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Torres-Galván S, Flores-López M, Ochoa E, Requena-Ocaña N, Araos P, Herrera-Imbroda J, Muga R, Serrano A, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Pavón-Morón FJ, Haro G, García-Marchena N. Dysregulation of Plasma Growth Factors and Chemokines in Cocaine Use Disorder: Implications for Dual Diagnosis with Schizophrenia and Antisocial Personality Disorder in an Exploratory Study. Neuropsychobiology 2024; 83:73-88. [PMID: 38768577 PMCID: PMC11210571 DOI: 10.1159/000536265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual diagnosis in individuals with cocaine use disorders (CUDs) presents a mental health challenge marked by an increased susceptibility to disabling morbidities and premature mortality. Despite extensive research on depression and anxiety, other prevalent comorbidities, such as psychotic and personality disorders, have received less attention. This study explores inflammation-related mediators as potential biomarkers for CUD and dual diagnosis with schizophrenia (SCZ) or antisocial personality disorder (APD). METHODS This exploratory study included 95 participants, comprising 40 healthy subjects and 55 abstinent patients with CUD. Lifetime CUD was diagnosed either as single diagnosis (CUD group, N = 25) or as a dual diagnosis (DD group. N = 30) with SCZ (CUD+SCZ subgroup) or APD (CUD+APD subgroup). Participants were clinically assessed, and the plasma concentrations of growth factors (i.e., G-CSF, BDNF, and VEGF-A) and chemokines (i.e., CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL2/MCP-1, and CXCL12/SDF-1) were determined and log(10)-transformed for analysis. RESULTS Growth factors and chemokines were dysregulated by CUD and psychiatric diagnoses. Specifically, patients in the CUD group exhibited significantly lower concentrations of G-CSF and CCL11/eotaxin-1 than the control group. In contrast, the DD group showed significantly higher concentrations of all analytes than both the CUD and control groups. Additionally, no differences in these analytes were observed between the CUD+SCZ and CUD+APD subgroups within the DD group. Regarding cocaine-related variables, significant associations were identified in the CUD group: an inverse correlation between the age at first cocaine use and the concentrations of BDNF and CCL2/MCP-1; and a positive correlation between the duration of the cocaine abstinence and the concentrations of BDNF and CCL11/eotaxin-1. Lastly, a logistic regression model incorporating all these analytes demonstrated high discriminatory power in distinguishing patients with CUD alone from those with dual diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with dual diagnosis of CUD exhibit elevated concentrations of growth factors and chemokines, distinguishing them from those with CUD alone. It is unclear whether the differences in these inflammatory mediators are specific to the presence of SCZ and APD. The study highlights potential biomarkers and associations, providing valuable insights into the intricate interplay of CUD and psychiatric disorders to enhance clinical diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres-Galván
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Flores-López
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Ochoa
- Servicio de Biología Molecular, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Nerea Requena-Ocaña
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Herrera-Imbroda
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto Muga
- Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Institut D’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón-Morón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Clínica Área del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Haro
- Servicio de Salud Mental, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Marchena
- Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Institut D’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Málaga, Spain
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Darke S, Duflou J, Peacock A, Farrell M, Lappin J. Characteristics and circumstances of cocaine-related completed suicide in Australia, 2000-2021. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109803. [PMID: 36774805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a substantial global increase in cocaine use and associated harms. The current study aimed to: 1. Determine the case characteristics and circumstances of death of cocaine-related suicide in Australia 2000-2021; and 2. Determine the toxicological profiles of cases. METHODS Retrospective study of cocaine-related death in Australia, 2000-2021, retrieved from the National Coronial Information System (NCIS). Suicide intent was based upon the NCIS code for "Intentional Self-harm", derived from case circumstances and coroners' conclusions. Sex comparisons were made for all major variables. RESULTS A total of 157 cases were identified, 82.2% male, 79.5% employed, with a mean age of 32.3 years. Concerns for mental health were documented in 65.6%, a previous suicide attempt in 21.0%, a history of substance use treatment and/or negative consequences of substance use in 45.9% and injecting drug use in 14.6%. Manner of death amongst both sexes was predominantly by physical means (82.8%). Written intent was documented in 29.3%. Intense agitation prior to the incident was noted in 28.0% and conflict in 24.8%. The median blood cocaine concentration was 0.060 mg/L (range 0.007-5.500). Other drugs were present in 95.5%, most commonly alcohol (63.1%) with a median concentration of 0.140 g/100 ml. Psychostimulants other than cocaine were present in 31.2%. CONCLUSIONS The 'typical' cocaine-related suicide case was a male, aged in their early thirties, who was highly likely to be employed. The majority of cases used physical means, and a substantial minority were highly agitated and engaged in conflict prior to the fatal incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Darke
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
| | - Johan Duflou
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Lappin
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
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Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032737. [PMID: 36769059 PMCID: PMC9917371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users' mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.
