationships between ghrelin and various cancers, and summarize important considerations for future research. The main players in the ghrelin family axis are unacylated ghrelin (UAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GOAT is responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, after which ghrelin can bind to the functional ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a to initiate the activation cascade. Splice variants of ghrelin also exist, with the most prominent being In1-ghrelin. In this review, we focus primarily on the potential of In1-ghrelin as a biomarker for cancer progression, the unique characteristics of UAG and AG, the importance of the two known receptor variants GHSR-1a and 1b, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the ghrelin axis acts. Further understanding of the role of the ghrelin axis in tumor cell proliferation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for various cancers.
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10
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Ekici Ö, Aslan E, Aladağ T, Güzel H, Korkmaz ÖA, Bostancı A, Sadi G, Pektaş MB. Masseter muscle and gingival tissue inflammatory response following treatment with high-fructose corn syrup in rats: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of kefir. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e13732. [PMID: 33864286 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) intake (20% beverages) impacts antioxidative structures and inflammation in the gingival tissue and masseter muscle of rats. Kefir was tested for its potential utility on changes induced by HFCS. Animals were randomly divided into four groups as control, kefir, HFCS, and HFCS plus kefir. HFCS was given as 20% solutions in drinking water while kefir supplementations were given by gastric gavage for 8 weeks. It has been clearly determined that the HFCS diet increased expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α proinflammatory structures via lymphocyte infiltration by suppressing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in both tissues. Kefir improved these undesirable changes in rats fed with HFCS. The results of this current study, the first investigation to examine the effects of kefir on masseter muscle and gingival tissue, may provide new access to the restorative effects of kefir consumption on oral health disorders caused by high fructose in the diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this study, at an early age, the effects of kefir on improving inflammation via antioxidation in the masseter muscle and gingival tissue were investigated for the first time. We showed that kefir feeding ameliorates lymphocyte infiltration on the high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-induced masseter muscle and gingival tissue inflammation in rats. The mRNA expressions of inflammatory parameters measured in the study were supported by protein measurements via ELISA or immunohistochemistry. In the present study, kefir may play an important role in the antioxidation and inflammation process on the masseter muscle and gingival tissue against HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Ekici
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Esra Aslan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Aladağ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hilal Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ömer Adil Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Bostancı
- Department of Biology, K.Ö. Science Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sadi
- Department of Biology, K.Ö. Science Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bilgehan Pektaş
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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11
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Peris-Sampedro F, Le May MV, Stoltenborg I, Schéle E, Dickson SL. A skeleton in the cupboard in ghrelin research: Where are the skinny dwarfs? J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13025. [PMID: 34427011 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on studies delivering ghrelin or ghrelin receptor agonists, we have learned a great deal about the importance of the brain ghrelin signalling system for a wide range of physiological processes that include feeding behaviours, growth hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Because these processes can be considered as essential to life, the question arises as to why mouse models of depleted ghrelin signalling are not all skinny dwarfs with a host of behavioural and metabolic problems. Here, we provide a systematic detailed review of the phenotype of mice with deficient ghrelin signalling to help better understand the relevance and importance of the brain ghrelin signalling system, with a particular emphasis on those questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie V Le May
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Koşar Can Ö, Cabuş Ü, Kabukcu C, Fenkci S, Fenkci V, Enli Y, Korkmaz B. Changes in serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, adiponectin, and ghrelin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:4171-4179. [PMID: 34492741 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine serum calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels and define whether serum CGRP concentration is associated with adiponectin and ghrelin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). STUDY DESIGN Thirty-six pregnant women with GDM and 43 normal pregnant women without glucose intolerance were evaluated in this study. The serum concentration of CGRP, adiponectin, and ghrelin were measured in two groups at the last trimester of gestation. MAIN FINDINGS The serum CGRP level in the GDM group was significantly higher than the control group. Serum levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in the GDM group were significantly lower than in the control group. In pregnant women with GDM, there was a significant negative correlation between serum CGRP level and adiponectin level. However, the correlation between maternal serum CGRP levels and ghrelin levels was not significant. CONCLUSION Our investigation shows that serum CGRP level was significantly higher in pregnant women with GDM in comparison with the control group. These results suggest that CGRP may play a very important role in GDM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Koşar Can
