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Graska J, Fidler J, Gietler M, Prabucka B, Nykiel M, Labudda M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:927. [PMID: 37508359 PMCID: PMC10376146 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in endogenous NO concentration lead to activation/deactivation of NO signaling and NO-related processes. This paper presents the current state of knowledge on NO biosynthesis and scavenging pathways in plant cells and highlights the role of NO in post-translational modifications of proteins (S-nitrosylation, nitration, and phosphorylation) in plants under optimal and stressful environmental conditions. Particular attention was paid to the interactions of NO with other signaling molecules: reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, auxins (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In addition, potential common patterns of NO-dependent defense responses against attack and feeding by parasitic and molting Ecdysozoa species such as nematodes, insects, and arachnids were characterized. Our review definitely highlights the need for further research on the involvement of NO in interactions between host plants and Ecdysozoa parasites, especially arachnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
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Woźniak A, Kęsy J, Glazińska P, Glinkowski W, Narożna D, Bocianowski J, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Mai VC, Krzesiński W, Samardakiewicz S, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Labudda M, Jeandet P, Morkunas I. The Influence of Lead and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on Generation of Pisum sativum Defense Signaling Molecules and Expression of Genes Involved in Their Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10671. [PMID: 37445848 PMCID: PMC10341517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to understand the regulation of the biosynthesis of phytohormones as signaling molecules in the defense mechanisms of pea seedlings during the application of abiotic and biotic stress factors. It was important to identify this regulation at the molecular level in Pisum sativum L. seedlings under the influence of various concentrations of lead-i.e., a low concentration increasing plant metabolism, causing a hormetic effect, and a high dose causing a sublethal effect-and during feeding of a phytophagous insect with a piercing-sucking mouthpart-i.e., pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)). The aim of the study was to determine the expression level of genes encoding enzymes of the biosynthesis of signaling molecules such as phytohormones-i.e., jasmonates (JA/MeJA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). Real-time qPCR was applied to analyze the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of JA/MeJA (lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1), lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 1 (OPR1) and jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (JAR1)), ET (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 3 (ACS3)) and ABA (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and aldehyde oxidase 1 (AO1)). In response to the abovementioned stress factors-i.e., abiotic and biotic stressors acting independently or simultaneously-the expression of the LOX1, LOX2, OPR1, JAR1, ACS3, NCED and AO1 genes at both sublethal and hormetic doses increased. Particularly high levels of the relative expression of the tested genes in pea seedlings growing at sublethal doses of lead and colonized by A. pisum compared to the control were noticeable. A hormetic dose of lead induced high expression levels of the JAR1, OPR1 and ACS3 genes, especially in leaves. Moreover, an increase in the concentration of phytohormones such as jasmonates (JA and MeJA) and aminococyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-ethylene (ET) precursor was observed. The results of this study indicate that the response of pea seedlings to lead and A. pisum aphid infestation differed greatly at both the gene expression and metabolic levels. The intensity of these defense responses depended on the organ, the metal dose and direct contact of the stress factor with the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Wojciech Glinkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Biology and Application, Faculty of Biology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, 43108 Vinh, Nghe An Province, Vietnam;
| | - Włodzimierz Krzesiński
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, RIBP USC-INRAe 1488, University of Reims, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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Farooq M, Nabi A, Khursheed S, Padder BA, Sofi TA, Masoodi KZ, Hamid S, Shah MD. Whole genome sequencing of Wilsonomyces carpophilus, an incitant of shot hole disease in stone fruits: insights into secreted proteins of a necrotrophic fungal repository. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4061-4071. [PMID: 36877348 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shot hole is one of the important fungal diseases in stone fruits viz., peach, plum, apricot and cherry caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus and almond among nut crops. Fungicides significantly decrease the disease. Pathogenicity studies proved a wide host range of the pathogen infecting all stone fruits and almond among the nut crops, however, the mechanism underlying host-pathogen interaction is still unknown. Molecular detection of the pathogen using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers is also unknown due to the unavailability of the pathogen genome. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the morphology, pathology and genomics of the Wilsonomyces carpophilus. Whole genome sequencing of the W. carpophilus was carried out by Illumina HiSeq and PacBio high throughput sequencing plate-forms through hybrid assembly. Constant selection pressure alters the molecular mechanism of the pathogen causing disease. The studies revealed that the necrotrophs are more lethal with a complex pathogenicity mechanism and little-understood effector repositories. The different isolates of necrotrophic fungus W. carpophilus causing shot hole in stone fruits namely peach, plum, apricot and cherry, and almonds among the nut crops showed a significant variation in their morphology, however, the probability value (p = 0.29) suggests in-significant difference in the pathogenicity. Here, we reported draft genome of W. carpophilus of size 29.9 Mb (Accession number: PRJNA791904). A total of 10,901 protein-coding genes were predicted, including heterokaryon incompatibility genes, cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases, sugar transporters among others. We found 2851 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), tRNAs, rRNAs and pseudogenes in the genome. The most prominent proteins showing necrotrophic lifestyle of the pathogen were hydrolases, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, esterolytic, lipolytic, and proteolytic enzymes accounted for 225 released proteins. Among the 223 fungal species, top-hit species distribution revealed the majority of hits against the Pyrenochaeta species followed by Ascochyta rabiei and Alternaria alternata. CONCLUSION Draft genome of W. carpophilus is 29.9 Mb based on Illumina HiSeq and PacBio hybrid assembly. The necrotrophs are more lethal with a complex pathogenicity mechanism. A significant variation in morphology was observed in different pathogen isolates. A total of 10,901 protein-coding genes were predicted in the pathogen genome including heterokaryon incompatibility, cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases and sugar transporters. We found 2851 SSRs, tRNAs, rRNAs and pseudogenes, and prominent proteins showing necrotrophic lifestyle such as hydrolases, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, esterolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes. The top-hit species distribution were against the Pyrenochaeta spp. followed by Ascochyta rabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiya Farooq
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Asha Nabi
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Sehla Khursheed
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal A Padder
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - T A Sofi
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Division of Biotechnology, FOH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Sumaira Hamid
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India
| | - Mehraj D Shah
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture (FOH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, Jammu Kashmir, India.
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Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. PLANTA 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
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Szechyńska-Hebda M, Ghalami RZ, Kamran M, Van Breusegem F, Karpiński S. To Be or Not to Be? Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidants, and Stress Signalling Universal Determinants of Life or Death? Cells 2022; 11:cells11244105. [PMID: 36552869 PMCID: PMC9777155 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the environmental and organism context, oxidative stress is complex and unavoidable. Organisms simultaneously cope with a various combination of stress factors in natural conditions. For example, excess light stress is accompanied by UV stress, heat shock stress, and/or water stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant molecules, coordinated by electrical signalling (ES), are an integral part of the stress signalling network in cells and organisms. They together regulate gene expression to redirect energy to growth, acclimation, or defence, and thereby, determine cellular stress memory and stress crosstalk. In plants, both abiotic and biotic stress increase energy quenching, photorespiration, stomatal closure, and leaf temperature, while toning down photosynthesis and transpiration. Locally applied stress induces ES, ROS, retrograde signalling, cell death, and cellular light memory, then acclimation and defence responses in the local organs, whole plant, or even plant community (systemic acquired acclimation, systemic acquired resistance, network acquired acclimation). A simplified analogy can be found in animals where diseases vs. fitness and prolonged lifespan vs. faster aging, are dependent on mitochondrial ROS production and ES, and body temperature is regulated by sweating, temperature-dependent respiration, and gene regulation. In this review, we discuss the universal features of stress factors, ES, the cellular production of ROS molecules, ROS scavengers, hormones, and other regulators that coordinate life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: or (M.S.-H.); (S.K.)
| | - Roshanak Zarrin Ghalami
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- UGent Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: or (M.S.-H.); (S.K.)
