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Wang J, Liu C, Cutler J, Ivanovski S, Lee RS, Han P. Microbial- and host immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and therapy of periodontitis: A narrative review. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38758729 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dysbiotic biofilms and destructive host immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating nanoparticles released by microbes and host cells involved in cell-to-cell communication, found in body biofluids, such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). EVs are mainly involved in cell-to-cell communication, and may hold promise for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Periodontal research has examined the potential involvement of bacterial- and host-cell-derived EVs in disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy, but data remains scarce on immune cell- or microbial-derived EVs. In this narrative review, we first provide an overview of the role of microbial and host-derived EVs on disease pathogenesis. Recent studies reveal that Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can activate inflammatory cytokine release in host cells, while M1 macrophage EVs may contribute to bone loss. Additionally, we summarised current in vitro and pre-clinical research on the utilisation of immune cell and microbial-derived EVs as potential therapeutic tools in the context of periodontal treatment. Studies indicate that EVs from M2 macrophages and dendritic cells promote bone regeneration in animal models. While bacterial EVs remain underexplored for periodontal therapy, preliminary research suggests that P. gingivalis OMVs hold promise as vaccine candidates. Finally, we acknowledge the current limitations present in the field of translating immune cell derived EVs and microbial derived EVs in periodontology. It is concluded that microbial and host immune cell-derived EVs have a role in periodontitis pathogenesis and hence may be useful for studying disease pathophysiology, and as diagnostic and treatment monitoring biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wang
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Cutler
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Sb Lee
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Cui L, Zheng J, Lu Y, Lin P, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Xu R, Mai Z, Guo B, Zhao X. New frontiers in salivary extracellular vesicles: transforming diagnostics, monitoring, and therapeutics in oral and systemic diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:171. [PMID: 38610017 PMCID: PMC11015696 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key tools for non-invasive diagnostics, playing a crucial role in the early detection and monitoring of diseases. These EVs surpass whole saliva in biomarker detection due to their enhanced stability, which minimizes contamination and enzymatic degradation. The review comprehensively discusses methods for isolating, enriching, quantifying, and characterizing salivary EVs. It highlights their importance as biomarkers in oral diseases like periodontitis and oral cancer, and underscores their potential in monitoring systemic conditions. Furthermore, the review explores the therapeutic possibilities of salivary EVs, particularly in personalized medicine through engineered EVs for targeted drug delivery. The discussion also covers the current challenges and future prospects in the field, emphasizing the potential of salivary EVs in advancing clinical practice and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Rongwei Xu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China.
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Han P, Raveendran N, Liu C, Basu S, Jiao K, Johnson N, Moran CS, Ivanovski S. 3D bioprinted small extracellular vesicles from periodontal cells enhance mesenchymal stromal cell function. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 158:213770. [PMID: 38242057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that combining 3D bioprinting and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) offers a promising 'cell-free' regenerative medicine approach for various tissue engineering applications. Nonetheless, the majority of existing research has focused on bioprinting of sEVs sourced from cell lines. There remains a notable gap in research regarding the bioprinting of sEVs derived from primary human periodontal cells and their potential impact on ligamentous and osteogenic differentiation. Here, we investigated the effect of 3D bioprinted periodontal cell sEVs constructs on the differentiation potential of human buccal fat pad-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBFP-MSCs). Periodontal cell-derived sEVs were enriched by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with particle-shaped morphology, and characterized by being smaller than 200 nm in size and CD9/CD63/CD81 positive, from primary human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). The sEVs were then 3D bioprinted in 10 % gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) via microextrusion bioprinting. Release of sEVs from bioprinted constructs was determined by DiO-labelling and confocal imaging, and CD9 ELISA. Attachment and ligament/osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hBFP-MSCs was assessed on bioprinted GelMA, without and with sEVs (GelMA/hPDLCs-sEVs and GelMA/hGFs-sEVs), scaffolds. hBFP-MSCs seeded on the bioprinted sEVs constructs spread well with significantly enhanced focal adhesion, mechanotransduction associated gene expression, and ligament and osteogenesis/cementogenesis differentiation markers in GelMA/hPDLCs-sEVs, compared to GelMA/hGFs-sEVs and GelMA groups. A 2-week osteogenic and ligamentous differentiation showed enhanced ALP staining, calcium formation and toluidine blue stained cells in hBFP-MSCs on bioprinted GelMA/hPDLCs-sEVs constructs compared to the other two groups. The proof-of-concept data from this study supports the notion that 3D bioprinted GelMA/hPDLCs-sEVs scaffolds promote cell attachment, as well as ligamentous, osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation, of hBFP-MSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Nimal Raveendran
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Chun Liu
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Saraswat Basu
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kexin Jiao
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Nigel Johnson
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Corey S Moran
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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Omrani M, Beyrampour-Basmenj H, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Talebi M, Raeisi M, Serej ZA, Akbar-Gharalari N, Khodakarimi S, Wu J, Ebrahimi-Kalan A. Global trend in exosome isolation and application: an update concept in management of diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:679-691. [PMID: 37166542 PMCID: PMC10173230 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various cells offer great potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. EVs are heterogeneous membranous vesicles. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs, 40-150 nm spherical vesicles with a lipid layer derived from endosomes. Exosomes, which are involved in signal transduction and maintain homeostasis, are released from almost all cells, tissues, and body fluids. Although several methods exist to isolate and characterize EVs and exosomes, each technique has significant drawbacks and limitations that prevent progress in the field. New approaches in the biology of EVs show great potential for isolating and characterizing EVs, which will help us better understand their biological function. The strengths and limitations of conventional strategies and novel methods (microfluidic) for EV isolation are outlined in this review. We also present various exosome isolation techniques and kits that are commercially available and assess the global market demand for exosome assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhassan Omrani
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Beyrampour-Basmenj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Raeisi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari Serej
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Akbar-Gharalari
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Khodakarimi
