The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies

Effect of curcumin on methotrexate-induced ovarian damage and follicle reserve in rats: the role of PARP-1 and P53

BACKGROUND

Methotrexate (MTX) is an agent used in the treatment of many neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases and is known to cause oxidative damage in normal tissues. Curcumin (Cur) is a natural polyphenol compound with powerful antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. In this study we investigate the effects of Cur on MTX-induced ovarian damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-two young adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control (n = 8): only vehicle group, (2) Cur (n = 8): Cur-only group (200 mg/kg/day), (3) MTX (n = 8): MTX-only group (0.35 mg/kg/day), (4) MTX+Cur (n = 8): The group was given MTX (0.35 mg/kg/day) and Cur (200 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Then, SOD, CAT, MDA, AMH levels were measured using ELISA kits. Follicle count was performed on H&E stained slides. In addition, the expressions of P53 and PARP-1 were analysed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

MDA levels were seen to be higher in the MTX group than in the MTX+Cur group (p < 0.05). Cur treatment lowered MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT levels (p < 0.05 for all). In the MTX+Cur group, atretic follicle count decreased (p < 0,05), however, primordial follicle count increased (p < 0,01). Secondary follicle count and AMH levels were higher in MTX-treated groups (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01, respectively). Expressions of p53 and Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) increased significantly in the MTX group compared to the other groups (p < 0,05).

CONCLUSION

Cur pretreatment prior to MTX administration may be an effective option in preserving the ovarian follicle pool by regulating P53 and PARP-1 expressions with its antioxidant effect.

Catalase-like activity of perylene diimide based radical anion: Chromogenic substrate for achieving glucose sensing

In this work, perylene diimide based radical anion (PH2-) is synthesized and characterized using optical, NOBF4 methods; cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The PH2- is stable for 120 min (2 h) in oxygenated environment and 273 min (4.5 h) in hypoxic conditions. The PH2- showed catalase-like activity to reduce H2O2 to H2O with turn-over number (TON) = 20 and turn-over frequency (TOF) = 40 h-1. The catalase-like activity can be measured using optical and electrochemical methods by monitoring the changes at 726 nm (absorbance); 585 nm (emission) and at 0.27 V. We were able to quantitatively monitor the ultra low-level concentrations of the H2O2 as low as 320 fM (absorbance) and 200 fM (emission). Moreover, PH2- could be used as a chromogenic and fluorogenic substrate for monitoring the low-level concentrations of the glucose using GOx based biochemical assay. We have demonstrated the development and validation of the glucose assay kit for the detection of glucose as low as 3.6/2.8 nM in aqueous medium and 6.2/5.6 nM in blood serum.

Copper complexes induce haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cause apoptotic cell death in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common pancreatic malignancy, has a dismal 5-year survival rate, making palliative chemotherapy the only treatment option. Targeted therapy has limited efficacy in PDAC, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. The inducible stress-response protein, haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), has been implicated in treatment failure in PDAC. Copper coordination complexes have shown promise as anticancer agents against various cancers, and are associated with apoptotic cell death. The different ligands to which copper is complexed, determine the specificity and efficacy of each complex. Three different classes of copper complexes were evaluated for anti-cancer activity against AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. A copper-phenanthroline-theophylline complex (CuPhTh2), a copper-8-aminoquinoline-naphthyl complex (Cu8AqN), and two copper-aromatic-isoindoline complexes (CuAIsI) were effective inhibitors of cell proliferation with clinically relevant IC50 values below 5 μM. The copper complexes caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, promoted annexin-V binding, disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3/7, confirming apoptotic cell death. Expression of nuclear HMOX1 was increased in both cell lines, with the CuPhTh2 complex being the most active. Inhibition of HMOX1 activity significantly decreased the IC50 values of these copper complexes suggesting that HMOX1 inhibition may alter treatment outcomes in PDAC.

Biomimetic polymeric nanoreactors with photooxidation-initiated therapies and reinvigoration of antigen-dependent and antigen-free immunity

Immune cell-mediated anticancer modalities usually suffer from immune cell exhaustion and limited efficacy in solid tumors. Herein, the oxygen-carrying biomimetic nanoreactors (BNR2(O2)) have been developed with photooxidation-driven therapies and antigen-dependent/antigen-free immune reinvigoration against xenograft tumors. The BNR2(O2) composes polymeric nanoreactors camouflaged with cancer cell membranes can efficiently target homotypic tumors. It continuously releases O2 to boost intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to oxide diselenide bonds, which controllably releases seleninic acids and anti-folate Pemetrexed compared to hydrogen peroxide and glutathione incubation. The O2-rich microenvironment sensitizes Pemetrexed and blocks programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to reverse T cell immunosuppression. The ROS and Pemetrexed upregulate pro-apoptosis proteins and inhibit folate-related enzymes, which cause significant apoptosis and immunogenic cell death to stimulate dendritic cell maturation for improved secretion of cytokines, expanding antigen-dependent T cell immunity. Furthermore, by regulating the release of seleninic acids, the checkpoint receptor human leukocyte antigen E of tumor cells can be blocked to reinvigorate antigen-free natural killer cell immunity. This work offers an advanced antitumor strategy by bridging biomimetic nanoreactors and modulation of multiple immune cells.

Novel platinum therapeutics induce rapid cancer cell death through triggering intracellular ROS storm

Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cancer cells plays a critical role for cancer treatment. However, therapeutic efficiency remains challenging due to insufficient ROS production of current ROS inducers. We designed a novel platinum (Pt)-based drug named "carrier-platin" that integrates ultrasmall Pt-based nanoparticles uniformly confined within a poly(amino acids) carrier. Carrier-platin dramatically triggered a burst of ROS in cancer cells, leading to cancer cell death as quick as 30 min. Unlike traditional Pt-based drugs which induce cell apoptosis through DNA intercalation, carrier-platin with superior ROS catalytic activities induces a unique pattern of cancer cell death that is neither apoptosis nor ferroptosis and operates independently of DNA damage. Importantly, carrier-platin demonstrates superior anti-tumor efficacy against a broad spectrum of cancers, particularly those with multidrug resistance, while maintaining minimal systemic toxicity. Our findings reveal a distinct mechanism of action of Pt in cancer cell eradication, positioning carrier-platin as a novel category of anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.

Integrative metabolomics - GC-IMS approach to assess metabolic and flavour substance shifts during fermentation of Yangjiang douchi

Douchi is traditional Chinese condiment. In this study, electronic sense, GC-IMS and metabolomics were combined to analyse the changes in flavour profiles and metabolites of Yangjiang douchi at different fermentation stages. The results showed that umami was the primary taste characteristic of douchi. Aldehydes, esters, and ketones representing the predominant flavour compounds. Metabolomic analysis identified 13 compounds as key differential metabolites, which were mainly enriched in the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in lipid metabolism. The correlation analysis indicated that heptanal, hexanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, benzene acetaldehyde and abhexone may be the key aroma substances during fermentation. The major free fatty acids that may act as key flavour precursors are palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. This study provides a scientific basis for the industrial regulation of Yangjiang douchi fermentation.

The mitochondrial membrane potential and the sources of reactive oxygen species in the hemocytes of the ark clam Anadara kagoshimensis under hypoosmotic stress

To compensate for changes in cell volume caused by changes in salt concentration, mollusks use regulatory mechanisms such as the regulation of volume decrease (RVD). This may increase the rate of aerobic metabolism and lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study examined the production of ROS in the mitochondria of Anadara kagoshiensis hemocytes, the effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on osmotic stability in hemocytes, and the dynamics of changes in ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential when RVD is activated under hypo-osmotic conditions. Hemocytes maintained at a control osmolarity of 460 mOsm l-1 showed significant decreases in ROS production following incubation with complex III inhibitors (S3QEL). Hypoosmotic shock stimulated RVD in all experimental groups. The cell volume increased by about 70 % immediately after osmolarity was reduced, and then decreased by about 40 % over the next 30 min. A reduction in osmolarity from about 460 to 200 mOsm l-1 significantly decreased ROS and mitochondrial potentials in A. kashimensis hemocyctes. Inhibitors of mitochondrial complexes did not affect changes in ROS or mitochondria potentials in A kashimiensis hemocytes under hypoosmotic conditions or in hemocyte volume regulation mechanisms.

Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders

Sleep deprivation is a prevalent issue in contemporary society, with significant ramifications for both physical and mental well-being. Emerging scientific evidence illuminates its intricate interplay with the gut-brain axis, a vital determinant of neurological function. Disruptions in sleep patterns disturb the delicate equilibrium of the gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. This dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline through multifaceted mechanisms, including heightened neuroinflammation, disturbances in neurotransmitter signalling, and compromised integrity of the gut barrier. In response to these challenges, there is a burgeoning interest in therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring gut microbial balance and alleviating neurological symptoms precipitated by sleep deprivation. Probiotics, dietary modifications, and behavioural strategies represent promising avenues for modulating the gut microbiota and mitigating the adverse effects of sleep disturbances on neurological health. Moreover, the advent of personalized interventions guided by advanced omics technologies holds considerable potential for tailoring treatments to individualized needs and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted research efforts are imperative for elucidating the underlying mechanisms linking sleep, gut microbiota, and neurological function. Longitudinal studies, translational research endeavours, and advancements in technology are pivotal for unravelling the complex interplay between these intricate systems.

An activatable "AIE + ESIPT" fluorescent probe for dual-imaging of lipid droplets and hydrogen peroxide in drug-induced liver injury model

BACKGROUND

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common liver diseases. The crucial role of lipid droplets (LDs) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), two important biomarkers in the pathophysiology of DILI, has spurred considerable efforts to accurately visualize H2O2 and LDs for elucidating their functions in the progression of DILI. However, construction of a single fluorescent probe that is able to simultaneously image H2O2 and LDs dynamics remains to be a challenging task. Therefore, it is of great demand to develop a novel fluorescent probe for tracking the LDs status and H2O2 fluctuation in drug-induced liver injury.

RESULTS

We developed an "AIE + ESIPT" fluorescent probe TPEHBT for dual-imaging of LDs and H2O2 during DILI process. TPEHBT displayed greatly enhanced fluorescent response to H2O2 by generating an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore TPEHBT-OH with aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties. TPEHBT exhibits high selectivity, sensitivity (LOD = 4.73 nM) and large Stokes shift (320 nm) to H2O2. Interestingly, TPEHBT can light up LDs with high specificity. The probe was favorably applied in the detection of endogenous and exogenous H2O2 in living cells, and notably in the simultaneous real-time visualization of H2O2 generation and LDs accumulation during DILI process. Moreover, TPEHBT was able to image H2O2 generation in zebrafish animal model with APAP-induced liver injury.

SIGNIFICANCE

For the first time, probe TPEHBT was applied in the dual-imaging of H2O2 fluctuation and LDs status in APAP-induced liver injury model in vitro and in vivo. The present findings strongly suggest that TPEHBT is a promising tool for monitoring H2O2 and LDs dynamics in DILI progression.

Pivotal Role of the Intracellular Microenvironment in the High Photodynamic Activity of Cationic Phthalocyanines

To investigate the influence of phthalocyanine aggregation on their photodynamic activity, a series of six cationic water-soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanines bearing from four to sixteen 4-((diethylmethylammonium)methyl)phenoxy substituents was synthesized. Depending on their structure, the phthalocyanines have different aggregation behaviors in phosphate buffer solutions ranging from fully assembled to monomeric states. Remarkably, independent of aggregation in buffer, very high photodynamic efficiencies against the tumor cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 in the nanomolar range were found for all investigated phthalocyanine, and the IC50(light) varied from 27 to 358 nM (3.5 J/cm2, 660 nm) with IC50(dark)/IC50(light) ratios up to ∼3700. This is due to the intracellular disassembly of aggregated phthalocyanines with the formation of monomeric photoactive forms, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Indeed, the interaction of aggregated phthalocyanines with serum proteins in a buffer resulted in the disassembly of nonluminescent aggregate species with the release of photoactive monomers bound to protein macromolecules.

Investigation and Characterization of Eco-Technological Synthesis of Spherical TiO2 Nanoparticles from Thalassia hemprichi and Analysis of Biomedical Properties

In this present investigation, plant-mediated synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was synthesized from seagrass (Thalassia hemprichi) using the hot plate combustion method (HPCM). Synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles optical, functional, structural, and morphology properties were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). SEM analysis confirmed the spherical shape of the TiO2 nanoparticles were observed in various sizes, viz., 50 nm and 78 nm. The XRD analysis revealed that TiO2 nanoparticles have a body-centred cubic structure without a secondary phase. Green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticle applications were studied against the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and photocatalytic activity. The pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were tested against TiO2 nanoparticles; the maximum level of activity was seen at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The antioxidant assays were performed against TiO2 nanoparticles, and inhibitory concentration values (IC50) were 40.28 μg/mL of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 52.04 µg/mL of the acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid (ATBS) assay, and 16.91 µg/mL of the metal chelating assay. The anticancer activity was analyzed against MCF-7 cancer cells using TiO2 nanoparticles, and the IC50 value showed 64.14 µg/mL concentration. An eco-friendly and convenient method was formulated for the production of titanium oxide nanoparticles utilizing seagrass extract. The potential employment of TiO2 involves water treatment, biomedicine, biosensors, and nanotechnology.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a promising candidate for wound healing applications

Effective wound management and treatment are crucial in clinical practice, yet existing strategies often fall short in fully addressing the complexities of skin wound healing. Recent advancements in tissue engineering have introduced innovative approaches, particularly through the use of nanobiomaterials, to enhance the healing process. In this context, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have garnered attention due to their excellent biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can be modified to enhance their therapeutic benefits. Scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs have demonstrated promising outcomes in accelerating wound healing and enhancing tissue regeneration. This review paper covers the wound healing process, the biological properties of TiO2 NPs that make them suitable for promoting wound healing, methods for synthesizing TiO2 NPs, the use of scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs in wound healing, the application of modified TiO2 NPs in wound healing, and the potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs.

Proteomic evaluation of pathways associated with phosphine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and resistance mechanisms in Tribolium castaneum against phosphine fumigation: Whole and partial proteome identification

Phosphine (PH3) fumigation is widely used to control insect pests in stored products globally. However, intensive PH3 use has led to the emergence of significant resistance in target insects. To address this issue, this study investigated PH3 resistance mechanisms by conducting both qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses on the whole proteome of a PH3-resistant Tribolium castaneum strain (AUS-07) using LC-MS/MS. Besides, proteins from both strains were separated in 1D-PAGE, and qualitatively analyzed using LC-MS/MS after in-gel digestion. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) with cut-off values (4-fold expression difference and p < 0.05) were selected, and 107 proteins were identified in the AUS-07 strain. Among them, several proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation were notably upregulated in response to PH3 exposure. Upregulation of Complex I and III in the electron transport chain of the AUS-07 strain may lead to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of superoxide, which can damage Fe-S cluster-containing proteins such as cytochrome P450s (CYP450s). Upregulation of detoxifying enzymes, such as CYP450s and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), was observed, likely to repair superoxide-induced damage on CYP450s as well as quenching superoxide. Upregulation of aldose reductases involved in polyol pathways and downregulation of the trehalose transporter were observed, suggesting that PH3-resistance may be linked to diapause-like physiological adaptations, including quiescence. Further studies are essential to quantify polyol levels in the AUS-07 strain and to conduct other molecular analyses to validate the roles of identified DEPs in PH3 resistance. Altogether, our findings suggest a new control strategy to stored product insect pests by other type of fumigant such as ethyl formate with different molecular structure.