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Paluch-Lubawa E, Prosicka B, Polcyn W. Expression patterns of maize PIP aquaporins in middle or upper leaves correlate with their different physiological responses to drought and mycorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1056992. [PMID: 36589078 PMCID: PMC9798212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1056992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis on maize leaf expression of six plasma membrane aquaporin isoforms from PIP1 and PIP2 subfamilies under severe drought development and recovery. The novelty of our study is the finding that leaf-specific mycorrhizal regulation of aquaporins is dependent on the position of the leaf on the shoot and changes in parallel with the rate of photosynthesis and the stomatal response to drought. The transcripts were isolated from the upper third (L3) or ear (L5) leaf, which differed greatly in physiological response to stress within each symbiotic variant. Aquaporins expression in upper L3 leaves appeared to be largely not sensitive to drought, regardless of symbiotic status. In contrast, L5 leaf of non-mycorrhizal plants, showed strong down-regulation of all PIPs. Mycorrhiza, however, protected L5 leaf from such limitation, which under maximal stress was manifested by 6-fold and circa 4-fold higher transcripts level for PIP1s and PIP2s, respectively. Distinct expression patterns of L3 and L5 leaves corresponded to differences in key parameters of leaf homeostasis - stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rates, and accumulation of ABA and SA as phytohormonal indicators of drought stress. In result symbiotic plants showed faster restoration of photosynthetic capability, regardless of leaf position, which we recognize as the hallmark of better stress tolerance. In summary, arbuscular mycorrhiza alleviates short-term drought effects on maize by preventing the down-regulation of plasma membrane aquaporins within middle leaves, thereby affecting stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Władysław Polcyn
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Kalogeropoulou E, Aliferis KA, Tjamos SE, Vloutoglou I, Paplomatas EJ. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Insights into Resistance of Arabidopsis bam3 Mutant against the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3457. [PMID: 36559570 PMCID: PMC9785915 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The wilt-inducing strains of Fusarium oxysporum are responsible for severe damage to many economically important plant species. The most cost-effective and environmentally safe method for the management of Fusarium wilt is the use of resistant cultivars when they are available. In the present study, the Arabidopsis genotype with disruptions in the β-amylase 3 (BAM3) gene, which encodes the major hydrolytic enzyme that degrades starch to maltose, had significantly lower susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (For) compared to wild-type (wt) plants. It showed the lowest disease severity and contained reduced quantities of fungal DNA in the plant vascular tissues when analyzed with real-time PCR. Through metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and gene-expression analysis by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we observed that defense responses of Arabidopsis bam3 mutants are associated with starch-degradation enzymes, the corresponding modification of the carbohydrate balance, and alterations in sugar (glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and myo-inositol) and auxin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kalogeropoulou
- Laboratory of Mycology, Scientific Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, 145 61 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios E. Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Vloutoglou
- Laboratory of Mycology, Scientific Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, 145 61 Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas J. Paplomatas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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Labudda M, Dai S, Deng Z, Li L. Editorial: Regulation of proteolysis and proteome composition in plant response to environmental stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1080083. [PMID: 36457521 PMCID: PMC9708044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shaojun Dai
- China Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Chang X, Li X, Meng H, Li H, Wu X, Gong G, Chen H, Yang C, Zhang M, Liu T, Chen W, Yang W. Physiological and metabolic analyses provide insight into soybean seed resistance to fusarium fujikuroi causing seed decay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993519. [PMID: 36340362 PMCID: PMC9630849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seed-borne pathogens cause diverse diseases at the growth, pre- and post-harvest stage of soybean resulting in a large reduction in yield and quality. The physiological and metabolic aspects of seeds are closely related to their defense against pathogens. Recently, Fusarium fujikuroi has been identified as the dominant seed-borne fungi of soybean seed decay, but little information on the responses of soybean seeds induced by F. fujikuroi is available. In this study, a time-course symptom development of seed decay was observed after F. fujikuroi inoculation through spore suspension soaking. The germination rate and the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein were significantly altered over time. Both chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase as important fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes of soybean seeds were also rapidly and transiently activated upon the early infection of F. fujikuroi. Metabolic profile analysis showed that the metabolites in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism were clearly induced by F. fujikuroi, but different metabolites were mostly enriched in isoflavone biosynthesis, flavone biosynthesis, and galactose pathways. Interestingly, glycitein and glycitin were dramatically upregulated while daidzein, genistein, genistin, and daidzin were largely downregulated. These results indicate a combination of physiological responses, cell wall-related defense, and the complicated metabolites of soybean seeds contributes to soybean seed resistance against F. fujikuroi, which are useful for soybean resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chang
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbai Meng
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongju Li
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabao Chen
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy & Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping system, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Ciereszko I, Kornaś A. Alterations in Primary Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber Infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans: Local and Systemic Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012418. [PMID: 36293272 PMCID: PMC9603868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconfiguration of the primary metabolism is essential in plant–pathogen interactions. We compared the local metabolic responses of cucumber leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl) with those in non-inoculated systemic leaves, by examining the changes in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides pools, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and activities/gene expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-linked metabolite contents and enzyme activities. In the infected leaves, Psl induced a metabolic signature with an altered [NAD(P)H]/[NAD(P)+] ratio; decreased glucose and sucrose contents, along with a changed invertase gene expression; and increased glucose turnover and accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and myo-inositol. The accumulation of