1
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Siegall WB, Lyon RB, Kelman Z. An important consideration when expressing mAbs in Escherichiacoli. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 220:106499. [PMID: 38703798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a driving force in the biopharmaceutical industry. Therapeutic mAbs are usually produced in mammalian cells, but there has been a push towards the use of alternative production hosts, such as Escherichia coli. When the genes encoding for a mAb heavy and light chains are codon-optimized for E. coli expression, a truncated form of the heavy chain can form along with the full-length product. In this work, the role of codon optimization in the formation of a truncated product was investigated. This study used the amino acid sequences of several therapeutic mAbs and multiple optimization algorithms. It was found that several algorithms incorporate sequences that lead to a truncated product. Approaches to avoid this truncated form are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Siegall
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), The University of Maryland (UMD), 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Rachel B Lyon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), The University of Maryland (UMD), 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, IBBR, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Zvi Kelman
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), The University of Maryland (UMD), 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, IBBR, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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2
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Curry E, Muir G, Qu J, Kis Z, Hulley M, Brown A. Engineering an Escherichia coli based in vivo mRNA manufacturing platform. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1912-1926. [PMID: 38419526 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic mRNA is currently produced in standardized in vitro transcription systems. However, this one-size-fits-all approach has associated drawbacks in supply chain shortages, high reagent costs, complex product-related impurity profiles, and limited design options for molecule-specific optimization of product yield and quality. Herein, we describe for the first time development of an in vivo mRNA manufacturing platform, utilizing an Escherichia coli cell chassis. Coordinated mRNA, DNA, cell and media engineering, primarily focussed on disrupting interactions between synthetic mRNA molecules and host cell RNA degradation machinery, increased product yields >40-fold compared to standard "unengineered" E. coli expression systems. Mechanistic dissection of cell factory performance showed that product mRNA accumulation levels approached theoretical limits, accounting for ~30% of intracellular total RNA mass, and that this was achieved via host-cell's reallocating biosynthetic capacity away from endogenous RNA and cell biomass generation activities. We demonstrate that varying sized functional mRNA molecules can be produced in this system and subsequently purified. Accordingly, this study introduces a new mRNA production technology, expanding the solution space available for mRNA manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Curry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - George Muir
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jixin Qu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Zoltán Kis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Adam Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Krishna S, Jung ST, Lee EY. Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris: microbial cell-factory platform for -full-length IgG production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38797692 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2342969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the unmet demand, the pharmaceutical industry is investigating an alternative host to mammalian cells to produce antibodies for a variety of therapeutic and research applications. Regardless of some disadvantages, Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris are the preferred microbial hosts for antibody production. Despite the fact that the production of full-length antibodies has been successfully demonstrated in E. coli, which has mostly been used to produce antibody fragments, such as: antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), and nanobodies. In contrast, Pichia, a eukaryotic microbial host, is mostly used to produce glycosylated full-length antibodies, though hypermannosylated glycan is a major challenge. Advanced strategies, such as the introduction of human-like glycosylation in endotoxin-edited E. coli and cell-free system-based glycosylation, are making progress in creating human-like glycosylation profiles of antibodies in these microbes. This review begins by explaining the structural and functional requirements of antibodies and continues by describing and analyzing the potential of E. coli and P. pastoris as hosts for providing a favorable environment to create a fully functional antibody. In addition, authors compare these microbes on certain features and predict their future in antibody production. Briefly, this review analyzes, compares, and highlights E. coli and P. pastoris as potential hosts for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tillib SV, Goryainova OS. Extending Linker Sequences between Antigen-Recognition Modules Provides More Effective Production of Bispecific Nanoantibodies in the Periplasma of E. coli. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:933-941. [PMID: 38880653 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Technology of production of single-domain antibodies (NANOBODY® molecules, also referred to as nanoantibodies, nAb, or molecules based on other stable protein structures) and their derivatives to solve current problems in biomedicine is becoming increasingly popular. Indeed, the format of one small, highly soluble protein with a stable structure, fully functional in terms of specific recognition, is very convenient as a module for creating multivalent, bi-/oligo-specific genetically engineered targeting molecules and structures. Production of nAb in periplasm of E. coli bacterium is a very convenient and fairly universal way to obtain analytical quantities of nAb for the initial study of the properties of these molecules and selection of the most promising nAb variants. The situation is more complicated with production of bi- and multivalent derivatives of the initially selected nAbs under the same conditions. In this work, extended linker sequences (52 and 86 aa) between the antigen-recognition modules in the cloned expression constructs were developed and applied in order to increase efficiency of production of bispecific nanoantibodies (bsNB) in the periplasm of E. coli bacteria. Three variants of model bsNBs described in this study were produced in the periplasm of bacteria and isolated in soluble form with preservation of functionality of all the protein domains. If earlier our attempts to produce bsNB in the periplasm with traditional linkers no longer than 30 aa were unsuccessful, the extended linkers used here provided a significantly more efficient production of bsNB, comparable in efficiency to the traditional production of original monomeric nAbs. The use of sufficiently long linkers could presumably be useful for increasing efficiency of production of other bsNBs and similar molecules in the periplasm of E. coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oksana S Goryainova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Das PK, Sahoo A, Veeranki VD. Recombinant monoclonal antibody production in yeasts: Challenges and considerations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131379. [PMID: 38580014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-based engineered protein molecules with a monovalent affinity or multivalent avidity towards a specific target or antigen, which can mimic natural antibodies that are produced in the human immune systems to fight against detrimental pathogens. The recombinant mAb is one of the most effective classes of biopharmaceuticals produced in vitro by cloning and expressing synthetic antibody genes in a suitable host. Yeast is one of the potential hosts among others for the successful production of recombinant mAbs. However, there are very few yeast-derived mAbs that got the approval of the regulatory agencies for direct use for treatment purposes. Certain challenges encountered by yeasts for recombinant antibody productions need to be overcome and a few considerations related to antibody structure, host engineering, and culturing strategies should be followed for the improved production of mAbs in yeasts. In this review, the drawbacks related to the metabolic burden of the host, culturing conditions including induction mechanism and secretion efficiency, solubility and stability, downstream processing, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the antibody are discussed, which will help in developing the yeast hosts for the efficient production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Yamamoto M, Funada R, Taki R, Shiroishi M. Production and characterization of an Fv-clasp of rheumatoid factor, a low-affinity human autoantibody. J Biochem 2024; 175:387-394. [PMID: 38102734 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody against IgG that affects autoimmune diseases and inhibits the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and diagnostic agents. Although RFs derived from various germline genes have been identified, little is known about their molecular recognition mechanisms. In this study, the Fv-clasp format was used to prepare YES8c, an RF. We developed an Escherichia coli secretion expression system capable of producing milligram-scale of YES8c Fv-clasp per 1 L of culture. Although YES8c is an autoantibody with very low affinity, the produced Fv-clasp maintained specific binding to IgG. Interestingly, the molecules prepared by E. coli secretion had a higher affinity than those prepared by refolding. In the structure of the YES8c-Fc complex, the N-terminus of the light chain is close to Fc; therefore, it is suggested that the addition of the N-terminal methionine may cause collisions with Fc, resulting in reduced affinity. Our findings suggest that the Fv-clasp, which provides sufficient stability and a high bacterial yield, is a useful format for studying RFs with very low affinity. Furthermore, the Fv-clasp produced from a secretion expression system, which can properly process the N-terminus, would be suitable for analysis of RFs in which the N-terminus may be involved in interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruto Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ryoma Funada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ryota Taki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Shiroishi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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7
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Eskandari A, Nezhad NG, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Essential factors, advanced strategies, challenges, and approaches involved for efficient expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:152. [PMID: 38472371 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Producing recombinant proteins is a major accomplishment of biotechnology in the past century. Heterologous hosts, either eukaryotic or prokaryotic, are used for the production of these proteins. The utilization of microbial host systems continues to dominate as the most efficient and affordable method for biotherapeutics and food industry productions. Hence, it is crucial to analyze the limitations and advantages of microbial hosts to enhance the efficient production of recombinant proteins on a large scale. E. coli is widely used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins. Researchers have identified certain obstacles with this host, and given the growing demand for recombinant protein production, there is an immediate requirement to enhance this host. The following review discusses the elements contributing to the manifestation of recombinant protein. Subsequently, it sheds light on innovative approaches aimed at improving the expression of recombinant protein. Lastly, it delves into the obstacles and optimization methods associated with translation, mentioning both cis-optimization and trans-optimization, producing soluble recombinant protein, and engineering the metal ion transportation. In this context, a comprehensive description of the distinct features will be provided, and this knowledge could potentially enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, FacultyofBiotechnologyand BiomolecularSciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, FacultyofBiotechnologyand BiomolecularSciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Yaghoobizadeh F, Roayaei Ardakani M, Ranjbar MM, Khosravi M, Galehdari H. Development of a potent recombinant scFv antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 by in-depth bioinformatics study: Paving the way for vaccine/diagnostics development. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:108091. [PMID: 38295473 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 has led to a worldwide disaster. Thus, developing prophylactics/therapeutics is required to overcome this public health issue. Among these, producing the anti-SARS-CoV-2 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies has attracted a significant attention. Accordingly, this study aims to address this question: Is it possible to bioinformatics-based design of a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFv as an alternative to current production approaches? METHOD Using the complexed SARS-CoV-2 spike-antibodies, two sets analyses were performed: (1) B-cell epitopes (BCEs) prediction in the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) region as a parameter for antibody screening; (2) the computational analysis of antibodies variable domains (VH/VL). Based on these primary screenings, and docking/binding affinity rating, one antibody was selected. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) among the selected antibody-epitope complex were predicted and its epitope conservancy was also evaluated. Thereafter, some elements were added to the final scFv: (1) the PelB signal peptide; (2) a GSGGGGS linker to connect the VH-VL. Finally, this scFv was analyzed/optimized using various web servers. RESULTS Among the antibody library, only one met the various criteria for being an efficient scFv candidate. Moreover, no interaction was predicted between its paratope and RBD hot-spot residues of SARS-CoV-2 variants-of-Concern (VOCs). CONCLUSIONS Herein, a step-by-step bioinformatics platform has been introduced to bypass some barriers of traditional antibody production approaches. Based on existing literature, the current study is one of the pioneer works in the field of bioinformatics-based scFv production. This scFv may be a good candidate for diagnostics/therapeutics design against the SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging aggressive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yaghoobizadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, 6135783151, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Roayaei Ardakani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, 6135783151, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, 6135783151, Iran.
