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Park MK, Shin DM, Choi YS. Comparison of volatile compound profiles derived from various livestock protein alternatives including edible-insect, and plant-based proteins. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101570. [PMID: 39022786 PMCID: PMC11252785 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the distinctive chemical fingerprints that contribute to the flavor characteristics of various protein materials, such as insects, plant-based protein, and livestock, were investigated. In edible-insects (Tenebrio molitor and Protaetia brevitarsis), aldehydes and cyclic volatile compounds were the predominant volatile components and had distinct flavor characteristics such as cheesy, sharp, green, floral, and sweet. In contrast, the relatively high levels of pyrazines and furans in plant-based protein materials, such as textured vegetable and pea protein. They included unique flavor properties characterized by sweet, fatty, grassy, creamy, and roasted. The primary volatile chemical group detected in livestock protein materials, such as a pork and a beef, was ketones. The pork sample showed specific flavors, such as alcoholic, green, and fruity, while a beef presented distinctive flavor, including creamy, fruity, and alcoholic. Based on the results, this research provided the understanding of the flavor aspects of diverse protein materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Park
- Food Processing Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Food Processing Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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2
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Robinson K, Duffield KR, Ramirez JL, Cohnstaedt LW, Ashworth A, Jesudhasan PR, Arsi K, Morales Ramos JA, Rojas MG, Crippen TL, Shanmugasundaram R, Vaughan M, Webster C, Sealey W, Purswell JL, Oppert B, Neven L, Cook K, Donoghue AM. MINIstock: Model for INsect Inclusion in sustainable agriculture: USDA-ARS's research approach to advancing insect meal development and inclusion in animal diets. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae130. [PMID: 38961669 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Animal agriculture is under pressure to increase efficiency, sustainability, and innovation to meet the demands of a rising global population while decreasing adverse environmental effects. Feed cost and availability are 2 of the biggest hurdles to sustainable production. Current diets depend on sources of grain and animal byproduct protein for essential amino acids which have limited sustainability. Insects have arisen as an attractive, sustainable alternative protein source for animal diets due to their favorable nutrient composition, low space and water requirements, and natural role in animal diets. Additionally, insects are capable of bioremediating waste streams including agricultural and food waste, manure, and plastics helping to increase their sustainability. The insect rearing industry has grown rapidly in recent years and shows great economic potential. However, state-of-the-art research is urgently needed to overcome barriers to adoption in commercial animal diets such as regulatory restrictions, production scale issues, and food safety concerns. To address this need, the USDA Agricultural Research Service "MINIstoc: Model for INsect Inclusion" project was created to bring together diverse scientists from across the world to synergistically advance insect meal production and inclusion in animal diets. Here, we provide a short review of insects as feed while describing the MINIstock project which serves as the inspiration for the Journal of Economic Entomology Special Collection "Insects as feed: sustainable solutions for food waste and animal production practices."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - José L Ramirez
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Foreign Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amanda Ashworth
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Palmy R Jesudhasan
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Komala Arsi
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Juan A Morales Ramos
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - M Guadalupe Rojas
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- USDA-ARS, Food and Feed Safety Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Martha Vaughan
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Carl Webster
- USDA-ARS, Aquatic Animal Health Research, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wendy Sealey
- USDA-ARS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lisa Neven
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - Kim Cook
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Annie M Donoghue
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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3
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Lee S, Kim M, Cho H, Lee GH. Determination of Triacylglycerol Composition in Mealworm Oil ( Tenebrio molitor) via Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Multiple Neutral Loss Scans. INSECTS 2024; 15:365. [PMID: 38786921 PMCID: PMC11121848 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have been used as an alternative source of proteins and lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are major sources of energy and have been used to provide essential fatty acids. They are also the main components of mealworm oil, and their composition and content are extensively linked to its physical and chemical properties. However, because of the complexity of TAG molecules, their identification and quantitation are challenging. This study employed electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with multiple neutral loss scans (NLS) to analyze the TAG composition and content in mealworm oil. Identifying and quantifying TAGs using ESI-MS/MS in combination with multiple NLS was an efficient way to improve accuracy and timeliness. For the accurate quantification of TAGs, isotopic deconvolution and correlation factors were applied. A total of 57 TAGs were identified and quantified: C52:2 (16:0/18:1/18:1) (1549.4 nmol/g, 18.20%), C52:3 (16:0/18:1/18:2) (1488.1 nmol/g, 17.48%), C54:4 (18:1/18:1/18:2) (870.1 nmol/g, 10.23%), C54:6 (18:1/18:2/18:2) (659.8 nmol/g, 7.76%) and C52:4 (16:0/18:2/18:2) (600.5 nmol/g, 7.06%), which were the most abundant TAGs present in the mealworm oil. The fundamental properties of mealworm oil, including its degree of oxidation, nutritional effect and physical properties, were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongeung Lee
- Lotte R&D Center, 201, Magokjungang-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07594, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (G.-H.L.)
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Jankauskienė A, Kiseliovienė S, Aleknavičius D, Miliūnaitė I, Kerzienė S, Gaižauskaitė Ž, Juknienė I, Zaviztanavičiūtė P, Kabašinskienė A. Innovative Applications of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in the Production of Sustainable Meat Sausages: Quality and Safety Aspects. Foods 2024; 13:1451. [PMID: 38790751 PMCID: PMC11119166 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the world's population continuing to grow, ensuring sustainable protein sources for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. Despite meat being considered unsustainable, people find it challenging to abstain from consuming it. However, one solution to this dilemma could be the incorporation of mealworms into conventional meat products, i.e., sausages. The incorporation of mealworms into sausage formulations appears to shift the fatty acid profile towards higher levels of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3s, potentially enhancing the nutritional value and offering health benefits. Therefore, our study aimed to improve the nutritional value and safety parameters of traditional sausages by enriching them with the flour of mealworm larvae. For this purpose, the larvae were reared on a sustainable substrate with brewery by-products, brewer's yeast, and carrots. They were used frozen and freeze-dried in sausage recipes, replacing pork in different proportions. The analysis of the product's chemical safety parameters (biogenic amines, nitrates and nitrites, volatile fatty acids (FA), and peroxide) and nutritional value (including collagen, cholesterol, amino acids, FA, and hydroxyproline) was carried out in an accredited laboratory. The results of our study have demonstrated that the incorporation of mealworms into sausages, particularly through freeze-drying, increased fat content and enhanced the profile of FA, including omega-3s while reducing protein and cholesterol levels, and altering collagen content, suggesting improved nutritional value and potential health benefits without compromising the safety of the product. Therefore, we are highlighting that the addition of mealworms influences the quality of amino acids positively and maintains biogenic amine levels within safe limits, alongside a negligible impact on nitrates and nitrites and a reduction in peroxide values. These findings indicate an overall improvement in sausage quality and safety without compromising safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Jankauskienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sandra Kiseliovienė
- Food Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (Ž.G.)