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 3-therapeutic + diagnostic potential in dentistry. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:415-482. [PMID: 38546137 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of various diseases. Over 5000 publications are currently being published on this topic yearly, many of which in the dental space. This extensive review article is the first scoping review aimed at summarizing all therapeutic uses of exosomes in regenerative dentistry. A total of 944 articles were identified as using exosomes in the dental field for either their regenerative/therapeutic potential or for diagnostic purposes derived from the oral cavity. In total, 113 research articles were selected for their regenerative potential (102 in vitro, 60 in vivo, 50 studies included both). Therapeutic exosomes were most commonly derived from dental pulps, periodontal ligament cells, gingival fibroblasts, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, and the apical papilla which have all been shown to facilitate the regenerative potential of a number of tissues including bone, cementum, the periodontal ligament, nerves, aid in orthodontic tooth movement, and relieve temporomandibular joint disorders, among others. Results demonstrate that the use of exosomes led to positive outcomes in 100% of studies. In the bone field, exosomes were found to perform equally as well or better than rhBMP2 while significantly reducing inflammation. Periodontitis animal models were treated with simple gingival injections of exosomes and benefits were even observed when the exosomes were administered intravenously. Exosomes are much more stable than growth factors and were shown to be far more resistant against degradation by periodontal pathogens found routinely in a periodontitis environment. Comparative studies in the field of periodontal regeneration found better outcomes for exosomes even when compared to their native parent stem cells. In total 47 diagnostic studies revealed a role for salivary/crevicular fluid exosomes for the diagnosis of birth defects, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gingival recession detection, gingivitis, irritable bowel syndrome, neurodegenerative disease, oral lichen planus, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal cancer detection, orthodontic root resorption, pancreatic cancer, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, Sjögren syndrome, and various systemic diseases. Hence, we characterize the exosomes as possessing "remarkable" potential, serving as a valuable tool for clinicians with significant advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Wang J, Jing J, Zhou C, Fan Y. Emerging roles of exosomes in oral diseases progression. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:4. [PMID: 38221571 PMCID: PMC10788352 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, salivary gland diseases, and oral cancers, significantly challenge health conditions due to their detrimental effects on patient's digestive functions, pronunciation, and esthetic demands. Delayed diagnosis and non-targeted treatment profoundly influence patients' prognosis and quality of life. The exploration of innovative approaches for early detection and precise treatment represents a promising frontier in oral medicine. Exosomes, which are characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles, are secreted by virtually all types of cells. As the research continues, the complex roles of these intracellular-derived extracellular vesicles in biological processes have gradually unfolded. Exosomes have attracted attention as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tools for their ability to transfer abundant biological cargos and their intricate involvement in multiple cellular functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent applications of exosomes within the field of oral diseases, focusing on inflammation-related bone diseases and oral squamous cell carcinomas. We characterize the exosome alterations and demonstrate their potential applications as biomarkers for early diagnosis, highlighting their roles as indicators in multiple oral diseases. We also summarize the promising applications of exosomes in targeted therapy and proposed future directions for the use of exosomes in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Taheri M, Khoshbakht T, Hussen BM, Abdullah ST, Ghafouri-Fard S, Sayad A. Emerging Role of miRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:427-448. [PMID: 35718954 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220617103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of several immune-related conditions through the modulation of the expression of cytokine coding genes and other molecules that affect the activity of the immune system. Periodontitis is an example of these conditions associated with the dysregulation of several miRNAs. Several miRNAs such as let-7 family, miR-125, miR-378, miR-543, miR-302, miR-214, miR-200, miR-146, miR-142, miR-30 and miR-21 have been shown to be dysregulated in patients with periodontitis. miR-146 is the most assessed miRNA in these patients, which is up-regulated in most studies in patients with periodontitis. In the present review, we describe the impact of miRNAs dysregulation on the pathoetiology of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sara Tharwat Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ren J, Jing X, Liu Y, Liu J, Ning X, Zong M, Zhang R, Cheng H, Cui J, Li B, Wu X. Exosome-based engineering strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:501. [PMID: 38129853 PMCID: PMC10740249 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, which not only seriously affect the health of patients' oral and maxillofacial tissues, but also bring serious economic and psychological burdens to patients. Therefore, oral and maxillofacial diseases require effective treatment. Traditional treatments have limited effects. In recent years, nature exosomes have attracted increasing attention due to their ability to diagnose and treat diseases. However, the application of nature exosomes is limited due to low yield, high impurities, lack of targeting, and high cost. Engineered exosomes can be endowed with better comprehensive therapeutic properties by modifying exosomes of parent cells or directly modifying exosomes, and biomaterial loading exosomes. Compared with natural exosomes, these engineered exosomes can achieve more effective diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillary system diseases, and provide reference and guidance for clinical application. This paper reviews the engineering modification methods of exosomes and the application of engineered exosomes in oral and maxillofacial diseases and looks forward to future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Ren
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao Ning
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingrui Zong
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Huaiyi Cheng
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiayu Cui
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Wu J, Liu G, Jia R, Guo J. Salivary Extracellular Vesicles: Biomarkers and Beyond in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17328. [PMID: 38139157 PMCID: PMC10743646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, as bioactive molecules, have been extensively studied. There are abundant studies in the literature on their biogenesis, secretion, structure, and content, and their roles in pathophysiological processes. Extracellular vesicles have been reviewed as biomarkers for use in diagnostic tools. Saliva contains many extracellular vesicles, and compared with other body fluids, it is easier to obtain in a non-invasive way, making its acquisition more easily accepted by patients. In recent years, there have been numerous new studies investigating the role of salivary extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. These studies have significant implications for future clinical diagnosis. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize and review the potential applications of salivary extracellular vesicles as biomarkers, and we also describe their other functions (e.g., hemostasis, innate immune defense) in both oral and non-oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.W.); (G.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Gege Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.W.); (G.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Rong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.W.); (G.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Jihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.W.); (G.L.); (R.J.)