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, 6135783151, Iran.
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Castillo-Corujo A, Saaranen MJ, Ruddock LW. Cytoplasmic production of Fabs in chemically defined media in fed-batch fermentation. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106404. [PMID: 37979630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Fragment of antigen-binding region (Fab) of antibodies are important biomolecules, with a broad spectrum of functionality in the biomedical field. While full length antibodies are usually produced in mammalian cells, the smaller size, lack of N-glycosylation and less complex structure of Fabs make production in microbial cell factories feasible. Since Fabs contain disulfide bonds, such production is often done in the periplasm, but there the formation of the inter-molecular disulfide bond between light and heavy chains can be problematic. Here we studied the use of the CyDisCo system (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to express two Fabs (Herceptin and Maa48) in the cytoplasm of E. coli in fed-batch fermentation using a generic chemically defined media. We were able to solubly express both Fabs with purified yields of 565 mg/L (Maa48) and 660 mg/L (Herceptin) from low density fermentation. Both proteins exhibited CD spectra consistent with natively folded protein and both were biologically active. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of high-level production of biological active Fabs in the cytoplasm of E. coli in industrially relevant fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirva J Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Vazulka S, Schiavinato M, Tauer C, Wagenknecht M, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Striedner G. RNA-seq reveals multifaceted gene expression response to Fab production in Escherichia coli fed-batch processes with particular focus on ribosome stalling. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38183013 PMCID: PMC10768439 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is a cost-effective expression system for production of antibody fragments like Fabs. Various yield improvement strategies have been applied, however, Fabs remain challenging to produce. This study aimed to characterize the gene expression response of commonly used E. coli strains BL21(DE3) and HMS174(DE3) to periplasmic Fab expression using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Two Fabs, Fabx and FTN2, fused to a post-translational translocation signal sequence, were produced in carbon-limited fed-batch cultivations. RESULTS Production of Fabx impeded cell growth substantially stronger than FTN2 and yields of both Fabs differed considerably. The most noticeable, common changes in Fab-producing cells suggested by our RNA-seq data concern the cell envelope. The Cpx and Psp stress responses, both connected to inner membrane integrity, were activated, presumably by recombinant protein aggregation and impairment of the Sec translocon. The data additionally suggest changes in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, adjustment of membrane permeability, and peptidoglycan maturation and remodeling. Moreover, all Fab-producing strains showed depletion of Mg2+, indicated by activation of the PhoQP two-component signal transduction system during the early stage and sulfur and phosphate starvation during the later stage of the process. Furthermore, our data revealed ribosome stalling, caused by the Fabx amino acid sequence, as a contributor to low Fabx yields. Increased Fabx yields were obtained by a site-specific amino acid exchange replacing the stalling sequence. Contrary to expectations, cell growth was not impacted by presence or removal of the stalling sequence. Considering ribosome rescue is a conserved mechanism, the substantial differences observed in gene expression between BL21(DE3) and HMS174(DE3) in response to ribosome stalling on the recombinant mRNA were surprising. CONCLUSIONS Through characterization of the gene expression response to Fab production under industrially relevant cultivation conditions, we identified potential cell engineering targets. Thereby, we hope to enable rational approaches to improve cell fitness and Fab yields. Furthermore, we highlight ribosome stalling caused by the amino acid sequence of the recombinant protein as a possible challenge during recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vazulka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matteo Schiavinato
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Tauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagenknecht
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Production of Next-Level Biopharmaceuticals in E. Coli, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Soong YHV, Abid U, Chang AC, Ayafor C, Patel A, Qin J, Xu J, Lawton C, Wong HW, Sobkowicz MJ, Xie D. Enzyme selection, optimization, and production toward biodegradation of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) at scale. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300119. [PMID: 37594123 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the world's most widely used polyester plastics. Due to its chemical stability, PET is extremely difficult to hydrolyze in a natural environment. Recent discoveries in new polyester hydrolases and breakthroughs in enzyme engineering strategies have inspired enormous research on biorecycling of PET. This study summarizes our research efforts toward large-scale, efficient, and economical biodegradation of post-consumer waste PET, including PET hydrolase selection and optimization, high-yield enzyme production, and high-capacity enzymatic degradation of post-consumer waste PET. First, genes encoding PETase and MHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis and the ICCG variant of leaf-branch compost cutinase (LCCICCG ) were codon-optimized and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for high-yield production. To further lower the enzyme production cost, a pelB leader sequence was fused to LCCICCG so that the enzyme can be secreted into the medium to facilitate recovery. To help bind the enzyme on the hydrophobic surface of PET, a substrate-binding module in a polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis (PBM) was fused to the C-terminus of LCCICCG . The resulting four different LCCICCG variants (LCC, PelB-LCC, LCC-PBM, and PelB-LCC-PBM), together with PETase and MHETase, were compared for PET degradation efficiency. A fed-batch fermentation process was developed to produce the target enzymes up to 1.2 g L-1 . Finally, the best enzyme, PelB-LCC, was selected and used for the efficient degradation of 200 g L-1 recycled PET in a well-controlled, stirred-tank reactor. The results will help develop an economical and scalable biorecycling process toward a circular PET economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umer Abid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen C Chang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Ayafor
- Energy Engineering Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akanksha Patel
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiansong Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl Lawton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsi-Wu Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret J Sobkowicz
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Saroha P, Rathore AS. Production of bioactive recombinant monoclonal antibody fragment in periplasm of Escherichia coli expression system. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1288-1296. [PMID: 37040146 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2195482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbial expression system (Escherichia coli) is the most widely studied host for the production of biotherapeutic products, such as antibody fragments, single chain variable fragments and nanobodies. However, recombinant biotherapeutic proteins are often expressed as insoluble proteins, thereby limiting the utility of E. coli as expression system. To overcome this limitation, various strategies have been developed, such as changes at DNA level (codon optimization), fusion with soluble tags and variations in process parameters (temperature), and inducer concentration. However, there is no "one size fits all" strategy. The most commonly used approach involves induction at low temperature, as reducing the temperature during cultivation has been reported to increase bioactive protein production in E. coli. In this study, we examine the impact of various process parameters, such as temperature and inducer concentration, as well as, high plasmid copy number vector for achieving enhanced soluble expression of TNFα inhibitor Fab. An interaction amongst these parameters has been observed and their optimization has been demonstrated to result in expression of 30 ± 3 mg/L antibody fragment using E. coli. This case study illustrates how process optimization can contribute toward making biotherapeutics affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Saroha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India
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13
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Misorin AK, Chernyshova DO, Karbyshev MS. State-of-the-Art Approaches to Heterologous Expression of Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Solid Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1215-1231. [PMID: 37770390 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are some of the most promising biotherapeutics due to the versatility provided by their structure and functional features. bsAbs simultaneously bind two antigens or two epitopes on the same antigen. Moreover, they are capable of directing immune effector cells to cancer cells and delivering various compounds (radionuclides, toxins, and immunologic agents) to the target cells, thus offering a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Current review is focused on the technologies used in bsAb engineering, current progress and prospects of these antibodies, and selection of various heterologous expression systems for bsAb production. We also discuss the platforms development of bsAbs for the therapy of solid tumors.