| | | | - Ieva Miliūnaitė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Biophysics, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Žydrūnė Gaižauskaitė
- Food Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (Ž.G.)
| | - Ignė Juknienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Paulina Zaviztanavičiūtė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Aistė Kabašinskienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
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Bogusz R, Bryś J, Onopiuk A, Rybak K, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Nowacka M. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Technology on the Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Dried with Convective and Infrared-Convective Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:8121. [PMID: 38138608 PMCID: PMC10745468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing interest has been shown in alternative food sources. Many studies are focused on the use of insects. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the chemical and thermal properties of black soldier fly larvae influenced by the pulsed electric field (PEF) and convective (CD) or infrared-convective (IR-CD) drying techniques. Examinations of the basic chemical composition, properties of extracted fat (fatty acid composition, acid and peroxide values, and oxidative stability), total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, allergen content, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed. Generally, the results showed that dried black soldier fly larvae are a good source of protein and fat, up to 33% and 44%, respectively. The fat extracted from the dried insects consisted mainly of saturated fatty acids (above 75%), in particular lauric acid (C12:0). A good oxidative stability of the fat was also observed, especially from samples dried with the IR-CD method. The convective drying technique allowed for better preservation of protein content compared to samples dried with the IR-CD method. Nevertheless, samples treated with PEF were characterized by significantly lower protein content. The samples after PEF pretreatment, with an intensity of 20 and 40 kJ/kg and dried with the IR-CD method, were represented by a significantly higher total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, in most cases, the convectively dried samples were characterized by a higher allergen content, both crustaceans and mollusks. Taking into account all of the investigated properties, it can be stated that the samples without treatment and those that were PEF-treated with an intensity of 40 kJ/kg and dried with the infrared-convective method (IR-CD) were the most rewarding from the nutritional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Bogusz
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Joanna Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Onopiuk
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Nowacka
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.B.); (K.R.)
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Baldacchino F, Spagnoletta A, Lamaj F, Vitale ML, Verrastro V. First Optimization of Tomato Pomace in Diets for Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:854. [PMID: 37999053 PMCID: PMC10672421 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato pomace (TP), an agricultural industrial waste product from the tomato processing industry, is valorized as a rearing substrate for Tenebrio molitor (L.). This study evaluated bran-based diets with increasing tomato pomace (0%, 27%, 41%, and 100%). Protein sources, such as brewer's spent grain and yeast, were used in TP27 and TP41 diets to ensure equal protein contents to the control diet. Results showed no different for larval and pupal weights between diets; however, the time of development significantly increases in TP100 compared to all diets. The feed conversion rate progressively increases from 2.7 to 4.3, respectively, from the control to the TP100 diet. Conversely, lycopene and β-carotene increase in the larvae. The fatty acid composition improves by increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly α-linoleic acid). Although the best nutritional quality was obtained in T100, the TP41 is the optimal diet for balance between larval performance and qualitative improvement of larvae. Therefore, tomato pomace is suitable for the formulation of mealworm diets, even in high dosages, when supplemented with sustainable protein and carbohydrate sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Baldacchino
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Vitale
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
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Bello Gonzalez TDJ, van Gelderen B, Harders F, Vloet R, Voorbergen-Laarman M, de Ruiter B, Haenen OLM. Molecular Characterization of Serratia marcescens Strain Isolated from Yellow Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, in The Netherlands. INSECTS 2023; 14:770. [PMID: 37754738 PMCID: PMC10531621 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect culture has developed rapidly worldwide; it faces important security and safety control issues, including animal infections and disease development. In the Netherlands, in 2021, a ~30% mortality of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, occurred at one farm, where over-humid sites in the substrate were observed. Bacterial cultures from both the external and internal partsof fry and larger mealworms were identified by MALDI-TOF to predominantly Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococus saprofyticus. Due to the important role of S. marcescens as a potential zoonotic bacterium, we performed a molecular characterization of the isolated strain. Genomic analysis showed a multidrug-resistant S. marcescens isolate carrying a tet (41), aac (6')-Ic, and blaSST-1 chromosomal class C beta-lactamase-resistantgenes, all located on the chromosome. Additionally, several virulence genes were identified. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the S. marcescens strain from this study was similar to other S. marcescens strains from different ecological niches. Although the entomopathogenic activity was not confirmed, this case demonstrates that T. molitor can act as a reservoir and as an alternative path for exposing clinically important antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can affect animals and humans. It underlines the need to keep management factors optimal, before insects and their products enter the feed and food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita d. J. Bello Gonzalez
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostic Development, Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Betty van Gelderen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Frank Harders
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Rianka Vloet
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Michal Voorbergen-Laarman
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Bart de Ruiter
- Independent Researcher, Ringlaan 1, P.O. Box 65, 6961 KJ Eerbeek, The Netherlands;
| | - Olga L. M. Haenen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
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Dandadzi M, Musundire R, Muriithi A, Ngadze RT. Effects of drying on the nutritional, sensory and microbiological quality of edible stinkbug (Encosternumdelgorguei). Heliyon 2023; 9:e18642. [PMID: 37576258 PMCID: PMC10413077 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomophagy has recently gained attention as a potential solution to the problems of food and nutritional security. One example is the consumption of edible stinkbug. Different drying techniques may affect the nutritional, microbiological and sensory properties of the edible stinkbugs. Thus, the study assessed the effects of toasting, microwave, oven and sun drying on the nutritional composition, microbiological quality and sensory attributes of processed edible stinkbugs. Drying significantly (p < 0.05) increased the crude protein and fat content of the edible stink bugs with the highest values being recorded for the toasted samples (66.65 & 37.17% respectively). Highest Ca, K, Zn, Mg, Fe and P values were recorded after microwave drying. Reduction of 2.94 and 2.99 log cycles of the total viable count (TVC) was observed in oven and microwave dried edible stinkbugs. Toasting and microwave drying eliminated the yeasts and moulds, Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in edible stinkbugs. The appearance, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability scores were in the same order for toasted > oven dried > microwave dried > sun dried edible stinkbugs. Toasting, oven and microwave drying can be used for processing of edible stinkbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Dandadzi
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. O Box 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Robert Musundire
- Research and Postgraduate Studies, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Alice Muriithi
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Ruth T. Ngadze
