1
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Lockwood TD. Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn 2+ against COVID-19 are not independent. Biometals 2024; 37:983-1022. [PMID: 38578560 PMCID: PMC11255062 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Independent trials indicate that either oral Zn2+ or metformin can separately improve COVID-19 outcomes by approximately 40%. Coordination chemistry predicts a mechanistic relationship and therapeutic synergy. Zn2+ deficit is a known risk factor for both COVID-19 and non-infectious inflammation. Most dietary Zn2+ is not absorbed. Metformin is a naked ligand that presumably increases intestinal Zn2+ bioavailability and active absorption by cation transporters known to transport metformin. Intracellular Zn2+ provides a natural buffer of many protease reactions; the variable "set point" is determined by Zn2+ regulation or availability. A Zn2+-interactive protease network is suggested here. The two viral cysteine proteases are therapeutic targets against COVID-19. Viral and many host proteases are submaximally inhibited by exchangeable cell Zn2+. Inhibition of cysteine proteases can improve COVID-19 outcomes and non-infectious inflammation. Metformin reportedly enhances the natural moderating effect of Zn2+ on bioassayed proteome degradation. Firstly, the dissociable metformin-Zn2+ complex could be actively transported by intestinal cation transporters; thereby creating artificial pathways of absorption and increased body Zn2+ content. Secondly, metformin Zn2+ coordination can create a non-natural protease inhibitor independent of cell Zn2+ content. Moderation of peptidolytic reactions by either or both mechanisms could slow (a) viral multiplication (b) viral invasion and (c) the pathogenic host inflammatory response. These combined actions could allow development of acquired immunity to clear the infection before life-threatening inflammation. Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid®) opposes COVID-19 by selective inhibition the viral main protease by a Zn2+-independent mechanism. Pending safety evaluation, predictable synergistic benefits of metformin and Zn2+, and perhaps metformin/Zn2+/Paxlovid® co-administration should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lockwood
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
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2
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Liu XH, Liu XT, Wu Y, Li SA, Ren KD, Cheng M, Huang B, Yang Y, Liu PP. Broadening Horizons: Exploring the Cathepsin Family as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0456. [PMID: 39122455 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intricate neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, including beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, leading to cognitive decline. Despite decades of research, the precise mechanisms underlying its onset and progression remain elusive. Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal enzymes that play vital roles in cellular processes, including protein degradation and regulation of immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests that cathepsins may be involved in AD pathogenesis. Cathepsins can influence the activation of microglia and astrocytes, the resident immune cells in the brain. However, cathepsin dysfunction may lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, notably Aβ and tau. In addition, dysregulated cathepsin activity may induce an exaggerated immune response, promoting chronic inflammation and neuronal dysfunction in patients with AD. By unraveling the classification, functions, and roles of cathepsins in AD's pathogenesis, this review sheds light on their intricate involvement in this devastating disease. Targeting cathepsin activity could be a promising and novel approach for mitigating the pathological processes that contribute to AD, providing new avenues for its treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Hospital of Yongnian District, Yongnian, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shu-Ang Li
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Translational Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Padín JF, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Redondo-Calvo FJ. Aprotinin (I): Understanding the Role of Host Proteases in COVID-19 and the Importance of Pharmacologically Regulating Their Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7553. [PMID: 39062796 PMCID: PMC11277036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are produced and released in the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract and have important physiological functions, for example, maintaining airway humidification to allow proper gas exchange. The infectious mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), takes advantage of host proteases in two ways: to change the spatial conformation of the spike (S) protein via endoproteolysis (e.g., transmembrane serine protease type 2 (TMPRSS2)) and as a target to anchor to epithelial cells (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)). This infectious process leads to an imbalance in the mucosa between the release and action of proteases versus regulation by anti-proteases, which contributes to the exacerbation of the inflammatory and prothrombotic response in COVID-19. In this article, we describe the most important proteases that are affected in COVID-19, and how their overactivation affects the three main physiological systems in which they participate: the complement system and the kinin-kallikrein system (KKS), which both form part of the contact system of innate immunity, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We aim to elucidate the pathophysiological bases of COVID-19 in the context of the imbalance between the action of proteases and anti-proteases to understand the mechanism of aprotinin action (a panprotease inhibitor). In a second-part review, titled "Aprotinin (II): Inhalational Administration for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Other Viral Conditions", we explain in depth the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and use of aprotinin as an antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Padín
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Ortiz
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University General Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital and Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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4
