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Chamera K, Curzytek K, Kamińska K, Leśkiewicz M, Basta-Kaim A. Prenatal Immune Challenge Differentiates the Effect of Aripiprazole and Risperidone on CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Dyads and Microglial Polarization: A Study in Organotypic Cortical Cultures. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:721. [PMID: 38929704 PMCID: PMC11205240 DOI: 10.3390/life14060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system and extensively contribute to brain homeostasis. Dysfunctional or excessive activity of microglia may be associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, we examined whether aripiprazole and risperidone could influence the expression of the Cd200-Cd200r and Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 axes, which are crucial for the regulation of microglial activity and interactions of these cells with neurons. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of these drugs on microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory markers (Cd40, Il-1β, Il-6, Cebpb, Cd206, Arg1, Il-10 and Tgf-β) and cytokine release (IL-6, IL-10). The research was executed in organotypic cortical cultures (OCCs) prepared from the offspring of control rats (control OCCs) or those exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA OCCs), which allows for the exploration of schizophrenia-like disturbances in animals. All experiments were performed under basal conditions and after additional stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), following the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. We found that MIA diminished the mRNA level of Cd200r and affected the OCCs' response to additional LPS exposure in terms of this parameter. LPS downregulated the Cx3cr1 expression and profoundly changed the mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial markers in both types of OCCs. Risperidone increased Cd200 expression in MIA OCCs, while aripiprazole treatment elevated the gene levels of the Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 dyad in control OCCs. The antipsychotics limited the LPS-generated increase in the expression of proinflammatory factors (Il-1β and Il-6) and enhanced the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory components (Cd206 and Tgf-β) of microglial polarization, mostly in the absence of the MIA procedure. Finally, we observed a more pronounced modulating impact of aripiprazole on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines when compared to risperidone in MIA OCCs. In conclusion, our data suggest that MIA might influence microglial activation and crosstalk of microglial cells with neurons, whereas aripiprazole and risperidone could beneficially affect these changes in OCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Loucera-Muñecas C, Canal-Rivero M, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Carmona R, Bostelmann G, Garrido-Torres N, Dopazo J, Crespo-Facorro B. Aripiprazole as protector against COVID-19 mortality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12362. [PMID: 38811612 PMCID: PMC11137032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The relation of antipsychotics with severe Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) outcomes is a matter of debate since the beginning of the pandemic. To date, controversial results have been published on this issue. We aimed to prove whether antipsychotics might exert adverse or protective effects against fatal outcomes derived from COVID-19. A population-based retrospective cohort study (January 2020 to November 2020) comprising inpatients (15,968 patients) who were at least 18 years old and had a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. Two sub-cohorts were delineated, comprising a total of 2536 inpatients: individuals who either had no prescription medication or were prescribed an antipsychotic within the 15 days preceding hospitalization. We conducted survival and odds ratio analyses to assess the association between antipsychotic use and mortality, reporting both unadjusted and covariate-adjusted results. We computed the average treatment effects, using the untreated group as the reference, and the average treatment effect on the treated, focusing solely on the antipsychotic-treated population. Among the eight antipsychotics found to be in use, only aripiprazole showed a significant decrease in the risk of death from COVID-19 [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.93, multiple-testing adjusted p-value < 0.05]. Importantly, these findings were consistent for both covariate-adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Aripiprazole has been shown to have a differentiated beneficial effect in protecting against fatal clinical outcome in COVID-19 infected individuals. We speculate that the differential effect of aripiprazole on controlling immunological pathways and inducible inflammatory enzymes, that are critical in COVID19 illness, may be associated with our findings herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loucera-Muñecas
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Canal-Rivero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - M Ruiz-Veguilla
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - R Carmona
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - G Bostelmann
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - N Garrido-Torres
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - J Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