Mechanistic exploration of 6-shogaol's preventive effects on azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium -induced colorectal cancer: involvement of cell proliferation, apoptosis, carcinoembryonic antigen, wingless-related integration site signaling, and oxido-inflammation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health burden, being the third most prevalent cancer and the second most significant contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide. Preventive strategies are crucial to combat this rising incidence. 6-shogaol, derived from ginger, has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers. This study investigated the preventive effects of 6-shogaol on azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC in mice. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, 6-shogaol, AOM + DSS, and 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS. Mice in the control group received corn oil for 16 weeks, while those in the 6-Shogaol group were administered 20 mg/kg of 6-shogaol for 16 weeks. The AOM + DSS group received a single intraperitoneal dose (ip) of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS group received both 6-shogaol for 16 weeks and a single ip of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The AOM + DSS-treated mice exhibited reduced food consumption, colon weight, and colon length, along with increased tumor formation. Co-administration of 6-shogaol effectively reversed these changes, inhibiting CRC development. Histopathological analysis revealed protective effects of 6-shogaol against colonic insults and modulation of inflammatory responses. 6-shogaol significantly reduced Carcinoembryonic antigen and Kiel 67 levels, indicating inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, 6-shogaol promoted apoptosis by upregulating protein 53 and caspase-3 expression, and it effectively restored the balance of the Wingless-related integration site signaling pathway by regulating β-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli levels. Moreover, 6-shogaol demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, reducing myeloperoxidase, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in AOM/DSS-treated mice. Additionally, 6-shogaol restored redox homeostasis by reducing lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The findings suggest that 6-shogaol inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, regulates Wnt signaling, suppresses inflammation, and restores redox homeostasis, providing comprehensive insights into its potential therapeutic benefits for CRC.

An arabinan from Citrus grandis fruits alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial cell apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1 and IRE1/GRP78 signaling pathways

Citrus grandis fruit is a famous traditional Chinese medicine with various bioactivities, including cardioprotective effects. Polysaccharides are one of the key active ingredients responsible for its cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the structure and cardioprotective effect of a homogeneous polysaccharide from C. grandis fruit (CGP80-1) and explore its mechanism against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Structure analysis showed that CGP80-1 (11,917 Da) is an arabinan with compact coil chain conformation, containing →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →2,3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→ as the backbone, as well as →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→ and t-α-L-Araf as side-chains substituted at the C2 and C3 positions. Pharmacological experiments showed that pre-treatment with CGP80-1 could effectively alleviate MI/R injury by improving endogenous antioxidant enzymes and cardiac enzymes, reducing reactive oxygen species levels, and regulating apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. The protective effects were correlated with the Nrf2/Keap1 and IRE1/GRP78 signaling pathways. Further analysis of structure-activity relationships revealed that the myocardial protection effects of CGP80-1 might be attributed to its appropriate molecular weight, high arabinose content, and unique compact coil chain conformation. Overall, our results provide insight into the chemical structure of CGP80-1 and its mechanism of action, suggesting that CGP80-1 could be a candidate drug for myocardial protection.

Cellular pathway disturbances elicited by realistic dexamethasone concentrations in gills of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as assessed by a multi-biomarker approach

The growing usage of glucocorticoids for a variety of diseases raises concerns since these drugs, including the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone (DEX), are frequently found in the environment. The impact of DEX was evaluated on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) by exposure to environmental concentrations (C1: 4 ng/L; C2: 40 ng/L; C3: 400 ng/L; C4: 2000 ng/L), and sampling at 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) days. A multi-biomarker approach was applied on gills, involved in gas exchange, feed filtering, and osmoregulation. A dose- and time-dependent uptake of DEX was recorded, besides haemocyte infiltration, increased neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, and a general pro-oxidant effect witnessed by lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant system. Metabolomics revealed rise in protein turnover and energy demand by fluctuations in free amino acids (alanine, glycine) and energy-related metabolites (succinate, ATP/ADP). It is necessary to reduce DEX dosage from the environment by recovery strategies and effective eco-pharmacovigilance programs.

Influence of water chemistry and contaminant occurrence on the oxidative stress ecology of Cottus gobio in a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps)

Understanding oxidative stress in high-mountain lake fish offers crucial insights into their health, resilience, and adaptation to extreme environmental changes. This study investigates the oxidative stress response of Cottus gobio in a high-mountain lake (Dimon Lake) located in the northeast Italy during the ice-free season, focusing on the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and physicochemical water parameters, as well as persistent and emerging contaminants. Significant seasonal variations were observed in water parameters, with lower oxygen, pH, conductivity, and phosphate levels in summer compared to autumn, while temperature, ammonium, and nitrate were higher in summer. Metal concentrations in C. gobio muscle were higher in autumn, with Zn showing the most significant increase. PAHs, NDL-PCBs, and pesticides were all below the limit of quantification in the fish muscle samples. No microplastics items were found in the gastrointestinal tracts of fish. Oxidative stress biomarkers revealed organ-specific and seasonal variations. The liver exhibited the highest activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-tranferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR), highlighting its central role in detoxification and metabolic processes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was notably higher in muscle tissue during summer, suggesting increased metabolic activity. A strong correlation was found between pH and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and metallothioneins (MTs), emphasizing the importance of water chemistry in influencing oxidative stress responses. This approach not only aids in understanding the local adaptations of these fish but also highlights the impacts of environmental stressors on high-mountain ecosystems. Continuous monitoring of water chemistry, particularly pH, is crucial for understanding and managing oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, especially in the context of global environmental changes.

Effects of different exposures to normobaric hypoxia on cognitive performance in healthy young adults.: Normobaric hypoxia and cognitive performance

Normobaric hypoxia has become an innovative non-pharmacological therapy to treat cognitive dysfunction. Nevertheless, the acute effects of exposure to hypoxia on cognitive performance remain unclear. We aimed to determine the effects of different normobaric hypoxic exposures on cognitive function in healthy young adults. Nineteen participants (13 men and 6 women; 23.7 ± 3.9 years; 172.0 ± 8.4 cm; 69.1 ± 12.2 kg) completed a cross-over randomized control trial with the following doses of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): a) 21 %, b) 15 %, c) 13 % or d) 11 %. During experimental trials, the physiological response (blood oxygen saturation and heart rate) and the following cognitive abilities were evaluated: memory, sustained attention, anticipation, and reaction time. Sustained attention improved under hypoxia at 15 % FiO2 (mean difference (MD) 0.024, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.005 to 0.044 s; p = 0.018) compared to 11 % and 21 % FiO2. During 11 % and 15 % FiO2, participants showed improved anticipation ability compared to normoxia (MD -0.023, 95 % CI -0.042 to -0.003 s, p = 0.020, and MD -0.009, 95 % CI -0.016 to -0.001 s, p = 0.022, respectively). However, reaction time was impaired under 11 % compared to 21 % FiO2 (MD 0.033, 95 % CI 0.008 to 0.059 s, p = 0.013). Finally, we did not find significant effects of hypoxia on memory (p > 0.05). Severe normobaric hypoxic exposure (11 % FiO2) produces detrimental effects on reaction time, although anticipation seems to be improved, compared to normoxia. In addition, cognitive processes of attention and anticipation appear to improve with moderate hypoxic exposure (15 % FiO2).

Safeguarding the brain from oxidative damage

Oxidative stress imposes a substantial cellular burden on the brain and contributes to diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Various antioxidant signaling pathways have been implicated in oxidative stress and have a protective effect on brain cells by increasing the release of numerous enzymes and through anti-inflammatory responses to oxidative damage caused by abnormal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although many molecules evaluated as antioxidants have shown therapeutic potentials in preclinical studies, the results of clinical trials have been less than satisfactory. This review focuses on several signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress that are associated with antioxidants. These pathways have a protective effect against stressors by increasing the release of various enzymes and also exert anti-inflammatory responses against oxidative damage. There is no doubt that oxidative stress is a crucial therapeutic target in the treatment of neurological diseases. Therefore, it is essential to understand the discovery of multiple routes that can efficiently repair the damage caused by ROS and prevent neurodegenerative disorders. This paper aims to provide a concise and objective review of the oxidative and antioxidant pathways and their potential therapeutic applications in treating oxidative injury in the brain.