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14
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Zelenovic N, Filipovic L, Popovic M. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Antibody Fragments. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1191-1204. [PMID: 37770388 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological and biomedical applications of antibodies have been on a steady rise since the 1980s. As unique and highly specific bioreagents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely exploited and approved as therapeutic agents. However, the use of mAbs has limitations for therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments (AbFs) with preserved antigen-binding sites have a significant potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as heterogeneous tissue distribution after systemic administration, especially in solid tumors, and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. AbFs possess better biodistribution coefficient due to lower molecular weight. They preserve the functional features of mAbs, such as antigen specificity and binding, while at the same time, ensuring much better tissue penetration. An additional benefit of AbFs is the possibility of their production in bacterial and yeast cells due to the small size, more robust structure, and lack of posttranslational modifications. In this review, we described current approaches to the AbF production with recent examples of AbF synthesis in bacterial and yeast expression systems and methods for the production optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Zelenovic
- Center for Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Lidija Filipovic
- Innovative Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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15
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Tungekar AA, Ruddock LW. Design of an alternate antibody fragment format that can be produced in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14188. [PMID: 37648872 PMCID: PMC10469194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With increased accessibility and tissue penetration, smaller antibody formats such as antibody fragments (Fab) and single chain variable fragments (scFv) show potential as effective and low-cost choices to full-length antibodies. These formats derived from the modular architecture of antibodies could prove to be game changers for certain therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Microbial hosts have shown tremendous promise as production hosts for antibody fragment formats. However, low target protein yields coupled with the complexity of protein folding result in production limitations. Here, we report an alternative antibody fragment format 'FabH3' designed to overcome some key bottlenecks associated with the folding and production of Fabs. The FabH3 molecule is based on the Fab format with the constant domains replaced by engineered immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) CH3 domains capable of heterodimerization based on the electrostatic steering approach. We show that this alternative antibody fragment format can be efficiently produced in the cytoplasm of E. coli using the catalyzed disulfide-bond formation system (CyDisCo) in a natively folded state with higher soluble yields than its Fab counterpart and a comparable binding affinity against the target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatir A Tungekar
- Protein and Structural Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Protein and Structural Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
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16
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Sivaccumar JP, Iaccarino E, Oliver A, Cantile M, Olimpieri P, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A. Production in Bacteria and Characterization of Engineered Humanized Fab Fragment against the Nodal Protein. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1130. [PMID: 37631045 PMCID: PMC10459755 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development in recent years is increasingly focused on developing personalized treatments based on blocking molecules selective for therapeutic targets specifically present in individual patients. In this perspective, the specificity of therapeutic targets and blocking agents plays a crucial role. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their surrogates are increasingly used in this context thanks to their ability to bind therapeutic targets and to inhibit their activity or to transport bioactive molecules into the compartments in which the targets are expressed. Small antibody-like molecules, such as Fabs, are often used in certain clinical settings where small size and better tissue penetration are required. In the wake of this research trend, we developed a murine mAb (3D1) neutralizing the activity of Nodal, an oncofetal protein that is attracting an ever-increasing interest as a selective therapeutic target for several cancer types. Here, we report the preparation of a recombinant Fab of 3D1 that has been humanized through a computational approach starting from the sequence of the murine antibody. The Fab has been expressed in bacterial cells (1 mg/L bacterial culture), biochemically characterized in terms of stability and binding properties by circular dichroism and bio-layer interferometry techniques and tested in vitro on Nodal-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala P. Sivaccumar
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Angela Oliver
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
- Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
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Rodríguez-Nava C, Ortuño-Pineda C, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Vences-Velázquez A, Cortés-Sarabia K, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Mechanisms of Action and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies and Single Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1610. [PMID: 37371712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective tools for detecting tumor-associated antigens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 36 therapeutic antibodies for developing novel alternative therapies that have significant success rates in fighting cancer. However, some functional limitations have been described, such as their access to solid tumors and low interaction with the immune system. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) are versatile and easy to produce, and being an attractive tool for use in immunotherapy models. The small size of scFv can be advantageous for treatment due to its short half-life and other characteristics related to the structural and functional aspects of the antibodies. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to describe the current situation regarding the mechanisms of action, applications, and limitations of monoclonal antibodies and scFv in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Rodríguez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
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18
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Kim JP, Yun H, Kim EJ, Kim YG, Lee CS, Ko BJ, Kim BG, Jeong HJ. Generation of a novel monoclonal antibody against inflammatory biomarker S100A8 using hybridoma technology. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:589-600. [PMID: 36971774 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES S100A8 is highly expressed in several inflammatory and oncological conditions. To address the current lack of a reliable and sensitive detection method for S100A8, we generated a monoclonal antibody with a high binding affinity to human S100A8 to enable early disease diagnosis. RESULTS A soluble recombinant S100A8 protein with a high yield and purity was produced using Escherichia coli. Next, mice were immunized with recombinant S100A8 to obtain anti-human S100A8 monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology. Lastly, the high binding activity of the antibody was confirmed and its sequence was identified. CONCLUSIONS This method, including the production of antigens and antibodies, will be useful for the generation of hybridoma cell lines that produce anti-S100A8 monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, the sequence information of the antibody can be used to develop a recombinant antibody for use in various research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Pyo Kim
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanool Yun
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- BioMAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 02844, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- BioMAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Santos A, Macedo de Souza Brandão AP, Hryniewicz BM, Abreu H, Bach-Toledo L, Schuster da Silva S, Deller AE, Rogerio VZ, Baêta Rodrigues DS, Hiraiwa PM, Guimarães BG, Marchesi LF, Carvalho de Oliveira J, Gradia DF, Soares FLF, Zanchin NIT, Camargo de Oliveira C, Vidotti M. COVID-19 impedimetric biosensor based on polypyrrole nanotubes, nickel hydroxide and VHH antibody fragment: specific, sensitive, and rapid viral detection in saliva samples. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2023; 30:101597. [PMID: 37284350 PMCID: PMC10236006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread required urgent, accurate, and prompt diagnosis to control the virus dissemination and pandemic management. Several sensors were developed using different biorecognition elements to obtain high specificity and sensitivity. However, the task to achieve these parameters in combination with fast detection, simplicity, and portability to identify the biorecognition element even in low concentration remains a challenge. Therefore, we developed an electrochemical biosensor based on polypyrrole nanotubes coupled via Ni(OH)2 ligation to an engineered antigen-binding fragment of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH) termed Sb#15. Herein we report Sb#15-His6 expression, purification, and characterization of its interaction with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in addition to the construction and validation of a biosensor. The recombinant Sb#15 is correctly folded and interacts with the RBD with a dissociation constant (KD) of 27.1 ± 6.4 nmol/L. The biosensing platform was developed using polypyrrole nanotubes and Ni(OH)2, which can properly orientate the immobilization of Sb#15-His6 at the electrode surface through His-tag interaction for the sensitive SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. The quantification limit was determined as 0.01 pg/mL using recombinant RBD, which was expressively lower than commercial monoclonal antibodies. In pre-characterized saliva, both Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 were accurately detected only in positive samples, meeting all the requirements recommended by the World Health Organization for in vitro diagnostics. A low sample volume of saliva is needed to perform the detection, providing results within 15 min without further sample preparations. In summary, a new perspective allying recombinant VHHs with biosensor development and real sample detection was explored, addressing the need for accurate, rapid, and sensitive biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences - Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A P Macedo de Souza Brandão
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - B M Hryniewicz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - H Abreu
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - L Bach-Toledo
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI), Rod. D. Pedro I, KM143.6, 13069-901, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - S Schuster da Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences - Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A E Deller
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - V Z Rogerio
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - D S Baêta Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - P M Hiraiwa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - B G Guimarães
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - L F Marchesi
- Grupo de Estudos em Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (GEIS), Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dr. Washington Subtil Chueire, 330 - Jd. Carvalho, CEP 84017-220, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - J Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - D F Gradia
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - F L F Soares
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - N I T Zanchin