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. O Box 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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Seong HY, Shin EC, Lee Y, Kim M. Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds from Gryllus bimaculatus Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Foods 2023; 12:2328. [PMID: 37372539 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects have recently attracted attention as an alternative sustainable protein food source. However, consumer aversion remains the major obstacle to successful implementation in the food industry due to their shape and unpleasant odor. Here, we evaluated and compared odor-active compounds from untreated Gryllus bimaculatus (UGB), hot-air dried GB at 70 °C for 10 h (AGB), freeze-dried GB (FGB), steam-heated GB at 121 °C and 14.5 psi for 15 min (SGB), and defatted GB by hexane (DFGB). Each sample was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The most volatile compounds were detected in UGB, followed by SGB, DFGB, AGB, and FGB by GC-MS analysis. In GC-O analysis, fourteen compounds were identified as cricket or cricket-related odor among twenty identified compounds. Cyclododecane had the strongest cricket-related odor found only in UGB. DFGB received the lowest total scores of intensity for cricket-related odors, while SGB received the highest scores. It seems that defatting could reduce cricket-related odors. This study may provide theoretical information for the GB odors according to the four processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yeong Seong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Green Bio Science/Food Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Misook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Huseynli L, Parviainen T, Kyllönen T, Aisala H, Vene K. Exploring the protein content and odor-active compounds of black soldier fly larvae for future food applications. FUTURE FOODS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2023.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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11
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Riaz K, Iqbal T, Khan S, Usman A, Al-Ghamdi MS, Shami A, El Hadi Mohamed RA, Almadiy AA, Al Galil FMA, Alfuhaid NA, Ahmed N, Alam P. Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor L.) as a Sustainable Food Source. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091891. [PMID: 37174429 PMCID: PMC10178433 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a sustainable food source for humans, mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have a great deal of potential, due to the fact that they have a very favorable nutritional profile and a low environmental impact. For meal production, feed formulation and optimization are important. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most consumed insect in the world. Mealworms were given a variety of diets, including wheat bran as constant diet supplemented with different levels of Ospor (Bacillus clausii) at 0.002 g, 0.004 g, 0.006 g, and 0.008 g; imutec (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) at 0.2 g. 0.4 g, 0.6 g, and 0.8 g; fungi (Calocybe indica) at 250 g, 500 g, and 750 g; yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 50 g, 100 g, and 150 g; and wheat bran (standard diet) were examined in complete randomized design (CRD). Different parameters, i.e., the larval, pupal, and adult weight, size, life span, and nutritional profile of mealworm were studied. When compared with other insect growth promoters, only wheat bran was discovered to be the most efficient. It generated the heaviest and longest larvae at 65.03 mg and 18.32 mm, respectively, as well as pupae weighing 107.55 mg and 19.94 mm, respectively, and adults weighing 87.52 mg and 20.26 mm, respectively. It was also determined that fungi (C. indica) and ospor (B. clausii) promoted faster larval development than yeast (S. cerevisiae) and imutec (L. rhamnosus). Larval mortality was also greater in the imutec (L. rhamnosus) and yeast (S. cerevisiae) diets than the others. No pupal mortality was recorded in all diets. Furthermore, the protein content of Tenebrio. molitor raised on a diet including fungi (C. indica) was the highest at (375 g), with a content of 68.31%, followed by a concentration of (250 g) with a content of 67.84%, and wheat bran (1 kg) (normal diet) with the lowest content at 58.91%. T. molitor larvae fed a diet supplemented with bacterial and fungal had lower fat and ash content than bran-fed T. molitor larvae (standard diet). Wheat bran (normal diet) had the highest fat at 16.11%, and ash at 7.71%. Hence, it is concluded that wheat bran alone or diet containing fungi (C. indica) and ospor (B. clausii) performed better in terms of growth, and these diets and protein content are recommended for the mass rearing of mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Riaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Iqbal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sarzamin Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Usman
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mariam S Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Almadiy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Kröncke N, Benning R. Influence of Dietary Protein Content on the Nutritional Composition of Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.). INSECTS 2023; 14:261. [PMID: 36975946 PMCID: PMC10053216 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of insects as livestock feed is becoming increasingly accepted because they provide an important source of protein. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) reared on a range of diets that differed in nutritional composition. Focus was placed on the influence of dietary protein content on larval protein and amino acid composition. For the experimental diets, wheat bran was chosen as the control substrate. The following types of flour-pea protein, rice protein, sweet lupine, and cassava, as well as potato flakes, were mixed with wheat bran and used as the experimental diets. An analysis of the moisture, protein, and fat content was then carried out for all diets and larvae. Furthermore, the amino acid profile was determined. It was shown that supplementing the feed with pea and rice protein was most suitable in terms of high protein yield in larvae (70.9-74.1% dry weight) with low fat content (20.3-22.8% dry weight). The total amino acid content was highest in larvae that were fed with a mixture of cassava flour and wheat bran (51.7 ± 0.5% dry weight), as well as the highest content of essential amino acids (30.4 ± 0.2% dry weight). Moreover, a weak correlation between larval protein content and diet was identified, yet a stronger influence of dietary fats and carbohydrates on larval composition was found. This research could result in improved formulations of artificial diets for Tenebrio molitor larvae in the future.
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13
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Wu Y, Yu H, Yu X, Zhu L, Yu Z. Comparison of volatile compounds in Chrysanthemum nankingense during storage based on HS-SPME-GC-MS and E-nose. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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14
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Mohd Zaini NS, Lim EJ, Ahmad NH, Gengatharan A, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Abd Rahim MH. The Review of Cooking, Drying, and Green Extraction Methods on General Nutritional Properties of Mealworms and Locusts. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023; 16:1-15. [PMID: 36844636 PMCID: PMC9940687 DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The processing of edible insects as an alternative source of nutrition may be a key driver in the development of a sustainable food and feed system. This review will study two industrial types of insects-mealworms and locusts-and summarize evidence related to the impact of processing on their micro- and macronutritional characteristics. The focus will be on their potential use as food for human consumption as opposed to animal feed. Literature has indicated that these two insects have the potential to provide protein and fat qualities comparable to or better than traditional mammalian sources. For example, mealworms-the larval form of the yellow mealworm beetlepossess a higher fat content, while adult locusts are rich in fibers, especially chitin. However, due to the different matrix and nutrient compositions, the processing of mealworms or locusts at a commercial scale needs to be tailored to minimize nutritional loss and maximize cost efficiency. The stages of preprocessing, cooking, drying, and extraction are the most critical control points for nutritional preservation. Thermal cooking applications such as microwave technology have demonstrated promising results, but the generation of heat may contribute to a certain nutritional loss. In an industrial context, drying using freeze dry is the preferred choice due to its uniformity, but it can be costly while increasing lipid peroxidation. During the extraction of nutrients, the use of green emerging technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, and ultrasound may provide an alternative method to enhance nutrient preservation. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Solehah Mohd Zaini
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Elicia Jitming Lim
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Gengatharan
- Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health Sciences, Geomatika University College, 54200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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15
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Perez-Santaescolastica C, De Winne A, Devaere J, Fraeye I. Comparing the aromatic profile of seven unheated edible insect species. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112389. [PMID: 36737974 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects and insect-based products have gained increasing interest as human food because of their many technological, nutritional and environmental advantages, but they are still rejected by many Western consumers. Analytical knowledge of flavour compounds could contribute to enhancing product attractiveness to consumers. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the volatile compound profiles of 7 unheated insects: Zophobas morio (ZM), Tenebrio molitor (TM), Locusta migratoria (LM), Galleria mellonella (GM), Blaptica dubia (BD), Alphitobius diaperinus (ALD) and Acheta domesticus (ACD). A total of 67 compounds were identified. Carboxylic acids were predominant in ALD, BD, GM, TM and ZM, while ketones were the major family in ACD and linear hydrocarbons in LM. ZM contained the highest number of unpleasant odour compounds, including indole, also present in BD and GM, which is characterised by a low detection threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Santaescolastica