Harnessing H2O2-induced susceptibility in Galleria mellonella larvae: A robust model for exploring oxidative stress and biomarkers

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in various pathological conditions. This study introduces an enhanced model using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced stress in Galleria mellonella larvae, offering a cost-effective and ethically sound alternative for oxidative stress research. The model bridges in vitro and in vivo studies to identify biomarkers like lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, hemocyte count, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Our results show that while G. mellonella larvae tolerated high doses of H2O2, increased susceptibility occurred with prolonged toxicosis and higher concentrations. Acute H2O2 exposure (5.0 M/1st day) led to elevated lipid and protein oxidation and decreased superoxide dismutase activity and hemocyte count, while catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity increased. Despite these defenses, the larvae's antioxidant capacity was insufficient under severe oxidative stress, reducing survival. This study highlights G. mellonella larvae as a promising model for examining reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress.

Bacterial Responses and Material-Cell Interplays With Novel MoAlB@MBene

Developing efficient antibacterial nanomaterials has potential across diverse fields, but it requires a deeper understanding of material-bacteria interactions. In this study, a novel 2D core-shell MoAlB@MBene structure is synthesized using a mild wet-chemical etching approach. The growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis bacteria in the presence of MoAlB@MBene decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, with a prolonged lag phase in the initial 6 h of incubation. Even under dark conditions, MoAlB@MBene triggered the formation of intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) in bacteria, while the bacteria protected themselves by forming biofilm and altering cell morphology. The MoAlB@MBene shows consistent light absorption across the visible range, along with a distinctive UV absorption edge. Two types of band gaps are identified: direct (1.67 eV) and indirect (0.74 eV), which facilitate complex light interactions with MoAlB@MBene. Exposure to simulated white light led to decreased viability rates of E. coli (20.6%), S. aureus (22.9%), and B. subtilis (21.4%). Altogether, the presented study enhances the understanding of bacteria responses in the presence of light-activated 2D nanomaterials.

Repairing muscle with broccoli-derived sulforaphane: A preclinical evaluation for the treatment of mitochondrial myopathies

Skeletal muscle health relies on the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria. ATP production is accompanied by oxidative phosphorylation, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). When there is an imbalance in ROS levels, oxidative stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial myopathies including sarcopenia, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and proximal myopathy can result. Such incurable myopathies are characterised by aberrant metabolism, limited ATP production, and muscle atrophy. Broccoli-derived sulforaphane has emerged as a novel treatment for mitochondrial myopathies because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review discusses preclinical models that reveal sulforaphane's potential therapeutic benefits and limitations in treating mitochondrial myopathies.

SPRTN metalloprotease participates in repair of ROS-mediated DNA-protein crosslinks

Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs), unusually bulky DNA lesions that block replication and transcription and play a role in aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Repair of DPCs depends on the coordinated efforts of proteases and DNA repair enzymes to cleave the protein component of the lesion to smaller DNA-peptide crosslinks which can be processed by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases 1 and 2, nucleotide excision and homologous recombination repair pathways. DNA-dependent metalloprotease SPRTN plays a role in DPC repair, and SPRTN-deficient mice exhibit an accelerated aging phenotype and develop liver cancer early in life. We investigated the role of the SPRTN enzyme in the repair of DPCs produced by a free radical mechanism. Sprtn-deficient MEF cells treated with ionizing radiation had higher levels of total DPCs and exhibited greater sensitivity upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide and other crosslinking agents including cisplatin, phosphoramide mustard, and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Using a sensitive and accurate nanoLC-ESI+-MS/MS assay, we specifically measured the radical-induced crosslinking of thymidine in DNA crosslinking of thymidine in DNA to tyrosine in proteins (dT-Tyr) in the tissues of SPRTN hypomorphic (SprtnH/H) and wild type mice. Genomic DNA isolated from the tissues of SPRTN hypomorphic (SprtnH/H) mice exhibited higher levels of dT-Tyr in the liver, brain, heart, and kidney than wild-type animals. Overall, our results are consistent with the understanding that SPRTN has a role in maintaining genomic integrity upon exposure to ionizing radiation and endogenous reactive oxygen species.

Prognostic value of combined systemic inflammation response index and prognostic nutritional index in colorectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is notably influenced by both inflammation and nutritional status. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) have been reported in prognostic studies of various tumors. However, the efficacy of the combination of the two in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients has not been studied.

AIM

To evaluate the effectiveness of PNI and SIRI in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC.

METHODS

We retrospectively gathered data from 470 CRC patients who underwent feasible radical surgery at Xinjiang Cancer Hospital. The optimal cut-off values for SIRI and PNI, along with their predictive power for survival, were determined through area under the receiver operating characteristic curve using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were applied to assess prognostic impact, and a multifactorial Cox proportional hazards model was employed for analysis. Additionally, a new model, PSIRI, was developed and assessed for its survival prediction capability.

RESULTS

The optimal cutoff values for PNI and SIRI were determined to be 47.80 and 1.38, respectively. Based on these values, patients were categorized into high PNI and low PNI groups, as well as high SIRI and low SIRI groups. Significant differences in age, T stage, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) subgroups were observed between the PNI groups in the baseline profile. In the SIRI group, notable differences were found in gender, T stage, nerve invasion, intravascular tumor emboli, NLR, MLR, and PLR subgroups. Both low PNI and high SIRI were identified as independent risk factors for poor prognosis in CRC patients. When combined into the PSIRI model, it was shown that patients with a PSIRI ≤ 1 had a higher risk of death compared to those with a PSIRI of 2.

CONCLUSION

We assessed the impact of PNI and SIRI on the prognostic survival of CRC patients and developed a new model, PSIRI. This model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy, with a concordance index of 0.767.

Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) exposure leads to cell apoptosis to HUVEC cells and toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans through increasing the oxidative stress

Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), a common phthalate plasticizer, is frequently encountered in everyday life. Despite its widespread use, there is a dearth of toxicological research on DIOP, resulting in incomplete knowledge of its potential harmful effects. Our current research endeavored to provide a comprehensive evaluation of DIOP's toxicological profile using both cellular and Caenorhabditis elegans models as our in vitro and in vivo study subjects. Our results demonstrate that DIOP markedly decreases the viability and colony-forming ability of HUVECs. Moreover, this cytotoxicity correlates with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and the induction of cell apoptosis. In addition, DIOP adversely affects the growth, movement, and reproductive fitness of C. elegans, as well as other physiological aspects such as body curvature, egg-laying capability, and body length. C. elegans exposed to DIOP exhibit increased oxidative stress, evidenced by higher ROS levels and lipofuscin buildup. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways are implicated in the response to DIOP-induced toxicity. This study, therefore, highlights the potential toxicity of DIOP in both cellular and organismal models, advancing our understanding of the detrimental effects associated with exposure to DIOP.

The interaction of isoquinoline alkaloid crebanine with immunoglobulin G and cytotoxic effects toward MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

In this study, the interaction of crebanine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, with immunoglobulin G (IgG) was evaluated. Subsequently, the anticancer effects of crebanine in MCF-7 breast cancer cells were assessed. The results demonstrate that static quenching plays a key role in the fluorescence quenching of the IgG by crebanine, and some embedded hydrophobic patches of the IgG are exposed upon interaction with crebanine, while the characteristic β-sheet conformation of the IgG was almost preserved. Theoretical studies also show that several hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues play a crucial role in the formation of hydrogen bonds between crebanine and IgG, along with the stability of the complex. Cellular studies indicate that crebanine induces selective anticancer effects in MCF-7 cells (IC50: 36.76 μM) compared to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293, IC50: 723.77 μM) through the inhibition of colony formation, induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, upregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cytochrome c release, which are indicative of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information regarding the protein binding affinity and anticancer activity of crebanine, which are essential factors for determining the pharmacological activity of small molecules as drug candidates.

The Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles: An Updated Review

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are widely used in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and molecular imaging. An increasing number of consumer products containing SiNPs are being used without supervision, and the toxicity of SiNPs to the human body is becoming a major problem. SiNPs contact the human body in various ways and cause damage to the structure and function of genetic material, potentially leading to carcinogenesis, teratogenicity and infertility. This review summarizes SiNPs-induced genetic and epigenetic toxicity, especially to germ cells, and explore their potential mechanisms. SiNPs cause genetic material damage mainly by inducing oxidative stress. Furtherly, the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic toxicity are discussed in detail for the first time. SiNPs alter DNA methylation, miRNA expression, histone modification and inhibit chromatin remodeling by regulating epigenetic-related enzymes and transcription factors. This review is beneficial for investigating potential solutions to avoid toxicity and provide guidance for better application of SiNPs in the biomedical field.

The Role of Antioxidant Plant Extracts' Composition and Encapsulation in Dietary Supplements and Gemmo-Derivatives, as Safe Adjuvants in Metabolic and Age-Related Conditions: A Review

Given the current global circumstances, marked by severe environmental pollution-including the contamination of food-along with daily stress and a sedentary lifestyle, many consumers choose to improve their quality of life by using, among others, minimally processed food, food supplements, and gemmo-derivatives. Recent lab and clinical studies have shown the positive impact of specific nutrients with antioxidant capacities in the treatment of several conditions generated by oxidative stress. This paper reviews antioxidant plant extracts utilized as components in various dietary supplements and gemmoderivatives, highlighting their chemical composition and biological properties in preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress. A modern approach to food science brings to the fore the concept of dietary supplements vs. functional food, nutraceuticals, and gemmo-derivatives. The definitions of these terms are not being unanimously regulated in this respect and describe each category of compound and product, also emphasizing the need to implement adequate nutrivigilance. In order to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of dietary supplements and gemmo-derivatives based on antioxidant plant extracts, some encapsulation techniques are outlined.

The Impact of Alkaline Stress on Plant Growth and Its Alkaline Resistance Mechanisms

Alkaline stress can induce significant injury to plants, resulting in a range of negative effects, including ion toxicity, oxidative stress, and damage from high pH values. These stress factors can substantially affect normal plant growth and development, as well as yield and quality loss. To counteract alkaline stress, plants have developed a range of defense strategies, enabling them to adapt and thrive in challenging environments. These defense mechanisms operate at multiple levels such as morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular. The continuous advancement of genetic engineering has enabled significant breakthroughs in enhancing plant alkali resistance through human intervention. This research provides a scientific basis for crop production and ecological environment construction, and also promotes the effective development and utilization of saline-alkali lands, improving the sustainability of agricultural production.

Mass Spectrometry-Based Platforms for Protein Lipoxidation Profiling

Lipid peroxidation, occurring through enzymatic or non-enzymatic processes, generates lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs), which can covalently modify nucleophilic amino acid residues in proteins, a process known as protein lipoxidation. This modification can alter protein structure and function, either causing damage or regulating signalling pathways. Identifying the protein targets and specific lipoxidation sites provide important clues for unveiling the oxidative stress-related protein interaction network and molecular mechanisms of related diseases. In this review, we present a detailed overview of recent advances in protein LDE modification profiling, with a focus on mass spectrometry (MS)-based chemoproteomic platforms for global protein lipoxidation profiling.

The protective impact of myricetin against PM2.5-induced cellular apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure is responsible for skin inflammation, aging, and disruption of skin homeostasis. The objective of this investigation was to assess the potential of myricetin in protecting against skin damage caused by PM2.5. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were pretreated with myricetin and subsequently exposed to PM2.5. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidized cellular components, mitochondrial damage, cellular apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were assessed. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling network was constructed, and the action site of myricetin was explored through docking analysis. PM2.5 induced oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and cellular apoptosis. Myricetin counteracted these effects by reducing the PM2.5-induced ROS levels. Additionally, myricetin mitigated the PM2.5-induced cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm and caspase activation, thereby ameliorating cellular apoptosis. Myricetin reduced PM2.5-induced cytosolic Ca2+ level and ER-related signaling molecules. Furthermore, myricetin inhibited cellular cytotoxicity by downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Docking and network analyses identified 12 major MAPK proteins targeted by myricetin, and these proteins primarily affected the classical MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that myricetin mitigates skin impairments caused by PM2.5 exposure by reducing ROS, mitochondrial damage, ER stress, and apoptosis via downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway.

Minimum carbon dioxide is a key predictor of the respiratory health of pigs in climate-controlled housing systems

BACKGROUND

Respiratory disease is an economically important disease in the swine industry. Housing air quality control is crucial for maintaining the respiratory health of pigs. However, maintaining air quality is a limitation of current housing systems. This study evaluated the growth and health parameters of pigs raised under different environmental conditions and identified key environmental variables that determine respiratory health. Eighty (Largewhite × Landrace) × Duroc crossed growing pigs (31.71 ± 0.53 kg) were equally distributed into two identical climate-controlled houses with distinct environmental conditions (CON = normal conditions and TRT = poor conditions). Two-sample tests were performed to compare the means of the groups, and a random forest algorithm was used to identify the importance scores of the environmental variables to respiratory health.

RESULTS

Pigs in the TRT group were significantly exposed to high temperatures (28.44 vs 22.78 °C, p < 0.001), humidity (88.27 vs 61.86%, p < 0.001), CO2 (2,739.93 vs 847.91 ppm, p < 0.001), NH3 (20.53 vs 8.18 ppm, p < 0.001), and H2S (14.28 vs 6.70 ppm, p < 0.001). Chronic exposure to these factors significantly reduced daily feed intake (1.82 vs 2.32 kg, p = 0.002), resulting in a significant reduction in average daily gain (0.72 vs 0.92 kg, p = 0.026), increased oxidative stress index (3.24 vs 1.43, p = 0.001), reduced cortisol levels (2.23 vs 4.07 mmol/L, p = 0.034), and deteriorated respiratory health status (74.41 vs 97.55, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a random forest model identified Min CO2, Min NH3, and Avg CO2 as the best predictors of respiratory health, and CO2 was strongly correlated with NH3 and H2S concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings emphasize the critical importance of proper environmental management in pig farming and suggest that regular monitoring and control of either CO2 or NH3, facilitated by environmental sensors and integration into intelligent systems, can serve as an effective strategy for improving respiratory health management in pigs.

Photoactive broad-spectrum dressings with antimicrobial and antitumoral properties

In this work the development of photoactive dressings (PAD) with dual purpose, is presented. These PAD can be used for the topical treatment of persistent infections caused by fungi and bacteria and are also applicable in light antitumor therapy for carcinoma. The synthesized PAD were designed employing conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPN) doped with platinum porphyrin which serve as polymerization photoinitiators and photosensitizers for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This approach led to the synthesis of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) hydrogels co-polymerized with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC). NVP and METAC were selected to impart a good biocompatibility with eukaryotic cell lines and antimicrobial properties, respectively. The combination of METAC with an efficient photogeneration of ROS by doped CPN resulted in a material with outstanding antimicrobial features. These dressings are capable of producing an aseptic environment upon irradiation and demonstrates a bacteriostatic profile in dark conditions. Additionally, the dressings fulfill critical requirements for topical applications, providing protection and acting as a barrier, with appropriate mechanical and swelling properties; as well as adequate water vapor transmission rates. The synthesized PAD have been shown to be biocompatible and non-toxic to erythrocytes and HaCaT cell line. PAD demonstrated efficacy in eliminating microbes such as fungi and bacteria. The underlying light-induced killing mechanism involved protein photooxidation, which amplified the effects of METAC mechanism that disrupt cellular membranes. Furthermore, in vitro studies using carcinoma cell lines displayed a complete cell eradication using a relatively low light dose (36 J/cm2 at 395 nm). These promising results reveal also the potential of PAD in the treatment of skin cancer.