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - C Camargo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences - Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M Vidotti
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Arauzo-Aguilera K, Buscajoni L, Koch K, Thompson G, Robinson C, Berkemeyer M. Yields and product comparison between Escherichia coli BL21 and W3110 in industrially relevant conditions: anti-c-Met scFv as a case study. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:104. [PMID: 37208750 PMCID: PMC10197847 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the biopharmaceutical industry, Escherichia coli is one of the preferred expression hosts for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins. Although increasing the product yield is important, product quality is a major factor in this industry because greatest productivity does not always correspond with the highest quality of the produced protein. While some post-translational modifications, such as disulphide bonds, are required to achieve the biologically active conformation, others may have a negative impact on the product's activity, effectiveness, and/or safety. Therefore, they are classified as product associated impurities, and they represent a crucial quality parameter for regulatory authorities. RESULTS In this study, fermentation conditions of two widely employed industrial E. coli strains, BL21 and W3110 are compared for recombinant protein production of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) in an industrial setting. We found that the BL21 strain produces more soluble scFv than the W3110 strain, even though W3110 produces more recombinant protein in total. A quality assessment on the scFv recovered from the supernatant was then performed. Unexpectedly, even when our scFv is correctly disulphide bonded and cleaved from its signal peptide in both strains, the protein shows charge heterogeneity with up to seven distinguishable variants on cation exchange chromatography. Biophysical characterization confirmed the presence of altered conformations of the two main charged variants. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that BL21 is more productive for this specific scFv than W3110. When assessing product quality, a distinctive profile of the protein was found which was independent of the E. coli strain. This suggests that alterations are present in the recovered product although the exact nature of them could not be determined. This similarity between the two strains' generated products also serves as a sign of their interchangeability. This study encourages the development of innovative, fast, and inexpensive techniques for the detection of heterogeneity while also provoking a debate about whether intact mass spectrometry-based analysis of the protein of interest is sufficient to detect heterogeneity in a product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Buscajoni
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Koch
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gary Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Biological NMR Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Matthias Berkemeyer
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Silva-Pilipich N, Covo-Vergara Á, Smerdou C. Local Delivery of Immunomodulatory Antibodies for Gastrointestinal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082352. [PMID: 37190279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy has experienced a breakthrough with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are able to unleash immune responses against tumors refractory to other therapies. Despite the great advancement that ICIs represent, most patients with gastrointestinal tumors have not benefited from this therapy. In addition, ICIs often induce adverse effects that are related to their systemic use. Local administration of ICIs in tumors could concentrate their effect in the malignant tissue and provide a higher safety profile. A new and attractive approach for local delivery of ICIs is the use of gene therapy vectors to express these blocking antibodies in tumor cells. Several vectors have been evaluated in preclinical models of gastrointestinal tumors to express ICIs against PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, among other immune checkpoints, with promising results. Vectors used in these settings include oncolytic viruses, self-replicating RNA vectors, and non-replicative viral and non-viral vectors. The use of viral vectors, especially when they have replication capacity, provides an additional adjuvant effect that has been shown to enhance antitumor responses. This review covers the most recent studies involving the use of gene therapy vectors to deliver ICIs to gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Silva-Pilipich
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángela Covo-Vergara
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Yaghoobizadeh F, Ardakani MR, Ranjbar MM, Galehdari H, Khosravi M. Expression, purification, and study on the efficiency of a new potent recombinant scFv antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in E. coli BL21. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106210. [PMID: 36473692 PMCID: PMC9719605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made around the world to combat SARS-CoV-2. Among these are recombinant antibodies considered to be suitable as an alternative for some diagnostics/therapeutics. Based on their importance, this study aimed to investigate the expression, purification, and efficiency of a new potent recombinant scFv in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) system. The expression studies were performed after confirming the scFv cloning into the pET28a vector using specific PCRs. After comprehensive expression studies, a suitable strategy was adopted to extract and purify periplasmic proteins using Ni2+-NTA resin. Besides the purified scFv, the crude bacterial lysate was also used to develop a sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The use of PCR, E. coli expression system, western blotting (WB), and S-ELISA confirmed the functionality of this potent scFv. Moreover, the crude bacterial lysate also showed good potential for detecting SARS-CoV-2. This could be decreasing the costs and ease its utilization for large-scale applications. The production of high-quality recombinant proteins is essential for humankind. Moreover, with attention to the more aggressive nature of SARS-CoV-2 than other coronaviruses, the development of an effective detection method is urgent. Based on our knowledge, this study is one of the limited investigations in two fields: (1) The production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFv using E. coli [as a cheap heterologous host] in relatively high amounts and with good stability, and (2) Designing a sensitive S-ELISA for its detection. It may also be utilized as potent therapeutics after further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khouzestan, Iran
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Hanyu Y, Kato M. Specific N-terminal amino acids potentiate the periplasmic expression of single-chain variable fragments in Escherichia coli. Biotechniques 2023; 74:107-112. [PMID: 36748400 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (ScFvs) are important in therapy, diagnosis and research because of their elevated antigen affinity and low immunogenicity. At present, high-yield scFv expression in Escherichia coli is limited by insoluble aggregation in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm or low yields in the periplasm. Here we achieved increased expression of scFvs in the periplasm by inserting optimal amino acids between the signal peptide and scFv. We constructed an expression library with three random amino acids at the scFv N-terminus, screened this library with a single-step colony assay and identified the specific sequences that boosted periplasmic expression of scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Hanyu
- Biomaterials Research Group, Health & Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mieko Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio-Peak Co., Ltd, 584-70 Shimonojo, Takasaki, 370-0854, Japan
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Pirkalkhoran S, Grabowska WR, Kashkoli HH, Mirhassani R, Guiliano D, Dolphin C, Khalili H. Bioengineering of Antibody Fragments: Challenges and Opportunities. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020122. [PMID: 36829616 PMCID: PMC9952581 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody fragments are used in the clinic as important therapeutic proteins for treatment of indications where better tissue penetration and less immunogenic molecules are needed. Several expression platforms have been employed for the production of these recombinant proteins, from which E. coli and CHO cell-based systems have emerged as the most promising hosts for higher expression. Because antibody fragments such as Fabs and scFvs are smaller than traditional antibody structures and do not require specific patterns of glycosylation decoration for therapeutic efficacy, it is possible to express them in systems with reduced post-translational modification capacity and high expression yield, for example, in plant and insect cell-based systems. In this review, we describe different bioengineering technologies along with their opportunities and difficulties to manufacture antibody fragments with consideration of stability, efficacy and safety for humans. There is still potential for a new production technology with a view of being simple, fast and cost-effective while maintaining the stability and efficacy of biotherapeutic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Pirkalkhoran
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Guiliano
- School of Life Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Colin Dolphin
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence:
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25
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Estabragh AM, Sadeghi HMM, Akbari V. Co-Expression of Chaperones for Improvement of Soluble Expression and Purification of An Anti-HER2 scFv in Escherichia Coli. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:117. [PMID: 36798911 PMCID: PMC9926028 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_351_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single-chain fragment variable (scFv) is one of the most commonly used antibody fragments. They offer some advantages over full-length antibodies, including better penetration to target tissues. However, their functional production has been a challenge for manufacturers due to the potential misfolding and formation of inclusion bodies. Here we evaluated the soluble expression and purification of molecular chaperone co-expression. Materials and Methods E. coli BL21(DE3) cells were co-transformed with the mixture of plasmids pKJE7 and pET22b-scFv by the electroporation method. First, L-arabinose was added to induce the expression of molecular chaperones, and then IPTG was used as an inducer to start the expression of anti-HER2 scFv. The effect of cultivation temperature and IPTG concentration on soluble expression of the protein with or without chaperones was evaluated. The soluble expressed protein was subjected to native purification using the Ni-NTA affinity column. Results SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the successful co-expression of anti-HER2-scFv and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE chaperones. Co-expression with chaperones and low-temperature cultivation synergistically improved the soluble expression of anti-HER2 scFv. Co-expression with chaperone also exhibited an approximately four-fold increase in the final yield of purified soluble protein. Conclusion The combination of co-expression with chaperones and low temperature presented in this work may be useful for the improvement of commercial production of other scFvs in E. coli as functionally bioactive and soluble form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mirzapour Estabragh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Vajihe Akbari, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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26