- FPS, ELIXIR-Es, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - B Crespo-Facorro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Angarita-Rodríguez A, Matiz-González JM, Pinzón A, Aristizabal AF, Ramírez D, Barreto GE, González J. Enzymatic Metabolic Switches of Astrocyte Response to Lipotoxicity as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Nervous System Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:648. [PMID: 38794218 PMCID: PMC11124372 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has highlighted the significance of palmitic acid (PA) in triggering pro-inflammatory pathways contributing to neurotoxicity. Furthermore, Genomic-scale metabolic models and control theory have revealed that metabolic switches (MSs) are metabolic pathway regulators by potentially exacerbating neurotoxicity, thereby offering promising therapeutic targets. Herein, we characterized these enzymatic MSs in silico as potential therapeutic targets, employing protein-protein and drug-protein interaction networks alongside structural characterization techniques. Our findings indicate that five MSs (P00558, P04406, Q08426, P09110, and O76062) were functionally linked to nervous system drug targets and may be indirectly regulated by specific neurological drugs, some of which exhibit polypharmacological potential (e.g., Trifluperidol, Trifluoperazine, Disulfiram, and Haloperidol). Furthermore, four MSs (P00558, P04406, Q08426, and P09110) feature ligand-binding or allosteric cavities with druggable potential. Our results advocate for a focused exploration of P00558 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1), P04406 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), Q08426 (peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase), P09110 (peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase), and O76062 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) as promising targets for the development or repurposing of pharmacological compounds, which could have the potential to modulate lipotoxic-altered metabolic pathways, offering new avenues for the treatment of related human diseases such as neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angarita-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - J. Manuel Matiz-González
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Aristizabal
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - David Ramírez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
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Amerio A, Magnani L, Arduino G, Fesce F, de Filippis R, Parise A, Costanza A, Nguyen KD, Saverino D, De Berardis D, Aguglia A, Escelsior A, Serafini G, De Fazio P, Amore M. Immunomodulatory Effects of Clozapine: More Than Just a Side Effect in Schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1233-1247. [PMID: 38031778 PMCID: PMC10964093 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231128101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a possible relationship between the immune system and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), as neuroinflammation appears to play a role in major psychiatric conditions. Neuroinflammation is as a broad concept representing a physiological protective response to infection or injury, but in some cases, especially if chronic, it may represent an expression of maladaptive processes, potentially driving to clinical dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Several studies are concurrently highlighting the importance of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in a huge number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as SSDs. A more fundamental phenomenon of maladaptive coupling of microglia may contribute to the genesis of dysfunctional brain inflammation involved in SSDs, from the onset of their neurophenomenological evolution. Clozapine and other antipsychotic drugs seem to express a provable immunomodulant effect and a more specific action on microglia, while neuroactive steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce some SSDs symptoms in add-on therapy. Given these theoretical premises, this article aims to summarize and interpret the available scientific evidence about psychotropic and anti-inflammatory drugs that could express an immunomodulant activity on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Arduino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Fesce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alberto Parise
- Department of Geriatric-Rehabilitation,, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costanza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI) Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Khoa D. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Tranquis Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Daniele Saverino
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMeS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Escelsior
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI),
Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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5
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Mueller JK, Ahrens KF, Bauer M, Baune BT, Borgwardt S, Deckert J, Domschke K, Ellwanger R, Fallgatter A, Frodl T, Gallinat J, Gottschalk R, Grabe HJ, Hasan A, Herpertz SC, Hurlemann R, Jessen F, Kambeitz J, Kircher T, Kornhuber J, Lieb K, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Rupprecht R, Scherbaum N, Schlang C, Schneider A, Schomerus G, Thoma A, Unterecker S, Walter M, Walter H, Reif A, Reif-Leonhard C. Prevalence of COVID-19 and Psychotropic Drug Treatment in Psychiatric In-patients in Germany in 2020: Results from a Nationwide Pilot Survey. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2023; 56:227-238. [PMID: 37944561 DOI: 10.1055/a-2177-3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with a pre-existing mental disorder, an increased risk for a first manifestation of a psychiatric disorder in COVID-19 patients, a more severe course of COVID-19 and an increased mortality have been described. Conversely, observations of lower COVID-19 incidences in psychiatric in-patients suggested protective effects of psychiatric treatment and/or psychotropic drugs against COVID-19. METHODS A retrospective multi-center study was conducted in 24 German psychiatric university hospitals. Between April and December 2020 (the first and partly second wave of COVID-19), the effects of COVID-19 were assessed on psychiatric in-patient care, the incidence and course of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treatment with psychotropic drugs. RESULTS Patients (n=36,322) were admitted to the hospitals. Mandatory SARS-CoV-2 tests before/during admission were reported by 23 hospitals (95.8%), while 18 (75%) conducted regular testing during the hospital stay. Two hundred thirty-two (0.6%) patients were tested SARS-CoV-2-positive. Thirty-seven (16%) patients were receiving medical treatment for COVID-19 at the psychiatric hospital, ten (4.3%) were transferred to an intermediate/intensive care unit, and three (1.3%) died. The most common prescription for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients was for second-generation antipsychotics (n=79, 28.2%) and antidepressants (SSRIs (n=38, 13.5%), mirtazapine (n=36, 12.9%) and SNRIs (n=29, 10.4%)). DISCUSSION Contrary to previous studies, our results showed a low number of infections and mortality in SARS-CoV-2-positive psychiatric patients. Several preventive measures seem effective to protect this vulnerable group. Our observations are compatible with the hypothesis of a protective effect of psychotropic drugs against COVID-19 as the overall mortality and need for specific medical treatment was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane K Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Kira F Ahrens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH, University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Gottschalk
- Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rene Hurlemann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Schneider
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité University Clinic Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Christine Reif-Leonhard
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Pirc Marolt T, Kramar B, Vovk A, Podgornik H, Šuput D, Milisav I. Therapeutic Dosage of Antipsychotic Drug Aripiprazole Induces Persistent Mitochondrial Hyperpolarisation, Moderate Oxidative Stress in Liver Cells, and Haemolysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1930. [PMID: 38001783 PMCID: PMC10669280 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole has fewer metabolic side effects than other antipsychotics; however, there are some severe ones in the liver, leading to drug-induced liver injury. Repeated treatment with aripiprazole affects cell division. Since this process requires a lot of energy, we decided to investigate the impact of aripiprazole on rat liver cells and mitochondria as the main source of cellular energy production by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, oxidative stress, antioxidative response, and human blood haemolysis. Here, we report that mitochondrial hyperpolarisation from aripiprazole treatment is accompanied by higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased antioxidative response. Lower mitochondrial and increased glycolytic ATP synthesis demand more glucose through glycolysis for equal ATP production and may change the partition between the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in the liver. The uniform low amounts of the haemolysis of erythrocytes in the presence of aripiprazole in 25 individuals indicate lower quantities of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH+H+), which is in accordance with a decreased activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the lower dehydrogenase activity upon aripiprazole treatment. The lower activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase supports a shift to glycolysis, thus rescuing the decreased mitochondrial ATP synthesis. The putative reduction in NADPH+H+ did not seem to affect the oxidised-to-reduced glutathione ratio, as it remained equal to that in the untreated cells. The effect of aripiprazole on glutathione reduction is likely through direct binding, thus reducing its total amount. As a consequence, the low haemolysis of human erythrocytes was observed. Aripiprazole causes moderate perturbations in metabolism, possibly with one defect rescuing the other. The result of the increased antioxidant enzyme activity upon treatment with aripiprazole is increased resilience to oxidative stress, which makes it an effective drug for schizophrenia in which oxidative stress is constantly present because of disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinkara Pirc Marolt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Kramar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Vovk
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Podgornik
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Fukushima HCS, Bailone RL, Borra RC. Assessment of Risperidone Toxicity in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos. Comp Med 2023; 73:260-266. [PMID: 37536933 PMCID: PMC10702279 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of conditions like autism and schizophrenia. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of risperidone in zebrafish embryos ( Danio rerio ) with regard to survival, development, and cardiac and neural systems. The results showed that concentrations above 100 μM were associated with deaths, teratogenic effects, and cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. The findings support the utility of zebrafish for toxicological screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Lacava Bailone
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil; and
- Department of Federal Inspection Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil; and