Reproductive Health in Women with Major β-Thalassemia: Evaluating Ovarian Reserve and Endocrine Complications

Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia characterized by a partial or complete deficiency in the synthesis of alpha- or beta-globin chains, which are essential components of adult hemoglobin. Mutations in the globin genes lead to the production of unstable globin chains that precipitate within cells, causing hemolysis. This shortens the lifespan of mature red blood cells (RBCs) and results in the premature destruction of RBC precursors in the bone marrow. Regular red blood cell transfusions are the standard treatment for thalassemia. However, these transfusions can lead to increased iron overload, which can impair vital systems such as the liver, heart, ovaries, and endocrine system. Focusing on female reproductive endocrinology, recurrent blood transfusions can cause iron accumulation in the pituitary and hypothalamus, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), the most common endocrinopathy in these patients, affecting 40-91% of women. Recurrent transfusions and the resulting iron overload can also lead to oxidative stress and ovarian damage in patients with beta-thalassemia major (BTM). Despite advancements in iron chelation therapy, hypothalamic-pituitary damage associated with HH contributes to subfertility and sexual dysfunction, often with little to no recovery. In women exposed to gonadotoxic drugs, particularly those with BTM, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-a marker of ovarian reserve-is frequently used to assess ovarian damage. This review aims to explore the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia and its major clinical manifestations, with a focus on endocrine complications and their impact on ovarian reserve. It also investigates how metabolomics can provide insights into the disease's metabolic alterations and inform current and emerging therapeutic strategies to mitigate complications and optimize patient outcomes, potentially leading to more effective and personalized treatments.

Progressive iron overload in middle-aged mice impairs olfactory function, triggers lipid oxidation and induces apoptosis

Introduction

This study aims to investigate the progressive impact of chronic iron overload on the olfactory bulb, a region significantly affected in early neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The focus is on understanding how iron accumulation leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal damage over time in middle-aged mice.

Method

The mice were continuously administered FC for a duration of 16 weeks, and the olfactory behavior of the mice was observed at intervals of 4 weeks. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to detect alterations in iron content within the olfactory bulb of the mice, while levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant indexes were assessed using biochemical kits. Additionally, western blotting and qPCR techniques were utilized to analyze transcriptional and expression changes in proteins and genes related to iron metabolism. Furthermore, microstructural modifications as well as mitochondrial observations were conducted through paraffin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Result

A significant and progressive increase in iron accumulation in the olfactory bulb, starting from week 8 and peaking at week 16. This accumulation coincided with a decline in olfactory function observed at week 12. Key markers of oxidative stress, such as 4-HNE and MDA, were elevated in specific layers, and antioxidant defenses were reduced. Mitochondrial damage became evident from week 8, with caspase-3 activation indicating increased apoptosis, particularly in the granular layer. This study is to demonstrate the link between chronic iron overload and progressive olfactory dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. It provides evidence that iron-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the olfactory bulb contribute to early sensory deficits, suggesting that the olfactory bulb's selective vulnerability can serve as an early biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions.

Conclusion

Chronic iron overload leads to progressive oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the olfactory bulb, causing sensory deficits. Targeting iron accumulation and oxidative damage may offer new strategies for early intervention in neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of addressing iron dysregulation.

Facts, Dogmas, and Unknowns About Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer

Cancer metabolism is sustained both by enhanced aerobic glycolysis, characteristic of the Warburg phenotype, and oxidative metabolism. Cell survival and proliferation depends on a dynamic equilibrium between mitochondrial function and glycolysis, which is heterogeneous between tumors and even within the same tumor. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 originated in the tricarboxylic acid cycle flow through complexes of the electron transport chain. Single electron leaks at specific complexes of the electron transport chain generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are a concentration-dependent double-edged sword that plays multifaceted roles in cancer metabolism. ROS serve either as signaling molecules favoring cellular homeostasis and proliferation or damage DNA, protein and lipids, causing cell death. Several aspects of ROS biology still remain unsolved. Among the unknowns are the actual levels at which ROS become cytotoxic and if toxicity depends on specific ROS species or if it is caused by a cumulative effect of all of them. In this review, we describe mechanisms of mitochondrial ROS production, detoxification, ROS-induced cytotoxicity, and the use of antioxidants in cancer treatment. We also provide updated information about critical questions on the biology of ROS on cancer metabolism and discuss dogmas that lack adequate experimental demonstration. Overall, this review brings a comprehensive perspective of ROS as drivers of cancer progression, inducers of cell death, and the potential use of antioxidants as anticancer therapy.

Role of Polyphosphate as an Inorganic Chaperone to Prevent Protein Aggregation Under Copper Stress in Saccharolobus solfataricus

Polyphosphates are biopolymers composed of phosphate monomers linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. They are present across all life domains, serving as a source of energy, metal chelators, and playing a crucial role in stress defense. In Escherichia coli, polyphosphates also function as inorganic molecular chaperones. The present study aims to investigate whether polyphosphate serves a similar chaperone function in archaea, using Saccharolobus solfataricus as a model organism. To this end, polyphosphate was extracted and quantified, the ADP/ATP ratio was determined, insoluble protein extracts were analyzed at different time points after copper exposure, and qPCR was performed to measure the expression of stress-related genes. PolyP was extracted after exposing the archaeon S. solfataricus to different copper concentrations. We determined that polyP degradation is directly correlated with metal concentration. At the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mM Cu2+, polyP degradation stabilized 2 h after exposure and showed no recovery even after 24 h. The ADP/ATP ratio was measured and showed differences in the presence or absence of polyP. The analysis of proteins precipitated under copper stress showed a higher proportion of insoluble proteins at an elevated metal concentration. On the other hand, increased protein precipitation was detected in the absence of polyP. Gene expression analysis via qPCR was conducted to assess the expression of genes involved in chaperone and chaperonin production, copper resistance, oxidative stress response, and phosphate metabolism under prolonged copper exposure, both in the presence and absence of polyP. The results indicated an upregulation of all the chaperonins measured in the presence of polyP. Interestingly, just some of these genes were upregulated in polyP's absence. Despite copper stress, there was no upregulation of superoxide dismutase in our conditions. These results highlight the role of polyP in the copper stress response in S. solfataricus, particularly to prevent protein precipitation, likely due to its function as an inorganic chaperone. Additionally, the observed protein precipitation could be attributable to interactions between copper and some amino acids on the protein structures rather than oxidative stress induced by copper exposure, as previously described in E. coli. Our present findings provide new insights into the protective role of polyP as an inorganic chaperone in S. solfataricus and emphasize its importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis under metal stress conditions.

Rutin Attenuates the Oxidative Damage Induced by Zearalenone in Piglet Endometrial Stromal Cells via the p53 Signaling Pathway

Zearalenone (ZEA) induces oxidative damage in porcine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), which is a critical factor affecting the growth and reproduction of female pigs. We hypothesize that rutin, a flavonoid antioxidant, can alleviate ZEA-induced cellular damage through the p53 signaling pathway. In this experiment, porcine ESCs were used as a research model. After transfection with siRNA to silence the p53 gene, rutin and ZEA were added to the cocultured porcine ESCs. Rutin notably reduced the ZEA-induced apoptosis rate, ROS, MDA, and 4-HNE levels via the p53 pathway; lowered the expression of LC3, Beclin-1, p62, Bax, and CHOP; and significantly improved cell viability, GSH-Px, T-SOD enzyme activity, and Bcl-2 expression. It also inhibited both apoptosis and autophagy. These findings suggested a novel antioxidant mechanism by which rutin mitigated the toxic effects of ZEA, highlighting the role of the p53 gene knockdown in this process.