- Research Group of Meat Technology & Science of Protein-rich Foods (MTSP), KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Ann De Winne
- Centre for Aroma and Flavour Technology, KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Devaere
- Centre for Aroma and Flavour Technology, KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Fraeye
- Research Group of Meat Technology & Science of Protein-rich Foods (MTSP), KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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16
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Yan X, Laurent S, Hue I, Cabon S, Grua-Priol J, Jury V, Federighi M, Boué G. Quality of Tenebrio molitor Powders: Effects of Four Processes on Microbiological Quality and Physicochemical Factors. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030572. [PMID: 36766101 PMCID: PMC9914264 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor, the first edible insect approved as a novel food in the EU, is a promising candidate for alternative protein sources, implementing circular and sustainable production systems. This study aims to determine the microbiological quality and physicochemical properties of mealworm powders obtained by four different processing pathways. Contents of dry matter, protein, fat, ash, water activity (aw) and a range of microbial counts were measured and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. Results showed small differences in the proximate composition of the powder samples (protein 55.62-57.90% and fat 23.63-28.21% of dry matter, DM), except for the one that underwent a defatting step (protein 70.04% and fat 16.84%), p < 0.05. A level of water activity of less than 0.2 was reached for all pathways. Fresh mealworm samples had high total aerobic counts (8.4 log CFU/g) but were free of foodborne pathogens. Heat treatments applied during transformation were sufficient to kill vegetative cells (reduction of 2.8-5.1 log CFU/g) rather than bacterial endospores (reduction of 0.3-1.8 log CFU/g). Results were confirmed by predictive microbiology. This study validated the efficacy of a boiling step as critical control points (CCPs) of insect powder processing, providing primary data for the implementation of HACCP plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Oniris, INRAE, SECALIM, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Oniris, Université de Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA UMR 6144, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Joelle Grua-Priol
- Oniris, Université de Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA UMR 6144, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Vanessa Jury
- Oniris, Université de Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA UMR 6144, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Michel Federighi
- Oniris, INRAE, SECALIM, 44300 Nantes, France
- EnvA, ANSES, LSA, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France
| | - Geraldine Boué
- Oniris, INRAE, SECALIM, 44300 Nantes, France
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ipema AF, Bokkers EA, Gerrits WJ, Kemp B, Elizabeth Bolhuis J. Provision of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in different ways benefits broiler welfare and performance, with largest effects of scattering live larvae. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Wang X, Tang T. Effects of Polystyrene Diet on the Growth and Development of Tenebrio molitor. TOXICS 2022; 10:608. [PMID: 36287887 PMCID: PMC9610515 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of Tenebrio molitor in degrading polystyrene foam through its gut microbes has become the focus of research. However, little literature has reported the effect of feeding on polystyrene foam on the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different polystyrene by evaluating the vital signs of Tenebrio molitor fed in the intestines and excrement fluids using RNA-Seq t.echnology and then verifying the transcriptome sequencing findings using qRT-PCR technology. The average weight of Tenebrio molitor larvae in the wheat bran group increased significantly. Tenebrio molitor larvae in the PS group, on the other hand, didn't grow as much and had a much lower average weight than those in the wheat bran group. Compared to the bran group, the excrement of Tenebrio molitor fed only on polystyrene foam was flaky and coarse, increased nitrogen and phosphorus atomic concentration ratios by about 50%, decreased potassium atomic concentration ratios by 63%, with the enterocytes and circular muscle of Tenebrio molitor falling as well. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment indicated that the differential genes were mainly related to metabolic pathways. There was an agreement between qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq analyses for the growth and development genes chitinase, heat shock protein 70, and cytochrome P450. Only feeding polystyrene foam shall lead to the growth and development retardation of Tenebrio molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Wang
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tianle Tang
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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19
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Bordiean A, Krzyżaniak M, Aljewicz M, Stolarski MJ. Influence of Different Diets on Growth and Nutritional Composition of Yellow Mealworm. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193075. [PMID: 36230151 PMCID: PMC9563969 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are a pathway through which agro-food waste can become a high-quality source of nutrients for both livestock and humans. Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L., Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are currently one of the insect species permitted for consumption, and they are reared on a large scale in Europe. This study evaluated the effect of seven diets containing byproducts such as wheat, rye bran, rapeseed meal, rapeseed cake, flax, and milk thistle cakes on the insect’s growth performance, feed conversion ratio (FCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested feed (ECI), nutritional quality of the larvae, and the composition of fats and fatty acids they contained. The lowest FCR based on the fresh and dry basis was 3.32 and 2.01, respectively. The ECI values were statistically different for larvae reared on different experimental diets (mean value 45.7%). As for the nutritional profile, protein and fats ranged from 43.6 to 53.4% d.m. and from 22.3 to 30.0% d.m., respectively. The major fatty acids in all samples were oleic acid (32.97–46.74% of total fatty acids (TFA)), linoleic acid (22.79–38.98% of TFA), and palmitic acid (12.80–17.81% of TFA). This study offers a new opportunity to use and efficiently convert cheap industrial byproducts using yellow mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bordiean
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Krzyżaniak
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marek Aljewicz
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 7, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
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20
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Mabelebele M, Kolobe SD, Malematja E, Sebola NA, Manyelo TG. A Comprehensive Review of the Importance of Selected Trace Elements Present in Edible Insects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3520-3527. [PMID: 36109446 PMCID: PMC10160138 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide recent published information on trace elements from edible insects from various environments. Recently, insects are gaining popularity as food proteins in developing countries and press higher demand for edible insects since they may provide similar nutritional value as meat. Insects have been part of the human diet in the world for decades and at least 1900 insect species are considered edible. Furthermore, insects play a crucial role in socioeconomic by contributing to the world's food security as well as eradicating poverty in rural communities. Generally, edible insects are considered a readily available source of proteins, carbohydrates, and chitin. They also contain considerable amounts of trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. It has been observed that there is a great variation between mineral contents found in insects of the same or different species. Knowledge and comprehensive understanding of trace element contents of edible insects are crucial to fully maximise their utilisation in diets and prevent mineral deficiency in human beings and animals. However, most of the research on insects has focused on the nutritional contents of insects with less attention given to other nutritional components such as minerals and trace elements. The available data on trace elements from edible insects as food is limited and makes it difficult to draw estimations for the nutrient intake of humans and animals. Therefore, this review aimed to provide comprehensive information on availability of iron, zinc, copper, and manganese from selected edible insects, functions, and deficiencies in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - S D Kolobe
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - E Malematja
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - N A Sebola
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - T G Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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21
