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Traine J, Rusman Q, Schiestl FP. Too hot to handle: temperature-induced plasticity influences pollinator behaviour and plant fitness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1571-1585. [PMID: 38922897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Increased temperature can induce plastic changes in many plant traits. However, little is known about how these changes affect plant interactions with insect pollinators and herbivores, and what the consequences for plant fitness and selection are. We grew fast-cycling Brassica rapa plants at two temperatures (ambient and increased temperature) and phenotyped them (floral traits, scent, colour and glucosinolates). We then exposed plants to both pollinators (Bombus terrestris) and pollinating herbivores (Pieris rapae). We measured flower visitation, oviposition of P. rapae, herbivore development and seed output. Plants in the hot environment produced more but smaller flowers, with lower UV reflectance and emitted a different volatile blend with overall lower volatile emission. Moreover, these plants received fewer first-choice visits by bumblebees and butterflies, and fewer flower visits by butterflies. Seed production was lower in hot environment plants, both because of a reduction in flower fertility due to temperature and because of the reduced visitation of pollinators. The selection on plant traits changed in strength and direction between temperatures. Our study highlights an important mechanism by which global warming can change plant-pollinator interactions and negatively impact plant fitness, as well as potentially alter plant evolution through changes in phenotypic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Traine
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Quint Rusman
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
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2
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Gómez-Devia L, Nevo O. Effects of temperature gradient on functional fruit traits: an elevation-for-temperature approach. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:94. [PMID: 38982367 PMCID: PMC11232184 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruit traits mediate animal-plant interactions and have to a large degree evolved to match the sensory capacities and morphology of their respective dispersers. At the same time, fruit traits are affected by local environmental factors, which may affect frugivore-plant trait match. Temperature has been identified as a major factor with a strong effect on the development of fruits, which is of serious concern because of the rising threat of global warming. Nonetheless, this primarily originates from studies on domesticated cultivars in often controlled environments. Little is known on the effect of rising temperatures on fruit traits of wild species and the implications this could have to seed dispersal networks, including downstream consequences to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In a case study of five plant species from eastern Madagascar, we addressed this using the elevation-for-temperature approach and examined whether a temperature gradient is systematically associated with variation in fruit traits relevant for animal foraging and fruit selection. We sampled across a gradient representing a temperature gradient of 1.5-2.6 °C, corresponding to IPCC projections. The results showed that in most cases there was no significant effect of temperature on the traits evaluated, although some species showed different effects, particularly fruit chemical profiles. This suggests that in these species warming within this range alone is not likely to drive substantial changes in dispersal networks. While no systemic effects were found, the results also indicate that the effect of temperature on fruit traits differs across species and may lead to mismatches in specific animal-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Devia
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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3
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Yu Q, Liu Y, Liu S, Li S, Zhai Y, Zhang Q, Zheng L, Zheng H, Zhai Y, Wang X. Lactobacillus melliventris promotes hive productivity and immune functionality in Bombus terrestris performance in the greenhouse. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:911-926. [PMID: 37830269 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees are important pollinators in agricultural ecosystems, but their abundance is declining globally. There is an urgent need to protect bumblebee health and their pollination services. Bumblebees possess specialized gut microbiota with potential to be used as probiotics to help defend at-risk bumblebee populations. However, evidence for probiotic benefits on bumblebees is lacking. Here, we evaluated how supplementation with Lactobacillus melliventris isolated from bumblebee gut affected the colony development of Bombus terrestris. This native strain colonized robustly and persisted long-term in bumblebees, leading to a significantly higher quality of offspring. Subsequently, the tyrosine pathway was upregulated in the brain and fat body, while the Wnt and mTOR pathways of the gut were downregulated. Notably, the field experiment in the greenhouse revealed the supplementation of L. melliventris led to a 2.5-fold increase in the bumblebee survival rate and a more than 10% increase in the number of flowers visited, indicating a better health condition and pollination ability in field conditions. Our study represents a first screening for the potential use of the native gut member, L. melliventris, as probiotic strains in hive supplement for bumblebee breeding, which may be a practical approach to improve immunity and hive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shaogang Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Walters J, Barlass M, Fisher R, Isaacs R. Extreme heat exposure of host plants indirectly reduces solitary bee fecundity and survival. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240714. [PMID: 38889783 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Extreme heat poses a major threat to plants and pollinators, yet the indirect consequences of heat stress are not well understood, particularly for native solitary bees. To determine how brief exposure of extreme heat to flowering plants affects bee behaviour, fecundity, development and survival we conducted a no-choice field cage experiment in which Osmia lignaria were provided blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) and white clover (Trifolium repens) that had been previously exposed to either extreme heat (37.5°C) or normal temperatures (25°C) for 4 h during early bloom. Despite a similar number of open flowers and floral visitation frequency between the two treatments, female bees provided with heat-stressed plants laid approximately 70% fewer eggs than females provided with non-stressed plants. Their progeny received similar quantities of pollen provisions between the two treatments, yet larvae consuming pollen from heat-stressed plants had significantly lower survival as larvae and adults. We also observed trends for delayed emergence and reduced adult longevity when larvae consumed heat-stressed pollen. This study is the first to document how short, field-realistic bursts of extreme heat exposure to flowering host plants can indirectly affect bee pollinators and their offspring, with important implications for crop pollination and native bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Walters
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - McKenna Barlass
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robin Fisher
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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5
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Gambel J, Holway DA. Temperature and soil moisture manipulation yields evidence of drought-induced pollen limitation in bee-pollinated squash. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11400. [PMID: 38832140 PMCID: PMC11144714 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change alters environmental conditions in ways that directly and indirectly affect plants. Flowering plants, for example, modify reproductive allocation in response to heat and drought stress, and such changes can in turn affect pollinator visitation and, ultimately, plant reproduction. Although the individual effects of warming and drought on plant reproductive allocation are well known, these factors may interact to influence reproduction. Here, we conducted a fully crossed temperature by irrigation manipulation in squash (Cucurbita pepo) to test how temperature and soil moisture variation affect pollinator-mediated reproduction. To tease apart the direct and indirect effects of temperature and soil moisture, we compared hand-pollinated plants to bee-pollinated plants and restricted bee foraging (i.e., pollen transfer) to one experimental group per day. Temperature and soil-moisture limitation acted independently of one another: warming decreased flower size and increased pollen production, whereas the effects of soil-moisture limitation were uniformly inhibitory. While treatments did not change squash bee (Xenoglossa spp.) behavior, floral visitation by the honey bee (Apis mellifera) increased with temperature in male flowers and decreased with soil moisture in female flowers. Pollen deposition by bees was independent of plant soil moisture, yet reducing soil moisture increased pollen limitation. This result stemmed at least in part from the effects of soil-moisture limitation on pollen viability; seed set declined with increasing deposition of fluorescent pigment (a proxy for pollen) from plants experiencing decreased soil moisture. These findings suggest that the transfer of lower-quality pollen from plants experiencing soil-moisture limitation led to drought-induced pollen limitation. Similar effects may occur in a wide variety of flowering plant species as climate warming and drought increasingly impact animal-pollinated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Gambel
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐Agricultural Research Service Research Participation ProgramOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Dairy Forage Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David A. Holway
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Rossi GS, Elbassiouny A, Jamison J, Welch Jr. KC. Heat exposure limits pentose phosphate pathway activity in bumblebees. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae031. [PMID: 38812726 PMCID: PMC11134105 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Bumblebee populations across the globe are experiencing substantial declines due to climate change, with major consequences for pollination services in both natural and agricultural settings. Using an economically important species, Bombus impatiens, we explored the physiological mechanisms that may cause susceptibility to extreme heat events. We tested the hypothesis that heat exposure limits the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)-a parallel pathway to glycolysis that can use nectar sugar to generate antioxidant potential and combat oxidative stress. Using isotopically labelled glucose, we tracked PPP activity in B. impatiens at rest, during exercise and during a post-exercise recovery period under two different temperature regimes (22°C and 32°C). We found that the PPP is routinely used by B. impatiens at moderate temperatures, but that its activity is markedly reduced when ATP demands are high, such as during periods of exercise and heat exposure. We also exposed B. impatiens to either 22°C or 32°C for 5 hours and assessed levels of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls) and antioxidant potential [reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione concentrations]. Interestingly, bees exhibited little oxidative damage after the thermal exposure, but we found a lower GSH:GSSG ratio in 32°C-exposed bees, reflecting lower antioxidant potential. Overall, our study demonstrates that acute heat stress severely limits PPP activity and may constrain antioxidant potential in B. impatiens. The repeated attenuation of this pathway in a warming climate may have more severe physiological consequences for this species, with potential implications for pollination services across North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4E8, Canada