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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10
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Han P, Johnson N, Abdal-Hay A, Moran CS, Salomon C, Ivanovski S. Effects of periodontal cells-derived extracellular vesicles on mesenchymal stromal cell function. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1188-1200. [PMID: 37605485 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enrich and compare three extracellular vesicles-EV subtypes (apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and small EV) from three periodontal cells (periodontal ligament cells-PDLCs, alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts-OBs and gingival fibroblasts-GFs), and assess uptake and cell function changes in buccal fat pad-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BFP-MSCs). BACKGROUND Periodontal cells such as PDLCs, OBs and GFs have the potential to enhance bone and periodontal regeneration, but face significant challenges, such as the regulatory and cost implications of in vitro cell culture and storage. To address these challenges, it is important to explore alternative 'cell-free' strategies, such as extracellular vesicles which have emerged as promising tools in regenerative medicine, to facilitate osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. METHODS AND MATERIALS Serial centrifuges at 2600 and 16 000 g were used to isolate apoptotic bodies and microvesicles respectively. Small EV-sEV was enriched by our in-house size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The cellular uptake, proliferation, migration and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation genes were analysed after EVs uptake in BFP-MSCs. RESULTS Three EV subtypes were enriched and characterised by morphology, particle size and EV-associated protein expression-CD9. Cellular uptake of the three EVs subtypes was observed in BFP-MSCs for up to 7 days. sEV from the three periodontal cells promoted proliferation, migration and osteogenic gene expression. hOBs-sEV showed superior levels of osteogenesis markers compared to that hPDLCs-sEV and hGFs-sEV, while hOBs-16k EV promoted adipogenic gene expression compared to that from hPDLCs and hGFs. CONCLUSIONS Our proof-of-concept data demonstrate that hOBs-sEV might be an alternative cell-free therapeutic for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel Johnson
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdalla Abdal-Hay
- Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Faculty of Industry and Energy Technology, Mechatronics Technology Program, New Cairo Technological University, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Corey S Moran
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Jayasree A, Liu C, Salomon C, Ivanovski S, Gulati K, Han P. Microvesicle-eluting nano-engineered implants influence inflammatory response of keratinocytes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023:10.1007/s13346-023-01457-x. [PMID: 37985540 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Besides enhancing osseo- and soft tissue integration, modulating inflammation at the implant site is also crucial for dental implant success. Uncontrolled peri-implant inflammation can cause significant loss of surrounding tissue and implant failure. It was recently shown that microvesicles (MVs), a less-studied type of extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and may modulate angiogenesis and inflammatory response. The effect of MVs on regulating inflammation at an implant site, however, remains unexplored. In the current study, MVs were isolated and characterised from human primary gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and loaded within titania nanotubes (TNTs, fabricated via anodisation on 3D Ti wire implants) towards their local release. The modified implants were characterised using SEM and confocal imaging to confirm the loading and local release of MVs from TNTs. In vitro studies demonstrated the internalisation of hGFs-MVs by human gingival keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2 cell line), which caused a significant reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results support MVs-releasing TNTs as a promising implant surface modification strategy to reduce inflammation, paving the way for further advancements in therapeutic dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Jayasree
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Karan Gulati
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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12
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Nasiri K, Jahri M, Kolahdouz S, Soleimani M, Makiya A, Saini RS, Merza MS, Yasamineh S, Banakar M, Yazdanpanah MH. MicroRNAs Function in Dental Stem Cells as a Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Dental Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:703-722. [PMID: 37773247 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Undifferentiated, highly proliferative, clonogenic, and self-renewing dental stem cells have paved the way for novel approaches to mending cleft palates, rebuilding lost jawbone and periodontal tissue, and, most significantly, recreating lost teeth. New treatment techniques may be guided by a better understanding of these cells and their potential in terms of the specificity of the regenerative response. MicroRNAs have been recognized as an essential component in stem cell biology due to their role as epigenetic regulators of the processes that determine stem cell destiny. MicroRNAs have been proven to be crucial in a wide variety of molecular and biological processes, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and necrocytosis. MicroRNAs have been recognized to control protein translation, messenger RNA stability, and transcription and have been reported to play essential roles in dental stem cell biology, including the differentiation of dental stem cells, the immunological response, apoptosis, and the inflammation of the dental pulp. Because microRNAs increase dental stem cell differentiation, they may be used in regenerative medicine to either preserve the stem cell phenotype or to aid in the development of tooth tissue. The development of novel biomarkers and therapies for dental illnesses relies heavily on progress made in our knowledge of the roles played by microRNAs in regulating dental stem cells. In this article, we discuss how dental stem cells and their associated microRNAs may be used to cure dental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jahri
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Makiya
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ravinder S Saini
- COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muna S Merza
- Prosthetic Dental Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Banakar
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Buragaite-Staponkiene B, Rovas A, Puriene A, Snipaitiene K, Punceviciene E, Rimkevicius A, Butrimiene I, Jarmalaite S. Gingival Tissue MiRNA Expression Profiling and an Analysis of Periodontitis-Specific Circulating MiRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11983. [PMID: 37569358 PMCID: PMC10418511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with periodontitis (PD) in gingival tissues, and to evaluate the levels of these selected miRNAs in the saliva and blood plasma among participants with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A genome-wide miRNA expression analysis in 16 gingival tissue samples revealed 177 deregulated miRNAs. The validation of the miRNA profiling results in 80 gingival tissue samples revealed that the PD-affected tissues had a higher expression of miR-140-3p and -145-5p, while the levels of miR-125a-3p were significantly lower in inflamed tissues. After a thorough validation, four miRNAs, namely miR-140-3p, -145-5p, -146a-5p, and -195-5p, were selected for further analysis in a larger sample of salivary (N = 173) and blood plasma (N = 221) specimens. Increased salivary levels of miR-145-5p were associated with higher mean values of pocket probing depth and bleeding on probing index. The plasma-derived levels of miR-140-3p were higher among the participants with PD. In conclusion, the gingival levels of miR-140-3p, -145-5p, and -125a-3p were independently associated with PD presence and severity. The salivary and blood plasma levels of the target miRNAs were diversely related to PD. Similar miRNA associations with PD were observed among the participants with and without RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Buragaite-Staponkiene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.B.-S.); (K.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Adomas Rovas
- Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio St. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Alina Puriene
- Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio St. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Kristina Snipaitiene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.B.-S.); (K.S.); (S.J.)
- National Cancer Institute, Santariskiu St. 1, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egle Punceviciene
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio St. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.P.); (I.B.)
- Centre of Rheumatology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Santariskiu St. 2, LT-08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Rimkevicius
- Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio St. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.P.); (A.R.)
- Vilnius University Hospital Zalgiris Clinic, Zalgirio St. 117, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irena Butrimiene
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio St. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.P.); (I.B.)
- Centre of Rheumatology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Santariskiu St. 2, LT-08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Jarmalaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.B.-S.); (K.S.); (S.J.)