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Darke S, Duflou J, Peacock A, Chrzanowska A, Farrell M, Lappin J. Rates, characteristics and toxicology of cocaine-related deaths in Australia, 2000-2021. Addiction 2023; 118:297-306. [PMID: 36164848 DOI: 10.1111/add.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To (i) assess the population mortality rates of cocaine-related deaths in Australia, 2000 to 2021; (ii) determine the circumstances of death and case characteristics; and (iii) determine their toxicological profile. DESIGN Retrospective study of cocaine-related deaths in Australia, 2000 to 2021, retrieved from the National Coronial Information System. SETTING Australia-wide. CASES A total of 884 cases, mean age = 33.8 (SD, 10.0) years and 86.5% (n = 765) male. MEASUREMENTS Information was collected on characteristics, manner of death and toxicology. Only cases in which the presence of blood cocaine and/or metabolites were included. FINDINGS Population rates did not significantly increase during 2001-2011 (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.5; CI, -3.2, 6.5), but from 2012, there was a marked acceleration (APC = 20.0, 95% CI, 15.5, 25.3). Circumstances of death were unintentional drug toxicity (70.7%, n = 625), intentional self-harm (17.8%, n = 157), traumatic accident (11.5%, n = 102). The proportion of cases constituted by unintentional toxicity declined across the study period (APC = -2.6; CI, -3.1, -2.1). There was a substantial decline in the proportion of cases with a history of injecting drug use (APC = -5.7; CI, -6.5, -4.9) and with a history of substance use problems (APC = -3.2; CI, -3.9, -2.5). Both cocaine (0.100 vs 0.050 mg/L, P < 0.001) and benzoylecgonine (0.590 vs 0.240 mg/L, P < 0.001) concentrations were higher amongst toxicity cases than in cases of death from traumatic injury. Cocaethylene was present in 26.4% (n = 233), levamisole in 18.6% (n = 164) and lignocaine in 11.5% (n = 102). Psychoactive drugs in addition to cocaine were present in 92.9% (n = 821), most commonly opioids (50.5%, n = 446), alcohol (47.1%, n = 416), hypnosedatives (43.2%, n = 382) and psychostimulants (30.3%, n = 268). There was a steady decline in the proportion of opioid positive cases (APC = -5.4; CI, -6.3, -4.5). CONCLUSIONS There was a large increase in cocaine-related deaths across Australia from 2000 to 2021. This was accompanied by changes in case profiles, with histories of injecting drug use and substance use problems, as well as recent opioid use, becoming less prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Johan Duflou
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Agata Chrzanowska
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Lappin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Doke M, McLaughlin JP, Cai JJ, Pendyala G, Kashanchi F, Khan MA, Samikkannu T. HIV-1 Tat and cocaine impact astrocytic energy reservoirs and epigenetic regulation by influencing the LINC01133-hsa-miR-4726-5p-NDUFA9 axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:243-258. [PMID: 35892093 PMCID: PMC9307901 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical research has proven that HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals with cocaine abuse show behavioral and neurocognitive disorders. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are known to regulate gene expression in the contexts of HIV infection and drug abuse. However, there are no specific lncRNA or miRNA biomarkers associated with HIV-1 Transactivator of transcription protein (Tat) and cocaine coexposure. In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes are the primary regulators of energy metabolism, and impairment of the astrocytic energy supply can trigger neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to uncover the roles of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets affected by HIV infection and cocaine abuse. Integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed altered expression of 10 lncRNAs, 10 miRNAs, and 4 mRNA/gene targets in human primary astrocytes treated with cocaine and HIV-1 Tat. We assessed the alterations in the expression of two miRNAs, hsa-miR-2355 and hsa-miR-4726-5p; four lncRNAs, LINC01133, H19, HHIP-AS1, and NOP14-AS1; and four genes, NDUFA9, KYNU, HKDC1, and LIPG. The results revealed interactions in the LINC01133-hsa-miR-4726-5p-NDUFA9 axis that may eventually help us understand cocaine- and HIV-1 Tat-induced astrocyte dysfunction that may ultimately result in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Doke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX 78363, USA
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - James J. Cai
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4458, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Mansoor A. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX 78363, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX 78363, USA