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Long Y, Wang Y, Shen Y, Huang J, Li Y, Wu R, Zhao J. Minocycline and antipsychotics inhibit inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglia activated by LPS via regulating the MAPKs/ JAK-STAT signaling pathway. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:514. [PMID: 37464316 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activation of microglia is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Minocycline and antipsychotics have been reported to be effective in inhibiting the activation of microglia and thus alleviating the negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. However, the specific molecular mechanism by which minocycline and antipsychotics inhibit microglial activation is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of treatment effect of minocycline and antipsychotics on schizophrenia. METHODS Microglia cells were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and further treated with minocycline, haloperidol, and risperidone. Then cell morphology, specific marker, cytokines, and nitric oxide production process, and the proteins in related molecular signaling pathways in LPS-activated microglia were compared among groups. RESULTS The study found that minocycline, risperidone, and haloperidol significantly inhibited morphological changes and reduced the expression of OX-42 protein induced by LPS. Minocycline significantly decreased the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Risperidone also showed significant decrease in the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, while haloperidol only showed significant decrease in the production of IL-6. Minocycline, risperidone, and haloperidol were found to significantly inhibit nitric oxide (NO) expression, but had no effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Both minocycline and risperidone were effective in decreasing the activity of c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signal pathway. Additionally, minocycline and risperidone were found to increase the activity of phosphorylated-p38. In contrast, haloperidol only suppressed the activity of ERK. Minocycline also suppressed the activation of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), while risperidone and haloperidol only suppressed the activation of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that minocycline and risperidone exert stronger anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects stronger than haloperidol, through MAPKs and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathways in BV2 cells stimulated with LPS, revealing the underlying mechanisms of minocycline and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of negative schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Long
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yidong Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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9
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Bae HJ, Kim JY, Choi SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Cho YE, Choi YY, An JY, Cho SY, Ryu JH, Park SJ. Paeonol, the active component of Cynanchum paniculatum, ameliorated schizophrenia-like behaviors by regulating the PI3K-Akt-GSK3β-NF-κB signalling pathway in MK-801-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116627. [PMID: 37164258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. ex H. Hara (Asclepiadaceae) have been traditionally used in East Asia as analgesic or antiviral agents. Interestingly, some Chinese and Korean traditional medicinal books reported that the use of C. paniculatum in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to investigate whether C. paniculatum could improve sensorimotor gating disruption in mice with MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors. We also aimed to identify the active component of C. paniculatum that could potentially serve as a treatment for schizophrenia and found that paeonol, the major constituent compound of C. paniculatum, showed potential as a treatment for schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the effect of paeonol on mice with MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors, we carried out a series of behavioral tests related with symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, we utilized Western blotting and ELISA techniques to investigate the antipsychotic actions of paeonol. RESULT C. paniculatum extract (100 or 300 mg/kg) and paenol (10 or 30 mg/kg) significantly reversed MK-801-induced prepulse deficits in acoustic startle response test. In addition, paeonol (10 or 30 mg/kg) attenuated social novelty preference and novel object recognition memory on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviour in mice. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt, GSK3β and NF-κB, as well as related pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, were significantly reversed by the administration of paeonol (10 or 30 mg/kg) in the prefrontal cortex of MK-801-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data show that paeonol can potentially be used as an agent for treating sensorimotor gating deficits, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits, such as those observed in schizophrenia with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Bae
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youn Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye Eun Cho
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu-Yeong Choi
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon An
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Young Cho
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea; Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea; School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Jankowski MM, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Glac W, Wiergowski M, Kazmierska-Grebowska P, Swiergiel AH. Intravenous haloperidol and cocaine alter the distribution of T CD3 + CD4 + , non-T/NK and NKT cells in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:453-462. [PMID: 36802086 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of dopamine transmission evokes strong behavioural effects that can be achieved by commonly used psychoactive drugs such as haloperidol or cocaine. Cocaine non-specifically increases dopamine transmission by blocking dopamine active transporter (DAT) and evokes behavioural arousal, whereas haloperidol is a non-specific D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist with sedative effects. Interestingly, dopamine has been found to affect immune cells in addition to its action in the central nervous system. Here, we