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Belikoff EJ, Davis RJ, Williamson ME, Britt JW, Scott MJ. Identification of a gene promoter active in Lucilia sericata larval salivary glands using a rapid transient expression assay. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 173:104163. [PMID: 39068996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-specific gene promoters are desired as they provide the specificity needed for control of gene expression in transgenic animals. Here we describe a relatively rapid two-component transient expression assay that was used to identify a gene promoter active in the larval salivary glands of the green blow fly, Lucilia sericata. Sterile L.sericata maggots are widely used for wound debridement. A larval salivary gland gene promoter could be used to make maggots that secrete factors for enhanced wound therapy. Embryos from a line that carry a tetracycline transactivator (tTA)-activated red fluorescent protein gene were injected with plasmid DNA with the tTA gene driven by a constitutive or tissue-specific gene promoter. The hatched larvae were reared on diet and then examined for red fluorescence. A promoter from the LsCG30371 gene was active in the larval salivary glands. The tissue-specificity of the promoter was subsequently confirmed with stable transgenic lines that carried the LsCG30371-tTA gene. The relatively rapid transient expression assay could potentially be used to determine the tissue-specificity of other gene promoters. Further, the stable LsCG30371-tTA lines could be used to make sterile maggots that secrete factors from the salivary glands for enhanced wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Belikoff
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Davis
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Megan E Williamson
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| | - John W Britt
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
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Rein C, Grünke M, Traynor K, Rosenkranz P. From consumption to excretion: Lithium concentrations in honey bees (Apis mellifera) after lithium chloride application and time-dependent effects on Varroa destructor. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39016664 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its systemic mode-of-action and ease of application, lithium chloride (LiCl) is an ideal varroacide for the control of Varroa destructor infestations in honey bee colonies. To better understand how LiCl functions within a colony, we screened different parts of honey bee anatomy for lithium accumulation. We wanted to elucidate the time-dependent effects of LiCl on V. destructor and its metabolism within honey bees when they were fed continuous LiCl treatments, as well as evaluate potential adverse effects such as accumulation in the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees, which could negatively impact queens and larvae. RESULTS Cage experiments reveal rapid acaricidal onset, with >95% mite mortality within 48 h of treatment. Bee hemolymph analysis supports these observations, showing a rapid increase in lithium concentration within 12 h of treatment, followed by stabilization at a constant level. Lithium accumulates in the rectum of caged bees (≤475.5 mg kg-1 after 7 days of feeding 50 mm LiCl), reflecting the bees' metabolic and excretion process. Despite concerns about potential accumulation in hypopharyngeal glands, low lithium levels of only 0.52 mg kg-1 suggest minimal risk to the queen and 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae. Cessation of LiCl treatment results in a rapid decline in mite mortality in the first 5 days, which increases again thereafter, resulting in mite mortality of 77-90% after 10 days. CONCLUSION These findings help optimize LiCl application in colonies to achieve high Varroa mortality without unwanted adverse effects and provide important baseline data for future registration. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Rein
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Grünke
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Traynor
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Hong TT, Hu F, Ge WJ, Zhang R, Du J, Thakur K, Tang SM, Wei ZJ. Selenium Treatment Alleviates the Inhibition Caused by Nep-L Gene Knockdown in Silkworm (Bombyx mori). Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04248-8. [PMID: 38819778 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the beneficial effects of 50 μM selenium (Se) on the growth and development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori; however, less is known about its underlying mechanism. To unravel the effect of 50 μM Se on the silkworms with neutral endopeptidase 24.11-like gene (NEP-L) knockdown, we injected small interfering RNA (siRNA) into the body cavity of silkworms. Phenotypic characteristics, mRNA expression of the Nep-L gene, and enriched Se content were evaluated in silkworms from each treatment group. After injecting Nep-L siRNA, the body weight, cocoon quality (cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio), and egg production of silkworms were significantly reduced, without any significant effect on egg laying number. However, Se treatment could significantly alleviate the inhibition of body weight, and cocoon quality, without significant effects on egg laying number and production. In addition, the gene knockdown increased Se content in the B. mori. On the molecular level, the targeted Nep-L gene was inhibited significantly by siRNA interference, essentially with the strongest effect at 24 h after RNAi, followed by steady recovery. Among the three fragments, the siRNA of Nep-L-3 was the most effective in interfering with target gene expression. Nep-L gene showed the highest expression in Malpighian tubules (MTs). Both at the phenotypic and genotypic levels, our results show that Nep-L knockdown can exert a significant inhibitory effect on silkworms, and 50 μM Se can reverse the negative effect, which provides a practical prospect for strengthening the silkworm food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Hong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China.