- National Cancer Institute, Santariskiu St. 1, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
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14
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Arman K, Dalloul Z, Bozgeyik E. Emerging role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in COVID-19 with implications to therapeutics. Gene 2023; 861:147232. [PMID: 36736508 PMCID: PMC9892334 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection which is commonly known as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) has creeped into the human population taking tolls of life and causing tremendous economic crisis. It is indeed crucial to gain knowledge about their characteristics and interactions with human host cells. It has been shown that the majority of our genome consists of non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs including micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) display significant roles in regulating gene expression in almost all cancers and viral diseases. It is intriguing that miRNAs and lncRNAs remarkably regulate the function and expression of major immune components of SARS-CoV-2. MiRNAs act via RNA interference mechanism in which they bind to the complementary sequences of the viral RNA strand, inducing the formation of silencing complex that eventually degrades or inhibits the viral RNA and viral protein expression. LncRNAs have been extensively shown to regulate gene expression in cytokine storm and thus emerges as a critical target for COVID-19 treatment. These lncRNAs also act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by sponging miRNAs and thus affecting the expression of downstream targets during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we extensively discuss the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs, describe their mechanism of action and their different interacting human targets cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we discuss possible ways how an interference with their molecular function could be exploited for new therapies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifee Arman
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Zeinab Dalloul
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Esra Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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15
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Liu A, Hefley B, Escandon P, Nicholas SE, Karamichos D. Salivary Exosomes in Health and Disease: Future Prospects in the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076363. [PMID: 37047335 PMCID: PMC10094317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a group of vesicles that package and transport DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. They can be derived from blood, saliva, urine, and/or other biological tissues. Their impact on several diseases, such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and ocular diseases, have been reported, but not fully unraveled. The exosomes that are derived from saliva are less studied, but offer significant advantages over exosomes from other sources, due to their accessibility and ease of collection. Thus, their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is largely unknown. In the context of ocular diseases, salivary exosomes have been under-utilized, thus creating an enormous gap in the literature. The current review discusses the state of exosomes research on systemic and ocular diseases and highlights the role and potential of salivary exosomes as future ocular therapeutic vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Liu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brenna Hefley
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2101
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16
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Song M, Bai H, Zhang P, Zhou X, Ying B. Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:2. [PMID: 36596771 PMCID: PMC9810734 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva testing is a vital method for clinical applications, for its noninvasive features, richness in substances, and the huge amount. Due to its direct anatomical connection with oral, digestive, and endocrine systems, clinical usage of saliva testing for these diseases is promising. Furthermore, for other diseases that seeming to have no correlations with saliva, such as neurodegenerative diseases and psychological diseases, researchers also reckon saliva informative. Tremendous papers are being produced in this field. Updated summaries of recent literature give newcomers a shortcut to have a grasp of this topic. Here, we focused on recent research about saliva biomarkers that are derived from humans, not from other organisms. The review mostly addresses the proceedings from 2016 to 2022, to shed light on the promising usage of saliva testing in clinical diagnostics. We recap the recent advances following the category of different types of biomarkers, such as intracellular DNA, RNA, proteins and intercellular exosomes, cell-free DNA, to give a comprehensive impression of saliva biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Song
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Bai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Cai R, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu B, Wu Y, Pang J, Ma C. The role of extracellular vesicles in periodontitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151322. [PMID: 37114060 PMCID: PMC10126335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent disease and one of the leading causes of tooth loss. Biofilms are initiating factor of periodontitis, which can destroy periodontal tissue by producing virulence factors. The overactivated host immune response is the primary cause of periodontitis. The clinical examination of periodontal tissues and the patient's medical history are the mainstays of periodontitis diagnosis. However, there is a lack of molecular biomarkers that can be used to identify and predict periodontitis activity precisely. Non-surgical and surgical treatments are currently available for periodontitis, although both have drawbacks. In clinical practice, achieving the ideal therapeutic effect remains a challenge. Studies have revealed that bacteria produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) to export virulence proteins to host cells. Meanwhile, periodontal tissue cells and immune cells produce EVs that have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, EVs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Recent studies have also presented that the content and composition of EVs in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can serve as possible periodontitis diagnostic indicators. In addition, studies have indicated that stem cell EVs may encourage periodontal regeneration. In this article, we mainly review the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliang Pang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
| | - Chufan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
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18
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Han P, Li X, Wei W, Ivanovski S. Saliva Diagnosis Using Small Extracellular Vesicles and Salivaomics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2588:25-39. [PMID: 36418680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex oral biofluid composed of various biological molecules secreted by major and minor salivary glands, as well as by-products of host oral cells, oral bacteria, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and gingival crevicular fluid. Recently, salivary small extracellular vesicles and salivary multi-omics (microbiome, transcriptome, DNA methylome and proteome) are emerging as potential diagnostic tools for oral diseases, including the highly prevalent periodontitis. Here, we describe the methodologies for how to isolate salivary sEVs using the size exclusion chromatography method, and how to perform salivaomics, which may guide future dental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Dentistry, Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,School of Dentistry, Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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19
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Kang L, Miao Y, Jin Y, Shen S, Lin X. Exosomal miR-205-5p derived from periodontal ligament stem cells attenuates the inflammation of chronic periodontitis via targeting XBP1. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 11:e743. [PMID: 36705422 PMCID: PMC9761342 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an inflammatory periodontal disease with high incidence and complex pathology. This research is aimed to investigate the function of exosomal miR-205-5p (Exo-miR-205-5p) in CP and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHOD Exo-miR-205-5p was isolated from miR-205-5p mimics-transfected periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and subsequently cocultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cells or injected into LPS-treated rats. The mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and Th17/Treg-related factors were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of inflammatory factors and the percentages of Th17/Treg cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Besides, the target relation between miR-205-5p and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) was explored. RESULTS MiR-205-5p was downregulated in LPS-induced PDLSCs and corresponding exosomes. Exo-miR-205-5p inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and decreased the percentage of Th17 cells in LPS-treated rats. In addition, XBP1 was a target of miR-205-5p. Overexpression of XBP1 weakened the effects of Exo-miR-205-5p on inhibiting inflammation and regulating Treg/Th17 balance in LPS-induced cells. CONCLUSIONS Exo-miR-205-5p derived from PDLSCs relieves the inflammation and balances the Th17/Treg cells in CP through targeting XBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixun Kang
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyang CityLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Yibin Miao
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyang CityLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyang CityLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Siyu Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyang CityLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyang CityLiaoning ProvinceChina
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20
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Puljich A, Jiao K, Lee RSB, Walsh LJ, Ivanovski S, Han P. Simulated and clinical aerosol spread in common periodontal aerosol-generating procedures. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5751-5762. [PMID: 35581347 PMCID: PMC9113070 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated particle spread associated with various common periodontal aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in simulated and clinical settings. Materials and methods A simulation study visualized the aerosols, droplets, and splatter spread with and without high-volume suction (HVS, 325 L/min) during common dental AGPs, namely ultrasonic scaling, air flow prophylaxis, and implant drilling after fluorescein dye was added to the water irrigant as a tracer. Each procedure was repeated 10 times. A complementary clinical study measured the spread of contaminated particles within the dental operatory and quantified airborne protein dispersion following 10 min of ultrasonic supragingival scaling of 19 participants during routine periodontal treatment. Results The simulation study data showed that air flow produced the highest amount of splatters and the ultrasonic scaler generated the most aerosol and droplet particles at 1.2 m away from the source. The use of HVS effectively reduced 37.5–96% of splatter generation for all three dental AGPs, as well as 82–93% of aerosol and droplet particles at 1.2 m for the ultrasonic scaler and air polisher. In the clinical study, higher protein levels above background levels following ultrasonic supragingival scaling were detected in fewer than 20% of patients, indicating minimal particle spread. Conclusions While three common periodontal AGPs produce aerosols and droplet particles up to at least 1.2 m from the source, the use of HVS is of significant benefit. Routine ultrasonic supragingival scaling produced few detectable traces of salivary protein at various sites throughout the 10-min dental operatory. Clinical relevance The likelihood of aerosol spread to distant sites during common periodontal AGPs is greatly reduced by high-volume suction. Clinically, limited evidence of protein contaminants was found following routine ultrasonic scaling, suggesting that the the majority of the contamination consisits of the irrigant rather than organic matter from the oral cavity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-022-04532-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Puljich
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Kexin Jiao
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ryan S B Lee
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Pingping Han
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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21
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Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Shahidan WNS. Salivary Exosomes: From Waste to Promising Periodontitis Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 12:798682. [PMID: 35069258 PMCID: PMC8766748 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.798682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes tooth loss by destroying the supporting components of the teeth. In most cases, it is difficult to diagnose early and results in severe phases of the disease. Given their endogenous origins, exosomes, which are rich in peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids, have emerged as a cell-free therapeutic approach with low immunogenicity and increased safety. Because the constituents of exosomes can be reprogrammed depending on disease states, exosomes are increasingly being evaluated to act as potential diagnostic biomarkers for dental disease, including periodontitis. Exosomes also have been demonstrated to be involved in inflammatory signal transmission and periodontitis progression in vitro, indicating that they could be used as therapeutic targets for periodontal regeneration. Nevertheless, a review on the involvement of salivary exosomes in periodontitis in impacting the successful diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis is still lacking in the literature. Thus, this review is intended to scrutinize recent advancements of salivary exosomes in periodontitis treatment. We summarize recent research reports on the emerging roles and characteristics of salivary exosomes, emphasizing the different expressions and changed biological roles of exosomes in periodontitis.