address the possible interactions between haloperidol and cocaine and their effects on both immune cells and behaviour in freely moving rats. We use an intravenous model of haloperidol and binge cocaine administration to evaluate the drugs' impact on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in both the peripheral blood and the spleen. We assess the drugs' behavioural effects by measuring locomotor activity. Cocaine evoked a pronounced locomotor response and stereotypic behaviours, both of which were completely blocked after pretreatment with haloperidol. The results suggest that blood lymphopenia, which was induced by haloperidol and cocaine (except for natural killer T cells), is independent of D2-like dopaminergic activity and most likely results from the massive secretion of corticosterone. Haloperidol pretreatment prevented the cocaine-induced decrease in NKT cell numbers. Moreover, the increased systemic D2-like dopaminergic activity after cocaine administration is a significant factor in retaining T CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes and non-T/NK CD45RA+ cells in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Jankowski
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bogna M Ignatowska-Jankowska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Bae HJ, Bae HJ, Kim JY, Park K, Yang X, Jung SY, Park SJ, Kim DH, Shin CY, Ryu JH. The effect of lansoprazole on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110646. [PMID: 36191804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a heterogeneous disorder, schizophrenia is known to be associated with neuroinflammation. A recent study showed that several cytokines are higher in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients. Lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor used for treating erosive esophagitis, has been reported to reduce INF-γ-induced neurotoxicity and decrease inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These findings persuaded us to examine whether lansoprazole ameliorates schizophrenia-like symptoms. The schizophrenia mouse model was induced by the acute administration of MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Sensorimotor gating, Barnes maze, and social novelty preference tests were conducted to evaluate schizophrenia-like behaviors. We found that lansoprazole (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg) ameliorated sensorimotor gating deficits, spatial learning, and social deficits caused by MK-801 treatment (0.2 mg/kg). The catalepsy test, balance beam test, and rotarod test were performed to reveal the adverse effects of lansoprazole on motor coordination. The behavioral results indicated that lansoprazole did not result in any motor function deficits. Moreover, lansoprazole decreased inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α only in the cortex, but not in the hippocampus. Collectively, these results suggest that lansoprazole could be a potential candidate for treating schizophrenia patients who suffer from sensorimotor gating deficits or social disability without any motor-related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeoung Bae
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Kim
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keontae Park
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Xingquan Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OG, Jarikre TA, Oyovwi MO, Edje KE, Omogbiya IA, Eduviere AT, Moke EG, Chijioke BS, Odili OS, Omondiabge OP, Oyovbaire A, Esuku DT, Ozah EO, Japhet K. Taurine, an essential β-amino acid insulates against ketamine-induced experimental psychosis by enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibition of oxidative/nitrergic imbalances, and suppression of COX-2/iNOS immunoreactions in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2807-2826. [PMID: 36057735 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic, oxidative, nitrergic alterations, and neuroinflammation are some key neuropathological features common in schizophrenia disease. They involve complex biological processes that alter normal behavior. The present treatments used in the management of the disorder remain ineffective together with some serious side effects as one of their setbacks. Taurine is a naturally occurring essential β-amino acid reported to elicit antipsychotic property in first episode psychosis in clinical setting, thus require preclinical investigation. Hence, we set out to investigate the effects of taurine in the prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced psychotic-like behaviors and the associated putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying its effects. Adult male Swiss mice were sheared into three separate cohorts of experiments (n = 7): drug alone, preventive and reversal studies. Treatments consisted of saline (10 mL/kg/p.o./day), taurine (50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o./day) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg/p.o./day) with concomitant ketamine (20 mg/kg/i.p./day) injections between days 8-14, or 14 days entirely. Behavioral hyperactivity, despair, cognitive impairment, and catalepsy were measured. Brain oxidative/nitrergic imbalance, immunoreactivity (COX-2 and iNOS), and cholinergic markers were determined in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex, and hippocampus. Taurine abates ketamine-mediated psychotic-like episodes without cataleptogenic potential. Taurine attenuated ketamine-induced decrease in glutathione, superoxide-dismutase and catalase levels in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. Also, taurine prevented and reversed ketamine-mediated elevation of malondialdehyde, nitrite contents, acetylcholinesterase activity, and suppressed COX-2 and iNOS expressions in a brain-region dependent manner. Conclusively, taurine insulates against ketamine-mediated psychotic phenotype by normalizing brain central cholinergic neurotransmissions, oxidative, nitrergic and suppression of immunoreactive proteins in mice brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Thiophilus Aghogho Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mega O Oyovwi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Kesiena Emmanuel Edje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Itivere Adrian Omogbiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Eduviere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Goodies Moke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Bienose S Chijioke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Onyebuchi S Odili