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Padín JF, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Redondo-Calvo FJ. Aprotinin (II): Inhalational Administration for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Other Viral Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7209. [PMID: 39000315 PMCID: PMC11241800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aprotinin is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of human proteases that has been approved for the treatment of bleeding in single coronary artery bypass surgery because of its potent antifibrinolytic actions. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an urgent need to find new antiviral drugs. Aprotinin is a good candidate for therapeutic repositioning as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug and for treating the symptomatic processes that characterise viral respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. This is due to its strong pharmacological ability to inhibit a plethora of host proteases used by respiratory viruses in their infective mechanisms. The proteases allow the cleavage and conformational change of proteins that make up their viral capsid, and thus enable them to anchor themselves by recognition of their target in the epithelial cell. In addition, the activation of these proteases initiates the inflammatory process that triggers the infection. The attraction of the drug is not only its pharmacodynamic characteristics but also the possibility of administration by the inhalation route, avoiding unwanted systemic effects. This, together with the low cost of treatment (≈2 Euro/dose), makes it a good candidate to reach countries with lower economic means. In this article, we will discuss the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological characteristics of aprotinin administered by the inhalation route; analyse the main advances in our knowledge of this medication; and the future directions that should be taken in research in order to reposition this medication in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Fernando Padín
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Ortiz
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine at Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13971 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University General Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital and Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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5
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Lubinski B, Whittaker GR. Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:984. [PMID: 38932275 PMCID: PMC11209347 DOI: 10.3390/v16060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Public & Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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6
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Ouyang Y, Nauwynck HJ. Molecular basis for the different PCV2 susceptibility of T-lymphoblasts in Landrace and Piétrain pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:22. [PMID: 38374131 PMCID: PMC10875804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically, Landrace pigs are more susceptible to porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) than Piétrain pigs. We previously found that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can infect T-lymphoblasts. The present study examined the replication kinetics of six PCV2 strains in the lymphoblasts of Landrace and Piétrain pigs. The results showed that T-lymphoblasts from Landrace pigs are much more susceptible to PCV2 infection than those from Piétrain pigs. In addition, PCV2 replication was strain-dependent. PCV2 binding to T-lymphoblasts was partially mediated by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Phosphacan, an effective internalization mediator in monocytes that contains several CS chains, was also demonstrated to be involved in PCV2 internalization. Viral binding and internalization were not different between the two breeds, however, the subsequent step, the disassembly was. Although inhibition of serine proteases blocked PCV2 replication in both Landrace and Piétrain pigs, this only occurred at a neutral pH in Piétrain pigs, whereas this occurred also at a low pH in Landrace. This suggested that more proteases can cleave PCV2 in Landrace lymphoblasts than in Piétrain lymphoblasts, explaining the better replication. Through co-localization studies of viral particles with endo-lysosomal markers, and quantitative analysis of organelle sizes during viral internalization, it was observed that PCV2 may exhibit a higher propensity for viral escape from late endosomes in Landrace pigs (smaller) compared to Piétrain pigs. These results provide new understandings of the different PCV2 susceptibility in Landrace and Piétrain pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Ouyang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Li P, Kim Y, Dampalla CS, Nhat Nguyen H, Meyerholz DK, Johnson DK, Lovell S, Groutas WC, Perlman S, Chang KO. Potent 3CLpro inhibitors effective against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in animal models by therapeutic treatment. mBio 2024; 15:e0287823. [PMID: 38126789 PMCID: PMC10865860 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02878-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are zoonotic betacoronaviruses that continue to have a significant impact on public health. Timely development and introduction of vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 into the clinic have substantially mitigated the burden of COVID-19. However, a limited or lacking therapeutic arsenal for SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV infections, respectively, calls for an expanded and diversified portfolio of antivirals against these coronavirus infections. In this report, we examined the efficacy of two potent 3CLpro inhibitors, 5d and 11d, in fatal animal models of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV to demonstrate their broad-spectrum activity against both viral infections. These compounds significantly increased the survival of mice in both models when treatment started 1 day post infection compared to no treatment which led to 100% fatality. Especially, the treatment with compound 11d resulted in 80% and 90% survival in SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV-infected