Subchronic Exposure to Low-Level Lanthanum, Cerium, and Yttrium Mixtures Altered Cell Cycle and Increased Oxidative Stress Pathways in Human LO-2 Hepatocytes but Did Not Cause Malignant Transformation

Human exposures to rare earth elements are increasing with expanded use in aerospace, precision instruments, and new energy batteries, materials, and fertilizers. Individually these elements have low toxicity, although few investigations have examined the health effects of longer-term mixture exposures. We used the LO-2 cell line to examine the effects of graded exposures to lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium (LCY) mixtures at 1-, 100-, and 1000-fold their human background levels (0.31 μg/L La, 0.25 μg/L Ce, and 0.12 μg/L Y) on cell cycle, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (NRF2) pathway biomarkers, assessing responses every 10 passages up to 100 passages. Cell migration, concanavalin A, malignant transformation, and tumorigenesis in nude mice were also examined. Mixed LCY exposures activated oxidative stress and the NRF2 pathway by the 30th passage and increased the proportion of cells in the S phase and cell cycle-specific biomarkers by the 40th passage. LCY exposures did not cause malignant transformation of hepatocytes or induced tumorigenesis in nude mice but enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and agglutination. Importantly, LCY mixtures with longer-term exposure activated the NRF2 pathway and altered the hepatocyte cell cycle at doses far below those used in previous toxicological studies. The consequences of LCY mixtures for public health merit further study.

Investigation of Oxidative-Stress Impact on Human Osteoblasts During Orthodontic Tooth Movement Using an In Vitro Tension Model

In recent years, there has been a growing number of adult orthodontic patients with periodontal disease. The progression of periodontal disease is well-linked to oxidative stress (OS). Nevertheless, the impact of OS on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is not fully clarified. Therefore, we applied an OS in vitro-model utilizing H2O2 to study its effect on tension-induced mechanotransduction in human osteoblasts (hOBs). Experimental parameters were established based on cell viability and proliferation. Apoptosis detection was based on caspase-3/7 activity. Gene expression related to bone-remodeling (RUNX2, P2RX7, TNFRSF11B/OPG), inflammation (CXCL8/IL8, IL6, PTRGS2/COX2), autophagy (MAP1LC3A/LC3, BECN1), and apoptosis (CASP3, CASP8) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. IL6 and PGE2 secretion were determined by ELISA. Tension increased the expression of PTRGS2/COX2 in all groups, especially after stimulation with higher H2O2 concentration. This corresponds also to the measured PGE2 concentrations. CXCL8/IL8 was upregulated in all groups. Cells subjected to tension alone showed a general upregulation of osteogenic differentiation-related genes; however, pre-stimulation with OS did not induce significant changes especially towards downregulation. MAP1LC3A/LC3, BECN1 and CASP8 were generally upregulated in cells without OS pre-stimulation. Our results suggest that OS might have considerable impacts on cellular behavior during OTM.

Bacterial exopolysaccharides: Characteristics and antioxidant mechanism

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are secondary metabolites of microorganisms which play important roles in adhesion, protection, biofilm formation, and as a source of nutrition. Compared with polysaccharides obtained from animal and plant species, bacterial polysaccharides have significant advantages in terms of production cost and large-scale production due to their abundant metabolic pathways and efficient polysaccharide production capacity. Most extracellular polysaccharides are water-soluble, and some are insoluble, such as bacterial cellulose. Some soluble bacterial EPS also have biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. These biological activities are mainly affected by the molecular weight, monosaccharide type, composition and structure of EPS. In recent years, bacterial EPS are considered as novel functional polysaccharides with important application prospects, especially in free radical scavenging and antioxidation. This review focuses on the characteristics of bacterial EPS, their ability to scavenge free radicals and their corresponding antioxidant mechanisms, and summarizes the relationship between different structures (such as monosaccharide composition, functional groups, molecular weight, etc.) and antioxidant activities. It provides a new idea for the development of more bioactive bacterial EPS antioxidants, points out a new direction for the commercial production of natural, safe and economical polysaccharide drugs and health products.

Thio and Seleno Derivatives of Angelicin as Efficient Triplet Harvesting Photosensitizers: Implications in Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely accepted in medical practice for its targeted induction of apoptosis in cancerous cells. Angelicin (Ang) has traditionally been known for its efficacy in cancer treatment and its capability to enter a photoexcited triplet state. This study has comprehensively assessed the effects of substituting individual chalcogen atoms at three specific positions in Angelicin, with the objective of facilitating access to this elusive triplet state to enhance its role as a photosensitizer in PDT. The study scrutinizes various enhancements and factors that are crucial for efficient triplet harvesting. The decrease in singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and increased spin-orbit coupling (SOC) values present numerous viable pathways for intersystem crossing (ISC), leading to the triplet manifold. The lifetime of ISC, thus, decreases from 10-5 s-1 in Ang to 10-8 s-1 in thioangelicin (TAng) and finally to 10-9 s-1 in selenoangelicin (SeAng). Additionally, this study investigates the two-photon absorption properties of thio and seleno-substituted Angelicin for their potentialities as non-UV photosensitizers. The interplay between electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substitutions in these derivatives significantly enhances the two-photon absorption cross-sections (σ) to as high as 49.3 GM while shifting the absorption wavelengths towards the infrared region enabling them as efficient PDT photosensitizers.

Furan impairs cell function by inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse Sertoli cells in vitro

Research on heat-induced food contaminants, such as furan, has shown its harmful effects on various systems. However, the impact of furan on Sertoli cells, a crucial male reproductive system cell, has not been studied. The investigation involved the treatment of furan to TM4 Sertoli cells at various concentrations (750, 1500, and 3000 µM) over a period of 24 h. This in vitro study determined that furan causes a decrease in Sertoli cell viability and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, leading to cytotoxicity. Additionally, we observed an increase in MDA, one of the oxidative stress markers, in Sertoli cells, indicating that furan exposure leads to lipid peroxidation. It was determined that enzyme activities in the antioxidant defense system in Sertoli cells decreased after furan exposure. The findings indicate that furan induces oxidative damage in Sertoli cells by impairing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and promoting the production of ROS. This study discovered that furan triggers apoptosis in Sertoli cells by damaging DNA and altering the expression levels of apoptotic genes. Moreover, results suggest that furan causes cellular toxicity and apoptosis, leading to damage to Sertoli cells and thus causing male infertility.

Proteostasis disruption and senescence in Alzheimer's disease pathways to neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease associated with behavioral abnormalities, memory loss, and cognitive impairment that cause major causes of dementia in the elderly. The pathogenetic processes cause complex effects on brain function and AD progression. The proper protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is critical for cell health. AD causes the buildup of misfolded proteins, particularly tau and amyloid-beta, to break down proteostasis, such aggregates are toxic to neurons and play a critical role in AD pathogenesis. The rise of cellular senescence is accompanied by aging, marked by irreversible cell cycle arrest and the release of pro-inflammatory proteins. Senescent cell build-up in the brains of AD patients exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration. These cells senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) also disturbs the brain environment. When proteostasis failure and cellular senescence coalesce, a cycle is generated that compounds each other. While senescent cells contribute to proteostasis breakdown through inflammatory and degradative processes, misfolded proteins induce cellular stress and senescence. The principal aspects of the neurodegenerative processes in AD are the interaction of cellular senescence and proteostasis failure. This review explores the interconnected roles of proteostasis disruption and cellular senescence in the pathways leading to neurodegeneration in AD.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at low concentration improve coagulation efficiency but induce higher membrane fouling in drinking water treatment

The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water has been widely reported in recent years. Many techniques, e.g., adsorption, have been investigated to remove PFAS from contaminated waters. However, the underlying impacts of PFAS on conventional drinking water treatment have been overlooked so far. In this study, we hypothesized whether PFAS have significant impacts on algae in surface water, which in turn may influence the performance of typical treatment processes (e.g., coagulation/membrane filtration). Therefore, we sampled a representative surface water (drinking water source) in Beijing, China, and dosed 2 representative PFAS compounds, at environment concentrations, to conduct bench-scale treatment tests. Results showed that the presence of PFAS caused larger flocs during coagulation and more severe ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling, compared with a control solution without PFAS. Specifically, PFAS at a low concentration (0.1 μg/L) led to the greatest influence on floc growth and UF membrane fouling; compared with the solution without PFAS, the floc size increased by 1.6 times and membrane flux declined more than 10%. These effects were evidenced by the stress response of algae under PFAS stimulus, secreting more biopolymers (mainly polysaccharides), rather than by PFAS directly. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the presence of PFAS can have both beneficial, and undesirable, indirect effects on water treatment in real applications, through its impact on algae in surface water sources.