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Tanaka M, Szabó Á, Spekker E, Polyák H, Tóth F, Vécsei L. Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162607. [PMID: 36010683 PMCID: PMC9406499 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Later, a number of mutations in mtDNA were identified as a cause of severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation, and the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been probed in the pathogenesis of a wide range of illnesses including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a growing number of preclinical studies have revealed that animal behaviors are influenced by the impairment of mitochondrial functions and possibly by the loss of mitochondrial stress resilience. Indeed, as high as 54% of patients with one of the most common primary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms including cognitive impairment, mood disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles which produce cellular energy and play a major role in other cellular functions including homeostasis, cellular signaling, and gene expression, among others. Mitochondrial functions are observed to be compromised and to become less resilient under continuous stress. Meanwhile, stress and inflammation have been linked to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system, which observably contributes to the development of pathological conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review discusses the functions of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system, the interaction of the Trp-KYN system with mitochondria, and the current understanding of the involvement of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system in preclinical and clinical studies of major neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Tóth
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
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Celecoxib nanocrystal-loaded dissolving microneedles with highly efficient for osteoarthritis treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122108. [PMID: 35970280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disease that has a significant impact on patients' lives. Celecoxib (CXB) is now primarily used to treat OA with oral dosing. CXB's limited water solubility, on the other hand, restricts its therapeutic application. We developed a delivery system of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) loaded with CXB-nanocrystals (CXB-NCs) for the treatment of OA. Oral administration's inefficiency and injectable administration's poor compliance might be solved using DMNs. Furthermore, carrier-free NCs may dramatically increase the dissolution of drugs with poorly water-solubility, as well as the drug load of DMNs. Antisolvent precipitation was used to make CXB-NCs. CXB-NC@DMNs were prepared by mixing CXB-NCs with hyaluronic acid (HA) that had high mechanical qualities and could permeate the skin efficiently in vitro. The therapeutic effect of oral CXB-NCs was substantially better than that of the same dose of oral CXB in an in vivo pharmacodynamic trial, demonstrating that the preparation of CXB into NCs might greatly increase CXB bioavailability. Furthermore, we discovered that DMNs loaded with low-dose CXB-NCs had similar or even better efficacy than the oral CXB-NCs group. The findings suggested that CXB-NC@DMNs may be a very efficient and promising drug delivery strategy in the treatment of OA.
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Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol and/or Cocaine Use Disorders and Their Association with Psychiatric Comorbidity and Sex. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051137. [PMID: 35625874 PMCID: PMC9138967 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Co-occurrence of mental and substance use disorders (SUD) is prevalent, but complicates their clinical courses, and specific biomarkers are required. Amino acids are altered in primary mental disorders; however, little is known about SUD and psychiatric comorbidity. Because most psychiatric disorders and biomarkers show sex differences, we investigated amino acids in men and women with alcohol and/or cocaine use disorders (AUD and/or CUD) and psychiatric comorbidity. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 295 participants, who were divided into four groups (AUD, n = 60; CUD, n = 41; AUD + CUD, n = 64; and control, n = 130). Participants were clinically assessed, and plasma amino acid concentrations were analyzed in relation to sex, diagnosis of SUD and psychiatric comorbidity (3) Results: In the total sample, there were sex differences, and women showed lower Iso, Leu, Gln and Glu than men. While patients with CUD and AUD + CUD had higher Glu, Gly, Orn and Ser than controls, patients with AUD showed no differences. In SUD, patients with psychiatric comorbidity had lower Orn and higher Ala than non-comorbid patients in the AUD group. (4) Conclusions: There was a dysregulation of plasma amino acids in abstinent patients with SUD. However, our results suggest the importance of considering the clinical characteristics and sex in the validity of amino acids as potential biomarkers for SUD.