mice, respectively. Amelioration of lung viral load and histopathological changes in treated mice correlated well with improved survival in both infection models. Furthermore, compound 11d exhibited significant antiviral activities in K18-hACE2 mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant XBB.1.16. The results suggest that these are promising candidates for further development as broad-spectrum direct-acting antivirals against highly virulent human coronaviruses.IMPORTANCEHuman coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to have a significant impact on public health. A limited or lacking therapeutic arsenal for SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV infections calls for an expanded and diversified portfolio of antivirals against these coronavirus infections. We have previously reported a series of small-molecule 3C-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors against human coronaviruses. In this report, we demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors for their broad-spectrum activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV infections using the fatal animal models. The results suggest that these are promising candidates for further development as broad-spectrum direct-acting antivirals against highly virulent human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, lowa, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | | | - David K. Johnson
- Computational Chemical Biology Core, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, lowa, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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8
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Flury P, Breidenbach J, Krüger N, Voget R, Schäkel L, Si Y, Krasniqi V, Calistri S, Olfert M, Sylvester K, Rocha C, Ditzinger R, Rasch A, Pöhlmann S, Kronenberger T, Poso A, Rox K, Laufer SA, Müller CE, Gütschow M, Pillaiyar T. Cathepsin-Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:493-514. [PMID: 38357286 PMCID: PMC10863444 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins (Cats) are proteases that mediate the successful entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. We designed and synthesized a tailored series of 21 peptidomimetics and evaluated their inhibitory activity against human cathepsins L, B, and S. Structural diversity was realized by combinations of different C-terminal warhead functions and N-terminal capping groups, while a central Leu-Phe fragment was maintained. Several compounds were identified as promising cathepsin L and S inhibitors with Ki values in the low nanomolar to subnanomolar range, for example, the peptide aldehydes 9a and 9b (9a, 2.67 nM, CatL; 0.455 nM, CatS; 9b, 1.76 nM, CatL; 0.512 nM, CatS). The compounds' inhibitory activity against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) was additionally investigated. Based on the results at CatL, CatS, and Mpro, selected inhibitors were subjected to investigations of their antiviral activity in cell-based assays. In particular, the peptide nitrile 11e exhibited promising antiviral activity with an EC50 value of 38.4 nM in Calu-3 cells without showing cytotoxicity. High metabolic stability and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make 11e suitable for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Flury
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Julian Breidenbach
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Infection
Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Rabea Voget
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Laura Schäkel
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Yaoyao Si
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Vesa Krasniqi
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Sara Calistri
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Matthias Olfert
- Faculty
of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Infection
Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Raphael Ditzinger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Alexander Rasch
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection
Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Faculty
of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Excellence
Cluster “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” (CMFI), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Antti Poso
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Katharina Rox
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- Partner
Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center
for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard
Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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9
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Amen Y, Selim MA, Suef RA, Sayed AM, Othman A. Unveiling the Antiviral Efficacy of Forskolin: A Multifaceted In Vitro and In Silico Approach. Molecules 2024; 29:704. [PMID: 38338448 PMCID: PMC10856047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. is a medicinal herb of the Lamiaceae family. It is native to India and widely present in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Egypt, China, Ethiopia, and Pakistan. The roots of C. forskohlii are edible, rich with pharmaceutically bioactive compounds, and traditionally reported to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammation, respiratory disorders, obesity, and viral ailments. Notably, the emergence of viral diseases is expected to quickly spread; consequently, these data impose a need for various approaches to develop broad active therapeutics for utilization in the management of future viral infectious outbreaks. In this study, the naturally occurring labdane diterpenoid derivative, Forskolin, was obtained from Coleus forskohlii. Additionally, we evaluated the antiviral potential of Forskolin towards three viruses, namely the herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and coxsackievirus B4 (COX-B4). We observed that Forskolin displayed antiviral activity against HAV, COX-B4, HSV-1, and HSV-2 with IC50 values of 62.9, 73.1, 99.0, and 106.0 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, we explored the Forskolin's potential antiviral target using PharmMapper, a pharmacophore-based virtual screening platform. Forskolin's modeled structure was analyzed to identify potential protein targets linked to its antiviral activity, with results ranked based on Fit scores. Cathepsin L (PDB ID: 3BC3) emerged as a top-scoring hit, prompting further exploration through molecular docking and MD simulations. Our analysis revealed that Forskolin's binding mode within Cathepsin L's active site, characterized by stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, mirrors that of a co-crystallized inhibitor. These findings, supported by consistent RMSD profiles and similar binding free energies, suggest Forskolin's potential in inhibiting Cathepsin L, highlighting its promise as an antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhiya Amen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Selim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Reda A. Suef