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Kachhawaha K, Singh S, Joshi K, Nain P, Singh SK. Bioprocessing of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies: insights from structure-function relationship for novel applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:728-752. [PMID: 36534636 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2155835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) during expression of recombinant therapeutic proteins using E. coli is a significant hurdle in producing high-quality, safe, and efficacious medicines. The improved understanding of the structure-function relationship of the IBs has resulted in the development of novel biotechnologies that have streamlined the isolation, solubilization, refolding, and purification of the active functional proteins from the bacterial IBs. Together, this overall effort promises to radically improve the scope of experimental biology of therapeutic protein production and expand new prospects in IBs usage. Notably, the IBs are increasingly used for applications in more pristine areas such as drug delivery and material sciences. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive picture of the bio-processing of bacterial IBs, including assessing critical gaps that still need to be addressed and potential solutions to overcome them. We expect this review to be a useful resource for those working in the area of protein refolding and therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kachhawaha
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Santanu Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Khyati Joshi
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Priyanka Nain
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sumit K Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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27
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Li L, Li H, Tian Q, Ge B, Xu X, Chi Y, Zhao H, Liu Y, Jia N, Zhou T, Zhu Y, Zhou Y. Expression and purification of soluble recombinant β-lactamases using Escherichia coli as expression host and pET-28a as cloning vector. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:244. [PMID: 36419169 PMCID: PMC9686023 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its high expression capability, recombination of Escherichia coli and pET vector has become the bioengineering preferred expression system. Because β-lactamases mediate bacterial antimicrobial resistance, these enzymes have a substantial clinical impact. Using the E. coli expression system, several kinds of β-lactamases have been produced. However, previous studies have been focused on characterizing target β-lactamases, and the effects of cultivation and induction conditions on the expression efficiency of target enzymes were not addressed. Results Using pET-28a as the cloning vector and E. coli BL21(DE3) as the expression host, this study originally elucidated the effects of IPTG concentration, culture temperature, induction time, and restriction sites on recombinant β-lactamase expression. Moreover, the effects of the target protein length and the 6 × His-tag fusion position on enzyme purification were also explored, and consequently, this study yielded several important findings. (i) Only the signal peptide–detached recombinant β-lactamase could exist in a soluble form. (ii) Low-temperature induction was beneficial for soluble β-lactamase expression. (iii) The closer to the rbs the selected restriction site was, the more difficult it was to express soluble β-lactamase. (iv) The short-chain recombinant protein and the protein with His-tag fused at its C-terminus showed high affinity to the Ni2+ column. Conclusions Based on our findings, researchers can easily design an effective program for the high production of soluble recombinant β-lactamases to facilitate other related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingwu Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chi
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, 266034, Shandong, China
| | - Huaizhi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yusun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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Khoshnood S, Fathizadeh H, Neamati F, Negahdari B, Baindara P, Abdullah MA, Haddadi MH. Bacteria-derived chimeric toxins as potential anticancer agents. Front Oncol 2022; 12:953678. [PMID: 36158673 PMCID: PMC9491211 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.953678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death globally, requiring everlasting efforts to develop novel, specific, effective, and safe treatment strategies. Despite advances in recent years, chemotherapy, as the primary treatment for cancer, still faces limitations such as the lack of specificity, drug resistance, and treatment failure. Bacterial toxins have great potential to be used as anticancer agents and can boost the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapeutics. Bacterial toxins exert anticancer effects by affecting the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways and regulating tumorigenesis. Chimeric toxins, which are recombinant derivatives of bacterial toxins, have been developed to address the low specificity of their conventional peers. Through their targeting moieties, chimeric toxins can specifically and effectively detect and kill cancer cells. This review takes a comprehensive look at the anticancer properties of bacteria-derived toxins and discusses their potential applications as therapeutic options for integrative cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hadis Fathizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Foroogh Neamati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
- Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Campus, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Hossein Haddadi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Hossein Haddadi,
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29
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Li L, Wu S, Si Y, Li H, Yin X, Peng D. Single-chain fragment variable produced by phage display technology: Construction, selection, mutation, expression, and recent applications in food safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4354-4377. [PMID: 35904244 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are reliable, efficient, and accurate methods for the analysis of small-molecule harmful substances (such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, and biological toxins) that may be present in food. However, traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are limited by animal hosts and hinder further development of immunoassays. With the gradual application of phage display technology as an efficient in vitro selection technology, the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) now provides an exciting alternative to traditional antibodies. Efficiently constructed scFv source libraries and specifically designed biopanning schemes can now yield scFvs possessing specific recognition capabilities. A rational mutation strategy further enhances the affinity of scFv, and allows it to reach a level that cannot be achieved by immunization. Finally, appropriate prokaryotic expression measures ensure stable and efficient production of scFv. Therefore, when developing excellent scFvs, it is necessary to focus on three key aspects of this process that include screening, mutation, and expression. In this review, we analyze in detail the preparation and affinity improvement process for scFv and provide insights into the research progress and development trend of scFv-based immunoassay methods for monitoring small-molecule harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuangmin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Si
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huaming Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yin
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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30
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Isolation and characterization of human anti-CD20 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) from a Naive human scFv library. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:177. [PMID: 35999405 PMCID: PMC9398497 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CD20 is a receptor expressed on B cells with anonymous functions. The receptor is the target of some food and drug administration (FDA) approved monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as Rituximab and Obinutuzumab. Blocking CD20 using the aforementioned mAbs has improved Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) therapy. All commercial mAbs on the market were raised in non-human animal models. Antibody humanization is inevitable to mitigate immune response. In order to keep the affinity of antibody intact, humanizations are only applied to frameworks which do not eliminate immune response to foreign CDRs sequences. To address this issue, human monoclonal antibody deemed imperative. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of a fully human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against the large loop of CD20 from naïve human antibody library. After three rounds of phage display, a library of enriched anti-CD20 scFv was obtained. The polyclonal phage ELISA demonstrated that after each round of phage display, the population of anti-CD20 scFv became dominant. The scFv, G7, with the most robust interaction with CD20 was selected for further characterization. The specificity of G7 scFv was evaluated by ELISA, western blot, and flow cytometry. Detecting CD20 in western blot showed that G7 binds to a linear epitope on CD20 large loop. Next, G7 scFv was also bound to Raji cell (CD20+) while no interaction was recorded with K562 cell line (CD20—). This data attested that the epitope recognized by G7 scFv is accessible on the cell membrane. The affinity of G7 scFv was estimated to be 63.41 ± 3.9 nM. Next, the sensitivity was evaluated to be 2 ng/ml. Finally, G7 scFv tertiary structure was modeled using Graylab software. The 3D structure illustrated two domains of variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) connected through a linker. Afterward, G7 scFv and CD20 were applied to in-silico docking using ClusPro to illustrate the interaction of G7 with the large loop of CD20. As the selected scFv from the human antibody library is devoid of interspecies immunogenic amino acids sequences, no humanization or any other modifications are required prior to clinical applications.
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McElwain L, Phair K, Kealey C, Brady D. Current trends in biopharmaceuticals production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:917-931. [PMID: 35796852 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the manufacture of the first biotech product for a fledgling biopharmaceutical industry in 1982, Escherichia coli, has played an important role in the industrial production of recombinant proteins. It is now 40 years since the introduction of Humulin® for the treatment of diabetes. E. coli remains an important production host, its use as a cell factory is well established and it has become the most popular expression platform particularly for non-glycosylated therapeutic proteins. A number of significant inherent obstacles in the use of prokaryotic expression systems to produce biologics has always restricted production. These include codon usage, the absence of post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing at the cell envelope. In this review, we reflect on the contribution that this model organism has made in the production of new biotech products for human medicine. This will include new advancements in the E. coli expression system to meet the biotechnology industry requirements, such as novel engineered strains to glycosylate heterologous proteins, add disulphide bonds and express complex proteins. The biopharmaceutical market is growing rapidly, with two production systems competing for market dominance: mammalian cells and microorganisms. In the past 10 years, with increased growth of antibody-based therapies, mammalian hosts particularly CHO cells have dominated. However, with new antibody like scaffolds and mimetics emerging as future proteins of interest, E. coli has again the opportunity to be the selected as the production system of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McElwain
- EnviroCORE, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, SETU Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, R93V960, Ireland
| | - K Phair
- EnviroCORE, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, SETU Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, R93V960, Ireland
| | - C Kealey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technical University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Dublin Road, Kilmacuagh, Athlone, N37 HD68, County Westmeath, Ireland
| | - D Brady
- EnviroCORE, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, SETU Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, R93V960, Ireland.