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22
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Han P, Liu C, Staples R, Moran CS, Ramachandra SS, Gómez-Cerezo MN, Ivanovski S. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using S1-RBD protein-immobilized 3D melt electrowritten poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24849-24856. [PMID: 36128389 PMCID: PMC9429024 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of immunoglobulin antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic is critical to monitor the adaptive immune response after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Currently employed binding antibody detection tests using 2D microplate-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are limited by the degree of sensitivity. In this study, a 3D antibody test was developed by immobilizing the receptor-binding domain on Spike subunit 1 (S1-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 onto engineered melt electrowritten (MEW) poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds (pore: 500 μm, fiber diameter: 17 μm) using carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry. Protein immobilization was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by the presence of peaks corresponding with nitrogen. Self-developed indirect ELISA was performed to assess the functionality of the 3D platform in comparison with a standard 2D tissue culture plate (TCP) system, using whole unstimulated saliva samples from 14 non-vaccinated and 20 vaccinated participants (1- and 3- weeks post-dose 1; 3 days, 1 week and 3 weeks post-dose 2) without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. The three-dimensional S1-RBD PCL scaffolds, while demonstrating a kinetic trend comparable to 2D TCP, exhibited significantly higher sensitivity and detection levels for all three immunoglobulins assayed (IgG, IgM, and IgA). These novel findings highlight the potential of MEW PCL constructs in the development of improved low-cost, point-of-care, and self-assessing diagnostic platforms for the detection and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Our work developed a 3D SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection platform in non-invasive saliva samples using S1-RBD protein-immobilized 3D melt electrowritten poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Chun Liu
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Reuben Staples
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Corey S. Moran
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Srinivas Sulugodu Ramachandra
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Maria Natividad Gómez-Cerezo
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Cutler CW. Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010115. [PMID: 35011677 PMCID: PMC8750541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapeutic exosomes, derived exogenously from dendritic cells (DCs), the 'directors' of the immune response, are receiving favorable safety and tolerance profiles in phase I and II clinical trials for a growing number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. DC-derived exosomes (EXO), the focus of this review, can be custom tailored with immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory molecules for specific immune cell targeting. Moreover, the relative stability, small size and rapid uptake of EXO by recipient immune cells offer intriguing options for therapeutic purposes. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of EXO biogenesis, uptake and routing by recipient immune cells, as well as their in vivo biodistribution. Against this backdrop is recognition of endogenous exosomes, secreted by all cells, the molecular content of which is reflective of the metabolic state of these cells. In this regard, exosome biogenesis and secretion is regulated by cell stressors of chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, including dysbiotic microbes, reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Such cell stressors can promote premature senescence in young cells through the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pathological exosomes of the SASP amplify inflammatory signaling in stressed cells in an autocrine fashion or promote inflammatory signaling to normal neighboring cells in paracrine, without the requirement of cell-to-cell contact. In summary, we review relevant lessons learned from the use of exogenous DC exosomes for immune therapy, as well as the pathogenic potential of endogenous DC exosomes.