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The flavour of edible insects: A comprehensive review on volatile compounds and their analytical assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Jiamjariyatam R, Samosorn S, Dolsophon K, Tantayotai P, Lorliam W, Krajangsang S. Effects of drying processes on the quality of coffee pulp. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossaporn Jiamjariyatam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Siritron Samosorn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Kulvadee Dolsophon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Prapakorn Tantayotai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Lorliam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Sukhumaporn Krajangsang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University 114 Sukhumvit 23 Bangkok 10110 Thailand
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23
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Kröncke N, Benning R. Determination of Moisture and Protein Content in Living Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.) Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060560. [PMID: 35735897 PMCID: PMC9224910 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects are increasingly becoming a new protein source for animal feed and human food. Spectroscopic methods, such as near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, represent a non-destructive and rapid technique that can be applied to perform an online analysis in chemical composition. The aim of the research was to determine the moisture and protein content of living mealworm larvae using near-infrared spectroscopy as a new technique in analyzing nutritional changes. The prediction results of the near-infrared reflectance measurements of living mealworm larvae are presented in this study. The moisture and protein content of the larvae could be predicted with high accuracy and were specifically manipulated by using different water sources (pure water and carrots) and amounts and varying humidity. It was also determined that the larvae can be optimally provided with pure water as well as carrots. High humidity led to faster growth and a higher final weight, which has a positive effect on reducing the time to harvest. This study can help insect producers to have the possibility to measure the composition of the larvae quickly and easily using near-infrared spectroscopy, modify larval composition with regard to water and protein content and improve rearing conditions in terms of water supply for mealworm larvae. Abstract Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) are a sustainable source of protein for food and feed. This study represents a new approach in analyzing changes in the nutritional composition of mealworm larvae using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate analysis. The moisture and protein content of living larvae were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer using wavelengths from 1100 to 2100 nm. Different feeding groups with varying moisture sources and amount and the difference between low (50%) and high (75%) humidity were tested, and the influence on larval moisture and protein content was measured. A calibration was developed, with modified partial least squares as the regression method. The NIR spectra were influenced by the moisture and protein content of the larvae, because the absorbance values of the larval groups differed greatly. The coefficient of the determination of calibration (R2c) and prediction (R2p) were over 0.98 for moisture and over 0.94 for protein content. The moisture source and content also had a significant influence on the weight gain of the larvae. Consequently, significant differences in protein content could be determined, depending on the water supply available. With respect to wet weight, the larvae moisture content varied from 60 to 74% and protein content from 16 to 24%. This investigation revealed that with non-invasive NIRS online monitoring, the composition of insects can be continuously recorded and evaluated so that specific feeding can be carried out in the course of larval development and composition.
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Leong SY, Yap VH, Kutty SRM. Optimization of Drying Parameters for
Hermetia illucens
Using Oven Drying. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yoong Leong
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
| | - Venn Hsien Yap
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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Hong J, Kim YY. Insect as feed ingredients for pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:347-355. [PMID: 34991213 PMCID: PMC8831829 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among edible insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and common housefly (Musca domestica) have been considered as an alternative protein source for pigs. Because they are easy to breed and grow in the organic wastes, and they have well-balanced nutritional value as a protein source for pigs. The black soldier fly larvae and mealworm could replace the fish meal in the diets for weaned pigs without adverse effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Black soldier fly could also be included in the finishing pig’s diet without any negative effects on the growth performance and pork quality of the market pigs. Insect products showed a greater standardized ileal digestibility value of amino acids than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. Due to the limited amount of insect products used for pig feeding study, most previous pig studies have been conducted in weaned pigs. Thus, further study is needed about the optimal inclusion level of insect products in every phase diet from weaned pigs to sows. The use of insect products in swine diets has some challenges in terms of cost, supply, and safety. Lastly, intrinsic differences among insect species, processing method, and feeding phase should be taken into consideration for the use of insect products in the swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Elahi U, Xu C, Wang J, Lin J, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Qi GH. Insect meal as a feed ingredient for poultry. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:332-346. [PMID: 34991217 PMCID: PMC8831830 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of protein feed resources is the major challenge to the world farm animal industry. Insects are known as an alternative protein source for poultry. A wide range of insects are available for use in poultry diets. Insect larvae thrive in manure, and organic waste, and produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from microbial infections, and additionally these peptides might also be functional in poultry feed. The feed containing antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and immune function in poultry. Insect meal contains a higher amount of essential amino acids compared to conventional feedstuffs. Black soldier fly, mealworm, housefly, cricket/Grasshopper/Locust (Orthoptera), silkworm, and earthworm are the commonly used insect meals in broiler and laying hen diets. This paper summarizes the nutrient profiles of the insect meals and reviews their efficacy when included in poultry diets. Due to the differences in insect meal products, and breeds of poultry, inconsistent results were noticed among studies. The main challenge for proper utilization, and the promising prospect of insect meal in poultry diet are also addressed in the paper. To fully exploit insect meal as an alternative protein resource, and exert their functional effects, modes of action need to be understood. With the emergence of more accurate and reliable studies, insect meals will undoubtedly play more important role in poultry feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Elahi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Potentiality of Tenebrio molitor larva-based ingredients for the food industry: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yellow Mealworm and Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Feed and Food Production in Europe, with Emphasis on Iceland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112744. [PMID: 34829029 PMCID: PMC8625742 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are part of the diet of over 2 billion people worldwide; however, insects have not been popular in Europe, neither as food nor as a feed ingredient. This has been changing in recent years, due to increased knowledge regarding the nutritional benefits, the need for novel protein production and the low environmental impact of insects compared to conventional protein production. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the most popular insects farmed in Europe, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, together with the main obstacles and risks. A comprehensive literature study was carried out and 27 insect farming companies found listed in Europe were contacted directly. The results show that the insect farming industry is increasing in Europe, and the success of the frontrunners is based on large investments in technology, automation and economy of scale. The interest of venture capital firms is noticeable, covering 90% of the investment costs in some cases. It is concluded that insect farming in Europe is likely to expand rapidly in the coming years, offering new proteins and other valuable products, not only as a feed ingredient, but also for human consumption. European regulations have additionally been rapidly changing, with more freedom towards insects as food and feed. There is an increased knowledge regarding safety concerns of edible insects, and the results indicate that edible insects pose a smaller risk for zoonotic diseases than livestock. However, knowledge regarding risk posed by edible insects is still lacking, but food and feed safety is essential to put products on the European market.