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basrah 61014, Iraq;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Othman
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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10
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Chen Y, Zhu S, Liao T, Wang C, Han J, Yang Z, Lu X, Hu Z, Hu J, Wang X, Gu M, Gao R, Liu K, Liu X, Ding C, Hu S, Liu X. The HN protein of Newcastle disease virus induces cell apoptosis through the induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011981. [PMID: 38354122 PMCID: PMC10866534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles that mediate the degradation and recycling of cellular waste materials. Damage to lysosomes can cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and trigger different types of cell death, including apoptosis. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can naturally infect most birds. Additionally, it serves as a promising oncolytic virus known for its effective infection of tumor cells and induction of intensive apoptotic responses. However, the involvement of lysosomes in NDV-induced apoptosis remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that NDV infection profoundly triggers LMP, leading to the translocation of cathepsin B and D and subsequent mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in various tumor and avian cells. Notably, the released cathepsin B and D exacerbate NDV-induced LMP by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, we uncover that the viral Hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein induces the deglycosylation and degradation of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and LAMP2 dependent on its sialidase activity, which finally contributes to NDV-induced LMP and cellular apoptosis. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of LMP in NDV-induced cell apoptosis and provide novel insights into the function of HN during NDV-induced LMP, which provide innovative approaches for the development of NDV-based oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianxing Liao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxuan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Liu Q, Wang W, Xu L, Zhang Q, Wang H. The host mannose-6-phosphate pathway and viral infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1349221. [PMID: 38357444 PMCID: PMC10865371 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1349221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, despite their simple structural composition, engage in intricate and complex interactions with their hosts due to their parasitic nature. A notable demonstration of viral behavior lies in their exploitation of lysosomes, specialized organelles responsible for the breakdown of biomolecules and clearance of foreign substances, to bolster their own replication. The man-nose-6-phosphate (M6P) pathway, crucial for facilitating the proper transport of hydrolases into lysosomes and promoting lysosome maturation, is frequently exploited for viral manipulation in support of replication. Recently, the discovery of lysosomal enzyme trafficking factor (LYSET) as a pivotal regulator within the lysosomal M6P pathway has introduced a fresh perspective on the intricate interplay between viral entry and host factors. This groundbreaking revelation illuminates unexplored dimensions of these interactions. In this review, we endeavor to provide a thorough overview of the M6P pathway and its intricate interplay with viral factors during infection. By consolidating the current understanding in this field, our objective is to establish a valuable reference for the development of antiviral drugs that selectively target the M6P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qincheng Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Shanghai Sino Organoid Lifesciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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13
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Curtis BE, Abdo Z, Graham B, LaVoy A, Evans SJM, Santangelo K, Dean GA. An Aptamer-Based Proteomic Analysis of Plasma from Cats ( Felis catus) with Clinical Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses 2024; 16:141. [PMID: 38257841 PMCID: PMC10819688 DOI: 10.3390/v16010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease manifestation of feline coronavirus (FCoV) and is the most important cause of infectious disease-related deaths in domestic cats. FIP has a variable clinical manifestation but is most often characterized by widespread vasculitis with visceral involvement and/or neurological disease that is typically fatal in the absence of antiviral therapy. Using an aptamer-based proteomics assay, we analyzed the plasma protein profiles of cats who were naturally infected with FIP (n = 19) in comparison to the plasma protein profiles of cats who were clinically healthy and negative for FCoV (n = 17) and cats who were positive for the enteric form of FCoV (n = 9). We identified 442 proteins that were significantly differentiable; in total, 219 increased and 223 decreased in FIP plasma versus clinically healthy cat plasma. Pathway enrichment and associated analyses showed that differentiable proteins were related to immune system processes, including the innate immune response, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation, as well as apoptosis and vascular integrity. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of previous studies. While these results have the potential to inform diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative investigations, they represent only a first step, and will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (B.E.C.); (A.L.); (S.J.M.E.); (K.S.)