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Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (30–160 nm diameter) with lipid bilayer membrane secrete by various cells that mediate the communication between cells and tissue, which contain a variety of non-coding RNAs, mRNAs, proteins, lipids and other functional substances. Adipose tissue is important energy storage and endocrine organ in the organism. Recent studies have revealed that adipose tissue-derived exosomes (AT-Exosomes) play a critical role in many physiologically and pathologically functions. Physiologically, AT-Exosomes could regulate the metabolic homoeostasis of various organs or cells including liver and skeletal muscle. Pathologically, they could be used in the treatment of disease and or that they may be involved in the progression of the disease. In this review, we describe the basic principles and methods of exosomes isolation and identification, as well as further summary the specific methods. Moreover, we categorize the relevant studies of AT-Exosomes and summarize the different components and biological functions of mammalian exosomes. Most importantly, we elaborate AT-Exosomes crosstalk within adipose tissue and their functions on other tissues or organs from the physiological and pathological perspective. Based on the above analysis, we discuss what remains to be discovered problems in AT-Exosomes studies and prospect their directions needed to be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhaozhao He
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
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Han P, Bartold PM, Ivanovski S. The emerging role of small extracellular vesicles in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid as diagnostics for periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:219-231. [PMID: 34773636 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with a destructive host immune-inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis. Current clinical diagnosis is reliant on measuring past periodontal tissue loss, with a lack of molecular biomarkers to accurately diagnose periodontitis activity in 'real-time'. Thus, discovery of new classes of diagnostic biomarkers is of critical importance in periodontology. Small extracellular vesicles (<200 nm in diameter; sEVs) from oral biofluids (saliva and gingival crevicular fluid-GCF) are lipid-encapsulated bilayered vesicles and have recently emerged as a potential source of biomarkers for periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), due to the cargo of protein, genetic material and lipids derived from their parent cells. There is limited information on the isolation and characterisation methods of saliva/GCF-sEVs or the characterisation of sEVs cargo as biomarkers for periodontitis. In this review, we detail the composition of sEVs and summarise their isolation and characterisation from saliva and GCF. The potential role of saliva and GCF-derived sEVs in periodontitis diagnosis is also explored. It is proposed that sEVs cargo, including protein, microRNA, message RNA and DNA methylation, are potential biomarkers for periodontitis with good diagnostic power (area under the curve-AUC > 0.9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Xia Y, Zhou K, Sun M, Shu R, Qian J, Xie Y. The miR-223-3p Regulates Pyroptosis Through NLRP3-Caspase 1-GSDMD Signal Axis in Periodontitis. Inflammation 2021; 44:2531-2542. [PMID: 34637033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salivary exosomes contain various components and may play important roles in oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to verify the possible function of miR-223-3p from salivary exosomes in periodontitis. We isolated the salivary exosomes and found that the miR-223-3p content of salivary exosomes from periodontitis was less than the healthy control. Furthermore, we performed dual-luciferase reporter assay and real-time PCR to verify that (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) was the target of miR-223-3p. When we knocked down the miR-223-3p expression in THP-1-derived macrophages, the expression of NLRP3 and the downstream inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 were upregulated. By using integrated bioinformatics analysis, we found that pyroptosis and cytokine secretion participated in inflammatory gingival tissues. In addition, NLRP3, and the pyroptosis executioner, gasdermin D (GSDMD) was highly active in inflammatory gingival tissues compared with healthy controls by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In summary, we speculated that miR-223-3p in salivary exosomes might regulate GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by targeting NLRP3 in periodontitis. Detection of miR-223-3p expression in salivary exosomes could be used as an important non-invasive method to diagnose and evaluate the severity of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Xia
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Kecong Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Mengjun Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Rong Shu
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Jielei Qian
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Endogenous nitric oxide-generating surfaces via polydopamine-copper coatings for preventing biofilm dispersal and promoting microbial killing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112297. [PMID: 34474848 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peri-implantitis is a bacterially induced inflammatory disease which affects the hard and soft tissues around a dental implant. Microbial biofilm formation is an important causative factor in peri-implantitis. The aim of this study is to develop an effective multifunctional surface coating for antimicrobial property and to counteract oral biofilm-associated infections via a single polydopamine copper coating (PDAM@Cu) on titanium implant surface to regulate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation. METHODS PDAM@Cu coatings were made with different concentrations of CuCl2 on titanium surfaces with a simple dip coating technique. Coatings were characterised to evaluate Cu concentrations as well as NO release rates from the coatings. Further, salivary biofilms were made on the coatings using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) media in an anaerobic chamber. Biofilms were prepared with three different mixtures, one of which was saliva only, the second had an addition of sheep's blood, and the third was prepared with NO donors S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and L-glutathione (GSH) in the mixture of saliva and blood to evaluate the effects of endogenously produced NO on biofilms. The effectiveness of coated surfaces on biofilms were assessed using four different methods, namely, crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy imaging, 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) metabolic assay, and live/dead staining. RESULTS NO release rates could be controlled with different Cu concentration in PDAM@Cu coatings. NO generated from the PDAM@Cu coatings effectively induced dispersal of biofilms shown by the reduction in biofilm biomass as well as reduced biofilm attachment in samples prepared with blood and NO donors. Cu ions released from the PDAM@Cu coatings resulted in killing of the dispersed bacteria, which was evidenced by the live/dead cell staining and reduced metabolic activity noted from the XTT assay. In contrast, samples prepared with saliva showed no significant reduction in biofilms, indicating the important effect of endogenously generated NO on biofilm dispersal. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PDAM@Cu coatings with NO generating surfaces have a dual anti-biofilm function, with a synergistic effect on biofilm dispersal from regulated NO generation and bactericidal effects from Cu ions from the coatings.
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Periodontal and Dental Pulp Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Review of the Current Status. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071858. [PMID: 34361246 PMCID: PMC8308278 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound lipid particles that are secreted by all cell types and function as cell-to-cell communicators through their cargos of protein, nucleic acid, lipids, and metabolites, which are derived from their parent cells. There is limited information on the isolation and the emerging therapeutic role of periodontal and dental pulp cell-derived small EVs (sEVs, <200 nm, or exosome). In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of three EV subtypes (sEVs, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) and the emerging role of sEVs from periodontal ligament (stem) cells, gingival fibroblasts (or gingival mesenchymal stem cells) and dental pulp cells, and their therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. A review of the relevant methodology found that precipitation-based kits and ultracentrifugation are the two most common methods to isolate periodontal (dental pulp) cell sEVs. Periodontal (and pulp) cell sEVs range in size, from 40 nm to 2 μm, due to a lack of standardized isolation protocols. Nevertheless, our review found that these EVs possess anti-inflammatory, osteo/odontogenic, angiogenic and immunomodulatory functions in vitro and in vivo, via reported EV cargos of EV–miRNAs, EV–circRNAs, EV–mRNAs and EV–lncRNAs. This review highlights the considerable therapeutic potential of periodontal and dental pulp cell-derived sEVs in various regenerative applications.
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Yang J, Malone F, Go M, Kou J, Lim JE, Caughey RC, Fukuchi KI. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Exosomal miR-146a Is Involved in Altered Expression of Alzheimer's Risk Genes Via Suppression of TLR4 Signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1245-1255. [PMID: 33185814 PMCID: PMC8096651 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reduces responses of monocytes/macrophages to LPS (LPS/endotoxin tolerance). Microglial exposure to Aβ deposits, a TLR4 ligand, may cause "Aβ/LPS tolerance," leading to decreased Aβ clearance. We demonstrated that microglial activation by LPS is diminished in Aβ deposit-bearing 12-month-old model mice of Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared with non-AD mice and Aβ deposit-free 2-month-old AD mice. Because miR-146a plays a predominant role in inducing TLR tolerance in macrophages and because miR-146a in extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by inflammatory macrophages increases in circulation, we investigated potential roles of miR-146a and inflammatory EVs in inducing TLR tolerance in microglia and in altering expression of inflammatory AD risk genes. We found that miR-146a upregulation induces TLR tolerance and alters expression of inflammatory AD risk genes in response to LPS treatment in BV2 microglia. LPS brain injection altered expression of the AD risk genes in 12-month-old AD mice but not in non-AD littermates. EVs from inflammatory macrophages polarize BV2 microglia to M1 phenotype and induce TLR tolerance. Microglia exposed to Aβ in the brain show reduced cytokine responses to systemic inflammation due to peripheral LPS injection, indicating TLR/Aβ tolerance in microglia. Our results suggest that increased miR-146a induces microglial Aβ/LPS tolerance and that circulating EVs shed by inflammatory macrophages contribute to microglial Aβ/LPS tolerance, leading to reduced Aβ clearance. Our study also suggests that altered expression of inflammatory AD risk genes may contribute to AD development via the same molecular mechanism underlying LPS tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Fiona Malone
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Michelle Go
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Robert C Caughey
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA.