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Yue K, Liu Z, Pi Z, Li H, Wang Y, Song F, Liu Z. Network Pharmacology Combined with Metabolomics Approach to Investigate the Toxicity Mechanism of Paclobutrazol. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:626-635. [PMID: 35298131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a commonly used plant growth regulator (PGR) with good antibacterial activity. It has widespread applications in agricultural production. However, there is limited research reported on the potential risks of human health resulting from PBZ residues. In this study, using Sprague-Dawley rats, we carried out a systematic study on the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of PBZ in different doses (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg). The metabolic profiles and network pharmacology were combined to construct a PBZ-endogenous substances-gene-hepatorenal diseases network to elucidate the underlying mechanism of PBZ's hepatorenal toxicity. At first, metabolomics analysis was done to investigate the metabolites and the related metabolic pathways associated with PBZ. Secondly, the network pharmacology approach was used in further exploration of the toxic targets. Additionally, molecular docking was carried out to investigate the interactions between PBZ and potential targets. The results indicated that PBZ showed obvious toxicity towards the liver and kidney of rats. The metabolomics analysis showed that PBZ mainly affected 4 metabolic pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism. Network pharmacology and molecular docking revealed that CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, MAOA, PLA2G2A, PTGS1, and XDH were critical targets for PBZ hepatorenal toxicity. This preliminary study revealed PBZ's hepatorenal toxicity and provided a theoretical basis for the rational and safe use of PBZ. Furthermore, it provided possible intervention targets for further research on how to avoid or reduce the damage caused by pesticides to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Hanlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Fonseca F, Mestre-Pinto JI, Rodríguez-Minguela R, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Langohr K, Barbuti M, Farré M, Torrens M. BDNF and Cortisol in the Diagnosis of Cocaine-Induced Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:836771. [PMID: 35370811 PMCID: PMC8964529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) and cocaine use disorder (CUD) are related with disability and high mortality rates. The assessment and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity is challenging due to its high prevalence and its clinical severity, mostly due to suicide rates and the presence of medical comorbidities. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol plasmatic levels in patients diagnosed with CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD and also to compare them to a sample of MDD patients (without cocaine use), a sample of CUD (without MDD), and a group of healthy controls (HC) after a stress challenge. METHODS A total of 46 subjects were included: MDD (n = 6), CUD (n = 15), CUD-primary-MDD (n = 16), CUD-induced-MDD (n = 9), and 21 HC. Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed with the Spanish version of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders IV (PRISM-IV), and depression severity was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Patients were administered the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) before and after the biological measures, including BDNF, and cortisol levels were obtained. RESULTS After the TSST, Cohen's d values between CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD increased in each assessment from 0.19 post-TSST to 2.04 post-90-TSST. Pairwise differences among CUD-induced-MDD and both MDD and HC groups had also a large effect size value in post-30-TSST and post-90-TSST. In the case of the BDNF concentrations, CUD-primary-MDD and CUD-induced-MDD in post-90-TSST (12,627.27 ± 5488.09 vs.17,144.84 ± 6581.06, respectively) had a large effect size (0.77). CONCLUSION Results suggest a different pathogenesis for CUD-induced-MDD with higher levels of cortisol and BDNF compared with CUD-primary-MDD. Such variations should imply different approaches in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Fonseca
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ignasi Mestre-Pinto
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Minguela
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margherita Barbuti
- Psychiatry 2 Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Tanaka M, Tóth F, Polyák H, Szabó Á, Mándi Y, Vécsei L. Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:734. [PMID: 34202246 PMCID: PMC8301407 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated by acute and chronic immune responses leading to a wide range of illnesses including cancer, immune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The presence of positive feedback loops facilitates amplifying the immune responses vice versa. The TRP-KYN pathway synthesizes multifarious metabolites including oxidants, antioxidants, neurotoxins, neuroprotectants and immunomodulators. The immunomodulators are known to facilitate the immune system towards a tolerogenic state, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) that is commonly present in obesity, poor nutrition, exposer to chemicals or allergens, prodromal stage of various illnesses and chronic diseases. KYN, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and cinnabarinic acid are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that serve as immunomodulators. Furthermore, TRP-KYN pathway enzymes are known to be activated by the stress hormone cortisol and inflammatory cytokines, and genotypic variants were observed to contribute to inflammation and thus various diseases. The tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases and the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase are main enzymes in the pathway. This review article discusses the TRP-KYN pathway with special emphasis on its interaction with the immune system and the tolerogenic shift towards chronic LGI and overviews the major symptoms, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and toxic and protective KYNs to explore the linkage between chronic LGI, KYNs, and major psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Fanni Tóth
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Helga Polyák
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Yvette Mándi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
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Adan A, Torrens M. Special Issue: Diagnosis and Management of Addiction and Other Mental Disorders (Dual Disorders). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061307. [PMID: 33810072 PMCID: PMC8004758 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-933-125-060
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08093 Barcelona, Spain
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