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Zhu W, Wang Y, Lv L, Wang H, Shi W, Liu Z, Yang W, Zhu J, Lu H. SHTXTHHly, an extracellular secretion platform for the preparation of bioactive peptides and proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:128. [PMID: 35761329 PMCID: PMC9235172 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous work, we developed an E. coli extracellular secretion platform XTHHly based on the hemolysin A secretion system. It can produce bioactive peptides with simple purification procedures. However, the wider application of this platform is limited by poor secretion efficiency. Results In this study, we first discovered a positive correlation between the isoelectric point (pI) value of the target protein and the secretion level of the XTHHly system. Given the extremely high secretion level of S tag, we fused it at the N-terminus and created a novel SHTXTHHly system. The SHTXTHHly system significantly increased the secretion levels of antimicrobial peptides (PEW300, LL37, and Aurein 1.2) with full bioactivities, suggesting its excellent capacity for secretory production of bioactive peptides. Furthermore, RGDS, IL-15, and alcohol dehydrogenase were successfully secreted, and their bioactivities were largely maintained in the fusion proteins, indicating the potential applications of the novel system for the rapid determination of protein bioactivities. Finally, using the SHTXTHHly system, we produced the monomeric Fc, which showed a high affinity for Fcγ Receptor I and mediated the antibody-dependent immunological effects of immune cells, demonstrating its potential applications in immunotherapies. Conclusions The SHTXTHHly system described here facilitates the secretory production of various types of proteins in E. coli. In comparison to previously reported expression systems, our work enlightens an efficient and cost-effective way to evaluate the bioactivities of target proteins or produce them. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01856-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liangyin Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zexin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Packiam KAR, Ooi CW, Li F, Mei S, Tey BT, Fang Ong H, Song J, Ramanan RN. PERISCOPE-Opt: Machine learning-based prediction of optimal fermentation conditions and yields of recombinant periplasmic protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2909-2920. [PMID: 35765650 PMCID: PMC9201004 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ensemble model considered both fermentation conditions and protein properties. Optimal fermentation conditions and periplasmic recombinant protein yield can be predicted. Predictor’s accuracy and Pearson correlation coefficient are 75% and 0.91, respectively.
Optimization of the fermentation process for recombinant protein production (RPP) is often resource-intensive. Machine learning (ML) approaches are helpful in minimizing the experimentations and find vast applications in RPP. However, these ML-based tools primarily focus on features with respect to amino-acid-sequence, ruling out the influence of fermentation process conditions. The present study combines the features derived from fermentation process conditions with that from amino acid-sequence to construct an ML-based model that predicts the maximal protein yields and the corresponding fermentation conditions for the expression of target recombinant protein in the Escherichia coli periplasm. Two sets of XGBoost classifiers were employed in the first stage to classify the expression levels of the target protein as high (>50 mg/L), medium (between 0.5 and 50 mg/L), or low (<0.5 mg/L). The second-stage framework consisted of three regression models involving support vector machines and random forest to predict the expression yields corresponding to each expression-level-class. Independent tests showed that the predictor achieved an overall average accuracy of 75% and a Pearson coefficient correlation of 0.91 for the correctly classified instances. Therefore, our model offers a reliable substitution of numerous trial-and-error experiments to identify the optimal fermentation conditions and yield for RPP. It is also implemented as an open-access webserver, PERISCOPE-Opt (http://periscope-opt.erc.monash.edu).
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Zhou L, Zou M, Xu Y, Lin P, Lei C, Xia X. Nano Drug Delivery System for Tumor Immunotherapy: Next-Generation Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864301. [PMID: 35664731 PMCID: PMC9160744 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is an artificial stimulation of the immune system to enhance anti-cancer response. It has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer. The number of immunotherapy drug approvals has been increasing in recent years, and many treatments are in clinical and preclinical stages. Despite this progress, the special tumor heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors made immunotherapy in the majority of cancer cases difficult. Therefore, understanding how to improve the intratumoral enrichment degree and the response rate of various immunotherapy drugs is key to improve efficacy and control adverse reactions. With the development of materials science and nanotechnology, advanced biomaterials such as nanoparticle and drug delivery systems like T-cell delivery therapy can improve effectiveness of immunotherapy while reducing the toxic side effects on non-target cells, which offers innovative ideas for improving immunity therapeutic effectiveness. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of tumor cell immune escape and focus on current immunotherapy (such as cytokine immunotherapy, therapeutic monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, CAR-T therapy, tumor vaccine, oncolytic virus, and other new types of immunity) and its challenges as well as the latest nanotechnology (such as bionic nanoparticles, self-assembled nanoparticles, deformable nanoparticles, photothermal effect nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and other types) applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Manshu Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Lei
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Challenges in Expression and Purification of Functional Fab Fragments in E. coli: Current Strategies and Perspectives. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial host systems remain the most efficient and cost-effective chassis for biotherapeutics production. Escherichia coli is often the preferred host due to ease of cloning, scale-up, high product yields, and most importantly, cost-effective cultivation. E. coli often experience difficulties in producing biologically active therapeutics such as Fab fragments, which require protein folding and subsequent three-dimensional structure development. This paper outlines the recent improvements in upstream and downstream unit operations for producing Fab fragments in E. coli. Monoclonal antibody fragments (Fab) are a rising class of biotherapeutics and their production has been optimised using coexpression of molecular chaperones such as DsbC or DnaK–DnaJ–GrpE, as well as strain engineering for post-translational modifications such as disulphide bridging. Different media systems such as EnBase and combining nitrogen source supplementation with low-temperature cultivation have resulted in improvement in cell integrity, protein expression, and protein refolding. The recovery of native proteins from insoluble inclusion bodies can be improved by adjusting refolding conditions, as well as by incorporating multimodal and affinity chromatography for achieving high product yields in purification. Recent developments summarised in this review may tune the E. coli expression system to produce more complex and glycosylated proteins for therapeutic use in the near future.
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Nainwal N, Chirmade T, Gani K, Rana S, Bhambure R. Understanding unfolding and refolding of the antibody fragments (Fab). II. Mapping intra and inter-chain disulfide bonds using mass spectrometry. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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De novo Discovery of Peptide-based Affinity Ligands for the Fab Fragment of Human Immunoglobulin G. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ulfo L, Costantini PE, Di Giosia M, Danielli A, Calvaresi M. EGFR-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020241. [PMID: 35213974 PMCID: PMC8879084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and metastatization of cancer cells. Aberrancies in the expression and activation of EGFR are hallmarks of many human malignancies. As such, EGFR-targeted therapies hold significant potential for the cure of cancers. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained increased interest as a non-invasive cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer is excited by light to produce reactive oxygen species, resulting in local cytotoxicity. One of the critical aspects of PDT is to selectively transport enough photosensitizers to the tumors environment. Accordingly, an increasing number of strategies have been devised to foster EGFR-targeted PDT. Herein, we review the recent nanobiotechnological advancements that combine the promise of PDT with EGFR-targeted molecular cancer therapy. We recapitulate the chemistry of the sensitizers and their modes of action in PDT, and summarize the advantages and pitfalls of different targeting moieties, highlighting future perspectives for EGFR-targeted photodynamic treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ulfo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
| | - Paolo Emidio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.C.)