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Jiao K, Walsh LJ, Ivanovski S, Han P. The Emerging Regulatory Role of Circular RNAs in Periodontal Tissues and Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094636. [PMID: 33924932 PMCID: PMC8124626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic complex inflammatory disease associated with a destructive host immune response to microbial dysbiosis, leading to irreversible loss of tooth-supporting tissues. Regeneration of functional periodontal soft (periodontal ligament and gingiva) and hard tissue components (cementum and alveolar bone) to replace lost tissues is the ultimate goal of periodontal treatment, but clinically predictable treatments are lacking. Similarly, the identification of biomarkers that can be used to accurately diagnose periodontitis activity is lacking. A relatively novel category of molecules found in oral tissue, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded endogenous, long, non-coding RNA molecules, with covalently circular-closed structures without a 5' cap and a 3' tail via non-classic backsplicing. Emerging research indicates that circRNAs are tissue and disease-specific expressed and have crucial regulatory functions in various diseases. CircRNAs can function as microRNA or RNA binding sites or can regulate mRNA. In this review, we explore the biogenesis and function of circRNAs in the context of the emerging role of circRNAs in periodontitis pathogenesis and the differentiation of periodontal cells. CircMAP3K11, circCDK8, circCDR1as, circ_0062491, and circ_0095812 are associated with pathological periodontitis tissues. Furthermore, circRNAs are expressed in periodontal cells in a cell-specific manner. They can function as microRNA sponges and can form circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks during osteogenic differentiation for periodontal-tissue (or dental pulp)-derived progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Jiao
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (P.H.)
| | - Pingping Han
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (P.H.)
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Han P, Bartold PM, Salomon C, Ivanovski S. Salivary Outer Membrane Vesicles and DNA Methylation of Small Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Periodontal Status: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052423. [PMID: 33670900 PMCID: PMC7957785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, associated with a microbial dysbiosis. Early detection using salivary small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) biomarkers may facilitate timely prevention. sEVs derived from different species (i.e., humans, bacteria) are expected to circulate in saliva. This pilot study recruited 22 participants (seven periodontal healthy, seven gingivitis and eight periodontitis) and salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method. The healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups were compared in terms of salivary sEVs in the CD9+ sEV subpopulation, Gram-negative bacteria-enriched lipopolysaccharide (LPS+) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and global DNA methylation pattern of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and N6-Methyladenosine (m6dA). It was found that LPS+ OMVs, global 5mC methylation and four periodontal pathogens (T. denticola, E. corrodens, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum) that secreted OMVs were significantly increased in periodontitis sEVs compared to those from healthy groups. These differences were more pronounced in sEVs than the whole saliva and were more superior in distinguishing periodontitis than gingivitis, in comparison to healthy patients. Of note, global 5mC hypermethylation in salivary sEVs can distinguish periodontitis patients from both healthy controls and gingivitis patients with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 1). The research findings suggest that assessing global sEV methylation may be a useful biomarker for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (S.I.)
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (S.I.)
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Splatters and Aerosols Contamination in Dental Aerosol Generating Procedures. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental aerosol-generating procedures produce a large amount of splatters and aerosols that create a major concern for airborne disease transmission, such as COVID-19. This study established a method to visualise splatter and aerosol contamination by common dental instrumentation, namely ultrasonic scaling, air-water spray, high-speed and low-speed handpieces. Mock dental procedures were performed on a mannequin model, containing teeth in a typodont and a phantom head, using irrigation water containing fluorescein dye as a tracer. Filter papers were placed in 10 different locations to collect splatters and aerosols, at distances ranging from 20 to 120 cm from the source. All four types of dental equipment produced contamination from splatters and aerosols. At 120 cm away from the source, the high-speed handpiece generated the greatest amount and size (656 ± 551 μm) of splatter particles, while the triplex syringe generated the largest amount of aerosols (particle size: 1.73 ± 2.23 μm). Of note, the low-speed handpiece produced the least amount and size (260 ± 142 μm) of splatter particles and the least amount of aerosols (particle size: 4.47 ± 5.92 μm) at 120 cm. All four dental AGPs produce contamination from droplets and aerosols, with different patterns of distribution. This simple model provides a method to test various preventive strategies to reduce risks from splatter and aerosols.