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Osemudiame P Omondiabge
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Aghogho Oyovbaire
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel T Esuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Ozah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Kelvin Japhet
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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13
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Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947295. [PMID: 36188456 PMCID: PMC9523121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng He,
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Guanbin Gao,
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Taolei Sun,
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14
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Sun Z, Li Y, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Han X, Hu Q, Ding H, Shang H, Jiang Y. CD160 Promotes NK Cell Functions by Upregulating Glucose Metabolism and Negatively Correlates With HIV Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854432. [PMID: 36110864 PMCID: PMC9469471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for immune responses to viral infections. CD160 is an important NK cell activating receptor, with unknown function in HIV infection. Here, we found that CD160 expression was reduced on NK cells from HIV-infected individuals and its expression was negatively correlated with HIV disease progression. Further, GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake were higher in CD160+ NK cells, and the results of RNA-seq and flow cytometry demonstrated that CD160 positively regulated glucose metabolism through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/s6k signaling pathway, thereby enhancing NK cell function. Moreover, we determined that reduced CD160 expression on NK cells could be attributed to the higher plasma levels of TGF-β1 in HIV-infected individuals. Overall, these results highlight the vital role of CD160 in HIV disease progression and regulation of glucose metabolism, indicating a potential target for HIV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghai Hu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Shang, ; Yongjun Jiang,
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Shang, ; Yongjun Jiang,
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15
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Tanra AJ, Liaury K, Hajai N, Zainuddin AA, Lisal ST, Soraya GV, Syamsuddin S. Comparison between Interleukin-2 Serum Levels and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Scores of Schizophrenia Patients that Received Haloperidol with Risperidone Therapy. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a possibility of interleukin-2 (IL-2) being involved in the pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. The increase of IL-2 levels has been discovered in the serum of schizophrenic patients in earlier studies. An amount of antipsychotic has been associated with the decrease of IL-2.
AIM: Therefore, this study was intended to compare the serum IL-2 levels of schizophrenic patients who received Haloperidol therapy with patients who received Risperidone as well as examine the relationship between serum IL-2 levels with the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) score of schizophrenic patients receiving Haloperidol and Risperidone therapy.
METHODS: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort design consisting of 36 patients who have met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition criteria for Schizophrenic patients who did not take antipsychotic drugs for 2 weeks and were hospitalized at the Special Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. Afterwards, the patients were grouped into two groups, where each group consisted of 18 people, namely, the group of patients who received Haloperidol and the group of patients who received Risperidone, and then were furtherly evaluated until the 4th week. The sample examination method used was enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to see the blood serum IL-2 levels. Clinical symptoms of Schizophrenia were assessed using the PANSS score.
RESULTS: The study showed that serum IL-2 levels decreased at the 4th week after conducting antipsychotic therapy among both groups. The decrease in PANSS scores in the Risperidone group was greater compared to the Haloperidol group at week 3 and week 4. In the serum IL-2 levels difference of the group who received Risperidone therapy, the decrease was greater than those receiving Haloperidol therapy (3.72 ± 1.30 ng/ml vs. 2.43 ± 1.39 ng/ml, p = 0.008). In addition, based on the correlation test, no significant correlation was present between the difference in the total PANSS score and the difference in the serum IL-2 levels within the Haloperidol group (p = 0.059, r = 0.453) and the Risperidone group (p = 0.518, r = 0.113). Schizophrenic patients have higher serum IL-2 levels than healthy people. Schizophrenic patients who received antipsychotics for 4 weeks experienced a decrease in serum IL-2 levels. Risperidone administration had a higher decrease in serum IL-2 levels than Haloperidol.
CONCLUSION: Changes in serum IL-2 levels as a consideration of one of the Biomarkers are still needed for further evaluation. The therapeutic role of Haloperidol and Risperidone can be attributed as anti-inflammatory in Schizophrenia but cannot be attributed to improvement in the psychopathological status of Schizophrenic patients.