oxaloacetic and malic acids, enhanced activities, and gene expression of fumarase and l-malate dehydrogenase, as well as the increased respiration rate in the infected leaves, indicated that Psl induced the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The changes in gene expression of ribulose-l,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large unit, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were compatible with a net photosynthesis decline described earlier. Psl triggered metabolic changes common to the infected and non-infected leaves, the dynamics of which differed quantitatively (e.g., malic acid content and metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity) and those specifically related to the local or systemic response (e.g., changes in the sugar content and turnover). Therefore, metabolic changes in the systemic leaves may be part of the global effects of local infection on the whole-plant metabolism and also represent a specific acclimation response contributing to balancing growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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Grover S, Puri H, Xin Z, Sattler SE, Louis J. Dichotomous Role of Jasmonic Acid in Modulating Sorghum Defense Against Aphids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:755-767. [PMID: 35394339 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-22-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The precursors and derivatives of jasmonic acid (JA) contribute to plant protective immunity to insect attack. However, the role of JA in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) defense against sugarcane aphid (SCA) (Melanaphis sacchari), which is considered a major threat to sorghum production, remains elusive. Sorghum SC265, previously identified as a SCA-resistant genotype among the sorghum nested association mapping founder lines, transiently increased JA at early stages of aphid feeding and deterred aphid settling. Monitoring of aphid feeding behavior using electropenetrography, a technique to unveil feeding process of piercing-sucking insects, revealed that SC265 plants restricted SCA feeding from the phloem sap. However, exogenous application of JA attenuated the resistant phenotype and promoted improved aphid feeding and colonization on SC265 plants. This was further confirmed with sorghum JA-deficient plants, in which JA deficiency promoted aphid settling, however, it also reduced aphid feeding from the phloem sap and curtailed SCA population. Exogenous application of JA caused enhanced feeding and aphid proliferation on JA-deficient plants, suggesting that JA promotes aphid growth and development. SCA feeding on JA-deficient plants altered the sugar metabolism and enhanced the levels of fructose and trehalose compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, aphid artificial diet containing fructose and trehalose curtailed aphid growth and reproduction. Our findings underscore a previously unknown dichotomous role of JA, which may have opposing effects by deterring aphid settling during the early stage and enhancing aphid proliferative capacity during later stages of aphid colonization on sorghum plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Heena Puri
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, U.S.A
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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12
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Jeandet P, Formela-Luboińska M, Labudda M, Morkunas I. The Role of Sugars in Plant Responses to Stress and Their Regulatory Function during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095161. [PMID: 35563551 PMCID: PMC9099517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their role as energy and carbon sources and their regulatory functions, sugars influence all phases of the plant life cycle, interact with other signaling molecules, including phytohormones, and control plant growth and development [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, EA 4707–USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (I.M.)
| | - Magda Formela-Luboińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (I.M.)
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Huang DM, Chen Y, Liu X, Ni DA, Bai L, Qin QP. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SWEET gene family in daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and functional analysis of HfSWEET17 in response to cold stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:211. [PMID: 35468723 PMCID: PMC9036726 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are a newly discovered family of sugar transporters whose members exist in a variety of organisms and are highly conserved. SWEETs have been reported to be involved in the growth and development of many plants, but little is known about SWEETs in daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), an important perennial ornamental flower. RESULTS In this study, 19 daylily SWEETs were identified and named based on their homologous genes in Arabidopsis and rice. Phylogenetic analysis classified these HfSWEETs into four clades (Clades I to IV). The conserved motifs and gene structures showed that the HfSWEETs were very conservative during evolution. Chromosomal localization and synteny analysis found that HfSWEETs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and there were five pairs of segmentally duplicated events and one pair of tandem duplication events. The expression patterns of the 19 HfSWEETs showed that the expression patterns of most HfSWEETs in different tissues were related to corresponding clades, and most HfSWEETs were up-regulated under low temperatures. Furthermore, HfSWEET17 was overexpressed in tobacco, and the cold resistance of transgenic plants was much higher than that of wild-type tobacco. CONCLUSION This study identified the SWEET gene family in daylily at the genome-wide level. Most of the 19 HfSWEETs were expressed differently in different tissues and under low temperatures. Overexpression further suggests that HfSWEET17 participates in daylily low-temperature response. The results of this study provide a basis for further functional analysis of the SWEET family in daylily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Huang
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Di-An Ni
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Lu Bai
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Qiao-Ping Qin
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
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PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors Play a Vital Role in the Abscisic-Acid-Dependent Responses of Plants to External or Internal Stimuli. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081352. [PMID: 35456031 PMCID: PMC9028234 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that plays a key role in regulating several developmental processes as well as in response to stressful conditions such as drought. Activation of the ABA signaling cascade allows the induction of an appropriate physiological response. The basic components of the ABA signaling pathway have been recognized and characterized in recent years. Pyrabactin resistance, pyrabactin resistance-like, and the regulatory component of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) are the major components responsible for the regulation of the ABA signaling pathway. Here, we review recent findings concerning the PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor structure, function, and interaction with other components of the ABA signaling pathway as well as the termination mechanism of ABA signals in plant cells. Since ABA is one of the basic elements related to abiotic stress, which is increasingly common in the era of climate changes, understanding the perception and transduction of the signal related to this phytohormone is of paramount importance in further increasing crop tolerance to various stress factors.