| | - Alaa Elbassiouny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jerrica Jamison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Welch Jr.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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7
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Cantwell-Jones A, Tylianakis JM, Larson K, Gill RJ. Using individual-based trait frequency distributions to forecast plant-pollinator network responses to environmental change. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14368. [PMID: 38247047 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Determining how and why organisms interact is fundamental to understanding ecosystem responses to future environmental change. To assess the impact on plant-pollinator interactions, recent studies have examined how the effects of environmental change on individual interactions accumulate to generate species-level responses. Here, we review recent developments in using plant-pollinator networks of interacting individuals along with their functional traits, where individuals are nested within species nodes. We highlight how these individual-level, trait-based networks connect intraspecific trait variation (as frequency distributions of multiple traits) with dynamic responses within plant-pollinator communities. This approach can better explain interaction plasticity, and changes to interaction probabilities and network structure over spatiotemporal or other environmental gradients. We argue that only through appreciating such trait-based interaction plasticity can we accurately forecast the potential vulnerability of interactions to future environmental change. We follow this with general guidance on how future studies can collect and analyse high-resolution interaction and trait data, with the hope of improving predictions of future plant-pollinator network responses for targeted and effective conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Cantwell-Jones
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 4800, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Keith Larson
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard J Gill
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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8
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Russo L, Stout JC. Manipulating network connectance by altering plant attractiveness. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16319. [PMID: 38025756 PMCID: PMC10640842 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinating insects are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, we have yet to demonstrate that we are able to manage the structural properties of these networks for the purposes of pollinator conservation and preserving functional outcomes, such as pollination services. Our objective was to explore the extent of our ability to experimentally increase, decrease, and maintain connectance, a structural attribute that reflects patterns of insect visitation and foraging preferences. Patterns of connectance relate to the stability and function of ecological networks. Methods We implemented a 2-year field experiment across eight sites in urban Dublin, Ireland, applying four agrochemical treatments to fixed communities of seven flowering plant species in a randomized block design. We spent ~117 h collecting 1,908 flower-visiting insects of 92 species or morphospecies with standardized sampling methods across the 2 years. We hypothesized that the fertilizer treatment would increase, herbicide decrease, and a combination of both maintain the connectance of the network, relative to a control treatment of just water. Results Our results showed that we were able to successfully increase network connectance with a fertilizer treatment, and maintain network connectance with a combination of fertilizer and herbicide. However, we were not successful in decreasing network connectance with the herbicide treatment. The increase in connectance in the fertilized treatment was due to an increased species richness of visiting insects, rather than changes to their abundance. We also demonstrated that this change was due to an increase in the realized proportion of insect visitor species rather than increased visitation by common, generalist species of floral visitors. Overall, this work suggests that connectance is an attribute of network structure that can be manipulated, with implications for management goals or conservation efforts in these mutualistic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Russo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jane C. Stout
- Department of Botany, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Wolmuth‐Gordon HS, Brown MJF. Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite parasite exposure to extreme temperatures. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10379. [PMID: 37502302 PMCID: PMC10368942 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms are exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions, such as temperature. How individuals respond to temperature affects their interactions with one another. Changes to the interaction between parasites and their hosts can have a large effect on disease dynamics. The gut parasite, Crithidia bombi, can be highly prevalent in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, and is an established epidemiological model. The parasite is transmitted between bumblebees via flowers, exposing it to a range of environmental temperatures prior to infection. We investigated whether incubation duration and temperature exposure, prior to infection, affects parasite infectivity. Prior to inoculation in B. terrestris, C. bombi was incubated at 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50°C for either 10 or 60 min. These times were chosen to reflect the length of time that the parasite remains infective when outside the host and the rate of floral visitation in bumblebees. Prevalence and infection intensity were measured in bees 1 week later. Incubation duration and the interaction between incubation temperature and duration affected the prevalence of C. bombi at 50°C, resulting in no infections after 60 min. Below 50°C, C. bombi prevalence was not affected by incubation temperature or duration. Extreme temperatures induced morphological changes in C. bombi cells; however, infection intensity was not affected by incubation duration or temperature. These results highlight that this parasite is robust to a wide range of temperatures. The parasite was not infective after being exposed to 50°C for 60 min, such temperatures likely exceed the flight abilities of bumblebees, and thus the potential for transmission. This study shows the importance of understanding the effects of environmental conditions on both hosts and parasites, which is needed to predict transmission under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- School of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