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ümit Cabuş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Cihan Kabukcu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Semin Fenkci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Veysel Fenkci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasar Enli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Berker Korkmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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13
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Mastrocola R, Collotta D, Gaudioso G, Le Berre M, Cento AS, Ferreira Alves G, Chiazza F, Verta R, Bertocchi I, Manig F, Hellwig M, Fava F, Cifani C, Aragno M, Henle T, Joshi L, Tuohy K, Collino M. Effects of Exogenous Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products on the Cross-Talk Mechanisms Linking Microbiota to Metabolic Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092497. [PMID: 32824970 PMCID: PMC7551182 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-processed diets contain high amounts of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Here we explore the impact of an AGE-enriched diet on markers of metabolic and inflammatory disorders as well as on gut microbiota composition and plasma proteins glycosylation pattern. C57BL/6 mice were allocated into control diet (CD, n = 15) and AGE-enriched diet (AGE-D, n = 15) for 22 weeks. AGE-D was prepared replacing casein by methylglyoxal hydroimidazolone-modified casein. AGE-D evoked increased insulin and a significant reduction of GIP/GLP-1 incretins and ghrelin plasma levels, altered glucose tolerance, and impaired insulin signaling transduction in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, AGE-D modified the systemic glycosylation profile, as analyzed by lectin microarray, and increased Nε-carboxymethyllysine immunoreactivity and AGEs receptor levels in ileum and submandibular glands. These effects were associated to increased systemic levels of cytokines and impaired gut microbial composition and homeostasis. Significant correlations were recorded between changes in bacterial population and in incretins and inflammatory markers levels. Overall, our data indicates that chronic exposure to dietary AGEs lead to a significant unbalance in incretins axis, markers of metabolic inflammation, and a reshape of both the intestinal microbiota and plasma protein glycosylation profile, suggesting intriguing pathological mechanisms underlying AGEs-induced metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.S.C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-011-6707758 (R.M.); +39-011-6706861 (M.C.)
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.A.); (F.C.); (R.V.)
| | - Giulia Gaudioso
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.G.); (F.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Marie Le Berre
- Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (M.L.B.); (L.J.)
| | - Alessia Sofia Cento
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.S.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.A.); (F.C.); (R.V.)
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.A.); (F.C.); (R.V.)
| | - Roberta Verta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.A.); (F.C.); (R.V.)
| | - Ilaria Bertocchi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Friederike Manig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (F.M.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (F.M.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Francesca Fava
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.G.); (F.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.S.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (F.M.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (M.L.B.); (L.J.)
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.G.); (F.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.A.); (F.C.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-011-6707758 (R.M.); +39-011-6706861 (M.C.)
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14
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Baricitinib counteracts metaflammation, thus protecting against diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101009. [PMID: 32413585 PMCID: PMC7267733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests the substantial pathogenic role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in the development of low-grade chronic inflammatory response, known as "metaflammation," which contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib, recently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in a murine high-fat-high sugar diet model. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control normal diet (ND) or a high-fat-high sugar diet (HD) for 22 weeks. A sub-group of HD fed mice was treated with baricitinib (10 mg/kg die, p.o.) for the last 16 weeks (HD + Bar). RESULTS HD feeding resulted in obesity, insulin-resistance, hypercholesterolemia and alterations in gut microbial composition. The metabolic abnormalities were dramatically reduced by chronic baricitinib administration. Treatment of HD mice with baricitinib did not change the diet-induced alterations in the gut, but restored insulin signaling in the liver and skeletal muscle, resulting in improvements of diet-induced myosteatosis, mesangial expansion and associated proteinuria. The skeletal muscle and renal protection were due to inhibition of the local JAK2-STAT2 pathway by baricitinib. We also demonstrated that restored tissue levels of JAK2-STAT2 activity were associated with a significant reduction in cytokine levels in the blood. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that the JAK2-STAT2 pathway may represent a novel candidate for the treatment of diet-related metabolic derangements, with the potential for EMA- and FDA-approved JAK inhibitors to be repurposed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications.