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Ethanol as additive enhances expression of Ranibizumab in Escherichia coli: Impact on cellular physiology and transcriptome. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rashid MH. Full-length recombinant antibodies from Escherichia coli: production, characterization, effector function (Fc) engineering, and clinical evaluation. MAbs 2022; 14:2111748. [PMID: 36018829 PMCID: PMC9423848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several antibody fragments and antibody fragment-fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are approved as therapeutics for various human diseases, a full-length monoclonal or a bispecific antibody produced in E. coli has not yet been approved. The past decade witnessed substantial progress in expression of full-length antibodies in the E. coli cytoplasm and periplasm, as well as in cell-free expression systems. The equivalency of E. coli-produced aglycosylated antibodies and their mammalian cell-produced counterparts, with respect to biochemical and biophysical properties, including antigen binding, in vitro and in vivo serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo serum half-life, has been demonstrated. Extensive engineering of the Fc domain of aglycosylated antibodies enables recruitment of various effector functions, despite the lack of N-linked glycans. This review summarizes recent research, preclinical advancements, and clinical development of E. coli-produced aglycosylated therapeutic antibodies as monoclonal, bispecific, and antibody-drug conjugates for use in autoimmune, oncology, and immuno-oncology areas.Abbreviations: ADA Anti-drug antibody; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADCP Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis; ADC Antibody-drug conjugate; aFc Aglycosylated Fc; AMD Age-related macular degeneration aTTP Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; BCMA B-cell maturation antigen; BLA Biologics license application; BsAb Bispecific antibody; C1q Complement protein C1q; CDC Complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDCC Complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDCP Complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis; CEX Cation exchange chromatography; CFPS Cell-free protein expression; CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary; CH1-3 Constant heavy chain 1-3; CL Constant light chain; DLBCL Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DAR Drug antibody ratio; DC Dendritic cell; dsFv Disulfide-stabilized Fv; EU European Union; EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor; E. coli Escherichia coli; EpCAM Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Fab Fragment antigen binding; FACS Fluorescence activated cell sorting; Fc Fragment crystallizable; FcRn Neonatal Fc receptor; FcɣRs Fc gamma receptors; FDA Food and Drug Administration; FL-IgG Full-length immunoglobulin; Fv Fragment variable; FolRαa Folate receptor alpha; gFc Glycosylated Fc; GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; GPx7 Human peroxidase 7; HCL Hairy cell leukemia; HIV Human immunodeficiency virusl; HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HGF Hepatocyte growth factor; HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography; HLA Human leukocyte antigen; IBs Inclusion bodies; IgG1-4 Immunoglobulin 1-4; IP Intraperitoneal; ITC Isothermal titration calorimetry; ITP Immune thrombocytopenia; IV Intravenous; kDa Kilodalton; KiH Knob-into-Hole; mAb Monoclonal antibody; MAC Membrane-attack complex; mCRC Metastatic colorectal cancer; MM Multipl myeloma; MOA Mechanism of action; MS Mass spectrometry; MUC1 Mucin 1; MG Myasthenia gravis; NB Nanobody; NK Natural killer; nsAA Nonstandard amino acid; NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer; P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PD-1 Programmed cell death 1; PD-L1 Programmed cell death-ligand 1; PDI Protein disulfide isomerase; PECS Periplasmic expression cytometric screening; PK Pharmacokinetics; P. pastoris Pichia pastoris; PTM Post-translational modification; Rg Radius of gyration; RA Rheumatoid arthritis; RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering; scF Single chain Fv; SCLC Small cell lung cancer; SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEC Size exclusion chromatography; SEED Strand-exchange engineered domain; sRNA Small regulatory RNA; SRP Signal recognition particle; T1/2 Half-life; Tagg Aggregation temperature; TCR T cell receptor; TDB T cell-dependent bispecific; TF Tissue factor; TIR Translation initiation region; Tm Melting temperature; TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer; TNF Tumor necrosis factor; TPO Thrombopoietin; VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor; vH Variable heavy chain; vL Variable light chain; vWF von Willebrand factor; WT Wild type.
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Irani V, Soliman C, Raftis MA, Guy AJ, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA. Expression of monoclonal antibodies for functional and structural studies. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Microbial protein cell factories fight back? Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:576-590. [PMID: 34924209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical market is growing faster than ever, with two production systems competing for market dominance: mammalian cells and microorganisms. In recent years, based on the rise of antibody-based therapies, new biotherapeutic approvals have favored mammalian hosts. However, not only has extensive research elevated our understanding of microbes to new levels, but emerging therapeutic molecules also facilitate their use; thus, is it time for microbes to fight back? In this review, we answer this timely question by cross-comparing four microbial production hosts and examining the innovations made to both their secretion and post-translational modification (PTM) capabilities. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of tools, such as omics and systems biology, as well as alternative production systems and emerging biotherapeutics.
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Hanyu Y, Kato M. High-yield expression of periplasmic single-chain variable fragments by solid Escherichia coli cultures. Biotechniques 2021; 72:29-32. [PMID: 34841891 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-yield expression of quality antibody fragments is indispensable for research and diagnosis. Most recombinant antibody fragments are expressed in Escherichia coli using liquid cultures; however, their yields and quality are often poor. Here the authors expressed a single-chain variable fragment in E. coli cultivated on the wet surface of a solid support. Compared with a liquid culture, the authors obtained 2.5-times more single-chain variable fragments with membrane-cultivated E. coli. This method has two important advantages: it enables high yields of periplasmic single-chain variable fragments compared with liquid culture and offers simple and rapid expression and extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Hanyu
- Biomaterials Research Group, Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mieko Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio-Peak Co., Ltd., 584-70 Shimonojo, Takasaki, 370-0854, Japan
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Abdollahi S, Morowvat MH, Savardashtaki A, Irajie C, Najafipour S, Ghasemi Y. Evaluating Five Escherichia coli Derivative Strains as a Platform for Arginine Deiminase Overproduction. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 16:174-183. [PMID: 34809551 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666211122114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study attempted to evaluate the five host strains, including BL21 (DE3), Rosetta (DE3), DH5α, XL1-BLUE, and SHuffle, in terms of arginine deiminase (ADI) production and enzyme activity. BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is one of the most preferred host microorganisms for the production of recombinant proteins due to its well-characterized genome, availability of various expression vectors, and host strains. Choosing a proper host strain for the overproduction of a desired recombinant protein is very important because of the diversity of genetically modified expression strains. Various E. coli cells have been examined in different patent applications. METHOD ADI was chosen as a bacterial enzyme that degrades L-arginine. It is effective in the treatment of some types of human cancers like melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are arginine-auxotrophic. Five mentioned E. coli strains were cultivated. The pET-3a was used as the expression vector. The competent E. coli cells were obtained through the CaCl2 method. It was then transformed with the construct of pET3a-ADI using the heat shock strategy. The ADI production levels were examined by 10% SDS-PAGE analysis. The ability of host strains for the expression of the requested recombinant protein was compared. The enzymatic activity of the obtained recombinant ADI from each studied strain was assessed by a colorimetric 96-well microtiter plate assay. RESULT All the five strains exhibited a significant band at 46 kDa. BL21 (DE3) produced the highest amount of ADI protein, followed by Rosetta (DE3). The following activity assay showed that ADI from BL21 (DE3) and Rosetta (DE3) had the most activity. CONCLUSION There are some genetic and metabolic differences among the various E. coli strains, leading to differences in the amount of recombinant protein production. The results of this study can be used for the efficacy evaluation of the five studied strains for the production of similar pharmaceutical enzymes. The strains also could be analyzed in terms of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz. Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 74616-86688, Fasa. Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz. Iran
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Effects of Lower Temperature on Expression and Biochemical Characteristics of HCV NS3 Antigen Recombinant Protein. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural antigen protein 3 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV NS3), commonly-used for HCV ELISA diagnosis, possesses protease and helicase activities. To prevent auto-degradation, a truncated NS3 protein was designed by removing the protease domain. Firstly, it was overexpressed in E. coli by IPTG induction under two different temperatures (25 and 37 °C), and purified using affinity chromatography to attain homogeneity above 90%. The molecular mass of purified protein was determined to be approx. 55 kDa. While lowering the temperature from 37 to 25 °C, the yield of the soluble fraction of HCV NS3 was increased from 4.15 to 11.1 mgL−1 culture, which also improved the antigenic activity and specificity. The protein stability was investigated after long-term storage (for 6 months at −20 °C) revealed no loss of activity, specificity, or antigenic efficacy. A thermal stability study on both freshly produced and stored HCV NS3 fractions at both temperatures showed that the unfolding curve profile properly obey the three-state unfolding mechanism. In the first transition phase, the midpoints of the thermal denaturation of fresh NS3 produced at 37 °C and 25 °C, and that produced after long-term storage at 37 °C and 25 °C, were 59.7 °C, 59.1 °C, 55.5 °C, and 57.8 °C, respectively. Microplates coated with the fresh NS3 produced at 25 °C or at 37 °C that were used for the HCV ELISA test and the diagnosis outcome were compared with two commercial kits—Abbott HCV EIA 2.0 and Ortho HCV EIA 3.0. Results indicated that the specificity of the HCV NS3 produced fresh at 25 °C was higher than that of the fresh one at 37 °C, hence showing potential for application in HCV ELISA diagnosis.