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10
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Ďúranová H, Šimora V, Ďurišová Ľ, Olexiková L, Kovár M, Požgajová M. Modifications in Ultrastructural Characteristics and Redox Status of Plants under Environmental Stress: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1666. [PMID: 37111889 PMCID: PMC10144148 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The rate of global environmental change is unprecedented, with climate change causing an increase in the oscillation and intensification of various abiotic stress factors that have negative impacts on crop production. This issue has become an alarming global concern, especially for countries already facing the threat of food insecurity. Abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and metal (nanoparticle) toxicities, are recognized as major constraints in agriculture, and are closely associated with the crop yield penalty and losses in food supply. In order to combat abiotic stress, it is important to understand how plant organs adapt to changing conditions, as this can help produce more stress-resistant or stress-tolerant plants. The investigation of plant tissue ultrastructure and subcellular components can provide valuable insights into plant responses to abiotic stress-related stimuli. In particular, the columella cells (statocytes) of the root cap exhibit a unique architecture that is easily recognizable under a transmission electron microscope, making them a useful experimental model for ultrastructural observations. In combination with the assessment of plant oxidative/antioxidative status, both approaches can shed more light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in plant adaptation to environmental cues. This review summarizes life-threatening factors of the changing environment that lead to stress-related damage to plants, with an emphasis on their subcellular components. Additionally, selected plant responses to such conditions in the context of their ability to adapt and survive in a challenging environment are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Ďúranová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Šimora
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Ľuba Ďurišová
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.Ď.); (M.K.)
| | - Lucia Olexiková
- Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia;
| | - Marek Kovár
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.Ď.); (M.K.)
| | - Miroslava Požgajová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
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11
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Frachon L, Arrigo L, Rusman Q, Poveda L, Qi W, Scopece G, Schiestl FP. Putative Signals of Generalist Plant Species Adaptation to Local Pollinator Communities and Abiotic Factors. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:7043265. [PMID: 36795638 PMCID: PMC10015620 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive success of flowering plants with generalized pollination systems is influenced by interactions with a diverse pollinator community and abiotic factors. However, knowledge about the adaptative potential of plants to complex ecological networks and the underlying genetic mechanisms is still limited. Based on a pool-sequencing approach of 21 natural populations of Brassica incana in Southern Italy, we combined a genome-environmental association analysis with a genome scan for signals of population genomic differentiation to discover genetic variants associated with the ecological variation. We identified genomic regions putatively involved in the adaptation of B. incana to the identity of local pollinator functional categories and pollinator community composition. Interestingly, we observed several shared candidate genes associated with long-tongue bees, soil texture, and temperature variation. We established a genomic map of potential generalist flowering plant local adaptation to complex biotic interactions, and the importance of considering multiple environmental factors to describe the adaptive landscape of plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Arrigo
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quint Rusman
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Poveda
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
- NBFC: National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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de Manincor N, Fisogni A, Rafferty NE. Warming of experimental plant-pollinator communities advances phenologies, alters traits, reduces interactions and depresses reproduction. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:323-334. [PMID: 36592334 PMCID: PMC10107705 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may disrupt plant-pollinator mutualisms by generating phenological asynchronies and by altering traits that shape interaction costs and benefits. Our knowledge is limited to studies that manipulate only one partner or focus on either phenological or trait-based mismatches. We assembled communities of three annual plants and a solitary bee prior to flowering and emergence to test how springtime warming affects phenologies, traits, interactions and reproductive output. Warming advanced community-level flowering onset, peak and end but did not alter bee emergence. Warmed plant communities produced fewer and smaller flowers with less, more-concentrated nectar, reducing attractiveness, and warmed bees were more generalized in their foraging, reducing their effectiveness. Plant-bee interactions were less frequent, shorter and peaked earlier under warming. As a result, warmed plants produced fewer, lighter seeds, indicating pollinator-mediated fitness costs. Climate change will perturb plant-pollinator mutualisms, causing wide-ranging effects on partner species and diminishing the ecosystem service they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha de Manincor