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15
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Nykiel M, Gietler M, Fidler J, Prabucka B, Rybarczyk-Płońska A, Graska J, Boguszewska-Mańkowska D, Muszyńska E, Morkunas I, Labudda M. Signal Transduction in Cereal Plants Struggling with Environmental Stresses: From Perception to Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1009. [PMID: 35448737 PMCID: PMC9026486 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cereal plants under abiotic or biotic stressors to survive unfavourable conditions and continue growth and development, rapidly and precisely identify external stimuli and activate complex molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses. To elicit a response to the stress factors, interactions between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, calcium ions, mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcium-dependent protein kinases, calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase, phytohormones and transcription factors occur. The integration of all these elements enables the change of gene expression, and the release of the antioxidant defence and protein repair systems. There are still numerous gaps in knowledge on these subjects in the literature caused by the multitude of signalling cascade components, simultaneous activation of multiple pathways and the intersection of their individual elements in response to both single and multiple stresses. Here, signal transduction pathways in cereal plants under drought, salinity, heavy metal stress, pathogen, and pest attack, as well as the crosstalk between the reactions during double stress responses are discussed. This article is a summary of the latest discoveries on signal transduction pathways and it integrates the available information to better outline the whole research problem for future research challenges as well as for the creative breeding of stress-tolerant cultivars of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nykiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marta Gietler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Justyna Fidler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Rybarczyk-Płońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.F.); (B.P.); (A.R.-P.); (J.G.); (M.L.)
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16
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The Production of Streptomyces W-5B Extract for Antibiofilm against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to form biofilms is one of the triggering factors for the emergence of MRSA resistance to antibiotics. Streptomyces W-5B has shown potency as an antibacterial producer against MRSA. However, the production of microbial bioactive compounds is strongly affected by the source of nutrients in the fermentation medium. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal sources of carbon and nitrogen for the production of bioactive compounds with antibiofilm activities. The research method included cultivating Streptomyces W-5B, extract production, and variation of carbon (glucose, sucrose, starch) and nitrogen (casein, peptone, urea) sources for fermentation medium. Antibiofilm activities were measured based on inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm degradation tests using the microtiter plate method with a crystal violet stain. The results showed that the highest inhibition of biofilm formation was 68.206 ± 1.750% after 12 days of incubation in a fermentation medium containing sucrose and urea. Meanwhile, the highest biofilm degradation was 73.023 ± 1.972% after nine days of incubation on a fermentation medium containing starch and urea. These findings indicated that Streptomyces W-5B has the potency to produce antibiofilm extract against MRSA.