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15
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Wu CS, Wei Q, Wang H, Kim DM, Balderas M, Wu G, Lawler J, Safe S, Guo S, Devaraj S, Chen Z, Sun Y. Protective Effects of Ghrelin on Fasting-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Aging Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:621-630. [PMID: 30407483 PMCID: PMC7328200 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the aging-associated progressive loss of skeletal muscle; however, the pathogenic mechanism of sarcopenia is not clear. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, increases food intake, and promotes adiposity. Here we showed that fasting-induced muscle loss was exacerbated in old ghrelin-null (Ghrl-/-) mice, exhibiting decreased expression of myogenic regulator MyoD and increased expression of protein degradation marker MuRF1, as well as altered mitochondrial function. Moreover, acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin treatments significantly increased mitochondrial respiration capacity in muscle C2C12 cells. Consistently, acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin treatments effectively increased myogenic genes and decreased degradation genes in the muscle in fasted old Ghrl-/- mice, possibly by stimulating insulin and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathways. Furthermore, Ghrl-/- mice showed a profile of pro-inflammatory gut microbiota, exhibiting reduced butyrate-producing bacteria Roseburia and ClostridiumXIVb. Collectively, our results showed that ghrelin has a major role in the maintenance of aging muscle via both muscle-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. Acylated ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin enhanced muscle anabolism and exerted protective effects for muscle atrophy. Because unacylated ghrelin is devoid of the obesogenic side effect seen with acylated ghrelin, it represents an attractive therapeutic option for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qiong Wei
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Miriam Balderas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - John Lawler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zheng Chen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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16
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Kimber-Trojnar Ż, Patro-Małysza J, Skórzyńska-Dziduszko KE, Oleszczuk J, Trojnar M, Mierzyński R, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. Ghrelin in Serum and Urine of Post-Partum Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103001. [PMID: 30275385 PMCID: PMC6213416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a significantly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases in the future. The aim of the study was to evaluate ghrelin concentrations in serum and urine in the GDM group in the early post-partum period, with reference to laboratory results, body composition, and hydration status. The study subjects were divided into two groups, that is, 28 healthy controls and 26 patients with diagnosed GDM. The maternal body composition and hydration status were evaluated by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The concentrations of ghrelin in the maternal serum and urine were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The laboratory and BIA results of the mothers with GDM were different from those without GDM. Urine ghrelin positively correlated with serum ghrelin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels in healthy mothers. There were direct correlations between urine ghrelin and HDL as well as triglycerides levels in the GDM group. Neither the lean tissue index nor body cell mass index were related to the serum ghrelin concentrations in this group. Only the urine ghrelin of healthy mothers correlated with the fat tissue index. Our results draw attention to urine as an easily available and appropriable biological material for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Kimber-Trojnar
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Patro-Małysza
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland.
| | | | - Jan Oleszczuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland.
| | - Marcin Trojnar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland.
| | - Radzisław Mierzyński
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland.
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17
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Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181061. [PMID: 30177523 PMCID: PMC6153372 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone of 28 amino acids, is an endogenous ligand of the released growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin has been isolated from human and rat stomach and is also detected in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin receptor is primarily located in the neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein neurons. Many previous studies have shown that ghrelin and GHSR are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and its administration can increase food intake and body weight gain. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus, which contributes to lower intracellular long-chain fatty acid level. Ghrelin appears to modulate the response to food cues via a neural network involved in the regulation of feeding and in the appetitive response to food cues. It also increases the response of brain areas involved in visual processing, attention, and memory to food pictures. Ghrelin is also an important factor linking the central nervous system with peripheral tissues that regulate lipid metabolism. It promotes adiposity by the activation of hypothalamic orexigenic neurons and stimulates the expression of fat storage-related proteins in adipocytes. Meanwhile, ghrelin exerts direct peripheral effects on lipid metabolism, including increase in white adipose tissue mass, stimulation of lipogenesis in the liver, and taste sensitivity modulation.