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Ojha S, Bekhit AED, Grune T, Schlüter OK. Bioavailability of nutrients from edible insects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Van Peer M, Frooninckx L, Coudron C, Berrens S, Álvarez C, Deruytter D, Verheyen G, Van Miert S. Valorisation Potential of Using Organic Side Streams as Feed for Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus and Locusta migratoria. INSECTS 2021; 12:796. [PMID: 34564236 PMCID: PMC8467494 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing welfare and population, the demand for alternative protein sources, obtained with minimal use of natural resources, is rising in today's society. Insects have the potential to be used as an alternative protein source since they are considered to be able to convert low-value biomass into high-value components, resulting in opportunities for valorisation of organic side streams. Moreover, insects are suggested to be a sustainable protein source, referring to the efficient "feed to body" mass conversion potential. The aim of this review was to explore the potential to rear the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) on low or not yet valorised organic side streams within the food supply chain. This was performed by collecting research information focusing on the rearing of the insects in scope on organic biomass. In addition, the nutritional composition of the produced insects as well as their dietary requirements will be reviewed. Finally, the availability of side streams in the EU will be discussed as well as their potential to be used as insects feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggie Van Peer
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Lotte Frooninckx
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Carl Coudron
- Provincial Research and Advice Centre for Agriculture and Horticulture, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Siebe Berrens
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Quality and Sensory Science, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - David Deruytter
- Provincial Research and Advice Centre for Agriculture and Horticulture, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Geert Verheyen
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Sabine Van Miert
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
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Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor): Potential and Challenges to Promote Circular Economy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092568. [PMID: 34573534 PMCID: PMC8468824 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The main objective of this review is to analyse the potential of insects from the perspective of circular economy, focusing our attention on mealworm larvae. After pointing out the key concepts of circular economy and describing the use of insects in bioconversion processes, we discuss the most relevant uses of the mealworm in different industries, which show the great contribution this insect can make within circular productive systems. This topic has attracted a lot of attention due to its implications from an economic and environmental point of view. Recently, mealworm larvae were positively assessed by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a safe novel food. As a matter of fact, the mealworm is the first edible insect to achieve this important milestone in the EU. Due to this new scientific opinion, considerable expectations arise on mealworms and their potential in different fields, which will surely lead to market developments in the following years. Abstract Over the last few years, the concept of Circular Economy (CE) has received a lot of attention due to its potential contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially by reconciling economic growth with the protection of the environment through its grow-make-use-restore approach. The use of insects in circular production systems has been a good example of this concept as insects can transform a wide range of organic waste and by-products into nutritious feedstuffs, which then go back into the production cycle. This paper explores the potential of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in circular production systems by reviewing their use and applicability in several industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, etc. Despite the high versatility of this insect and its potential as a substitute source of nutrients and other valuable components, there are still many legislative and behavioural challenges that hinder its adoption and acceptance.
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Potential of Fermentation and Vacuum Packaging Followed by Chilling to Preserve Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080714. [PMID: 34442280 PMCID: PMC8396865 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects are being produced at an industrial scale, mainly as feed ingredient to replace less sustainable protein sources in feed. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) are currently the most important species reared for this purpose. After production, it is necessary that the larvae be stored and transported in a stable way, i.e., without deterioration. In this study, we investigated fermentation and vacuum packaging technology as potential stabilisation techniques. Fermentation appears to be possible when the larvae are first blanched and pulverised, but bacterial endospores remain present and can potentially be dangerous if the conditions are not acidic enough. Vacuum packaging was tested as storage technique for living larvae, but their survival was lower than for living larvae packaged in air. Additionally, for killed larvae, vacuum packaging before chilling did not bring benefits over chilled storage alone. That was concluded from the fact that microbial counts were similar for larvae that were packaged in air or under vacuum during storage. Abstract Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) are currently reared at an industrial scale, mainly as a feed ingredient. The logistic chain not only involves the production of larvae, but also stabilisation, storage, and transport. The aim of this work was to study fermentation and vacuum packaging of larvae as potential preservation technologies. For fermentation, blanched larvae were pulverised into a paste, and a starter culture, NaCl, and glucose were added. The mixture was fermented for 7 days at 35 °C and then stored for 14 days at 4 °C and pH and microbial counts were monitored. Vacuum packaging was applied to living, blanched and frozen larvae. After packaging, they were stored for 6–10 days at several temperatures and gas composition, survival (living larvae) and microbial counts (killed larvae) were recorded. Fermentation allows storage of pulverised larvae, but points to consider are a rapid pH reduction and the presence of bacterial endospores. Vacuum packaging did not bring added value over cooling alone. This was the case for all types of larvae investigated. Vacuum packaging is not considered as a valuable preservation technology to pursue for storage and transport of black soldier fly larvae.
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García-Gutiérrez N, Mellado-Carretero J, Bengoa C, Salvador A, Sanz T, Wang J, Ferrando M, Güell C, de Lamo-Castellví S. ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis Successfully Discriminates Raw Doughs and Baked 3D-Printed Snacks Enriched with Edible Insect Powder. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081806. [PMID: 34441584 PMCID: PMC8394341 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a preliminary study, commercial insect powders were successfully identified using infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Nonetheless, it is necessary to check if this technology is capable of discriminating, predicting, and quantifying insect species once they are used as an ingredient in food products. The objective of this research was to study the potential of using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTMIR) combined with multivariate analysis to discriminate doughs and 3D-printed baked snacks, enriched with Alphitobius diaperinus and Locusta migratoria powders. Several doughs were made with a variable amount of insect powder (0–13.9%) replacing the same amount of chickpea flour (46–32%). The spectral data were analyzed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms. SIMCA models successfully discriminated the insect species used to prepare the doughs and snacks. Discrimination was mainly associated with lipids, proteins, and chitin. PLSR models predicted the percentage of insect powder added to the dough and the snacks, with determination coefficients of 0.972, 0.979, and 0.994 and a standard error of prediction of 1.24, 1.08, and 1.90%, respectively. ATR-FTMIR combined with multivariate analysis has a high potential as a new tool in insect product authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea García-Gutiérrez
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Mellado-Carretero
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Christophe Bengoa
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Ana Salvador
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Teresa Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Junjing Wang
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Montse Ferrando
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Carme Güell
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Sílvia de Lamo-Castellví