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14
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Lushington GH, Linde A, Melgarejo T. Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog. BIOTECH 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 37987478 PMCID: PMC10660736 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic left many intriguing mysteries. Retrospective vulnerability trends tie as strongly to odd demographics as to exposure profiles, genetics, health, or prior medical history. This article documents the importance of nasal microbiome profiles in distinguishing infection rate trends among differentially affected subgroups. (2) Hypothesis: From a detailed literature survey, microbiome profiling experiments, bioinformatics, and molecular simulations, we propose that specific commensal bacterial species in the Pseudomonadales genus confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections by expressing proteases that may interfere with the proteolytic priming of the Spike protein. (3) Evidence: Various reports have found elevated Moraxella fractions in the nasal microbiomes of subpopulations with higher resistance to COVID-19 (e.g., adolescents, COVID-19-resistant children, people with strong dietary diversity, and omnivorous canines) and less abundant ones in vulnerable subsets (the elderly, people with narrower diets, carnivorous cats and foxes), along with bioinformatic evidence that Moraxella bacteria express proteases with notable homology to human TMPRSS2. Simulations suggest that these proteases may proteolyze the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a manner that interferes with TMPRSS2 priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Tonatiuh Melgarejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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15
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Cock IE, Cheesman MJ. A Review of the Antimicrobial Properties of Cyanobacterial Natural Products. Molecules 2023; 28:7127. [PMID: 37894609 PMCID: PMC10608859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multiple-drug-resistant pathogens has prompted medical research toward the development of new and effective antimicrobial therapies. Much research into novel antibiotics has focused on bacterial and fungal compounds, and on chemical modification of existing compounds to increase their efficacy or reactivate their antimicrobial properties. In contrast, cyanobacteria have been relatively overlooked for antibiotic discovery, and much more work is required. This may be because some cyanobacterial species produce environmental toxins, leading to concerns about the safety of cyanobacterial compounds in therapy. Despite this, several cyanobacterial-derived compounds have been identified with noteworthy inhibitory activity against bacterial, fungal and protozoal growth, as well as viral replication. Additionally, many of these compounds have relatively low toxicity and are therefore relevant targets for drug development. Of particular note, several linear and heterocyclic peptides and depsipeptides with potent activity and good safety indexes have been identified and are undergoing development as antimicrobial chemotherapies. However, substantial further studies are required to identify and screen the myriad other cyanobacterial-derived compounds to evaluate their therapeutic potential. This study reviews the known phytochemistry of cyanobacteria, and where relevant, the effects of those compounds against bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral pathogens, with the aim of highlighting gaps in the literature and focusing future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Cock
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
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16
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Abdoli M, Krasniqi V, Bonardi A, Gütschow M, Supuran CT, Žalubovskis R. 4-Cyanamido-substituted benzenesulfonamides act as dual carbonic anhydrase and cathepsin inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106725. [PMID: 37442043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A set of novel N-cyano-N-substituted 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their inhibitory activity against four cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms (hCA I, II, VII and XIII) and two cathepsins (S and B). N-alkyl/benzyl-substituted derivatives were revealed to be very potent inhibitors against brain-associated hCA VII, but inactive against both cathepsins. On the other hand, N-acyl-substituted derivatives displayed significant inhibitory activities against cathepsin S, but only moderate to poor inhibitory potency against hCA VII. Both hCA VII and cathepsin S have recently been validated as therapeutic targets in neuropathic pain. This study provided an excellent starting point for further structural optimization of this class of bifunctional compounds to enhance their inhibitory activity and selectivity against hCA VII and cathepsin S and to achieve new compounds with an attractive dual mechanism of action as anti-neuropathic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abdoli
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vesa Krasniqi
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Neurofarba Department, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Universita Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy.