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18
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Jabbari M, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Decreased Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Premenopausal Women With Metabolic Syndrome. Lab Med 2018; 49:140-146. [PMID: 29346609 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of ghrelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with MetS and its components in premenopausal women. Methods 43 patients with MetS and 43 healthy controls participated in this study. Participants' body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, BDNF and ghrelin determined. Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was also calculated. Results Participants in MetS group had higher waist-to-hip ratios, elevated SBP and DBP, and higher serum levels of TG, FBS and insulin when compared with the control group. Serum ghrelin and BDNF levels were significantly lower in participants with MetS than in the healthier control subjects. There was a strong, positive correlation between serum ghrelin and BDNF levels. Both proteins negatively correlated with TG, FBS, HOMA-IR and positively with HDL-C. Furthermore, serum BDNF levels negatively associated with insulin levels. Conclusions The findings indicate that variations occur in the circulating level of ghrelin and BDNF proteins in MetS patients. A strong correlation between serum ghrelin and BDNF suggests that production, release or practice of these 2 proteins might be related mechanically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Jabbari
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Goss MJ, Nunes MLO, Machado ID, Merlin L, Macedo NB, Silva AMO, Bresolin TMB, Santin JR. Peel flour of Passiflora edulis Var. Flavicarpa supplementation prevents the insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis induced by low-fructose-diet in young rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:848-854. [PMID: 29605773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in fructose consumption in the last decades has an important correlation with the growth of overweight population. Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits, vegetables and honey, however, it is widely used in processed food and beverages such as sweeteners. This monosaccharide is metabolized in the liver, so it can produce glucose, lactate, triglycerides, free fatty acids and uric acid, which are responsible for negative effects on the liver and extrahepatic tissues. One effect of the high consumption of fructose is the resistance to Insulin, which appears to be an important issue in the development of metabolic abnormalities observed in animals that were subjected to a high fructose diet. The population and, consequently, the market search for natural sources to manage metabolic abnormalities is increasing, but, adequate scientific proof still is necessary. The Passiflora edulis peel flour (PEPF) is a byproduct of the juice industry, and, represents an important source of fiber and bioactive compounds. The present study investigates the PEPF supplementation (30%) effects on insulin sensitivity, adiposity and metabolic parameters in young rats that were given beverages enriched with 10% of fructose for 8 weeks. Fructose intake induced insulin resistance, increased serum triglycerides levels, growth of fat deposits in the liver and widening of the diameter of adipocytes. In contrast, the group that received PEPF did not present such abnormalities, which could be related to the presence of fiber or bioactive compounds (phenolics compounds, e.g., caffeic acid and isoorientin) in its composition, as identified by analytical methods. Thus, for the first time, it has been demonstrated that PEPF supplementation prevents insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis induced by low-fructose-diet in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Goss
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - M L O Nunes
- NIQFAR CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - I D Machado
- NIQFAR CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - L Merlin
- NIQFAR CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - N B Macedo
- Departamento de Nutrição (DNUT) da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n - Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - A M O Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição (DNUT) da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n - Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - T M B Bresolin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil; NIQFAR CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - J R Santin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil; NIQFAR CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil.
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20
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Ko EA, Kim HR, Kim YB, Kim HS, Lee SH. Effect of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Intake on the Female Reproductive Organs and Lipid Accumulation in Adult Rats. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:151-156. [PMID: 28785736 PMCID: PMC5532307 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used as sweetener, and its
overconsumption is become a major health problem. In the present study, we used
adult female rats and applied a 28 days HFCS feeding model to monitor the
estrous cycle and changes in tissue weights and histology. Adult female rats
were divided into three groups. Animals were fed with ad
libitum normal chow and (1) 24 hours tap water (Control group), (2)
12 hours HFCS access during dark period and 12 hours tap water (12H group), and
(3) 24 hours HFCS only access (24H group). Total exposure period was 28 days.
There is no significant change in body weight between control and HFCS-fed
animals. Both absolute and relative weights of ovary in 24H animals were
significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The absolute and
relative weights of the kidney and liver in 24H groups were significantly
heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The estrous cycles of the 24H
animals were significantly longer. Histological analyses revealed that 24H
ovaries were relatively bigger and possessed more corpus lutea than control
ovaries. Uterine sections of 12H and 24H animals showed a well-developed stratum
vasculare between inner and outer myometrial layers. The number of endometrial
glands were decreased in 12H uteri, and recovered in 24H uteri compared to
control. Numbers of convoluted tubule in distal region increased in 12H and 24H
kidney samples. Liver specimens of 12H and 24H showed the increased number of
fat containing vacuoles. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HFCS
treatment for 28 days could induce (1) changes in length of estrous cycle with
extended estrous and diestrous stages, (2) altered ovarian and uterine
histology, and (3) liver and renal lipid accumulation. These findings reveal the
adverse effects of HFCS drinking on the reproductive function and lipid
metabolism of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Bin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Hee-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
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21
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Huang L, Li D, Xu YS, Feng ZL, Meng FC, Zhang QW, Gan LS, Lin LG. Clausoxamine, an alkaloid possessing a 1,3-oxazine-4-one ring from the seeds of Clausena lansium and the anti-obesity effect of lansiumamide B. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09793j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton and one alkaloid with anti-obesity effect were isolated from the seeds of Clausena lansium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Ling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Chen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao 999078
- People's Republic of China
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