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16
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Mueller JK, Riederer P, Müller WE. Neuropsychiatric Drugs Against COVID-19: What is the Clinical
Evidence? PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2022; 55:7-15. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1717-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSince the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic, the need for
effective treatments for COVID-19 led to the idea of
“repurposing” drugs for antiviral treatment. Several
antipsychotics and antidepressants have been tested for in vitro activity
against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Chlorpromazine,
other phenothiazine antipsychotics, and the antidepressant fluoxetine were found
to be rather potent in these studies. However, whether effective plasma
concentrations can be obtained with clinically accepted doses of these drugs is
not clear. Data of COVID-19 patients are not yet available but several clinical
studies are currently underway.The specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine is a potent Sigma-1
receptor agonist and reduces inflammation in animal models of cytokine-stress.
Accordingly, fluvoxamine treatment was superior to placebo in reducing impaired
respiratory function and other symptoms of inflammation in COVID-19 patients in
a placebo-controlled clinical study and another open clinical trial. The
beneficial effects of fluvoxamine on the course of COVID-19 were recently
confirmed in a large placebo-controlled double-blind trial with several hundred
patients.Inflammation represents a major risk factor for many psychiatric disorders which
explains the high susceptibilitiy of COVID-19 patients for psychiatric diseases.
Many antidepressants and antipsychotics possess anti-inflammatory properties
independent of sigma-1 activity which might be important to reduce psychiatric
symptoms of COVID-19 patients and to improve respiratory dysfunction and other
consequences of inflammation. This might explain the rather unspecific benefit
which has been reported for several cohorts of COVID-19 patients treated with
different psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane K. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy,
University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy,
University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey Odense,
Denmark
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology und Clinical Pharmacy, University Frankfurt,
Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Present and future antipsychotic drugs: a systematic review of the putative mechanisms of action for efficacy and a critical appraisal under a translational perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106078. [PMID: 35026403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics represent the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological therapy, and their role has been expanded in the last years to mood disorders treatment. Although introduced in 1952, many years of research were required before an accurate picture of how antipsychotics work began to emerge. Despite the well-recognized characterization of antipsychotics in typical and atypical based on their liability to induce motor adverse events, their main action at dopamine D2R to elicit the "anti-psychotic" effect, as well as the multimodal action at other classes of receptors, their effects on intracellular mechanisms starting with receptor occupancy is still not completely understood. Significant lines of evidence converge on the impact of these compounds on multiple molecular signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of early genes and growth factors, dendritic spine shape, brain inflammation, and immune response, tuning overall the function and architecture of the synapse. Here we present, based on PRISMA approach, a comprehensive and systematic review of the above mechanisms under a translational perspective to disentangle those intracellular actions and signaling that may underline clinically relevant effects and represent potential targets for further innovative strategies in antipsychotic therapy.
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18
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Mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin and side effects of antipsychotics: insights into mechanisms and implications for therapy. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:13. [PMID: 35013125 PMCID: PMC8748807 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic pharmacotherapy has been widely recommended as the standard of care for the treatment of acute schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms of other psychiatric disorders. However, there are growing concerns regarding antipsychotic-induced side effects, including weight gain, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and extrapyramidal motor disorders, which not only decrease patient compliance, but also predispose to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. To date, most studies and reviews on the mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects have focused on central nervous system mediation of appetite and food intake. However, disturbance in glucose and lipid metabolism, and hepatic steatosis induced by antipsychotic drugs might precede weight gain and MetS. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a critical regulatory role in the pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced disorders of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, antipsychotic drugs promote striatal mTOR pathway activation that contributes to extrapyramidal motor side effects. Although recent findings have advanced the understanding of the role of the mTOR pathway in antipsychotic-induced side effects, few reviews have been conducted on this emerging topic. In this review, we synthesize key findings by focusing on the roles of the hepatic and striatal mTOR pathways in the pathogenesis of metabolic and extrapyramidal side effects, respectively. We further discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of normalizing excessive mTOR pathway activation with mTOR specific inhibitors. A deeper understanding of pathogenesis may inform future intervention strategies using the pharmacological or genetic inhibitors of mTOR to prevent and manage antipsychotic-induced side effects.