| | - Raivis Žalubovskis
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia; Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.
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17
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Zhao S, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsins and SARS-CoV-2 infection: From pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2455-2481. [PMID: 37403614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and has wrought havoc on health and economic systems worldwide. Efficacious treatment for COVID-19 is lacking: Only preventive measures as well as symptomatic and supportive care are available. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that lysosomal cathepsins might contribute to the pathogenesis and disease outcome of COVID-19. Here, we discuss cutting-edge evidence on the pathological roles of cathepsins in SARS-CoV-2 infection, host immune dysregulations, and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cathepsins are attractive drug targets because of their defined substrate-binding pockets, which can be exploited as binding sites for pharmaceutical enzyme inhibitors. Accordingly, the potential modulatory strategies of cathepsin activity are discussed. These insights could shed light on the development of cathepsin-based interventions for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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18
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Serrat J, Francés-Gómez C, Becerro-Recio D, González-Miguel J, Geller R, Siles-Lucas M. Antigens from the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Exert Antiviral Effects against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11597. [PMID: 37511355 PMCID: PMC10380311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, is a new coronavirus that has rapidly spread worldwide and significantly impacted human health by causing a severe acute respiratory syndrome boosted by a pulmonary hyperinflammatory response. Previous data from our lab showed that the newly excysted juveniles of the helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica (FhNEJ) modulate molecular routes within host cells related to vesicle-mediated transport and components of the innate immune response, which could potentially be relevant during viral infections. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether FhNEJ-derived molecules influence SARS-CoV-2 infection efficiency in Vero cells. Pre-treatment of Vero cells with a tegument-enriched antigenic extract of FhNEJ (FhNEJ-TEG) significantly reduced infection by both vesicular stomatitis virus particles pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (VSV-S2) and live SARS-CoV-2. Pre-treatment of the virus itself with FhNEJ-TEG prior to infection also resulted in reduced infection efficiency similar to that obtained by remdesivir pre-treatment. Remarkably, treatment of Vero cells with FhNEJ-TEG after VSV-S2 entry also resulted in reduced infection efficiency, suggesting that FhNEJ-TEG may also affect post-entry steps of the VSV replication cycle. Altogether, our results could potentially encourage the production of FhNEJ-derived molecules in a safe, synthetic format for their application as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 and other related respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Helminth Parasites of Zoonotic Importance (ATENEA), Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clara Francés-Gómez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Laboratory of Helminth Parasites of Zoonotic Importance (ATENEA), Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Helminth Parasites of Zoonotic Importance (ATENEA), Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Helminth Parasites of Zoonotic Importance (ATENEA), Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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19
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Jeong JH, Choi JH, Kim BK, Min SC, Chokkakula S, Oh S, Park JH, Shim SM, Kim EG, Choi YK, Lee JY, Baek YH, Song MS. Evaluating Z-FA-FMK, a host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, as a potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105669. [PMID: 37437781 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the World Health Organization announced the end of the COVID-19 pandemic as a global public health emergency on May 5, 2023, SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a significant health threat worldwide, resulting in substantial numbers of infections and fatalities. This study investigated the antiviral potential of Z-FA-FMK (FMK), a novel host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 infection using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro assessments of FMK against a diverse set of SARS-CoV-2 strains, including the Wuhan-like strain and nine variants, demonstrated potent inhibition with EC50 values ranging from 0.55 to 2.41 μM, showcasing similar or superior efficacy compared to FDA-approved antivirals nirmatrelvir (NTV) and molnupiravir (MPV). In vivo experiments using orally administered FMK (25 mg/kg) in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 hACE2 transgenic mice revealed improved survival rates of 60% and accelerated recovery compared to NTV and MPV treatments. Additionally, FMK displayed a longer half-life (17.26 ± 8.89 h) than NTV and MPV in the mouse model. Due to its host-targeting mechanism, FMK offers potential advantages such as reduced drug resistance and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses. These