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Hussain H, Patel T, Ozanne AMS, Vito D, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Stephens PE, Sweeney B, White J, Dickson AJ, Smales CM. A comparative analysis of recombinant Fab and full-length antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4815-4828. [PMID: 34585737 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the leading class of biopharmaceuticals in terms of numbers approved for therapeutic purposes. Antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are also used as biotherapeutics and used widely in research applications. The dominant expression systems for full-length antibodies are mammalian cell-based, whereas for Fab molecules the preference has been an expression in bacterial systems. However, advances in CHO and downstream technologies make mammalian systems an equally viable option for small- and large-scale Fab production. Using a panel of full-length IgG antibodies and their corresponding Fab pair with different antigen specificities, we investigated the impact of the IgG and Fab molecule format on production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and assessed the cellular capability to process and produce these formats. The full-length antibody format resulted in the recovery of fewer mini-pools posttransfection when compared to the corresponding Fab fragment format that could be interpreted as indicative of a greater overall burden on cells. Antibody-producing cell pools that did recover were subsequently able to achieve higher volumetric protein yields (mg/L) and specific productivity than the corresponding Fab pools. Importantly, when the actual molecules produced per cell of a given format was considered (as opposed to mass), CHO cells produced a greater number of Fab molecules per cell than obtained with the corresponding IgG, suggesting that cells were more efficient at making the smaller Fab molecule. Analysis of cell pools showed that gene copy number was not correlated to the subsequent protein production. The amount of mRNA correlated with secreted Fab production but not IgG, whereby posttranscriptional processes act to limit antibody production. In summary, we provide the first comparative description of how full-length IgG and Fab antibody formats impact on the outcomes of a cell line construction process and identify potential limitations in their production that could be targeted for engineering increases in the efficiency in the manufacture of these recombinant antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,CPI, Central Park, Darlington, UK
| | - Tulshi Patel
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Horizon Discovery Biosciences Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelica M S Ozanne
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Davide Vito
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Mestag Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Ellis
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bernie Sweeney
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK.,Lonza Biologics, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Smales
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Co Dublin, Ireland
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Huleani S, Roberts MR, Beales L, Papaioannou EH. Escherichia coli as an antibody expression host for the production of diagnostic proteins: significance and expression. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:756-773. [PMID: 34470557 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1967871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article concerns the production of recombinant antibody fragments for applications mainly in the diagnostic sector. The so-called "point of care diagnostics" is very important for timely diagnosis and treatment, thus being able to save lives and resources. There is intense pressure for more accurate and less expensive rapid diagnostic tests, with a value preferably <$1. Thus, the large-scale cost-effective production of recombinant antibodies is vital. The importance of Escherichia coli toward the production of inexpensive rapid tests will be explained in this review paper. Details about the different strains of E. coli, the strategies used for the insertion and the expression of recombinant proteins, and the challenges that still exist are provided. Afterward, the importance of the expression scale and culture parameters in the final yield of the antibodies are examined. From this analysis, it appears that for good yields of recombinant antibodies, aside from appropriate gene transfer and expression, the culturing parameters are of paramount importance. Larger scale production is more favorable, mainly due to the higher cell densities that can be achieved. Yields of functional Fab fragments in the range of 10-20 mg/L are considered good in shake flasks, whereas in bioreactors can be up to 1-2 g/L. An amount of 10-500 mg of such antibody per million rapid tests is required. Despite the substantial importance of the production of the antibodies and their fragments, their downstream processing should be appropriately considered from the beginning for achieving the target value of the final rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Huleani
- Engineering Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Schottroff F, Kastenhofer J, Spadiut O, Jaeger H, Wurm DJ. Selective Release of Recombinant Periplasmic Protein From E. coli Using Continuous Pulsed Electric Field Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:586833. [PMID: 33634078 PMCID: PMC7900513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.586833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, high-pressure homogenization is the standard method for cell disintegration before the extraction of cytosolic and periplasmic protein from E. coli. Its main drawback, however, is low selectivity and a resulting high load of host cell impurities. Pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment may be used for selective permeabilization of the outer membrane. PEF is a process which is able to generate pores within cell membranes, the so-called electroporation. It can be readily applied to the culture broth in continuous mode, no additional chemicals are needed, heat generation is relatively low, and it is already implemented at industrial scale in the food sector. Yet, studies about PEF-assisted extraction of recombinant protein from bacteria are scarce. In the present study, continuous electroporation was employed to selectively extract recombinant Protein A from the periplasm of E. coli. For this purpose, a specifically designed flow-through PEF treatment chamber was deployed, operated at 1.5 kg/h, using rectangular pulses of 3 μs at specific energy input levels between 10.3 and 241.9 kJ/kg. Energy input was controlled by variation of the electric field strength (28.4-44.8 kV/cm) and pulse repetition frequency (50-1,000 Hz). The effects of the process parameters on cell viability, product release, and host cell protein (HCP), DNA, as well as endotoxin (ET) loads were investigated. It was found that a maximum product release of 89% was achieved with increasing energy input levels. Cell death also gradually increased, with a maximum inactivation of -0.9 log at 241.9 kJ/kg. The conditions resulting in high release efficiencies while keeping impurities low were electric field strengths ≤ 30 kV/cm and frequencies ≥ 825 Hz. In comparison with high-pressure homogenization, PEF treatment resulted in 40% less HCP load, 96% less DNA load, and 43% less ET load. Therefore, PEF treatment can be an efficient alternative to the cell disintegration processes commonly used in downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- BOKU Core Facility Food & Bio Processing, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Kastenhofer
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Wurm
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a major threat to global health. Although varied SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses have been isolated from bats and SARS-CoV-2 may infect bat, the structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 to utilize the human receptor counterpart bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (bACE2) for virus infection remains less understood. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) could bind to bACE2 from Rhinolophus macrotis (bACE2-Rm) with substantially lower affinity compared with that to the human ACE2 (hACE2), and its infectivity to host cells expressing bACE2-Rm was confirmed with pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus and SARS-CoV-2 wild virus. The structure of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD with the bACE2-Rm complex was determined, revealing a binding mode similar to that of hACE2. The analysis of binding details between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and bACE2-Rm revealed that the interacting network involving Y41 and E42 of bACE2-Rm showed substantial differences with that to hACE2. Bats have extensive species diversity and the residues for RBD binding in bACE2 receptor varied substantially among different bat species. Notably, the Y41H mutant, which exists in many bats, attenuates the binding capacity of bACE2-Rm, indicating the central roles of Y41 in the interaction network. These findings would benefit our understanding of the potential infection of SARS-CoV-2 in varied species of bats.
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50
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Selis F, Sandomenico A, Cantile M, Sanna R, Calvanese L, Falcigno L, Dell'Omo P, Esperti A, De Falco S, Focà A, Caporale A, Iaccarino E, Truppo E, Scaramuzza S, Tonon G, Ruvo M. Generation and testing of engineered multimeric Fabs of trastuzumab. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4516-4531. [PMID: 32941911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies fragments in several new formats are routinely investigated and used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications as anti-cancers molecules. New antibody formats are generated to compensate the need for multispecificity and site-specific introduction of fluorescent dyes, cytotoxic payloads or for generating semisynthetic multimeric molecules. Fabs of trastuzumab bearing transglutaminase (MTG) reactive sites were generated by periplasmic expression in E. coli and purified. Multimeric Fabs were generated by either disulfide bridge formation or by using MTG-sensitive peptide linkers. Binding to receptor was assessed by ELISA and SPR methods. Internalization and growth inhibition assays were performed on BT-474 and SKBR3 Her2+ cells. Fabs were successfully produced and dimerized or trimerized using MTG and suitably designed peptide linkers. Site-specific derivatizations with fluorophores were similarly achieved. The monomeric, dimeric and trimeric variants bind the receptor with affinities similar or superior to the full antibody. Fab and Fab2 are rapidly internalized in Her2+ cells and exhibit growth inhibition abilities similar to the full antibody. Altogether, the data show that the recombinant Fabs can be produced in E. coli and converted into multimeric variants by MTG-based bioconjugation. Similar approaches are extendable to the introduction of cytotoxic payloads for the generation of novel Antibody Drug Conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luisa Calvanese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia and CIRPeB, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Falcigno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia and CIRPeB, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro De Falco
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica - CNR, Napoli, Italy; Anbition srl, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalia Focà
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, Napoli, Italy; Anbition srl, Napoli, Italy.
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