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17
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Cioć M, Tokarz K, Dziurka M, Pawłowska B. Energy-Saving LED Light Affects the Efficiency of the Photosynthetic Apparatus and Carbohydrate Content in Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f. Axillary Shoots Multiplied In Vitro. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101035. [PMID: 34681135 PMCID: PMC8533489 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An energy-saving light emitting diode (LED) system allows for adjustment of light quality, which affects plant development and metabolic processes in in vitro cultures. The study investigated the content of endogenous carbohydrates and the condition of the photosynthetic apparatus of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f. Our aim was to analyze the effects of different LED light qualities-100% red light (R LED), 100% blue (B LED), a mixture of red and blue (7:3) (RB LED), and a fluorescent lamp as a control (Fl)-during the multiplication of axillary shoots. After 40 days, the culture measurements were performed using a non-invasive pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorimeter. Sugar content was assessed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two forms of free monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), two sugar alcohol derivatives (inositol and glycerol), and seven forms of free oligosaccharides were identified. Of those, glucose content was the highest. LEDs did not disturb the sugar metabolism in multiplied shoots. Their monosaccharides were three times more abundant than oligosaccharides; the same results were found in plants grown under control light. R light depleted the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and caused its permanent damage. The RB LED spectrum ensured the most efficient non-photochemical quenching of the photosystem II (PS II) excitation state and high shoot quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cioć
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Garden Art, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Krzysztof Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Bożena Pawłowska
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Garden Art, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
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18
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Labudda M, Tokarz K, Tokarz B, Muszyńska E, Gietler M, Górecka M, Różańska E, Rybarczyk-Płońska A, Fidler J, Prabucka B, Dababat AA, Lewandowski M. Reactive oxygen species metabolism and photosynthetic performance in leaves of Hordeum vulgare plants co-infested with Heterodera filipjevi and Aceria tosichella. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1719-1741. [PMID: 32955612 PMCID: PMC7502656 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Defence responses of cyst nematode and/or wheat curl mite infested barley engage the altered reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant machinery, carbon dioxide assimilation and photosynthesis efficiency. The primary aim of this study was to determine how barley responds to two pests infesting separately or at once; thus barley was inoculated with Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) Stelter (cereal cyst nematode; CCN) and Aceria tosichella Keifer (wheat curl mite; WCM). To verify hypothesis about the involvement of redox metabolism and photosynthesis in barley defence responses, biochemical, photosynthesis efficiency and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements as well as transmission electron microscopy were implemented. Inoculation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) brought about a significant suppression in the efficiency of electron transport outside photosystem II reaction centres. This limitation was an effect of diminished pool of rapidly reducing plastoquinone and decreased total electron carriers. Infestation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) also significantly restricted the electron transport on the photosystem I acceptor side, therefore produced reactive oxygen species oxidized lipids in cells of WCM and double infested plants and proteins in cells of WCM-infested plants. The level of hydrogen peroxide was significantly decreased in double infested plants because of glutathione-ascorbate cycle involvement. The inhibition of nitrosoglutathione reductase promoted the accumulation of S-nitrosoglutathione increasing antioxidant capacity in cells of double infested plants. Moreover, enhanced arginase activity in WCM-infested plants could stimulate synthesis of polyamines participating in plant antioxidant response. Infestation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) significantly reduced the efficiency of carbon dioxide assimilation by barley leaves, whereas infection only with CCN expanded photosynthesis efficiency. These were accompanied with the ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts during CCN and WCM infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Gietler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosława Górecka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rybarczyk-Płońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Fidler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abdelfattah A Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Soil Borne Pathogens Program, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Section of Applied Entomology, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Formela-Luboińska M, Remlein-Starosta D, Waśkiewicz A, Karolewski Z, Bocianowski J, Stępień Ł, Labudda M, Jeandet P, Morkunas I. The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine ( Lupinus luteus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197258. [PMID: 33019571 PMCID: PMC7582877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Formela-Luboińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Dorota Remlein-Starosta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Karolewski
- Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-61-8466040
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Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186624. [PMID: 32927746 PMCID: PMC7555800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.
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Sweet Immunity: The Effect of Exogenous Fructans on the Susceptibility of Apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) to Venturia inaequalis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165885. [PMID: 32824325 PMCID: PMC7461573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel, efficient and environmentally friendly strategies to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), for the purpose of reducing overall pesticide use. Fructans are recently emerging as promising “priming” compounds, standing out for their safety and low production costs. The objective of this work was to test a fructan-triggered defense in the leaves of apple seedlings. It was demonstrated that exogenous leaf spraying can reduce the development of apple scab disease symptoms. When evaluated macroscopically and by V. inaequalis-specific qPCR, levan-treated leaves showed a significant reduction of sporulation and V. inaequalis DNA in comparison to mock- and inulin-treated leaves, comparable to the levels in fosetyl-aluminum-treated leaves. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction of in vitro mycelial growth of V. inaequalis on plates supplemented with levans when compared to controls, indicating a direct inhibition of fungal growth. Variations in endogenous sugar contents in the leaves were followed during priming and subsequent infection, revealing complex dynamics as a function of time and leaf ontogeny. Our data are discussed in view of the present theories on sugar signaling and fructan-based immunity, identifying areas for future research and highlighting the potential use of fructans in apple scab management in orchards.
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