The Roles of Oxidative Stress and Red Blood Cells in the Pathology of the Varicose Vein

This review discusses sources of reactive oxygen species, enzymatic antioxidant systems, and low molecular weight antioxidants. We present the pathology of varicose veins (VVs), including factors such as hypoxia, inflammation, dysfunctional endothelial cells, risk factors in varicose veins, the role of RBCs in venous thrombus formation, the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RBCs on VV pathology, and the role of hemoglobin in the damage of particles and macromolecules in VVs. This review discusses the production of ROS, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, the pathogenesis of varicose veins as a pathology based on hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as the participation of red blood cells in the pathology of varicose veins.

Regulation of Vascular Injury and Repair by P21-Activated Kinase 1 and P21-Activated Kinase 2: Therapeutic Potential and Challenges

The PAK (p21-activated kinases) family is a class of intracellular signal transduction protein kinases that regulate various cellular functions, mainly through their interactions with small GTP enzymes. PAK1 and PAK2 in the PAK kinase family are key signal transduction molecules that play important roles in various biological processes, including morphological changes, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, and are involved in the progression of many diseases. Abnormal expression or dysregulation of PAK1 and PAK2 may be associated with several diseases, including cancer, neurological diseases, etc. The current research mainly focuses on studying the role of PAK and PAK inhibitors in the regulation of cancer progression, but relatively few reports are available that explore their potential role in cardiovascular diseases. Vascular injury and repair are complex processes involved in many cardiovascular conditions, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension. Emerging research suggests that PAK1 and PAK2 have pivotal roles in vascular endothelial cell functions, including migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. These kinases also modulate vascular smooth muscle relaxation, vascular permeability, and structural alterations, which are critical in the development of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. By targeting these activities, PAK proteins are essential for both normal vascular physiology and the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets for vascular health. This review focuses on recent studies that offer experimental insights into the mechanisms by which PAK1 and PAK2 regulate the biological processes of vascular injury and repair and the therapeutic potential of the current existing PAK inhibitors in vascular-related diseases. The limitations of treatment with some PAK inhibitors and the ways that future development can overcome these challenges are also discussed.

The epigenetic approach of varicocele: a focus on sperm DNA and m6A-RNA methylation

BACKGROUND

Varicocele is an abnormal dilation and torsion of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum due to venous reflux, primarily affecting the left side. It affects 15% of men and is a prevalent contributor to male infertility. Varicocele is a complex disorder influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications, which regulate genome activity independently of DNA or RNA sequences, may contribute to the development and severity of varicocele. These include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A). Irregularities in DNA and m6A-RNA methylation during spermatogenesis can cause gene expression abnormalities, DNA damage, and decreased fertility in varicocele patients.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

The review aims to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms of varicocele, a condition that can significantly impact male fertility. By exploring the role of methylation modifications, specifically DNA and m6A-RNA methylation, the review aims to synthesize evidence from basic, preclinical, and clinical research to expand the existing knowledge on this subject. The ultimate goal is to identify potential avenues for developing targeted treatments that can effectively improve varicocele and ultimately increase sperm quality in affected individuals.

SEARCH METHODS

A thorough investigation of the scientific literature was conducted through searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases until May 2024. All studies investigating the relationship between DNA and m6A-RNA methylation and male infertility, particularly varicocele were reviewed, and the most pertinent reports were included. Keywords such as varicocele, epigenetics, DNA methylation, m6A-RNA methylation, hypermethylation, hypomethylation, spermatozoa, semen parameters, spermatogenesis, and male infertility were used during the literature search, either individually or in combination.

OUTCOMES

The sperm has a specialized morphology essential for successful fertilization, and its epigenome is unique, potentially playing a key role in embryogenesis. Sperm DNA and RNA methylation, major epigenetic marks, regulate the expression of testicular genes crucial for normal spermatogenesis. This review explores the role of DNA and m6A-RNA methylation, in responding to oxidative stress and how various nutrients influence their function in varicocele condition. Evidence suggests a potential link between varicocele and aberrant DNA/m6A-RNA methylation patterns, especially hypomethylation, but the body of evidence is still limited. Further studies are needed to understand how abnormal expression of DNA/m6A-RNA methylation regulators affects testicular gene expression. Thus, analyzing sperm DNA 5mC/5hmC levels and m6A-RNA methylation regulators may reveal spermatogenesis defects and predict reproductive outcomes.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

Nutri-epigenomics is an emerging field that could enhance the knowledge and management of diseases with unpredictable risks and consequences, even among individuals with similar lifestyles, by elucidating the influence of nutrition on DNA/m6A-RNA methylation through one-carbon metabolism. However, the importance of one-carbon metabolism to varicocele is not well-recognized. Health status and diet influence one-carbon metabolism and its associated DNA/m6A-RNA methylation modification. Future research should identify optimal methylation patterns that promote health and investigate modulating one-carbon metabolism to achieve this. Furthermore, additional studies are necessary to develop personalized dietary strategies through clinical and longitudinal research. However, a research gap exists on dietary interventions utilizing epigenetics as a therapeutic method for treating varicocele.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

Not applicable.

Metabolism and immune responses of striped hamsters to ectoparasite challenges: insights from transcriptomic analysis

Introduction

The striped hamster, often parasitized by ectoparasites in nature, is an ideal model for studying host-ectoparasite molecular interactions. Investigating the response to ectoparasites under laboratory conditions helps elucidate the mechanism of host adaptations to ectoparasite pressure.

Methods

Using transcriptome sequencing, we analyzed gene expression in striped hamsters after short-term (3 days) and long-term (28 days) flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) parasitism. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Hub genes were pinpointed using protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and the MCODE in Cytoscape. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to further clarify the functional pathways of these hub genes. Validation of DEGs was performed via RT-qPCR. Additionally, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kits for hamsters.

Results

GO analysis revealed that during early parasitism, hosts primarily responded to the ectoparasites by adjusting the expression of genes related to metabolic functions. As parasitism persisted, the immune response became prominent, activating various immune pathways against ectoparasites. KEGG analysis confirmed the ongoing roles of metabolism and immunity. Notably, the chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species pathway was upregulated during flea parasitism, with downregulation of hub genes ATP5MC1 and ATP5MC2, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial function in oxidative stress. ELISA findings revealed that on day 3, flea parasitism groups showed elevated ROS expression and reduced SOD and CAT levels compared to the control group. By day 28, only SOD expression showed a significant decrease in both parasitism groups.

Conclusion

This study uncovered the dynamic changes in metabolism and immune responses of striped hamsters parasitized by Xenopsylla cheopis. Hosts adjust their physiological and immune states to optimize survival strategies during different ectoparasite stages, enhancing our understanding of host-ectoparasite interactions. This also paves the way for further research into how hosts regulate complex biological processes in response to ectoparasite challenges.

Accumulation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Promotes Age-Related Decline of Type H Vessels in Bone

Type H vessels have been proven to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. The decline of type H vessels contributes to bone loss in the aging process. Aging is accompanied by the accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). However, whether AOPP accumulation is involved in age-related decline of type H vessels is unclear. Here, we show that the increase of AOPP levels in plasma and bone was correlated with the decline of type H vessels and loss of bone mass in old mice. Exposure of microvascular endothelial cells to AOPPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation; increased NADPH oxidase activity and excessive reactive oxygen species generation; upregulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; and eventually impaired angiogenesis, which was alleviated by redox modulator N-acetylcysteine and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Furthermore, reduced AOPP accumulation by NAC treatment was able to alleviate significantly the decline of type H vessels, bone mass loss, and deterioration of bone microstructure in old mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that AOPPs accumulation contributes to the decline of type H vessels in the aging process, and illuminate a novel potential mechanism underlying age-related bone loss.