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Jie Ge
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Ming Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China.
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
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Sinclair BJ, Saruhashi S, Terblanche JS. Integrating water balance mechanisms into predictions of insect responses to climate change. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247167. [PMID: 38779934 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Efficient water balance is key to insect success. However, the hygric environment is changing with climate change; although there are compelling models of thermal vulnerability, water balance is often neglected in predictions. Insects survive desiccating conditions by reducing water loss, increasing their total amount of water (and replenishing it) and increasing their tolerance of dehydration. The physiology underlying these traits is reasonably well understood, as are the sources of variation and phenotypic plasticity. However, water balance and thermal tolerance intersect at high temperatures, such that mortality is sometimes determined by dehydration, rather than heat (especially during long exposures in dry conditions). Furthermore, water balance and thermal tolerance sometimes interact to determine survival. In this Commentary, we propose identifying a threshold where the cause of mortality shifts between dehydration and temperature, and that it should be possible to predict this threshold from trait measurements (and perhaps eventually a priori from physiological or -omic markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - Stefane Saruhashi
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Gwenzi W, Gufe C, Alufasi R, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Shanmugam SR, Selvasembian R, Halabowski D. Insects to the rescue? Insights into applications, mechanisms, and prospects of insect-driven remediation of organic contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171116. [PMID: 38382596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Traditional and emerging contaminants pose significant human and environmental health risks. Conventional physical, chemical, and bioremediation techniques have been extensively studied for contaminant remediation. However, entomo- or insect-driven remediation has received limited research and public attention. Entomo-remediation refers to the use of insects, their associated gut microbiota, and enzymes to remove or mitigate organic contaminants. This novel approach shows potential as an eco-friendly method for mitigating contaminated media. However, a comprehensive review of the status, applications, and challenges of entomo-remediation is lacking. This paper addresses this research gap by examining and discussing the evidence on entomo-remediation of various legacy and emerging organic contaminants. The results demonstrate the successful application of entomo-remediation to remove legacy organic contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants. Moreover, entomo-remediation shows promise in removing various groups of emerging contaminants, including microplastics, persistent and emerging organic micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics, pesticides), and nanomaterials. Entomo-remediation involves several insect-mediated processes, including bio-uptake, biotransfer, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of contaminants. The mechanisms underlying the biotransformation of contaminants are complex and rely on the insect gut microbiota and associated enzymes. Notably, while insects facilitate the remediation of contaminants, they may also be exposed to the ecotoxicological effects of these substances, which is often overlooked in research. As an emerging field of research, entomo-remediation has several knowledge gaps. Therefore, this review proposes ten key research questions to guide future perspectives and advance the field. These questions address areas such as process optimization, assessment of ecotoxicological effects on insects, and evaluation of potential human exposure and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, 18A Bevan Building, Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | | | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
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Moural TW, Koirala B K S, Bhattarai G, He Z, Guo H, Phan NT, Rajotte EG, Biddinger DJ, Hoover K, Zhu F. Architecture and potential roles of a delta-class glutathione S-transferase in protecting honey bee from agrochemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141089. [PMID: 38163465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, serves as the principle managed pollinator species globally. In recent decades, honey bee populations have been facing serious health threats from combined biotic and abiotic stressors, including diseases, limited nutrition, and agrochemical exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying xenobiotic adaptation of A. mellifera is critical, considering its extensive exposure to phytochemicals and agrochemicals present in the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive structural and functional characterization of AmGSTD1, a delta class glutathione S-transferase (GST), to unravel its roles in agrochemical detoxification and antioxidative stress responses. We determined the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of a honey bee GST using protein crystallography for the first time, providing new insights into its molecular structure. Our investigations revealed that AmGSTD1 metabolizes model substrates, including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNA), phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), propyl isothiocyanate (PITC), and the oxidation byproduct 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Moreover, we discovered that AmGSTD1 exhibits binding affinity with the fluorophore 8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), which can be inhibited with various herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and their metabolites. These findings highlight the potential contribution of AmGSTD1 in safeguarding honey bee health against various agrochemicals, while also mitigating oxidative stress resulting from exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Moural
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Sonu Koirala B K
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gaurab Bhattarai
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ziming He
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Haoyang Guo
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Ngoc T Phan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA; Research Center for Tropical Bees and Beekeeping, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Edwin G Rajotte
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - David J Biddinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA.