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Fisogni
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nicole E Rafferty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Sánchez M, Velásquez Y, González M, Cuevas J. Pollination Effectiveness of the Hoverfly Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) in Diploid and Triploid Associated Watermelon Crop. INSECTS 2022; 13:1021. [PMID: 36354845 PMCID: PMC9697508 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an important crop worldwide. Pollination of this crop is carried out by insects, with honey bees (Apis spp.) and bumble bees (Bombus spp.) as the most used in greenhouse production. Nevertheless, due to the extreme conditions in closed enclosures, these hymenopterans suffer management and behavior problems leading to insufficient pollination. The effectiveness of three release densities (15, 30, and 45 individuals/m2) of Eristalinus aeneus was compared in diploid- and triploid-associated watermelon varieties under protected cultivation. Floral visits, pollen-pistil interaction after pollen transport, yield, and fruit quality were evaluated. The number of floral visits increased with release density in both pistillate and staminate flowers. No significant differences were observed, however, among release densities or between flower types in the duration of the visits. Floral preferences were not found in the behavior of E. aeneus in watermelon. High and medium release densities increased pollen deposition onto the stigma, and consequently the yield of the triploid variety compared to low release density, by 23.8 to 41.8% in 2020 and by 36.3 to 46.7% in 2021. The results of this trial demonstrate the potential of E. aeneus as a managed pollinator in protected cultivation of triploid watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sánchez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Department of Research and Development, Polyfly S.L., Avenida de la Innovación 15, 04131 Almería, Spain
| | - Yelitza Velásquez
- Department of Research and Development, Polyfly S.L., Avenida de la Innovación 15, 04131 Almería, Spain
| | - Mónica González
- Experimental Station Foundation Cajamar, Paraje las Palmerillas, 25, 04710 El Ejido, Spain
| | - Julián Cuevas
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, ceiA3, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Lanzino M, Palermo AM, Pellegrino G. Pollinaria Reconfiguration Mechanism of Widespread Euro-Mediterranean Orchids: The Effects of Increasing Air Temperature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1327. [PMID: 35631751 PMCID: PMC9145125 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are fascinating for many reasons: their reproductive strategies, their pollination systems and the various morphological adaptations they have evolved, including the presence of pollen grains agglomerated into two masses, called pollinia, which form a structure known as a pollinarium. After withdrawal from a flower, the pollinarium undergoes a bending movement such that the pollen masses become correctly orientated to strike the stigma. We evaluated the duration of pollinator visits to inflorescences and the effects of temperature on pollinaria reconfiguration in eight orchid species in order to analyze the effects of increasing air temperature on the changes in bending time, and thus on geitonogamy levels. The impact of temperature on insect behavior was not assessed because our priority was to understand the effects of temperature on the process of pollinaria reconfiguration. All the examined species showed natural reconfiguration times that were 1.7-3.0 times longer than the pollinator residency times. A higher temperature showed a reduction in bending time regardless of the species tested. However, the bending time was never shorter than the residence time of the insects on the flower. Our data showed that high temperatures had a limited effect on the pollinarium reconfiguration time, thus indicating that high temperatures had a limited effect on folding compared to the effect that it had on the viability of the pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lanzino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Palermo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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15
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Honey bees and climate explain viral prevalence in wild bee communities on a continental scale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1904. [PMID: 35115568 PMCID: PMC8814194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are omnipresent, yet the knowledge on drivers of viral prevalence in wild host populations is often limited. Biotic factors, such as sympatric managed host species, as well as abiotic factors, such as climatic variables, are likely to impact viral prevalence. Managed and wild bees, which harbor several multi-host viruses with a mostly fecal-oral between-species transmission route, provide an excellent system with which to test for the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on viral prevalence in wild host populations. Here we show on a continental scale that the prevalence of three broad host viruses: the AKI-complex (Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus), Deformed wing virus, and Slow bee paralysis virus in wild bee populations (bumble bees and solitary bees) is positively related to viral prevalence of sympatric honey bees as well as being impacted by climatic variables. The former highlights the need for good beekeeping practices, including Varroa destructor management to reduce honey bee viral infection and hive placement. Furthermore, we found that viral prevalence in wild bees is at its lowest at the extreme ends of both temperature and precipitation ranges. Under predicted climate change, the frequency of extremes in precipitation and temperature will continue to increase and may hence impact viral prevalence in wild bee communities.