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Kajiya M, Kurihara H. Molecular Mechanisms of Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020930. [PMID: 33477754 PMCID: PMC7832304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Roganović JR. microRNA-146a and -155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS-CoV-2 oral receptor genes. J Periodontol 2021; 92:35-43. [PMID: 33336412 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes and periodontitis predispose to a higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Recent studies show upregulation of innate immuno-regulatory microRNA-146a and -155 in oral fluids of patients with type 2 diabetes as well as of patients with periodontitis. The aim was to investigate whether upregulation of these microRNAs may relate to patient susceptibility to the infection via modulation of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry factors expression. METHODS Due to limited experimental feasibility and health risks in Coronavirus Disease 2019, bioinformatic analyses combining with system biology were used as initial investigation of interaction between microRNA-146 and -155 and genes encoding SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry factors are expressed in salivary glands and masticatory mucosa (tongue) at different expression levels, comparable with those measured in lungs and tonsil. MicroRNA-146 and -155 are widely involved in the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 oral cellular entry factors and may enhance expression of ACE2 and modulate genes involved in host immunity. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes- and periodontitis-induced increase in microRNA-146a and -155 in oral cavity is predicted to upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, essential SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, and modulate host antiviral response. As it could suggest increased infectivity of diabetes and periodontitis patients, additional protective measures for periodontists are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Roganović JR. microRNA‐146a and ‐155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS‐CoV‐2 oral receptor genes. J Periodontol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623 doi:10.1002/jper.20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R. Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Awang RAR, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS. Plasma- and Saliva Exosome Profile Reveals a Distinct MicroRNA Signature in Chronic Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:587381. [PMID: 33329037 PMCID: PMC7733931 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an oral cavity disease arising from chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Exosomes are lipid vesicles that are enriched in specific microRNAs (miRNAs), potentially providing a disease-specific diagnostic signature. To assess the value of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for CP, 8 plasma- and 8 salivary-exosomal miRNAs samples were profiled using Agilent platform (comparative study). From 2,549 probed miRNAs, 33 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in CP as compared to healthy plasma samples. Whereas, 1,995 miRNAs (1,985 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated) were differentially expressed in the CP as compared to healthy saliva samples. hsa-miR-let-7d [FC = -26.76; AUC = 1; r = -0.728 [p-value = 0.04]), hsa-miR-126-3p (FC = -24.02; AUC = 1; r = -0.723 [p-value = 0.043]) and hsa-miR-199a-3p (FC = -22.94; AUC = 1; r = -0.731 [p-value = 0.039]) are worth to be furthered studied for plasma-exosomal samples. Meanwhile, for salivary-exosomal samples, hsa-miR-125a-3p (FC = 2.03; AUC = 1; r = 0.91 [p-value = 0.02]) is worth to be furthered studied. These miRNAs are the reliable candidates for the development of periodontitis biomarker, as they were significantly expressed differently between CP and healthy samples, have a good discriminatory value and strongly correlate with the mean of PPD. These findings highlight the potential of exosomal miRNAs profiling in the diagnosis from both sourced as well as provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raja Azman Raja Awang
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Suharni Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Steigmann L, Maekawa S, Sima C, Travan S, Wang CW, Giannobile WV. Biosensor and Lab-on-a-chip Biomarker-identifying Technologies for Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588480. [PMID: 33343358 PMCID: PMC7748088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to destruction of tooth supporting tissues and subsequent tooth loss. The most recent global burden of disease studies highlight that severe periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. Periodontitis risk is attributed to genetics, host-microbiome and environmental factors. Empirical diagnostic and prognostic systems have yet to be validated in the field of periodontics. Early diagnosis and intervention prevents periodontitis progression in most patients. Increased susceptibility and suboptimal control of modifiable risk factors can result in poor response to therapy, and relapse. The chronic immune-inflammatory response to microbial biofilms at the tooth or dental implant surface is associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases. Oral fluid-based biomarkers have demonstrated easy accessibility and potential as diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases, including the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Advances in biotechnology have led to innovations in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors to interface with oral-based biomarker assessment. This review highlights new developments in oral biomarker discovery and their validation for clinical application to advance precision oral medicine through improved diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification. Their potential to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis and associated chronic conditions will benefit the dental and overall public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Steigmann
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shogo Maekawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suncica Travan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chin-Wei Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Sidhom K, Obi PO, Saleem A. A Review of Exosomal Isolation Methods: Is Size Exclusion Chromatography the Best Option? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6466. [PMID: 32899828 PMCID: PMC7556044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. EVs are classified into several subtypes based on their origin, physical characteristics, and biomolecular makeup. Exosomes, a subtype of EVs, are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane of the cell. Several methods have been described in literature to isolate exosomes from biofluids including blood, urine, milk, and cell culture media, among others. While differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) has been widely used to isolate exosomes, other techniques including ultrafiltration, precipitating agents such as poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), immunoaffinity capture, microfluidics, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) have emerged as credible alternatives with pros and cons associated with each. In this review, we provide a summary of commonly used exosomal isolation techniques with a focus on SEC as an ideal methodology. We evaluate the efficacy of SEC to isolate exosomes from an array of biological fluids, with a particular focus on its application to adipose tissue-derived exosomes. We argue that exosomes isolated via SEC are relatively pure and functional, and that this methodology is reproducible, scalable, inexpensive, and does not require specialized equipment or user expertise. However, it must be noted that while SEC is a good candidate method to isolate exosomes, direct comparative studies are required to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sidhom
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Patience O. Obi
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Detection of Salivary Small Extracellular Vesicles Associated Inflammatory Cytokines Gene Methylation in Gingivitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155273. [PMID: 32722322 PMCID: PMC7432462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are emerging as a potential liquid biopsy for oral diseases. However, technical difficulties for salivary sEV isolation remain a challenge. Twelve participants (five periodontally healthy, seven gingivitis patients) were recruited and salivary sEV were isolated by ultracentrifuge (UC-sEV) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC-sEV). The effect of UC and SEC on sEV yield, DNA methylation of five cytokine gene promoters (interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10), and functional uptake by human primary gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) was investigated. The results demonstrated that SEC-sEV had a higher yield of particles and particle/protein ratios compared to UC-sEV, with a minimal effect on the detection of DNA methylation of five cytokine genes and functional uptake in hGFs (n = 3). Comparing salivary sEV characteristics between gingivitis and healthy patients, gingivitis-UC-sEV were increased compared to the healthy group; while no differences were found in sEV size, oral bacterial gDNA, and DNA methylation for five cytokine gene promoters, for both UC-sEV and SEC-sEV. Overall, the data indicate that SEC results in a higher yield of salivary sEV, with no significant differences in sEV DNA epigenetics, compared to UC.
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Xing X, Han S, Li Z, Li Z. Emerging role of exosomes in craniofacial and dental applications. Theranostics 2020; 10:8648-8664. [PMID: 32754269 PMCID: PMC7392016 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a specific subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells, have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. They participate in a diverse range of physiological and pathological processes. Given the capability of exosomes to carry molecular cargos and transfer bioactive components, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutics have been extensively studied over the past few decades. Herein, we highlight the emerging applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the craniofacial and dental field. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of exosomes in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zubing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Serrano-Pertierra E, Oliveira-Rodríguez M, Matos M, Gutiérrez G, Moyano A, Salvador M, Rivas M, Blanco-López MC. Extracellular Vesicles: Current Analytical Techniques for Detection and Quantification. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E824. [PMID: 32481493 PMCID: PMC7357140 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first observation, understanding the biology of extracellular vesicles (EV) has been an important and challenging field of study. They play a key role in the intercellular communication and are involved in important physiological and pathological functions. Therefore, EV are considered as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring the response to treatment in some diseases. In addition, due to their properties, EV may be used for therapeutic purposes. In the study of EV, three major points have to be addressed: 1. How to isolate EV from cell culture supernatant/biological fluids, 2. how to detect them, and 3. how to characterize and quantify. In this review, we focus on the last two questions and provide the main analytical techniques up-to-date for detection and profiling of EV. We critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each one, aimed to be of relevance for all researchers working on EV biology and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Serrano-Pertierra
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Myriam Oliveira-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
| | - María Matos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma Gutiérrez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda Moyano
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
| | - María Salvador
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Montserrat Rivas
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - María Carmen Blanco-López
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
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