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19
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Jeong YJ, Son Y, Park HJ, Oh SJ, Choi JY, Ko YG, Lee HJ. Therapeutic Effects of Aripiprazole in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9374. [PMID: 34502282 PMCID: PMC8431331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Global aging has led to growing health concerns posed by Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia. Aripiprazole is an atypical FDA-approved anti-psychotic drug with potential against AD. To investigate its therapeutic effects on AD pathology, we administered aripiprazole to 5xFAD AD model mice and examined beta-amyloid (βA)-induced AD-like phenotypes, including βA production, neuroinflammation, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Aripiprazole administration significantly decreased βA accumulation in the brains of 5xFAD AD mice. Aripiprazole significantly modified amyloid precursor protein processing, including carboxyl-terminal fragment β and βA, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10, and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, as determined by Western blotting. Neuroinflammation, as evidenced by ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein upregulation was dramatically inhibited, and the neuron cell layer of the hippocampal CA1 region was preserved following aripiprazole administration. In 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, after receiving aripiprazole, 5xFAD mice showed a significant increase in glucose uptake in the striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus compared to vehicle-treated AD mice. Thus, aripiprazole effectively alleviated βA lesions and prevented the decline of cerebral glucose metabolism in 5xFAD AD mice, suggesting its potential for βA metabolic modification and highlighting its therapeutic effect over AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Jeong
- Division of Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.J.J.); (Y.S.); (H.-J.P.)
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.J.J.); (Y.S.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.J.J.); (Y.S.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Se Jong Oh
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (S.J.O.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (S.J.O.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.J.J.); (Y.S.); (H.-J.P.)
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20
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Kučić N, Rački V, Šverko R, Vidović T, Grahovac I, Mršić-Pelčić J. Immunometabolic Modulatory Role of Naltrexone in BV-2 Microglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168429. [PMID: 34445130 PMCID: PMC8395119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist commonly used to treat opioid and alcohol dependence. The use of low dose naltrexone (LDN) was found to have anti-inflammatory properties for treatment of diseases such as fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis and regional pain syndromes. Related to its anti-neuroinflammatory properties, the mechanism of action is possibly mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 antagonism, which is widely expressed on microglial cells. The aim of the present study was to assess the immunometabolic effects of naltrexone on microglia cells in in vitro conditions. Methods: All experiments were performed in the BV-2 microglial cell line. The cells were treated with naltrexone at 100 μM concentrations corresponding to low dose for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed for every drug dose. To induce additional activation, the cells were pretreated with LPS and IFN-γ. Immunofluorescence was used to analyse the classical microglial activation markers iNOS and CD206, while Seahorse was used for real-time cellular metabolic assessments. mTOR activity measured over the expression of a major direct downstream target S6K was assessed using western blot. Results: LDN induced a shift from highly activated pro-inflammatory phenotype (iNOShighCD206low) to quiescent anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (iNOSlowCD206high) in BV-2 microglia cells. Changes in the inflammatory profile were accompanied by cellular metabolic switching based on the transition from high glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). LDN-treated cells were able to maintain a metabolically suppressive phenotype by supporting OXPHOS with high oxygen consumption, and also maintain a lower energetic state due to lower lactate production. The metabolic shift induced by transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was more prominent in cells pretreated with immunometabolic modulators such as LPS and IFN-γ. In a dose-dependent manner, naltrexone also modulated mTOR/S6K expression, which underlies the cell metabolic phenotype regulating microglia immune properties and adaptation. Conclusion: By modulating the phenotypic features by metabolic switching of activated microglia, naltrexone was found to be an effective and powerful tool for immunometabolic reprogramming and could be a promising novel treatment for various neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kučić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-51-651-192; Fax: +385-51-675-699
| | - Valentino Rački
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Roberta Šverko
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (R.Š.); (T.V.)
| | - Toni Vidović
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (R.Š.); (T.V.)
| | - Irena Grahovac
- Pharmacy Irena Grahovac, Trg I. Istarske brigade 5, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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