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Zhan B, Zhou T, Tong D, Xu Z, Liang X, Ma A, Lü S. Expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system components in Malpighian tubules of Mythimna separata and evidence for non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104047. [PMID: 38072082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system, widely distributed in nature, is an ancient system that has not been well studied in insects. This study aims to investigate the key components of the cholinergic system and to identify the non-neuronal acetylcholine (ACh)-producing cells and the acting sites of ACh in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) of Mythimna separata. We found that non-neuronal ACh in MTs is synthesized by carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT), rather than choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), as confirmed by using enzyme inhibitors and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the presence of CarAT mRNA within MTs, specifically localized in the principal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining for A-mAChR, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, in the principal cells. Pharmacological analysis further demonstrated that ACh acts through A-mAChR in the principal cells to increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in the MTs of M. separata, and the principal cells play a crucial role in ACh synthesis via CarAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Di Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zile Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Anqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Croce AC, Garbelli A, Moyano A, Soldano S, Tejeda-Guzmán C, Missirlis F, Scolari F. Developmental and Nutritional Dynamics of Malpighian Tubule Autofluorescence in the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:245. [PMID: 38203417 PMCID: PMC10778832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Malpighian tubules (MTs) are arthropod excretory organs crucial for the osmoregulation, detoxification and excretion of xenobiotics and metabolic wastes, which include tryptophan degradation products along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Specifically, the toxic intermediate 3-hydroxy kynurenine (3-HK) is metabolized through transamination to xanthurenic acid or in the synthesis of ommochrome pigments. Early investigations in Drosophila larval fat bodies revealed an intracellular autofluorescence (AF) that depended on tryptophan administration. Subsequent observations documented AF changes in the MTs of Drosophila eye-color mutants genetically affecting the conversion of tryptophan to KYN or 3-HK and the intracellular availability of zinc ions. In the present study, the AF properties of the MTs in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, were characterized in different stages of the insect's life cycle, tryptophan-administered larvae and blood-fed adult females. Confocal imaging and microspectroscopy showed AF changes in the distribution of intracellular, brilliant granules and in the emission spectral shape and amplitude between the proximal and distal segments of MTs across the different samples. The findings suggest AF can serve as a promising marker for investigating the functional status of MTs in response to metabolic alterations, contributing to the use of MTs as a potential research model in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrea Moyano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Soldano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlos Tejeda-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Rebora M, Salerno G, Piersanti S, Saitta V, Morelli Venturi D, Li C, Gorb S. The armoured cuticle of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22101. [PMID: 38092863 PMCID: PMC10719276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterise in detail the larval and pupal cuticle of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), a key insect species in circular economy. In particular, we focus on ultrastructure using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, material characterization and composition (elements and minerals) with confocal laser scanning microscope, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, powder X-ray diffraction and mechanical properties with nanoindentation measurements. Calcium carbonate crystallizes on the epicuticle as blocks of calcite in the pupal cuticle. Calcium carbonate granules are stored in two specialised Malpighian tubules. CaCO3 is already present in the cuticle of young larval instars, but it is mainly in the form of amorphous calcium carbonate while the amount of calcite increases during larval development. The presence of calcite leads to cuticle hardening. Larval and pupal cuticles contain large amounts of resilin which guarantee cuticle flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valerio Saitta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Diletta Morelli Venturi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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10
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Wu W, Ye Z, Mao Q, Shan HW, Li JM, Chen JP. Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of the Protein Composition of the Brochosomes of the Leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps. INSECTS 2023; 14:784. [PMID: 37887796 PMCID: PMC10607721 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Brochosomes, unique coatings on the integuments of Cicadellidae, are synthesized in specialized glandular sections of Malpighian tubules. However, limited knowledge exists regarding the protein composition of brochosomes. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic profiling to characterize the brochosome protein composition in the rice green leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps. Brochosomes were collected from the forewings of leafhoppers using ultrasonic treatment, allowing for more effective brochosome collection and shaking treatment, resulting in purer brochosomes. Transcriptome sequencing analysis identified 106 genes specifically expressed in the Malpighian tubules; combined with proteomic data, we identified 22 candidate brochosome proteins. These proteins were classified into 12 brochosomins (BSM) and 10 brochosome-associated proteins (BSAP) based on previous research. Conserved motif analysis and functional predictions unveiled unique motifs in each BSM, while BSAP appeared to play a crucial role in BSM folding and pathogen resistance. Comparative analysis of other Hemiptera species demonstrated that all BSM and some BSAP are specific to the Cicadellidae family. Our findings could contribute to understanding the mechanism of brochosome synthesis, its function, and evolutionary genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Li Y, Piermarini PM. Dietary calcium (Ca 2+) impacts Ca 2+ content and molecular expression of Ca 2+-transporters in Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104551. [PMID: 37544474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The renal (Malpighian) tubules of insects play important roles in hemolymph Ca2+ regulation. Here we investigated how dietary Ca2+ loads from sucrose or blood meals affect the Ca2+ content and mRNA expression of Ca2+ transporters in Malpighian tubules of adult female mosquitoes. Using the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti we found that feeding females 10% sucrose with elevated Ca2+ concentration ad libitum for 6 days led to increased Ca2+ content in Malpighian tubules. The increases of Ca2+ content correlated with up-regulations of mRNAs encoding intracellular Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA and SPCA), a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), and a K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCKX1). We also found that when adult females were fed blood, tubule Ca2+ content changed dynamically over the next 72 h in a manner consistent with redistribution of tubule Ca2+ stores to other tissues (e.g., ovaries). The changes in tubule Ca2+ were correlated with dynamic changes in mRNA abundances of SERCA, SPCA, PMCA, and NCKX1. Our results are the first to demonstrate that Malpighian tubules of adult female mosquitoes have a remarkable capacity to handle high dietary Ca2+ loads, most likely through the combination of storing excess Ca2+ within intracellular compartments and secreting it into the tubule lumen for excretion. Our results also suggest that the Malpighian tubules play key roles in supplying Ca2+ to other tissues during the processing of blood meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Peter M Piermarini
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.
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Wu W, Lei JN, Mao Q, Tian YZ, Shan HW, Chen JP. Insights into Brochosome Distribution, Synthesis, and Novel Rapid-Release Mechanism in Maiestas dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:734. [PMID: 37754701 PMCID: PMC10531587 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The leafhopper family Cicadellidae, comprising over 22,000 species, exhibits a unique behavior of anointing their bodies with excretions containing brochosomes. Brochosomes are synthesized in the distal segment of the Malpighian tubules and serve various functions, including hydrophobic protection and defense against pathogens and predators. In this study, we investigated the distribution, synthesis, and release mechanisms of brochosomes in the rice pest leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis. Using SEM and TEM, we observed brochosomes' consistent coverage on the integument throughout the insect's life cycle. Moreover, we identified four distinct developmental stages of brochosome synthesis within the distal segment of the Malpighian tubules, originating from the Golgi region. Most importantly, our research revealed a novel and highly efficient release mechanism involving the fusion of brochosome-containing vesicles, leading to a rapid and substantial release of brochosomes into the tubule lumen after molting. These findings shed light on the intricate processes of brochosome synthesis and release in leafhoppers, offering valuable insights into their functional significance and ecological role in these fascinating insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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13
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Liu L, Zhao D, Wang G, He Q, Song Y, Jiang Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Adaptive Changes in Detoxification Metabolism and Transmembrane Transport of Bombyx mori Malpighian Tubules to Artificial Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9949. [PMID: 37373097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The high adaptability of insects to food sources has contributed to their ranking among the most abundant and diverse species on Earth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptation of insects to different foods remain unclear. We explored the changes in gene expression and metabolic composition of the Malpighian tubules as an important metabolic excretion and detoxification organ in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed mulberry leaf and artificial diets. A total of 2436 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 245 differential metabolites were identified between groups, with the majority of DEGs associated with metabolic detoxification, transmembrane transport, and mitochondrial function. Detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and UDP-glycosyltransferase, and ABC and SLC transporters of endogenous and exogenous solutes were more abundant in the artificial diet group. Enzyme activity assays confirmed increased CYP and GST activity in the Malpighian tubules of the artificial diet-fed group. Metabolome analysis showed increased contents of secondary metabolites, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, lipids, and food additives in the artificial diet group. Our findings highlight the important role of the Malpighian tubules in adaptation to different foods and provide guidance for further optimization of artificial diets to improve silkworm breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongchao Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingxiu He
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulu Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
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14