findings indicate that FMK may serve as a promising candidate for further clinical evaluation in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Bird LE, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Newton HJ. Eat, prey, love: Pathogen-mediated subversion of lysosomal biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102344. [PMID: 37245414 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lysosome is classically considered the 'garbage can' of the cell, contributing to clearance of infection through its primary function as a degradative organelle. Intracellular pathogens have evolved several strategies to evade contact with this harsh environment through subversion of endolysosomal trafficking or escape into the cytosol. Pathogens can also manipulate pathways that lead to lysosomal biogenesis or alter the abundance or activity of lysosomal content. This pathogen-driven subversion of lysosomal biology is highly dynamic and depends on a range of factors, including cell type, stage of infection, intracellular niche and pathogen load. The growing body of literature in this field highlights the nuanced and complex relationship between intracellular pathogens and the host lysosome, which is critical for our understanding of infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Zabiegala A, Kim Y, Chang KO. Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 37128508 PMCID: PMC10125864 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry, thus a major factor for host susceptibility, tissue tropism, virulence and pathogenicity. The S is divided with S1 and S2 region, and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell. Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various cleavage sites. In this article, we review host proteases including furin, trypsin, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S. Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin. The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2, and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2' site to proteases such as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTPRs) including TMPRSS2. In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells, SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane. In the absence of TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry. Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed. This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Zabiegala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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Zheng B, Wang Y, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Comparative analysis of two cathepsin L genes in Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix): Similar in sequence features, different in expression profiles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108527. [PMID: 36621705 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and it plays important roles in innate immunity. In the present study, we cloned two cathepsin L genes (designated as MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2, respectively) from Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix). The complete sequence of MmCTSL1 cDNA contained a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 31 bp, a 3' UTR of 228 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1005 bp encoding 334 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 37.5 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.27, and contained a signal peptide (from M1 to A16), a protease inhibitor I29 family domain (from W27 to F87), and a papain family cysteine protease domain (from L118 to T333). The complete sequence of MmCTSL2 cDNA contained a 5' UTR of 50 bp, a 3' UTR of 162 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an ORF of 996 bp encoding a polypeptide of 331 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 36.8 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 7.07. It contained a signal peptide (from M1 to A16), a protease inhibitor I29 family domain (from W30 to F89), and a papain family cysteine protease domain (from L115 to T330). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 were widely expressed in all the tested tissues, including adductor muscle, foot, gill, hemocytes, hepatopancreas and mantle, with the highest mRNA expression level in hepatopancreas and hemocytes, respectively. After Vibrio splendidus challenge, the mRNA expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 in hemocytes and hepatopancreas were both significantly up-regulated with different expression profiles. In hemocytes, the expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 reached their respective peaks (3.4-fold and 13.0-fold compared with the control, respectively) at 12 h after bacterial challenge, and MmCTSL2 responds earlier than MmCTSL1. In hepatopancreas, the expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 reached their respective peaks at 6 h (9.0-fold compared with the control) and 24 h (2.8-fold compared with the control) after bacterial challenge, meaning that MmCTSL1 responds earlier than MmCTSL2. At the same time, whether in hepatopancreas or hemocytes, MmCTSL1 persist for a while after the bacterial challenge peak, while MmCTSL2 would quickly return to the initial level after the bacterial challenge peak. These results indicate that cathepsin L may be involved in the immune process of hard clam against V. splendidus with different potential roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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