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Tobolková B, Takáč P, Mangová B, Kozánek M. A comparative study of colour characteristics of thermally/non-thermally treated mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu X, Hou H, Fang D, Hu Q, Chen J, Zhao L. Identification and characterization of volatile compounds in Lentinula edodes during vacuum freeze-drying. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13814. [PMID: 34089191 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, modified headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose) were utilized to investigate the dynamic aroma changes of Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) at different stages of vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The extraction efficiency of volatile compounds from vacuum freeze-dried L. edodes was improved by optimizing five parameters of the HS-SPME. A total of 50 volatiles were identified in L. edodes from different VFD stages by GC-MS. Alcohols, aldehydes, and volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSCs) were the main flavor constituents of fresh L. edodes, frozen L. edodes, and secondary dried L. edodes. Aldehydes, ketones, and VSCs were the main aroma groups in L. edodes after primary drying. There were 20 volatiles as key odorants with the odor activity values greater than 1, in which esters appeared only before secondary drying of L. edodes. These findings could contribute to a comprehensive insight into the formation mechanism of flavor in the VFD process of L. edodes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lentinula edodes is the second most widely cultivated edible fungus worldwide. It is considered a valuable health food not just because of its abundance of nutrients but also because of its delicious taste. This study investigated the regularity regarding the changes of volatile compounds in L. edodes during vacuum freeze drying. The results of the present study offer valuable knowledge for the formation mechanism of volatile substances in the drying process of L. edodes, which can be beneficial to promote the development and utilization of flavor substances in L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuo Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donglu Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiluan Chen
- College of Food, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Selaledi L, Mabelebele M. The Influence of Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition and Body Color of Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor L.). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040333. [PMID: 33917808 PMCID: PMC8068098 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To preserve the quality of the yellow mealworm, different drying methods are being explored by farmers and processors. However, the energy costs associated with these methods are usually high for smallholder insect-rearing farmers. Thus, the core aim of this study was to investigate different drying procedures and their impact on the chemical composition of yellow mealworm larvae. Yellow mealworms (exposed to sun, oven and freeze drying) were later analyzed for their chemical composition and body color. Crude protein (CP) content of freeze and oven-dried mealworms were similar (p > 0.05), but higher (p < 0.05) than those of the sun-dried samples. The b (yellowness) color of the sun-dried samples scored the lowest value (p < 0.05) in comparison with both oven and freeze-dried samples. The majority of the essential amino acids were higher (p < 0.05) in the sun-dried mealworms than both oven and freeze-dried samples. Similarly, the fat content of sun-dried mealworms was higher (p < 0.05) than if they had been oven or freeze dried. However, SFA (saturated fatty acids), PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and n-6 fatty acids were similar (p > 0.05) for all drying methods. We, therefore, conclude that sun drying resulted in the same nutritional composition as freeze and oven drying despite the noted color changes. Freeze and oven-drying strategies can be used to formulate mealworm-based feed and food products without noticeable nutritional changes. For the benefit of small-scale insect-rearing farmers, an appropriate drying technology that is affordable and easy to use should be developed considering the needs and experiences of these farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letlhogonolo Selaledi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa;
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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Characterization of freeze-dried, oven-dried and blanched house crickets (Acheta domesticus) and Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis) by means of their physicochemical properties and volatile compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Fombong FT, Kinyuru J, Ng’ang’a J, Ayieko M, Tanga CM, Vanden Broeck J, Van Der Borght M. Affordable Processing of Edible Orthopterans Provides a Highly Nutritive Source of Food Ingredients. Foods 2021; 10:144. [PMID: 33445608 PMCID: PMC7826988 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible orthopterans (grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts) are major delicacies, especially across sub-Saharan Africa. Their promotion as food ingredients is increasingly gaining momentum. This study evaluates the nutritional profiles of three widely consumed orthopterans: Gryllus bimaculatus, Locusta migratoria, and Schistocerca gregaria after blanching and oven-drying. All three species had high protein (65.3, 54.2, and 61.4% on a dry matter (DM) basis for G. bimaculatus, L. migratoria, and S. gregaria, respectively) and fat contents. Oleic (22.9-40.8%) and palmitic (26.1-43.0%) were the two most abundant fatty acids. All essential amino acids (in mg/100 g protein) were present, with glutamic acid (120-131), alanine (90.2-123), and leucine (82.3-84.6) being the most abundant. The minerals (in mg/100 g dry matter) potassium (796-1309) and phosphorus (697-968) were moderately high, and iron (4.60-7.31), zinc (12.7-24.9), manganese (0.40-7.15), and copper (1.20-4.86) were also observed in the samples. Vitamin B12 contents were high (0.22-1.35 µg/100 g dry matter). Our findings demonstrate that the excellent nutritional profile of the three processed insects could serve as promising alternative ingredients for improving food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forkwa Tengweh Fombong
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction lab, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (F.T.F.); (J.V.B.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Juja (Main) Campus, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; (J.K.); (J.N.)
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Lab4Food, Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - John Kinyuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Juja (Main) Campus, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; (J.K.); (J.N.)
| | - Jeremiah Ng’ang’a
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Juja (Main) Campus, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; (J.K.); (J.N.)
| | - Monica Ayieko
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo-Usenge Road, P.O. Box 210, Bondo 40601, Kenya;
| | - Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction lab, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (F.T.F.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
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39
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Keil C, Maares M, Kröncke N, Benning R, Haase H. Dietary zinc enrichment reduces the cadmium burden of mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) larvae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20033. [PMID: 33208833 PMCID: PMC7674442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial production of Tenebrio molitor L. requires optimized rearing and processing conditions to generate insect biomass with high nutritional value in large quantities. One of the problems arising from processing is a tremendous loss in mineral accessibility, affecting, amongst others, the essential trace element Zn. As a feasible strategy this study investigates Zn-enrichment of mealworms during rearing to meet the nutritional requirements for humans and animals. Following feeding ZnSO4-spiked wheat bran substrates late instar mealworm larvae were evaluated for essential micronutrients and human/animal toxic elements. In addition, growth rate and viability were assessed to select optimal conditions for future mass-rearing. Zn-feeding dose-dependently raised the total Zn content, yet the Znlarvae/Znwheat bran ratio decreased inversely related to its concentration, indicating an active Zn homeostasis within the mealworms. The Cu status remained stable, suggesting that, in contrast to mammals, the intestinal Cu absorption in mealworm larvae is not affected by Zn. Zn biofortification led to a moderate Fe and Mn reduction in mealworms, a problem that certainly can be overcome by Fe/Mn co-supplementation during rearing. Most importantly, Zn feeding massively reduced the levels of the human/animal toxicant Cd within the mealworm larvae, a technological novelty of outstanding importance to be implemented in the future production process to ensure the consumer safety of this edible insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Keil
- Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Maares
- Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Kröncke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Hong J, Han T, Kim YY. Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor Larvae) as an Alternative Protein Source for Monogastric Animal: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112068. [PMID: 33171639 PMCID: PMC7695176 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae, known as mealworm, have been considered a good protein source for monogastric animals. They have a high quantity and quality of protein content and amino acid profile. The inclusion of T. molitor larvae in broiler diets improved the growth performance without having negative effects on carcass traits and blood profiles in broiler chickens, or had no influence on the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. The supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance and protein utilization of weaning pigs. Furthermore, the replacement of fishmeal with T. molitor larvae resulted in no difference in the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs. However, there are some challenges regarding biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and price for the use of T. moiltor larvae in animal feed. Consequently, T. molitor larvae could be used as an alternative or sustainable protein source in monogastric animal feed. Abstract Edible insects have been used as an alternative protein source for food and animal feed, and the market size for edible insects has increased. Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as mealworm and yellow mealworm, are considered a good protein source with nutritional value, digestibility, flavor, and a functional ability. Additionally, they are easy to breed and feed for having a stable protein content, regardless of their diets. Therefore, T. molitor larvae have been produced industrially as feed for pets, zoo animals, and even for production animals. To maintain the nutrient composition and safety of T. molitor larvae, slaughtering (heating or freezing) and post-slaughtering (drying and grinding) procedures should be improved for animal feed. T. molitor larvae are also processed with defatting or hydrolysis before grinding. They have a high quality and quantity of protein and amino acid profile, so are considered a highly sustainable protein source for replacing soybean meal or fishmeal. T. molitor has a chitin in its cuticle, which is an indigestible fiber with positive effects on the immune system. In studies of poultry, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance of broiler chickens, without having negative effects on carcass traits, whereas some studies have reported that there were no significant differences in the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. In studies of swine, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance and protein utilization of weaning pigs. Furthermore, 10% of T. molitor larvae showed greater amino acid digestibility than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. However, there are some challenges regarding the biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and price for the use of T. moiltor larvae in animal feed. Consequently, T. molitor larvae could be used as an alternative or sustainable protein source in monogastric animal feed with a consideration of the nutritional values, biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and market price of T. molitor larvae products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Taehee Han
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-878-5838; Fax: +82-2-878-5839
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41
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Ao X, Yoo J, Wu Z, Kim I. Can dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae replace fish meal in weaned pigs? Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Borremans A, Smets R, Van Campenhout L. Fermentation Versus Meat Preservatives to Extend the Shelf Life of Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Paste for Feed and Food Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1510. [PMID: 32760364 PMCID: PMC7373731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshly prepared pastes from blanched mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) are highly perishable and prone to microbial and chemical changes upon storage due to their high water activity, near-neutral pH, and their rich nutrient profile. Their shelf life is short unless preservation methods are used. In this study, the effects of preservatives (sodium nitrite and sodium lactate) and lactic acid fermentation (with the starter cultures Bactoferm® F-LC and Lactobacillus farciminis) on the microbiological and the chemical stability of mealworm pastes stored at 4°C were compared. During the storage experiment, the pH, water activity, color, microbial counts, and fat oxidation were monitored. In addition, the prevalence of the pathogens Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were studied. Microbial quality evaluation of the mealworm pastes showed that the addition of preservatives did not inhibit microbial growth during refrigerated storage, reaching the upper limits for consumption between seven and 14 days. By contrast, the acid medium (pH < 4.50) created by fermentation stabilized all microbial populations investigated, indicating that these pastes could be consumed up to (at least) 8 weeks of refrigerated storage. L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and B. cereus were not detected in any of the samples and lipid oxidation of the samples was minimal. Altogether, this study shows that lactic acid fermentation can be used successfully to inhibit microbial growth, to maintain chemical quality, and to extend the shelf life of mealworm pastes stored at 4°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Borremans
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
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Seo H, Kim HR, Cho IH. Aroma Characteristics of Raw and Cooked Tenebrio molitor Larvae (Mealworms). Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:649-658. [PMID: 32734271 PMCID: PMC7372989 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared aroma compositions and sensory aroma attributes of raw and cooked Tenebrio molitor larvae (mealworms). Main sensory aroma attributes of raw mealworms were strong wet-soil-like, and less-intense oily, shrimp-like and sweet-corn-like. Quantitatively, the major aroma components of raw mealworms were hydrocarbons and aldehydes. As cooking proceeded, sweet-corn-like, roasted, and fried-oil-like sensory attributes were increasingly perceived with steaming, roasting, and frying, respectively. Some pyrazines, pyrrolidines, and carbonyls increased or appeared in roasted and fried mealworms. Partial least squares regression also showed differences in raw and cooked mealworms based on aroma components and their sensory attributes. Unlike raw mealworms, steamed mealworms had a relatively strong sweet-corn-like aroma attribute, which was related to 2,4,6-trimethyl-heptane, 2,4-dimethyl-dodecane, and 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one. In comparison, roasted and fried mealworms exhibited roasted, shrimp-like, and fried-oil-like aroma attributes, which were associated with intermediates of the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation, such as pyrazines, alcohols, and aldehydes. This result during thermal reactions was very similar to those of meat and/or seafood. The use of mealworms as a savory-type flavor enhancer can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Seo
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538,
Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Kim
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration
(RDA), Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - In Hee Cho
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538,
Korea
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Bawa M, Songsermpong S, Kaewtapee C, Chanput W. Effects of microwave and hot air oven drying on the nutritional, microbiological load, and color parameters of the house crickets (
Acheta domesticus
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bawa
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry Department of Food Science and Technology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sirichai Songsermpong
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry Department of Food Science and Technology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chanwit Kaewtapee
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Wasaporn Chanput
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry Department of Food Science and Technology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
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Elahi U, Wang J, Ma YB, Wu SG, Wu J, Qi GH, Zhang HJ. Evaluation of Yellow Mealworm Meal as a Protein Feedstuff in the Diet of Broiler Chicks. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020224. [PMID: 32019216 PMCID: PMC7070689 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm meal (MWM) as a protein feedstuff in the broiler diet was investigated based on the growth performance, hematological characteristics, carcass, and meat quality of broiler chicks. A total of 700 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were assigned to five dietary MWM treatments containing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 8% dried MWM or 10.48% fresh mealworm (corresponding to 4% dried MWM). For each treatment, there were seven pens with 20 chicks each. The nutritional profile of dried MWM is comparable to all conventional protein feedstuffs. MWM significantly increased BW and ADG (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05), and FCR was best at 4% MWM inclusion level (quadratic, p < 0.10) for broiler chicks during the starter phase. The predicted MWM levels for optimal starter BW and ADG were 4.13% and 3.84%. Hematological characteristics of broiler chicks fed on the MWM diet did not differ or showed small change within the physiological range. A fresh 10.48% mealworm diet significantly reduced the blood LZM for the grower. Broiler Chicks fed on fresh 10.48% mealworm had a significantly reduced abdominal fat percentage compared to the 4% dried MWM counterparts. MWM did not significantly affect meat quality. Taken together, MWM inclusion in broiler diet is acceptable as a protein feedstuff, and a 4% level could stimulate early growth in the starter phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Elahi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
| | - You-biao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
| | - Shu-geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
| | - Jinlong Wu
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Center, Bazhou 065700, China;
| | - Guang-hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.-h.Q.); (H.-j.Z.)
| | - Hai-jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.); (J.W.); (Y.-b.M.); (S.-g.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.-h.Q.); (H.-j.Z.)
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