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Yuan F, Su M, Li T, Zhang Y, Dietrich CH, Webb MD, Wei C. Functional and evolutionary implications of protein and metal content of leafhopper brochosomes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 157:103962. [PMID: 37178742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Brochosomes derived from the specialized glandular segments of the Malpighian tubules (MTs) form superhydrophobic coatings for insects of Membracoidea, and have multiple hypothetical functions. However, the constituents, biosynthesis and evolutionary origin of brochosomes remain poorly understood. We investigated general chemical and physical characteristics of the integumental brochosomes (IBs) of the leafhopper Psammotettix striatus, determined the constituents of IBs, identified the unigenes involved in brochosomal protein synthesis, and investigated the potential associations among brochosomal protein synthesis, amino acid composition of food source, and the possible roles of endosymbionts in brochosome production. The results show that IBs are mainly composed of glycine- and tyrosine-rich proteins and some metal elements, which contain both essential and non-essential amino acids (EAAs and NEAAs) for insects, including EAAs deficient in the sole food source. All 12 unigenes involved in synthesizing the 12 brochosomal proteins (BPs) with high confidence are exclusively highly expressed in the glandular segment of MTs, confirming that brochosomes are synthesized by this segment. The synthesis of BPs is one of the key synapomorphies of Membracoidea but may be lost secondarily in a few lineages. The synthesis of BPs might be related to the symbiosis of leafhoppers/treehoppers with endosymbionts that provide these insects with EAAs, including those are deficient in the sole diet (i.e., plant sap) and could only be made available by the symbionts. We hypothesize that the functional modification of MTs have combined with the application of BPs enabling Membracoidea to colonize and adapt to novel ecological niches, and evolve to the dramatic diversification of this hemipteran group (in particular the family Cicadellidae). This study highlights the importance of evolutionary plasticity and multiple functions of MTs in driving the adaptations and evolution of sap-sucking insects of Hemiptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feimin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Minjing Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Michael D Webb
- Department of Science (Insects), The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, SW7 5BD, London, UK
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Orchard I, Al-Dailami AN, Leyria J, Lange AB. Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus: More than post-prandial diuresis. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1167889. [PMID: 38469518 PMCID: PMC10926411 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1167889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas disease, may be considered the model upon which the foundations of insect physiology and biochemistry were built. It is an obligate blood feeder in which the blood meal triggers growth, development and reproduction. The blood meal also triggers a post-prandial diuresis to maintain osmotic homeostasis. In R. prolixus, as with other insects, the Malpighian tubules play a critical role in this diuresis, and much has been learned about diuresis in R. prolixus, and in other model insects. But the post-genomic era has brought new insights, identifying functions quite apart from diuresis for Malpighian tubules. Indeed, microarrays, transcriptomes, and proteomics have revealed the major roles that Malpighian tubules play in immunity, detoxification, pesticide resistance, and in tolerance to overall stress. This is particularly relevant to R. prolixus since gorging on blood creates several challenges in addition to osmotic balance. Xenobiotics may be present in the blood or toxins may be produced by metabolism of blood; and these must be neutralized and excreted. These processes have not been well described at the molecular level for Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus. This paper will review the involvement of Malpighian tubules in immunity and detoxification, identifying new aspects for Malpighian tubule physiology of R. prolixus by virtue of a transcriptome analysis. The transcriptome analysis indicates the potential of Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus to mount a robust innate immune response, and to contribute to antioxidant production and heme detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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Nencioni A, Pastorelli R, Bigiotti G, Cucu MA, Sacchetti P. Diversity of the Bacterial Community Associated with Hindgut, Malpighian Tubules, and Foam of Nymphs of Two Spittlebug Species (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020466. [PMID: 36838431 PMCID: PMC9967529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spittlebugs are xylem-sap feeding insects that can exploit a nutrient-poor diet, thanks to mutualistic endosymbionts residing in various organs of their body. Although obligate symbioses in some spittlebug species have been quite well studied, little is known about their facultative endosymbionts, especially those inhabiting the gut. Recently, the role played by spittlebugs as vectors of the phytopathogenetic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa aroused attention to this insect group, boosting investigations aimed at developing effective yet sustainable control strategies. Since spittlebug nymphs are currently the main target of applied control, the composition of gut bacterial community of the juveniles of Philaenus spumarius and Lepyronia coleoptrata was investigated using molecular techniques. Moreover, bacteria associated with their froth, sampled from different host plants, were studied. Results revealed that Sodalis and Rickettsia bacteria are the predominant taxa in the gut of P. spumarius and L. coleoptrata nymphs, respectively, while Rhodococcus was found in both species. Our investigations also highlighted the presence of recurring bacteria in the froth. Furthermore, the foam hosted several bacterial species depending on the host plant, the insect species, or on soil contaminant. Overall, first findings showed that nymphs harbor a large and diverse bacterial community in their gut and froth, providing new accounts to the knowledge on facultative symbionts of spittlebugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nencioni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA-AA), Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Bigiotti
- Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA-AA), Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Alexandra Cucu
- Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA-AA), Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sacchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2755554
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