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16
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Gérard M, Cariou B, Henrion M, Descamps C, Baird E. OUP accepted manuscript. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:816-824. [PMID: 35812365 PMCID: PMC9262166 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee foraging behavior provides a pollination service that has both ecological and economic benefits. However, bee population decline could directly affect the efficiency of this interaction. Among the drivers of this decline, global warming has been implicated as an emerging threat but exactly how increasing temperatures affect bee foraging behavior remains unexplored. Here, we assessed how exposure to elevated temperatures during development affects the foraging behavior and morphology of workers from commercial and wild Bombus terrestris colonies. Workers reared at 33 °C had a higher visiting rate and shorter visiting time than those reared at 27°C. In addition, far fewer workers reared at 33 °C engaged in foraging activities and this is potentially related to the drastic reduction in the number of individuals produced in colonies exposed to 33 °C. The impact of elevated developmental temperature on wild colonies was even stronger as none of the workers from these colonies performed any foraging trips. We also found that rearing temperature affected wing size and shape. Our results provide the first evidence that colony temperature can have striking effects on bumblebee foraging behavior. Of particular importance is the drastic reduction in the number of workers performing foraging trips, and the total number of foraging trips made by workers reared in high temperatures. Further studies should explore if, ultimately, these observed effects of exposure to elevated temperature during development lead to a reduction in pollination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bérénice Cariou
- INSECT Lab, Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 5 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Henrion
- INSECT Lab, Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 15 parvis René Descartes, Lyon, France, and
| | - Charlotte Descamps
- Earth and Life Institute-Agrotnomy, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Emily Baird
- INSECT Lab, Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
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Parreño MA, Alaux C, Brunet JL, Buydens L, Filipiak M, Henry M, Keller A, Klein AM, Kuhlmann M, Leroy C, Meeus I, Palmer-Young E, Piot N, Requier F, Ruedenauer F, Smagghe G, Stevenson PC, Leonhardt SD. Critical links between biodiversity and health in wild bee conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:309-321. [PMID: 34955328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild bee populations are declining due to human activities, such as land use change, which strongly affect the composition and diversity of available plants and food sources. The chemical composition of food (i.e., nutrition) in turn determines the health, resilience, and fitness of bees. For pollinators, however, the term 'health' is recent and is subject to debate, as is the interaction between nutrition and wild bee health. We define bee health as a multidimensional concept in a novel integrative framework linking bee biological traits (physiology, stoichiometry, and disease) and environmental factors (floral diversity and nutritional landscapes). Linking information on tolerated nutritional niches and health in different bee species will allow us to better predict their distribution and responses to environmental change, and thus support wild pollinator conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Parreño
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
| | - C Alaux
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - J-L Brunet
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - L Buydens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Filipiak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - M Henry
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - A Keller
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, and Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A-M Klein
- Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum of Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Leroy
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - I Meeus
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Palmer-Young
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - N Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Requier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Ruedenauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - G Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK; University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - S D Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
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